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Li Q, Wang S, Wang J, Chen L, Liu W, Li Z, Xu J, Deng Z, Zhou Y. Mechanism of Phloretin Accumulation in Malus hupehensis Grown at High Altitudes: Evidence from Quantitative 4D Proteomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19526-19536. [PMID: 39166542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Phloretin is a natural dihydrochalcone (DHC) that exhibits various pharmacological and therapeutic activities. Malus hupehensis Rehd. (M. hupehensis) is widely planted in the middle of China and its leaves contain an extremely high content of phloridzin, a glycosylated derivative of phloretin. In the present study, we observed a significant increase in phloretin content in the leaves of M. hupehensis planted at high altitudes. To investigate the mechanisms of phloretin accumulation, we explored changes in the proteome profiles of M. hupehensis plants grown at various altitudes. The results showed that at high altitudes, photosynthesis- and DHC biosynthesis-related proteins were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, leading to reduced chlorophyll content and DHC accumulation in the leaves. Moreover, we identified a novel phloridzin-catalyzing glucosidase whose expression level was significantly increased in high-altitude-cultivated plants. This work provided a better understanding of the mechanism of phloretin accumulation and effective and economic strategies for phloretin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Wenrui Liu
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China
| | - Jingyuan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China
| | - Zhangshuang Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yiqing Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Zhu X, Chen Y, Jiao J, Zhao S, Yan Y, Ma F, Yao JL, Li P. Four glycosyltransferase genes are responsible for synthesis and accumulation of different flavonol glycosides in apple tissues. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1937-1952. [PMID: 38923617 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Flavonols are widely synthesized throughout the plant kingdom, playing essential roles in plant physiology and providing unique health benefits for humans. Their glycosylation plays significant role in improving their stability and solubility, thus their accumulation and function. However, the genes encoding the enzymes catalyze this glycosylation remain largely unknown in apple. This study utilized a combination of methods to identify genes encoding such enzymes. Initially, candidate genes were selected based on their potential to encode UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and their expression patterns in response to light induction. Subsequently, through testing the in vitro enzyme activity of the proteins produced in Escherichia coli cells, four candidates were confirmed to encode a flavonol 3-O-galactosyltransferase (UGT78T6), flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UGT78S1), flavonol 3-O-xylosyltransferase/arabinosyltransferase (UGT78T5), and flavonol 3-O-rhamnosyltransferase (UGT76AE22), respectively. Further validation of these genes' functions was conducted by modulating their expression levels in stably transformed apple plants. As anticipated, a positive correlation was observed between the expression levels of these genes and the content of specific flavonol glycosides corresponding to each gene. Moreover, overexpression of a flavonol synthase gene, MdFLS, resulted in increased flavonol glycoside content in apple roots and leaves. These findings provide valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at enriching apple flesh with flavonols and for identifying flavonol 3-O-glycosyltransferases of other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ju Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanfang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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3
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Wang H, Jian L, Wang Z, Jiao Y, Wang Y, Ma F, Li P. Glycosylation mode of phloretin affects the morphology and stress resistance of apple plant. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38995178 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Phloretin has different glycosylation modes in plants. Phlorizin (phloretin 2'-O-glucoside) is one of the glycosylation products of phloretin, and accumulates abundantly in apple plants. However, it is still unclear whether phlorizin is more beneficial for apple plants compared with other glycosylation products of phloretin. We created transgenic apple plants with different glycosylation modes of phloretin. In transgenic plants, the accumulation of phlorizin was partly replaced by that of trilobatin (phloretin 4'-O-glucoside) or phloretin 3',5'-di-C-glycoside. Compared with wild type, transgenic plants with less phlorizin showed dwarf phenotype, larger stomatal size, higher stomatal density and less tolerance to drought stress. Transcriptome and phytohormones assay indicate that phlorizin might regulate stomatal development and behaviour via controlling auxin and abscisic acid signalling pathways as well as carbonic anhydrase expressions. Transgenic apple plants with less phlorizin also showed less resistance to spider mites. Apple plants may hydrolyse phlorizin to produce phloretin, but cannot hydrolyse trilobatin or phloretin 3',5'-di-C-glycoside. Compared with its glycosylation products, phloretin is more toxic to spider mites. These results suggest that the glycosylation of phloretin to produce phlorizin is the optimal glycosylation mode in apple plants, and plays an important role in apple resistance to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liru Jian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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4
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Zhao Q, Li X, Jiao Y, Chen Y, Yan Y, Wang Y, Hamiaux C, Wang Y, Ma F, Atkinson RG, Li P. Identification of two key genes involved in flavonoid catabolism and their different roles in apple resistance to biotic stresses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1238-1256. [PMID: 38426393 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of flavonoid aglycones and glycosides is well established. However, key genes involved in their catabolism are poorly understood, even though the products of hydrolysis and oxidation play important roles in plant resistance to biotic stress. Here, we report on catabolism of dihydrochalcones (DHCs), the most abundant flavonoids in domesticated apple and wild Malus. Two key genes, BGLU13.1 and PPO05, were identified by activity-directed protein purification. BGLU13.1-A hydrolyzed phlorizin, (the most abundant DHC in domesticated apple) to produce phloretin which was then oxidized by PPO05. The process differed in some wild Malus, where trilobatin (a positional isomer of phlorizin) was mainly oxidized by PPO05. The effects of DHC catabolism on apple resistance to biotic stresses was investigated using transgenic plants. Either directly or indirectly, phlorizin hydrolysis affected resistance to the phytophagous pest two-spotted spider mite, while oxidation of trilobatin was involved in resistance to the biotrophic fungus Podosphaera leucotricha. DHC catabolism did not affect apple resistance to necrotrophic pathogens Valsa mali and Erwinia amylovara. These results suggest that different DHC catabolism pathways play different roles in apple resistance to biotic stresses. The role of DHC catabolism on apple resistance appeared closely related to the mode of invasion/damage used by pathogen/pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanfang Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Cyril Hamiaux
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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5
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Jing T, Du W, Qian X, Wang K, Luo L, Zhang X, Deng Y, Li B, Gao T, Zhang M, Guo D, Jiang H, Liu Y, Schwab W, Sun X, Song C. UGT89AC1-mediated quercetin glucosylation is induced upon herbivore damage and enhances Camellia sinensis resistance to insect feeding. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:682-697. [PMID: 37882446 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin is a key flavonol in tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) with various health benefits, and it often occurs in the form of glucosides. The roles of quercetin and its glucosylated forms in plant defense are generally not well-studied, and remain unknown in the defense of tea. Here, we found higher contents of quercetin glucosides and a decline of the aglucone upon Ectropis grisescens (E. grisescens) infestation of tea. Nine UGTs were strongly induced, among which UGT89AC1 exhibited the highest activity toward quercetin in vitro and in vivo. The mass of E. grisescens larvae that fed on plants with repressed UGT89AC1 or varieties with lower levels of UGT89AC1 was significantly lower than that of larvae fed on controls. Artificial diet supplemented with quercetin glucoside also reduced the larval growth rate, whereas artificial diet supplemented with free quercetin had no significant effect on larval growth. UGT89AC1 was located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its expression was modulated by JA, JA-ILE, and MeJA. These findings demonstrate that quercetin glucosylation serves a defensive role in tea against herbivory. Our results also provide novel insights into the ecological relevance of flavonoid glycosides under biotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenkai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaona Qian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lanxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanni Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Danyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuantao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Wang Y, Ding Y, Zhao Q, Wu C, Deng CH, Wang J, Wang Y, Yan Y, Zhai R, Yauk YK, Ma F, Atkinson RG, Li P. Dihydrochalcone glycoside biosynthesis in Malus is regulated by two MYB-like transcription factors and is required for seed development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1492-1507. [PMID: 37648286 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrochalcones (DHCs) including phlorizin (phloretin 2'-O-glucoside) and its positional isomer trilobatin (phloretin 4'-O-glucoside) are the most abundant phenylpropanoids in apple (Malus spp.). Transcriptional regulation of DHC production is poorly understood despite their importance in insect- and pathogen-plant interactions in human physiology research and in pharmaceuticals. In this study, segregation in hybrid populations and bulked segregant analysis showed that the synthesis of phlorizin and trilobatin in Malus leaves are both single-gene-controlled traits. Promoter sequences of PGT1 and PGT2, two glycosyltransferase genes involved in DHC glycoside synthesis, were shown to discriminate Malus with different DHC glycoside patterns. Differential PGT1 and PGT2 promoter activities determined DHC glycoside accumulation patterns between genotypes. Two transcription factors containing MYB-like DNA-binding domains were then shown to control DHC glycoside patterns in different tissues, with PRR2L mainly expressed in leaf, fruit, flower, stem, and seed while MYB8L mainly expressed in stem and root. Further hybridizations between specific genotypes demonstrated an absolute requirement for DHC glycoside production in Malus during seed development which explains why no Malus spp. with a null DHC chemotype have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yule Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuduan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chen Wu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia H Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yufan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanfang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Rui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yar-Khing Yauk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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7
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Qu G, Liu Y, Ma Q, Li J, Du G, Liu L, Lv X. Progress and Prospects of Natural Glycoside Sweetener Biosynthesis: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15926-15941. [PMID: 37856872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
To achieve an adequate sense of sweetness with a healthy low-sugar diet, it is necessary to explore and produce sugar alternatives. Recently, glycoside sweeteners and their biosynthetic approaches have attracted the attention of researchers. In this review, we first outlined the synthetic pathways of glycoside sweeteners, including the key enzymes and rate-limiting steps. Next, we reviewed the progress in engineered microorganisms producing glycoside sweeteners, including de novo synthesis, whole-cell catalysis synthesis, and in vitro synthesis. The applications of metabolic engineering strategies, such as cofactor engineering and enzyme modification, in the optimization of glycoside sweetener biosynthesis were summarized. Finally, the prospects of combining enzyme engineering and machine learning strategies to enhance the production of glycoside sweeteners were discussed. This review provides a perspective on synthesizing glycoside sweeteners in microbial cells, theoretically guiding the bioproduction of glycoside sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Shandong Jincheng Biological Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Qinyuan Ma
- Shandong Jincheng Biological Pharmaceutical Company, Limited, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Company, Limited, Yixing 214200, P. R. China
- Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Company, Limited, Yixing 214200, P. R. China
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8
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Clayton-Cuch D, McDougal D, Schwerdt JG, Yu L, Shirley N, Bradley D, Bruning JB, Böttcher C, Bulone V. Identification and characterisation of MdUGT78T2 as a galactosyltransferase with dual activity on flavonol and anthocyanidin substrates in red-skinned apple fruit (Malus domestica L.). Food Chem 2023; 424:136388. [PMID: 37220682 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanidin and flavonol glycosides have been linked to the health-promoting effects associated with apple consumption. However, very few enzymes involved in flavonoid glycosylation have been characterised to date. Here, we present the identification and phylogenetic analysis of 234 putative glycosyltransferases involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, and detail the biochemical and structural characterisation of MdUGT78T2 as a strict galactosyltransferase involved in the formation of quercetin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, the major glycoconjugates of flavonoids in apple. The enzyme is also active on other flavonoids but with a lower catalytic efficiency. Our data, complemented with gene expression analysis suggest that MdUGT78T2 synthesises the glycoconjugates at both the early and late stages of fruit development. This newly discovered type of catalytic activity can potentially be exploited for in vitro modification of flavonoids to increase their stability in food products and to modify apple fruits and other commercial crops through breeding approaches to enhance their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clayton-Cuch
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia; CSIRO, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Daniel McDougal
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Long Yu
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Neil Shirley
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - David Bradley
- Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd, Mulgrave, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Bruning
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | - Vincent Bulone
- Adelaide Glycomics, The University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Miranda S, Piazza S, Nuzzo F, Li M, Lagrèze J, Mithöfer A, Cestaro A, Tarkowska D, Espley R, Dare A, Malnoy M, Martens S. CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing applied to MdPGT1 in apple results in reduced foliar phloridzin without impacting plant growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:92-105. [PMID: 36401738 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phloridzin is the most abundant polyphenolic compound in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), which results from the action of a key phloretin-specific UDP-2'-O-glucosyltransferase (MdPGT1). Here, we simultaneously assessed the effects of targeting MdPGT1 by conventional transgenesis and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing. To this end, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolic analyses of MdPGT1 RNA interference knockdown and genome-edited lines. Knockdown lines exhibited characteristic impairment of plant growth and leaf morphology, whereas genome-edited lines exhibited normal growth despite reduced foliar phloridzin. RNA-sequencing analysis identified a common core of regulated genes, involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways. However, we identified genes and processes differentially modulated in stunted and genome-edited lines, including key transcription factors and genes involved in phytohormone signalling. Therefore, we conducted a phytohormone profiling to obtain insight into their role in the phenotypes observed. We found that salicylic and jasmonic acid were increased in dwarf lines, whereas auxin and ABA showed no correlation with the growth phenotype. Furthermore, bioactive brassinosteroids were commonly up-regulated, whereas gibberellin GA4 was distinctively altered, showing a sharp decrease in RNA interference knockdown lines. Expression analysis by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction expression analysis further confirmed transcriptional regulation of key factors involved in brassinosteroid and gibberellin interaction. These findings suggest that a differential modulation of phytohormones may be involved in the contrasting effects on growth following phloridzin reduction. The present study also illustrates how CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing can be applied to dissect the contribution of genes involved in phloridzin biosynthesis in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Miranda
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
- C3A Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Floriana Nuzzo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Mingai Li
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Jorge Lagrèze
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
- C3A Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Danuše Tarkowska
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Slechtitelu 19, Olomouc, CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Stefan Martens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, Via Edmund Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Italy
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10
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Miranda S, Lagrèze J, Knoll AS, Angeli A, Espley RV, Dare AP, Malnoy M, Martens S. De novo transcriptome assembly and functional analysis reveal a dihydrochalcone 3-hydroxylase(DHC3H) of wild Malus species that produces sieboldin in vivo. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1072765. [PMID: 36589107 PMCID: PMC9800874 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1072765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sieboldin is a specialised secondary metabolite of the group of dihydrochalcones (DHC), found in high concentrations only in some wild Malus species, closely related to the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica L.). To date, the first committed step towards the biosynthesis of sieboldin remains unknown. In this study, we combined transcriptomic analysis and a de novo transcriptome assembly to identify two putative 3-hydroxylases in two wild Malus species (Malus toringo (K. Koch) Carriere syn. sieboldii Rehder, Malus micromalus Makino) whose DHC profile is dominated by sieboldin. We assessed the in vivo activity of putative candidates to produce 3-hydroxyphloretin and sieboldin by de novo production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that CYP98A proteins of wild Malus accessions (CYP98A195, M. toringo and CYP98A196, M. micromalus) were able to produce 3-hydroxyphloretin, ultimately leading to sieboldin accumulation by co-expression with PGT2. CYP98A197-198 genes of M. × domestica, however, were unable to hydroxylate phloretin in vivo. CYP98A195-196 proteins exerting 3-hydroxylase activity co-localised with an endoplasmic reticulum marker. CYP98A protein model from wild accessions showed mutations in key residues close to the ligand pocket predicted using phloretin for protein docking modelling. These mutations are located within known substrate recognition sites of cytochrome P450s, which could explain the acceptance of phloretin in CYP98A protein of wild accessions. Screening a Malus germplasm collection by HRM marker analysis for CYP98A genes identified three clusters that correspond to the alleles of domesticated and wild species. Moreover, CYP98A isoforms identified in M. toringo and M. micromalus correlate with the accumulation of sieboldin in other wild and hybrid Malus genotypes. Taken together, we provide the first evidence of an enzyme producing sieboldin in vivo that could be involved in the key hydroxylation step towards the synthesis of sieboldin in Malus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Miranda
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jorge Lagrèze
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Anne-Sophie Knoll
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeli
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P. Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefan Martens
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
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11
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Dihydrochalcones in Sweet Tea: Biosynthesis, Distribution and Neuroprotection Function. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248794. [PMID: 36557927 PMCID: PMC9782792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sweet tea is a popular herbal drink in southwest China, and it is usually made from the shoots and tender leaves of Lithocarpus litseifolius. The sweet taste is mainly attributed to its high concentration of dihydrochalcones. The distribution and biosynthesis of dihydrochaldones in sweet tea, as well as neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo tests, are reviewed in this paper. Dihydrochalones are mainly composed of phloretin and its glycosides, namely, trilobatin and phloridzin, and enriched in tender leaves with significant geographical specificity. Biosynthesis of the dihydrochalones follows part of the phenylpropanoid and a branch of flavonoid metabolic pathways and is regulated by expression of the genes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase, trans-cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA double bond reductase. The dihydrochalones have been proven to exert a significant neuroprotective effect through their regulation against Aβ deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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12
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He J, Feng Y, Cheng Y, Wang M, Guan J. A comprehensive insight on the main physiological biochemical and related genes expression changes during the development of superficial scald in "Yali" pear. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987240. [PMID: 36119567 PMCID: PMC9478120 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Superficial scald is a serious physiological disorder in "Yali" pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Yali) after long-term cold storage. Changes in superficial scald, ethylene production, α-farnesene and phenylpropane metabolism with associated gene expression in "Yali" pear treated with and without (control) 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were investigated. Compared with the control group (without 1-MCP), 1-MCP (1.0 μl L-1) significantly lowered the superficial scald index after 180 days of cold storage. During cold storage and shelf life, the contents of α-farnesene, conjugated trienols, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin in the peel were reduced, while quercetin was enhanced in 1-MCP-treated fruit, and the expression of genes associated with ethylene synthesis (ACS1, ACO1), receptors (ETR2, ERS1) and signal transduction (ERF1), α-farnesene metabolism (AFS1, HMGR2, GST7), phenolic biosynthesis (PAL1, C4H1, C4H2, HCT3, 4CL2, C3H), and oxidases (PPO1, PPO5, and LAC7) were significantly downregulated by 1-MCP. These results suggested that the onset and development of superficial scald was closely related to the ethylene receptor, conjugated trienols, chlorogenic acid and epicatechin and related genes expression in "Yali" pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang He
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Plant Genetic Engineering Center, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yunxiao Feng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Plant Genetic Engineering Center, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yudou Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Plant Genetic Engineering Center, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Plant Genetic Engineering Center, Shijiazhuang, China
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13
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Xiong RL, Zhang JZ, Liu XY, Deng JQ, Zhu TT, Ni R, Tan H, Sheng JZ, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Identification and Characterization of Two Bibenzyl Glycosyltransferases from the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040735. [PMID: 35453420 PMCID: PMC9025568 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liverworts are rich in bibenzyls and related O-glycosides, which show antioxidant activity. However, glycosyltransferases that catalyze the glycosylation of bibenzyls have not yet been characterized. Here, we identified two bibenzyl UDP-glucosyltransferases named MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 from the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. The in vitro enzymatic assay revealed that MpUGT741A1 specifically accepted the bibenzyl lunularin as substrate. MpUGT737B1 could accept bibenzyls, dihydrochalcone and phenylpropanoids as substrates, and could convert phloretin to phloretin-4-O-glucoside and phloridzin, which showed inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and antioxidant activity. The results of sugar donor selectivity showed that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 could only accept UDP-glucose as a substrate. The expression levels of these MpUGTs were considerably increased after UV irradiation, which generally caused oxidative damage. This result indicates that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 may play a role in plant stress adaption. Subcellular localization indicates that MpUGT737B1 and MpUGT741A1 were expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus. These enzymes should provide candidate genes for the synthesis of bioactive bibenzyl O-glucosides and the improvement of plant antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Jiao-Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Xin-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Jian-Qun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Ju-Zheng Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.-X.L.); (A.-X.C.)
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (R.-L.X.); (J.-Z.Z.); (J.-Q.D.); (T.-T.Z.); (R.N.); (H.T.); (J.-Z.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.-X.L.); (A.-X.C.)
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14
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Büyükkormaz Ç, Küçükbay FZ. Kumquat fruit and leaves extracted with different solvents: phenolic content and antioxidant activity. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2022. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2022-1-51-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Kumquat is a good source of vitamin C, as well as phenolic and flavonoid substances. In this study, we used various solvents to obtain extracts from fresh and lyophilized dried fruits and leaves of kumquat plant, as well as six mutants, to compare their total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities.
Study objects and methods. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the colorimetric method, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts were determined by commonly used antioxidant tests, such as the DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and metal chelating activity.
Results and discussion. The total phenolic content of the extracts was in the range of 3705–86 329 mg GAE/g extract. The total amount of flavonoid substance ranged from 5556 to 632 222 mg QUE/g extract. The highest free radical scavenging activity was observed in the kumquat leaves. We also found that the activity of dried fruit was lower than that of fresh fruit. According to our results, the differences in the phenolic contents of the studied plants affected their antioxidant properties. We determined that the extracts with a high phenolic content showed high antioxidant activity. No significant difference was detected between the rootstock kumquat type and its mutants. Finally, we found no chelating activity in the extracts obtained from fresh and lyophilized dried fruits.
Conclusion. Kumquat fruit and its leaves can be considered as functional foods due to phenolic compounds, which are able to neutralize free radicals.
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Zhou K, Hu L, Yue H, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Gong X, Ma F. MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis coordinates carbon and nitrogen accumulation in apple. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:886-902. [PMID: 34486649 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high accumulation of phloridzin makes apple (Malus domestica) unique in the plant kingdom, which suggests a vital role of its biosynthesis in physiological processes. In our previous study, silencing MdUGT88F1 (a key UDP-GLUCOSE: PHLORETIN 2'-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE gene) revealed the importance of phloridzin biosynthesis in apple development and Valsa canker resistance. Here, results from MdUGT88F1-silenced lines showed that phloridzin biosynthesis was indispensable for normal chloroplast development and photosynthetic carbon fixation by maintaining MdGLK1/2 (GOLDEN2-like1/2) expression. Interestingly, increased phloridzin biosynthesis did not affect plant (or chloroplast) development, but reduced nitrogen accumulation, leading to chlorophyll deficiency, light sensitivity, and sugar accumulation in MdUGT88F1-overexpressing apple lines. Further analysis revealed that MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis negatively regulated the cytosolic glutamine synthetase1-asparagine synthetase-asparaginase (GS1-AS-ASPG) pathway of ammonium assimilation and limited chlorophyll synthesis in apple shoots. The interference of phloridzin biosynthesis in the GS1-AS-ASPG pathway was also assumed to be associated with its limitation of the carbon skeleton of ammonium assimilation through metabolic competition with the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Taken together, our findings shed light on the role of MdUGT88F1-mediated phloridzin biosynthesis in the coordination between carbon and nitrogen accumulation in apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Yang W, Li H, Liu J, Shao H, Hua J, Luo S. Degraded Metabolites of Phlorizin Promote Germination of Valsa mali var. mali in its Host Malus spp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:149-156. [PMID: 34939801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi are able to utilize the principal metabolites of their hosts, which is one reason pathogens can so seriously harm the plants, although the mechanisms behind this utilization are not always clear. Valsa mali var. mali is a pathogenic fungus specific to the plant genus Malus. The fungus can seriously endanger apple crops and has caused serious economic losses. Phlorizin (1), the principal component in the stems, roots, and leaves of Malus pumila and M. sieversii, was able to promote spore germination of Valsa mali var. mali (Vmm-30) significantly over 120-168 h in a non-nutritional suspension. Compared with the control, the concentrations of nine phenolic compounds (3-11) in the stems of M. pumila increased after inoculation with Vmm-30. Moreover, compounds 3, 4, and 9-11 were able to promote the germination of Vmm-30 spores over 24-36 h, which was a significantly shorter time than that of phlorizin. High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analyses further suggested that compounds 2-11 were the degradation products of phlorizin (1) and are produced through carbon oxidation cracking, decarboxylation, and oxidation reactions. This suggests that the degradation of phlorizin is able to effectively promote the growth of Vmm-30. The Vmm-30 strain is therefore able to utilize the principal metabolite phlorizin to generate a series of degradation products, which further promote its germination and the infection of its host plants in the genus Malus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Hongdi Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Hua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Juan Hua
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
| | - Shihong Luo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110866, China
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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17
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Aitipamula S, Shan LP, Gupta KM. Polymorphism and distinct physicochemical properties of the phloretin–nicotinamide cocrystal. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel polymorphs of a cocrystal involving phloretin and nicotinamide were identified and found where the polymorphs show distinct crystal structures, photoluminescence, and dissolution rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasulu Aitipamula
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Loke Pei Shan
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
| | - Krishna M. Gupta
- Formulated Products, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, 627833, Singapore
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18
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Weissensteiner J, Molitor C, Marinovic S, Führer L, Waqas Hassan S, Hutabarat OS, Spornberger A, Stich K, Hausjell J, Spadiut O, Haselmair-Gosch C, Halbwirth H. Molecular and Enzymatic Characterization of Flavonoid 3'-Hydroxylase of Malus × domestica. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091956. [PMID: 34579488 PMCID: PMC8469728 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malus × domestica (apple) accumulates particularly high amounts of dihydrochalcones in various tissues, with phloridzin (phloretin 2′-O-glucoside) being prevalent, although small amounts of 3-hydroxyphloretin and 3-hydroxyphloridzin are also constitutively present. The latter was shown to correlate with increased disease resistance of transgenic M. × domestica plants. Two types of enzymes could be involved in 3-hydroxylation of dihydrochalcones: polyphenol oxidases or the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), which catalyzes B-ring hydroxylation of flavonoids. We isolated two F3′H cDNA clones from apple leaves and tested recombinant Malus F3′Hs for their substrate specificity. From the two isolated cDNA clones, only F3′HII encoded a functionally active enzyme. In the F3′HI sequence, we identified two putatively relevant amino acids that were exchanged in comparison to that of a previously published F3′HI. Site directed mutagenesis, which exchanged an isoleucine into methionine in position 211 restored the functional activity, which is probably because it is located in an area involved in interaction with the substrate. In contrast to high activity with various flavonoid substrates, the recombinant enzymes did not accept phloretin under assay conditions, making an involvement in the dihydrochalcone biosynthesis unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weissensteiner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
| | - Silvija Marinovic
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
| | - Lisa Führer
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
| | - Syed Waqas Hassan
- Department of Bio-Sciences, University of Wah, Quaid Avenue, Wah 47040, Pakistan;
| | - Olly Sanny Hutabarat
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Andreas Spornberger
- Institute of Viticulture and Pomology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Karl Stich
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
| | - Johanna Hausjell
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
| | - Christian Haselmair-Gosch
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria; (J.W.); (C.M.); (S.M.); (L.F.); (O.S.H.); (K.S.); (J.H.); (O.S.); (C.H.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-58801166559; Fax: +43-1-5880117399
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Enzymatic Production of 3-OH Phlorizin, a Possible Bioactive Polyphenol from Apples, by Bacillus megaterium CYP102A1 via Regioselective Hydroxylation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081327. [PMID: 34439575 PMCID: PMC8406095 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlorizin is the most abundant glucoside of phloretin from the apple tree and its products. Phlorizin and its aglycone phloretin are currently considered health-beneficial polyphenols from apples useful in treating hyperglycemia and obesity. Recently, we showed that phloretin could be regioselectively hydroxylated to make 3-OH phloretin by Bacillus megaterium CYP102A1 and human P450 enzymes. The 3-OH phloretin has a potent inhibitory effect on differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes and lipid accumulation. The glucoside of 3-OH phloretin would be a promising agent with increased bioavailability and water solubility compared with its aglycone. However, procedures to make 3-OH phlorizin, a glucoside of 3-OH phloretin, using chemical methods, are not currently available. Here, a biocatalytic strategy for the efficient synthesis of a possibly valuable hydroxylated product, 3-OH phlorizin, was developed via CYP102A1-catalyzed regioselective hydroxylation. The production of 3-OH phlorizin by CYP102A1 was confirmed by HPLC and LC–MS spectroscopy in addition to enzymatic removal of its glucose moiety for comparison to 3-OH phloretin. Taken together, in this study, we found a panel of mutants from B. megaterium CYP102A1 could catalyze regioselective hydroxylation of phlorizin to produce 3-OH phlorizin, a catechol product.
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Yang Y, Shen H, Liu T, Wen Y, Wang F, Guo Y. Mitigation effects of phlorizin immersion on acrylamide formation in fried potato strips. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:937-946. [PMID: 32748961 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several researches reported that natural polyphenols affected acrylamide formation of fried products. However, the effects of different variety of polyphenols on acrylamide formation were distinct. In this study, we isolated and purified phlorizin from apples and identified the influence of phlorizin immersion on acrylamide formation and sensory properties of fried potato strips with regard to the immersion concentration, time and temperature. RESULTS The acrylamide formation of fried samples decreased as the phlorizin concentration increased from 0 to 0.3 g kg-1 , and 0.14 g kg-1 could be selected as the suitable immersion concentration to dramatically inhibit acrylamide formation with considering the cost of industrial production. Additionally, the acrylamide formation significantly reduced from 8.71 × 10-3 to 2.13 × 10-3 g kg-1 lyophilized weight (LW) with immersion time from 0 to 120 min, and 60 min could be selected to significantly reduce acrylamide formation in consideration of efficiency of the large-scale industrial processing. However, the effect of phlorizin immersion temperature on acrylamide formation of fried samples was not significant. Compared to the fried samples without immersion, the phlorizin immersion improved the color properties and the change of texture parameters was slight. CONCLUSION The fresh potato strips immersed in the phlorizin solution of 0.14 g kg-1 at 40 °C for 60 min before frying could significantly decrease acrylamide formation of fried samples and retain the majority of fresh sensorial properties. The significant correlations obtained between sensory properties and acrylamide content indicated the sensory properties could be used as the indicator of acrylamide levels during industrial processing. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yang
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Shen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Wen
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Furong Wang
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Guo
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, P. R. China
- National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, Xi'an, P. R. China
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21
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Naturally Occurring SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1328:523-530. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Tohge T, Scossa F, Wendenburg R, Frasse P, Balbo I, Watanabe M, Alseekh S, Jadhav SS, Delfin JC, Lohse M, Giavalisco P, Usadel B, Zhang Y, Luo J, Bouzayen M, Fernie AR. Exploiting Natural Variation in Tomato to Define Pathway Structure and Metabolic Regulation of Fruit Polyphenolics in the Lycopersicum Complex. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1027-1046. [PMID: 32305499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
While the structures of plant primary metabolic pathways are generally well defined and highly conserved across species, those defining specialized metabolism are less well characterized and more highly variable across species. In this study, we investigated polyphenolic metabolism in the lycopersicum complex by characterizing the underlying biosynthetic and decorative reactions that constitute the metabolic network of polyphenols across eight different species of tomato. For this purpose, GC-MS- and LC-MS-based metabolomics of different tissues of Solanum lycopersicum and wild tomato species were carried out, in concert with the evaluation of cross-hybridized microarray data for MapMan-based transcriptomic analysis, and publicly available RNA-sequencing data for annotation of biosynthetic genes. The combined data were used to compile species-specific metabolic networks of polyphenolic metabolism, allowing the establishment of an entire pan-species biosynthetic framework as well as annotation of the functions of decoration enzymes involved in the formation of metabolic diversity of the flavonoid pathway. The combined results are discussed in the context of the current understanding of tomato flavonol biosynthesis as well as a global view of metabolic shifts during fruit ripening. Our results provide an example as to how large-scale biology approaches can be used for the definition and refinement of large specialized metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via Ardeatina 546 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Regina Wendenburg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Pierre Frasse
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSA Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Ilse Balbo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Plant Systems Biology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Sagar Sudam Jadhav
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jay C Delfin
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Marc Lohse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 9b, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bjoern Usadel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Plant Systems Biology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSA Toulouse, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan 31326, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Institute of Plant Systems Biology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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Regioselective Biotransformation of Phloretin Using Streptomyces avermitilis MA4680. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fan Z, Wang Y, Yang M, Cao J, Khan A, Cheng G. UHPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS analysis on phenolic compositions of different E Se tea extracts and their antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. Food Chem 2020; 318:126512. [PMID: 32135418 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
E Se tea, prepared from the leaves of Malus toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes, is a traditional beverage, but there is little known about its chemical substances. This paper is aimed to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and cytoprotective activities of the extract and fractions from E Se tea. Sixteen compounds were characterized by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS. Phloridzin was the main compound, especially in ethyl acetate fraction (EAF). Moreover, EAF had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents with 197.54 ± 7.52 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and 85.94 ± 5.39 mg rutin equivalents/g extract, respectively, and exhibited the strongest antioxidant capacity (DPPH: IC50 = 54.91 ± 3.38 μg/mL; ABTS: IC50 = 98.08 ± 6.92 μg/mL). Different fractions of E Se tea, especially EAF, significantly inhibited intracellular ROS generation, reduced cell apoptosis, and decreased oxidative stress damage in H2O2-induced HepG-2 cells. Therefore, the obtained results highlight that E Se tea is a promising source for functional beverage or nutritional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Fan
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yudan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Biopolymer Functional Materials of Yunnan, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilian Yang
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Cao
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Afsar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Guiguang Cheng
- The Faculty of Agriculture and Food, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Ma B, Liu X, Lu Y, Ma X, Wu X, Wang X, Jia M, Su P, Tong Y, Guan H, Jiang Z, Gao J, Huang L, Gao W. A specific UDP-glucosyltransferase catalyzes the formation of triptophenolide glucoside from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 166:112062. [PMID: 31299395 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. is a perennial woody vine member of the Celastraceae family. As a traditional Chinese medicine, it contains complex chemical components and exerts various pharmacological activities. In the present study, we identified a glucosyltransferase, TwUGT1, that can catalyze the synthesis of an abietane-type diterpene glucoside, namely, triptophenolide14-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and investigated the pharmacological activity of triptophenolide glucoside in diverse cancer cells. Triptophenolide glucoside exhibited significant inhibitory effects on U87-MG, U251, C6, MCF-7, HeLa, K562, and RBL-2H3 cells as determined by pharmacological analysis. The triptophenolide glucoside content of T. wilfordii was analyzed using Agilent Technologies 6490 Triple Quad LC/MS. The glucosyltransferase TwUGT1 belongs to subfamily 88 and group E in family 1. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis of TwUGT1 revealed that the His30, Asp132, Phe134, Thr154, Ala370, Leu376, Gly382, His387, Glu395 and Gln412 residues play crucial roles in the catalytic activity of triptophenolide 14-O-glucosyltransferase. In addition, TwUGT1 was also capable of glucosylating phenolic hydroxyl groups, such as those in liquiritigenin, pinocembrin, 4-methylumbelliferone, phloretin, and rhapontigenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xihong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Meirong Jia
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States
| | - Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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McClure KA, Gong Y, Song J, Vinqvist-Tymchuk M, Campbell Palmer L, Fan L, Burgher-MacLellan K, Zhang Z, Celton JM, Forney CF, Migicovsky Z, Myles S. Genome-wide association studies in apple reveal loci of large effect controlling apple polyphenols. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:107. [PMID: 31645962 PMCID: PMC6804656 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Apples are a nutritious food source with significant amounts of polyphenols that contribute to human health and wellbeing, primarily as dietary antioxidants. Although numerous pre- and post-harvest factors can affect the composition of polyphenols in apples, genetics is presumed to play a major role because polyphenol concentration varies dramatically among apple cultivars. Here we investigated the genetic architecture of apple polyphenols by combining high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data with ~100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from two diverse apple populations. We found that polyphenols can vary in concentration by up to two orders of magnitude across cultivars, and that this dramatic variation was often predictable using genetic markers and frequently controlled by a small number of large effect genetic loci. Using GWAS, we identified candidate genes for the production of quercitrin, epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid and procyanidins B1, B2, and C1. Our observation that a relatively simple genetic architecture underlies the dramatic variation of key polyphenols in apples suggests that breeders may be able to improve the nutritional value of apples through marker-assisted breeding or gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. McClure
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - YuiHui Gong
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jun Song
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Melinda Vinqvist-Tymchuk
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Leslie Campbell Palmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Lihua Fan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Karen Burgher-MacLellan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - ZhaoQi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jean-Marc Celton
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Charles F. Forney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Zoë Migicovsky
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
| | - Sean Myles
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
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Stanišić M, Ćosić T, Savić J, Krstić-Milošević D, Mišić D, Smigocki A, Ninković S, Banjac N. Hairy root culture as a valuable tool for allelopathic studies in apple. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:888-905. [PMID: 30811532 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic plants exploit their chemical 'weapons' to prevail over the competition, suppress neighboring plants and consequently use the available resources more efficiently. However, the investigation of plant allelopathic interactions in rhizosphere is difficult to perform because of its high complexity due to interactions of biotic and abiotic factors. Thus, autonomous, aseptic root cultures of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) could facilitate allelopathic studies. We report on the successful genetic transformation of apple cultivars Melrose, Golden Delicious, Čadel and Gloster using Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Conn 1942 strain 15834 and for the first time the establishment of apple autonomous and permanent in vitro hairy root cultures that could be used as a new tool for apple allelopathic assays. Molecular characterization of transgenic hairy root lines was conducted to elucidate the possible relationship between expression of T-DNA genes and root growth characteristics that include branching. Similar content of phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric and ferulic), glycosilated flavonoids (rutin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-glucoside) and flavonoid aglycones (quercetin and naringenin), and dihydrochalcone phloridzin, was detected in untransformed and transgenic apple root tissue by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (UHPLC/(+/-)HESI-MS/MS) analyses, confirming that genetic transformation did not disturb secondary metabolite production in apple. Chlorogenic and caffeic acids and dihydrochalcones phloridzin and phloretin were detected as putative allelochemicals exuded into the growth medium in which transgenic roots were maintained for 4 weeks. Apple hairy root exudates significantly affected shoot and root development and growth of test plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings after 5 or 10 days of treatment. Additionally, core cell-cycle genes CDKA1;1, CDKB2;1, CYCA3;1 and CYCB2;4 were down regulated in Arabidopsis shoots suggesting, in part, their role in inhibition of shoot growth. The present work highlighted an autonomous and permanent in vitro hairy root culture system as a valuable tool for studying allelopathic potential of apple, offering new perspective for allelopathy background elucidation in this important fruit species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Stanišić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Savić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dijana Krstić-Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Mišić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ann Smigocki
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Slavica Ninković
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Banjac
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
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Jing T, Zhang N, Gao T, Zhao M, Jin J, Chen Y, Xu M, Wan X, Schwab W, Song C. Glucosylation of (Z)-3-hexenol informs intraspecies interactions in plants: A case study in Camellia sinensis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1352-1367. [PMID: 30421786 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants emit a variety of volatiles in response to herbivore attack, and (Z)-3-hexenol and its glycosides have been shown to function as defence compounds. Although the ability to incorporate and convert (Z)-3-hexenol to glycosides is widely conserved in plants, the enzymes responsible for the glycosylation of (Z)-3-hexenol remained unknown until today. In this study, uridine-diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferase (UGT) candidate genes were selected by correlation analysis and their response to airborne (Z)-3-hexenol, which has been shown to be taken up by the tea plant. The allelic proteins UGT85A53-1 and UGT85A53-2 showed the highest activity towards (Z)-3-hexenol and are distinct from UGT85A53-3, which displayed a similar catalytic efficiency for (Z)-3-hexenol and nerol. A single amino acid exchange E59D enhanced the activity towards (Z)-3-hexenol, whereas a L445M mutation reduced the catalytic activity towards all substrates tested. Transient overexpression of CsUGT85A53-1 in tobacco significantly increased the level of (Z)-3-hexenyl glucoside. The functional characterization of CsUGT85A53 as a (Z)-3-hexenol UGT not only provides the foundation for the biotechnological production of (Z)-3-hexenyl glucoside but also delivers insights for the development of novel insect pest control strategies in tea plant and might be generally applicable to other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jieyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Miaojing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Elejalde-Palmett C, Billet K, Lanoue A, De Craene JO, Glévarec G, Pichon O, Clastre M, Courdavault V, St-Pierre B, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Dugé de Bernonville T, Besseau S. Genome-wide identification and biochemical characterization of the UGT88F subfamily in Malus x domestica Borkh. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 157:135-144. [PMID: 30399496 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT88F subfamily has been described first in Malus x domestica with the characterization of UGT88F1. Up to now UGT88F1 was one of the most active UGT glycosylating dihydrochalcones in vitro. The involvement of UGT88F1 in phloridzin (phloretin 2'-O-glucoside) synthesis, the main apple tree dihydrochalcone, was further confirmed in planta. Since the characterization of UGT88F1, this new UGT subfamily has been poorly studied probably because it seemed restricted to Maloideae. In the present study, we investigate the apple tree genome to identify and biochemically characterize the whole UGT88F subfamily. The apple tree genome contains five full-length UGT88F genes out of which three newly identified members (UGT88F6, UGT88F7 and UGT88F8) and a pseudogene. These genes are organized into two genomic clusters resulting from the recent global genomic duplication event in the apple tree. We show that recombinant UGT88F8 protein specifically glycosylates phloretin in the 2'OH position to synthetize phloridzin in vitro and was therefore named UDP-glucose: phloretin 2'-O-glycosyltransferase. The Km values of UGT88F8 are 7.72 μM and 10.84 μM for phloretin and UDP-glucose respectively and are in the same range as UGT88F1 catalytic parameters thus constituting two isoforms. Co-expression patterns of both UGT88F1 and UGT88F8 argue for a redundant function in phloridzin biosynthesis in planta. Contrastingly, recombinant UGT88F6 protein is able to glycosylate in vitro a wide range of flavonoids including flavonols, flavones, flavanones, chalcones and dihydrochalcones, although flavonols are the preferred substrates, e.g. Km value for kaempferol is 2.1 μM. Depending on the flavonoid, glycosylation occurs at least on the 3-OH and 7-OH positions. Therefore UGT88F6 corresponds to an UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3/7-O-glycosyltransferase. Finally, a molecular modeling study highlights a very high substitution rate of residues in the acceptor binding pocket between UGT88F8 and UGT88F6 which is responsible for the enzymes divergence in substrate and regiospecificity, despite an overall high protein homology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kévin Billet
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Johan-Owen De Craene
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | - Benoit St-Pierre
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Sébastien Besseau
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, F-37200, Tours, France.
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A Novel UDP-Glycosyltransferase of Rhodiola crenulata Converts Tyrosol to Specifically Produce Icariside D2. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7970590. [PMID: 30027099 PMCID: PMC6031081 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7970590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhodiola crenulata is a Tibetan native herbal plant belonging to the family of Crassulaceae, which produces the pharmaceutical icariside D2 with the activities of inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme and killing leukemia cancer cells. In this study, we functionally characterized a novel UDP-glycosyltransferase (RcUGT1) that converted tyrosol to specifically produce icariside D2 from R. crenulata at molecular and biochemical levels. RcUGT1 was highly expressed in flowers and roots, while the icariside D2 content was much higher in stems than that in other organs, suggesting the potential translocation of icariside D2 from flowers and roots to stems. The high production of icariside D2 in stems provided a reasonable suggestion to farmers to harvest stems instead of roots for icariside D2 production. Enzymatic assays of recombinant RcUGT1 indicated that it converted tyrosol to specifically form icariside D2, with the values of Km 0.97±0.10 mM, Vmax 286±8.26 pKat/mg, Kcat 0.01552 s−1, and Kcat/Km 159.55 s−1 M−1. Functional identification of RcUGT1 facilitated the icariside D2 production through metabolic engineering in plants or synthetic biology in microbes.
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Haghighi M, Yarmand MS, Emam-Djomeh Z, McClements DJ, Saboury AA, Rafiee-Tehrani M. Design and fabrication of pectin-coated nanoliposomal delivery systems for a bioactive polyphenolic: Phloridzin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:626-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ibdah M, Martens S, Gang DR. Biosynthetic Pathway and Metabolic Engineering of Plant Dihydrochalcones. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2273-2280. [PMID: 29171271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrochalcones are plant natural products containing the phenylpropanoid backbone and derived from the plant-specific phenylpropanoid pathway. Dihydrochalcone compounds are important in plant growth and response to stresses and, thus, can have large impacts on agricultural activity. In recent years, these compounds have also received increased attention from the biomedical community for their potential as anticancer treatments and other benefits for human health. However, they are typically produced at relatively low levels in plants. Therefore, an attractive alternative is to express the plant biosynthetic pathway genes in microbial hosts and to engineer the metabolic pathway/host to improve the production of these metabolites. In the present review, we discuss in detail the functions of genes and enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of the dihydrochalcones and the recent strategies and achievements used in the reconstruction of multi-enzyme pathways in microorganisms in efforts to be able to attain higher amounts of desired dihydrochalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwafaq Ibdah
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center , Agriculture Research Organization , Post Office Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095 , Israel
| | - Stefan Martens
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione , Fondazione Edmund Mach , Via E. Mach 1 , 38010 San Michele all'Adige , Trentino , Italy
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry , Washington State University , Post Office Box 646340, Pullman , Washington 99164-6340 , United States
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Qin X, Lu Y, Peng Z, Fan S, Yao Y. Systematic Chemical Analysis Approach Reveals Superior Antioxidant Capacity via the Synergistic Effect of Flavonoid Compounds in Red Vegetative Tissues. Front Chem 2018; 6:9. [PMID: 29468147 PMCID: PMC5808280 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid system comprises an abundance of compounds with multiple functions; however, their potential synergism in antioxidant function remains unclear. We established an approach using ever-red (RL) and ever-green leaves (GL) of crabapple cultivars during their development to determine interrelationships among flavonoid compounds. RL scored significantly better than GL in terms of the type, composition, and diversity of flavonoids than GL. Principal component analysis predicted flavonoids in RL to have positive interaction effects, and the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher than the sum of antioxidant capacities of the individual compounds. This synergy was verified by the high antioxidant capacity in rat serum after feeding on red leaves. Our findings suggest that the synergistic effect is a result of the high transcription levels regulated by McMYBs in RL. In summary, individual flavonoids cooperate in a flavonoid system, thus producing a synergistic antioxidant effect, and the approach used herein can provide insights into the roles of flavonoids and other compounds in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuangxi Fan
- Technology Industry Group, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry Fruit Trees, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Technology Industry Group, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry Fruit Trees, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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34
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Zhou K, Hu L, Li P, Gong X, Ma F. Genome-wide identification of glycosyltransferases converting phloretin to phloridzin in Malus species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 265:131-145. [PMID: 29223335 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phloridzin (phloretin 2'-O-glucoside) is the most abundant phenolic compound in Malus species, accounting for up to 18% of the dry weight in leaves. Glycosylation of phloretin at the 2' position is the last and key step in phloridzin biosynthesis. It is catalyzed by a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose:phloretin 2'-O-glucosyltransferase (P2'GT), which directly determines the concentration of phloridzin. However, this process is poorly understood. We conducted a large-scale investigation of phloridzin accumulations in leaves from 64 Malus species and cultivars. To identify the responsible P2'GT, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the expression patterns of UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase genes (UGTs). Two candidates were screened preliminarily in Malus spp. cv. Adams (North American Begonia). Results from further qRT-PCR analyses of the genotypes showed a divergence in phloridzin production. Our assays of enzyme activity also suggested that MdUGT88F4 and MdUGT88F1 regulate the conversion of phloretin to phloridzin in Malus plants. Finally, when they were silenced in 'GL-3' ('Royal Gala'), the concentrations of phloridzin and phloretin (and trilobatin) were significantly reduced and increased, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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35
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Abstract
Horse urine is easily collected and contains molecules readily measurable using mass spectrometry that can be used as biomarkers representative of health, disease or drug tampering. This study aimed at analyzing microliter levels of horse urine to purify, identify and quantify proteins, polar metabolites and non-polar lipids. Urine from a healthy 12 year old quarter horse mare on a diet of grass hay and vitamin/mineral supplements with limited pasture access was collected for serial-omics characterization. The urine was treated with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and methanol to partition into three distinct layers for protein, non-polar lipid and polar metabolite content from a single liquid-liquid extraction and was repeated two times. Each layer was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography—high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain protein sequence and relative protein levels as well as identify and quantify small polar metabolites and lipids. The results show 46 urine proteins, many related to normal kidney function, structural and circulatory proteins as well as 474 small polar metabolites but only 10 lipid molecules. Metabolites were mostly related to urea cycle and ammonia recycling as well as amino acid related pathways, plant diet specific molecules, etc. The few lipids represented triglycerides and phospholipids. These data show a complete mass spectrometry based—omics characterization of equine urine from a single 333 μL mid-stream urine aliquot. These omics data help serve as a baseline for healthy mare urine composition and the analyses can be used to monitor disease progression, health status, monitor drug use, etc.
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36
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Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6040042. [PMID: 28937585 PMCID: PMC5750618 DOI: 10.3390/plants6040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are concerns about using synthetic phenolic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as food additives because of the reported negative effects on human health. Thus, a replacement of these synthetics by antioxidant extractions from various foods has been proposed. More than 8000 different phenolic compounds have been characterized; fruits and vegetables are the prime sources of natural antioxidants. In order to extract, measure, and identify bioactive compounds from a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, researchers use multiple techniques and methods. This review includes a brief description of a wide range of different assays. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of phenolic natural products from fruits and vegetables are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Altemimi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq.
| | - Naoufal Lakhssassi
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Plant Biotechnology and Genome Core-Facility, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Azam Baharlouei
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Plant Biotechnology and Genome Core-Facility, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - Dennis G Watson
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Plant Biotechnology and Genome Core-Facility, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
| | - David A Lightfoot
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Plant Biotechnology and Genome Core-Facility, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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37
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Development of an enzymatic synthesis approach to produce phloridzin using Malus x domestica glycosyltransferase in engineered Pichia pastoris GS115. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Yauk YK, Souleyre EJF, Matich AJ, Chen X, Wang MY, Plunkett B, Dare AP, Espley RV, Tomes S, Chagné D, Atkinson RG. Alcohol acyl transferase 1 links two distinct volatile pathways that produce esters and phenylpropenes in apple fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:292-305. [PMID: 28380280 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fruit accumulate a diverse set of volatiles including esters and phenylpropenes. Volatile esters are synthesised via fatty acid degradation or from amino acid precursors, with the final step being catalysed by alcohol acyl transferases (AATs). Phenylpropenes are produced as a side branch of the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on apple (Malus × domestica) linkage group (LG)2 for production of the phenylpropene estragole and volatile esters (including 2-methylbutyl acetate and hexyl acetate) both co-located with the MdAAT1 gene. MdAAT1 has previously been shown to be required for volatile ester production in apple (Plant J., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12518), and here we show it is also required to produce p-hydroxycinnamyl acetates that serve as substrates for a bifunctional chavicol/eugenol synthase (MdoPhR5) in ripe apple fruit. Fruit from transgenic 'Royal Gala' MdAAT1 knockdown lines produced significantly reduced phenylpropene levels, whilst manipulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway using MdCHS (chalcone synthase) knockout and MdMYB10 over-expression lines increased phenylpropene production. Transient expression of MdAAT1, MdoPhR5 and MdoOMT1 (O-methyltransferase) genes reconstituted the apple pathway to estragole production in tobacco. AATs from ripe strawberry (SAAT1) and tomato (SlAAT1) fruit can also utilise p-coumaryl and coniferyl alcohols, indicating that ripening-related AATs are likely to link volatile ester and phenylpropene production in many different fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yar-Khing Yauk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Edwige J F Souleyre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adam J Matich
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mindy Y Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Blue Plunkett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew P Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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39
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Dare AP, Yauk YK, Tomes S, McGhie TK, Rebstock RS, Cooney JM, Atkinson RG. Silencing a phloretin-specific glycosyltransferase perturbs both general phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plant development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:237-250. [PMID: 28370633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The polyphenol profile of apple (Malus × domestica) is dominated by the dihydrochalcone glycoside phloridzin, but its physiological role is yet to be elucidated. Biosynthesis of phloridzin occurs as a side branch of the main phenylpropanoid pathway, with the final step mediated by the phloretin-specific glycosyltransferase UGT88F1. Unexpectedly, given that UGTs are sometimes viewed as 'decorating enzymes', UGT88F1 knockdown lines were severely dwarfed, with greatly reduced internode lengths, narrow lanceolate leaves, and changes in leaf and fruit cellular morphology. These changes suggested that auxin transport had been altered in the knockdown lines, which was confirmed in assays showing that auxin flux from the shoot apex was increased in the transgenic lines. Metabolite analysis revealed no accumulation of the phloretin aglycone, as well as decreases in many non-target phenylpropanoid compounds. This decreased accumulation of metabolites appeared to be mediated by the repression of the phenylpropanoid pathway via a reduction in key transcript levels (e.g. phenylalanine ammonia lyase, PAL) and enzyme activities (PAL and chalcone synthase). Application of exogenous phloridzin to the UGT88F1 knockdown lines in tissue culture enhanced axial leaf growth and partially restored some aspects of 'normal' apple leaf growth. Together, our results strongly implicate dihydrochalcones as critical compounds in modulating phenylpropanoid pathway flux and establishing auxin patterning early in apple development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Dare
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yar-Khing Yauk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- PFR, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ria S Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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40
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Kelebek H, Kadiroğlu P, Demircan NB, Selli S. Screening of bioactive components in grape and apple vinegars: Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasim Kelebek
- Adana Science and Technology University; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Food Engineering; Adana Turkey
| | - Pınar Kadiroğlu
- Adana Science and Technology University; Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Food Engineering; Adana Turkey
| | - Nur Banu Demircan
- Mersin Directorate of Provincial Food Agriculture and Livestock; Mersin Turkey
| | - Serkan Selli
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering; Cukurova University; 01330 Adana Turkey
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41
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Gottardi M, Reifenrath M, Boles E, Tripp J. Pathway engineering for the production of heterologous aromatic chemicals and their derivatives in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: bioconversion from glucose. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:3861259. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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42
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Guo H, Luo H, Yuan H, Xia Y, Shu P, Huang X, Lu Y, Liu X, Keller ET, Sun D, Deng J, Zhang J. Litchi seed extracts diminish prostate cancer progression via induction of apoptosis and attenuation of EMT through Akt/GSK-3β signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41656. [PMID: 28134352 PMCID: PMC5278538 DOI: 10.1038/srep41656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensisSonnnerat, Sapindaceae), known as Chinese Cherry, is a subtropical fruit tree originating from southern China. Litchi seed extracts have diverse pharmacological effects, including anticancer. However, its anticancer effects and mechanisms on prostate cancer have not been determined. In this study, we used n-butyl alcohol extract of Litchi seed (NLS) to treat prostate cancer PC3, DU145, RM1 and C4-2B cells. NLS induced a significant decrease in cell viability and clonogenic growth in a dose-dependent manner. NLS induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle G1/S phase arrest by inactivating Akt signaling pathway, which were associated with activation of mitochondrial caspase-dependent apoptotic cascades, up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p27, and inhibition of correlated cyclin/CDK network. In addition, NLS treatment significantly decreased cell migration and invasion via phenotypic inversion of EMT, correlated with increased expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin, and decreased expression of vimentin and snail, which is partially attributed to inhibiting Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Finally, PC3 xenograft nude mice treated with NLS in vivo showed a significant decrease in tumor size without toxicity. These findings suggest that NLS has potential for development into a safe and potent alternative therapy for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Disease, Chinese Ministry of Education, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hua Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 179 Mingxiu Dong Road, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Hebao Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yudui Xia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Disease, Chinese Ministry of Education, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Xinxiang Central Hospital of Henan, 56 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Pan Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Disease, Chinese Ministry of Education, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Disease, Chinese Ministry of Education, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Disease, Chinese Ministry of Education, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Evan T. Keller
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiagang Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 179 Mingxiu Dong Road, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Disease, Chinese Ministry of Education, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Southern University of Science and Technology, School of Medicine, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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43
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Eichenberger M, Lehka BJ, Folly C, Fischer D, Martens S, Simón E, Naesby M. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for de novo production of dihydrochalcones with known antioxidant, antidiabetic, and sweet tasting properties. Metab Eng 2016; 39:80-89. [PMID: 27810393 PMCID: PMC5249241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrochalcones are plant secondary metabolites comprising molecules of significant commercial interest as antioxidants, antidiabetics, or sweeteners. To date, their heterologous biosynthesis in microorganisms has been achieved only by precursor feeding or as minor by-products in strains engineered for flavonoid production. Here, the native ScTSC13 was overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase its side activity in reducing p-coumaroyl-CoA to p-dihydrocoumaroyl-CoA. De novo production of phloretin, the first committed dihydrochalcone, was achieved by co-expression of additional relevant pathway enzymes. Naringenin, a major by-product of the initial pathway, was practically eliminated by using a chalcone synthase from barley with unexpected substrate specificity. By further extension of the pathway from phloretin with decorating enzymes with known specificities for dihydrochalcones, and by exploiting substrate flexibility of enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, de novo production of the antioxidant molecule nothofagin, the antidiabetic molecule phlorizin, the sweet molecule naringin dihydrochalcone, and 3-hydroxyphloretin was achieved. De novo biosynthesis of phloretin in S. cerevisiae. De novo pathway extended to various dihydrochalcones of commercial interest. A barley CHS exhibits very high specificity for phloretin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eichenberger
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beata Joanna Lehka
- Evolva Biotech A/S, Lersø Parkallé 42, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - David Fischer
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Martens
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Ernesto Simón
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Michael Naesby
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153 Reinach, Switzerland.
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Zhang T, Liang J, Wang P, Xu Y, Wang Y, Wei X, Fan M. Purification and characterization of a novel phloretin-2'-O-glycosyltransferase favoring phloridzin biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35274. [PMID: 27731384 PMCID: PMC5059724 DOI: 10.1038/srep35274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phloretin-2'-O-glycosyltransferase (P2'GT) catalyzes the last glycosylation step in the biosynthesis of phloridzin that contributes to the flavor, color and health benefits of apples and processed apple products. In this work, a novel P2'GT of Malus x domestica (MdP2'GT) with a specific activity of 46.82 μkat/Kg protein toward phloretin and uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) at an optimal temperature of 30 °C and pH 8.0 was purified from the engineered Pichia pastoris broth to homogeneity by anion exchange chromatography, His-Trap affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The purified MdP2'GT was low N-glycosylated and secreted as a stable dimer with a molecular mass of 70.7 kDa in its native form. Importantly, MdP2'GT also exhibited activity towards quercetin and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG), kaempferol and UDPG, quercetin and UDP-galactose, isoliquiritigenin and UDPG, and luteolin and UDPG, producing only one isoquercitrin, astragalin, hyperoside, isoliquiritin, or cynaroside, respectively. This broad spectrum of activities make MdP2'GT a promising biocatalyst for the industrial preparation of the corresponding polyphenol glycosides, preferably for their subsequent isolation and purification. Besides, MdP2'GT displayed the lowest Km and the highest kcat/Km for phloretin and UDPG compared to all previously reported P2'GTs, making MdP2'GT favor phloridzin synthesis the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yang ling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jianqiang Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Panxue Wang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science &Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yutang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yang ling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xinyuan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yang ling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mingtao Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yang ling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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45
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Yahyaa M, Davidovich-Rikanati R, Eyal Y, Sheachter A, Marzouk S, Lewinsohn E, Ibdah M. Identification and characterization of UDP-glucose:Phloretin 4'-O-glycosyltransferase from Malus x domestica Borkh. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 130:47-55. [PMID: 27316677 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Apples (Malus x domestica Brokh.) are among the world's most important food crops with nutritive and medicinal importance. Many of the health beneficial properties of apple fruit are suggested to be due to (poly)phenolic metabolites, including various dihydrochalcones. Although many of the genes and enzymes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis are known in many plant species, the specific reactions that lead to the biosynthesis of the sweet tasting dihydrochalcones, such as trilobatin, are unknown. To identify candidate genes for involvement in the glycosylation of dihydrochalcones, existing genome databases of the Rosaceae were screened for apple genes with significant sequence similarity to Bacillus subtilis phloretin glycosyltransferase. Herein reported is the identification and functional characterization of a Malus x domestica gene encoding phloretin-4'-O-glycosyltransferase designated MdPh-4'-OGT. Recombinant MdPh-4'-OGT protein glycosylates phloretin in the presence of UDP-glucose into trilobatin in vitro. Its apparent Km values for phloretin and UDP-glucose were 26.1 μM and 1.2 mM, respectively. Expression analysis of the MdPh-4'-OGT gene indicated that its transcript levels showed significant variation in apple tissues of different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaab Yahyaa
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | | | - Yoram Eyal
- Institute of Plant Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Alona Sheachter
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Sally Marzouk
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Efraim Lewinsohn
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- NeweYaar Research Center, Agriculture Research Organization, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
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Lin ST, Tu SH, Yang PS, Hsu SP, Lee WH, Ho CT, Wu CH, Lai YH, Chen MY, Chen LC. Apple Polyphenol Phloretin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Growth via Inhibition of the Type 2 Glucose Transporter and Activation of p53-Mediated Signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6826-6837. [PMID: 27538679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are required for glucose uptake in malignant cells, and they can be used as molecular targets for cancer therapy. An RT-PCR analysis was performed to investigate the mRNA levels of 14 subtypes of GLUTs in human colorectal cancer (COLO 205 and HT-29) and normal (FHC) cells. RT-PCR (n = 27) was used to assess the differences in paired tissue samples (tumor vs normal) isolated from colorectal cancer patients. GLUT2 was detected in all tested cells. The average GLUT2 mRNA level in 12 of 27 (44.4%) cases was 2.4-fold higher in tumor compared to normal tissues (*, p = 0.027). Higher GLUT2 mRNA expression was preferentially detected in advanced-stage tumors (stage 0 vs 3 = 16.38-fold, 95% CI = 9.22-26.54-fold; *, p = 0.029). The apple polyphenol phloretin (Ph) and siRNA methods were used to inhibit GLUT2 protein expression. Ph (0-100 μM, for 24 h) induced COLO 205 cell growth cycle arrest in a p53-dependent manner, which was confirmed by pretreatment of the cells with a p53-specific dominant negative expression vector. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (HNF6), which was previously reported to be a transcription factor that activates GLUT2 and p53, was also induced by Ph (0-100 μM, for 24 h). The antitumor effect of Ph (25 mg/kg or DMSO twice a week for 6 weeks) was demonstrated in vivo using BALB/c nude mice bearing COLO 205 tumor xenografts. In conclusion, targeting GLUT2 could potentially suppress colorectal tumor cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tsai Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Tu
- TMU Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Sheng Yang
- Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Nursing and Management, Mackay Junior College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Hsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institue of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital , Jhonghe City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Chih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, En Chu Kong Hospital , New Taipei City 237, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yao Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital , New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ching Chen
- TMU Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
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47
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Hutabarat OS, Flachowsky H, Regos I, Miosic S, Kaufmann C, Faramarzi S, Alam MZ, Gosch C, Peil A, Richter K, Hanke MV, Treutter D, Stich K, Halbwirth H. Transgenic apple plants overexpressing the chalcone 3-hydroxylase gene of Cosmos sulphureus show increased levels of 3-hydroxyphloridzin and reduced susceptibility to apple scab and fire blight. PLANTA 2016; 243:1213-24. [PMID: 26895335 PMCID: PMC4837221 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Overexpression of chalcone-3-hydroxylase provokes increased accumulation of 3-hydroxyphloridzin in Malus . Decreased flavonoid concentrations but unchanged flavonoid class composition were observed. The increased 3-hydroxyphlorizin contents correlate well with reduced susceptibility to fire blight and scab. The involvement of dihydrochalcones in the apple defence mechanism against pathogens is discussed but unknown biosynthetic steps in their formation hamper studies on their physiological relevance. The formation of 3-hydroxyphloretin is one of the gaps in the pathway. Polyphenol oxidases and cytochrome P450 dependent enzymes could be involved. Hydroxylation of phloretin in position 3 has high similarity to the B-ring hydroxylation of flavonoids catalysed by the well-known flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H). Using recombinant F3'H and chalcone 3-hydroxylase (CH3H) from Cosmos sulphureus we show that F3'H and CH3H accept phloretin to some extent but higher conversion rates are obtained with CH3H. To test whether CH3H catalyzes the hydroxylation of dihydrochalcones in planta and if this could be of physiological relevance, we created transgenic apple trees harbouring CH3H from C. sulphureus. The three transgenic lines obtained showed lower polyphenol concentrations but no shift between the main polyphenol classes dihydrochalcones, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavan 3-ols. Increase of 3-hydroxyphloridzin within the dihydrochalcones and of epicatechin/catechin within soluble flavan 3-ols were observed. Decreased activity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase could partially explain the lower polyphenol concentrations. In comparison to the parent line, the transgenic CH3H-lines showed a lower disease susceptibility to fire blight and apple scab that correlated with the increased 3-hydroxyphlorizin contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olly Sanny Hutabarat
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henryk Flachowsky
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ionela Regos
- Unit of Fruit Science, Technical University of Munich, Dürnast 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Silvija Miosic
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Kaufmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shadab Faramarzi
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mohammed Zobayer Alam
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Gosch
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Peil
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kühn-Institut, Erwin-Baur-Str. 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Magda-Viola Hanke
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute of Breeding Research on Horticultural and Fruit Crops, Julius Kühn-Institut, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dieter Treutter
- Unit of Fruit Science, Technical University of Munich, Dürnast 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Karl Stich
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Technical University of Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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48
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Huang WC, Wu SJ, Tu RS, Lai YR, Liou CJ. Phloretin inhibits interleukin-1β-induced COX-2 and ICAM-1 expression through inhibition of MAPK, Akt, and NF-κB signaling in human lung epithelial cells. Food Funct 2016; 6:1960-7. [PMID: 25996641 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00149h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Phloretin, a flavonoid isolated from the apple tree, is reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-adiposity effects. In this study, we evaluated the suppressive effects of phloretin on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in IL-1β-stimulated human lung epithelial A549 cells. The cells were pretreated with various concentrations of phloretin (3-100 μM), followed by induced inflammation by IL-1β. Phloretin inhibited levels of prostaglandin E2, decreased COX-2 expression, and suppressed IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and IL-6 production. It also decreased ICAM-1 gene and protein expression and suppressed monocyte adhesion to inflammatory A549 cells. Phloretin also significantly inhibited Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and decreased nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) subunit p65 protein translocation into the nucleus. In addition, ICAM-1 and COX-2 expression was suppressed by pretreatment with both MAPK inhibitors and phloretin in inflammatory A549 cells. However, phlorizin, a derivative of phloretin, did not suppress the inflammatory response in IL-1β-stimulated A549 cells. These results suggest that phloretin might have an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine, COX-2, and ICAM-1 expression via blocked NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, No. 261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City 33303, Taiwan
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49
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Chen D, Sun L, Chen R, Xie K, Yang L, Dai J. Enzymatic Synthesis of Acylphloroglucinol 3-C
-Glucosides from 2-O
-Glucosides using a C
-Glycosyltransferase from Mangifera indica. Chemistry 2016; 22:5873-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; 1 Xian Nong Tan Street Beijing 100050 P.R. China
| | - Lili Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Minzu University of China; 27 Zhong Guan Cun Southern Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Ridao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; 1 Xian Nong Tan Street Beijing 100050 P.R. China
| | - Kebo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; 1 Xian Nong Tan Street Beijing 100050 P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Minzu University of China; 27 Zhong Guan Cun Southern Street Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Jungui Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines; Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; 1 Xian Nong Tan Street Beijing 100050 P.R. China
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50
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Song C, Zhao S, Hong X, Liu J, Schulenburg K, Schwab W. A UDP-glucosyltransferase functions in both acylphloroglucinol glucoside and anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:730-42. [PMID: 26859691 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically active acylphloroglucinol (APG) glucosides were recently found in strawberry (Fragaria sp.) fruit. Although the formation of the APG aglycones has been clarified, little is known about APG glycosylation in plants. In this study we functionally characterized ripening-related glucosyltransferase genes in Fragaria by comprehensive biochemical analyses of the encoded proteins and by a RNA interference (RNAi) approach in vivo. The allelic proteins UGT71K3a/b catalyzed the glucosylation of diverse hydroxycoumarins, naphthols and flavonoids as well as phloroglucinols, enzymatically synthesized APG aglycones and pelargonidin. Total enzymatic synthesis of APG glucosides was achieved by co-incubation of recombinant dual functional chalcone/valerophenone synthase and UGT71K3 proteins with essential coenzyme A esters and UDP-glucose. An APG glucoside was identified in strawberry fruit which has not yet been reported in other plants. Suppression of UGT71K3 activity in transient RNAi-silenced fruits led to a loss of pigmentation and a substantial decrease of the levels of various APG glucosides and an anthocyanin. Metabolite analyses of transgenic fruits confirmed UGT71K3 as a UDP-glucose:APG glucosyltransferase in planta. These results provide the foundation for the breeding of fruits with improved health benefits and for the biotechnological production of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankui Song
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Xiaotong Hong
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Katja Schulenburg
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 1, Freising, 85354, Germany
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