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Xie Y, Yu J, Tian F, Li X, Chen X, Li Y, Wu B, Miao Y. MORF9-dependent specific plastid RNA editing inhibits root growth under sugar starvation in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1921-1940. [PMID: 38357785 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Multiple organellar RNA editing factor (MORF) complex was shown to be highly associated with C-to-U RNA editing of vascular plant editosome. However, mechanisms by which MORF9-dependent plastid RNA editing controls plant development and responses to environmental alteration remain obscure. In this study, we found that loss of MORF9 function impaired PSII efficiency, NDH activity, and carbohydrate production, rapidly promoted nuclear gene expression including sucrose transporter and sugar/energy responsive genes, and attenuated root growth under sugar starvation conditions. Sugar repletion increased MORF9 and MORF2 expression in wild-type seedlings and reduced RNA editing of matK-706, accD-794, ndhD-383 and ndhF-290 in the morf9 mutant. RNA editing efficiency of ndhD-383 and ndhF-290 sites was diminished in the gin2/morf9 double mutants, and that of matK-706, accD-794, ndhD-383 and ndhF-290 sites were significantly diminished in the snrk1/morf9 double mutants. In contrast, overexpressing HXK1 or SnRK1 promoted RNA editing rate of matK-706, accD-794, ndhD-383 and ndhF-290 in leaves of morf9 mutants, suggesting that HXK1 partially impacts MORF9 mediated ndhD-383 and ndhF-290 editing, while SnRK1 may only affect MORF9-mediated ndhF-290 site editing. Collectively, these findings suggest that sugar and/or its intermediary metabolites impair MORF9-dependent plastid RNA editing resulting in derangements of plant root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinfa Yu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Faan Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanyun Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Binghua Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Zenchenko AA, Savelieva EM, Drenichev MS, Romanov GA, Oslovsky VE. N 6-(5-Phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine-A New Non-competitive Receptor-Specific Anti-cytokinin. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 513:S23-S25. [PMID: 38189887 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923700679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, N6-(5-phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine, a synthetic adenine derivative with a receptor-specific anticytokinin effect, was obtained. This compound exhibits a pronounced anticytokinin effect, reducing cytokinin-induced expression of the GUS reporter gene when interacting with the cytokinin receptor CRE1/AHK4 of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This effect manifests itself much weaker with the related AHK2 receptor and is not observed at all with the AHK3 receptor. We showed that N6-(5-phenylpentan-1-yl)adenine does not bind to the ligand-binding sites of the Arabidopsis cytokinin receptors, which does not allow it to be classified as a true cytokinin antagonist. Despite the currently unknown mechanism of action, this compound may find its use as a component of plant growth regulators. Like true anticytokinins, it enhances root growth of Arabidopsis seedlings, apparently suppressing the action of endogenous cytokinins on the "root" receptor CRE1/AHK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E M Savelieva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Bíbová J, Kábrtová V, Večeřová V, Kučerová Z, Hudeček M, Plačková L, Novák O, Strnad M, Plíhal O. The Role of a Cytokinin Antagonist in the Progression of Clubroot Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020299. [PMID: 36830668 PMCID: PMC9953476 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing clubroot disease in cruciferous plants. Infected plant organs are subject to profound morphological changes, the roots form characteristic galls, and the leaves are chlorotic and abscise. The process of gall formation is governed by timely changes in the levels of endogenous plant hormones that occur throughout the entire life cycle of the clubroot pathogen. The homeostasis of two plant hormones, cytokinin and auxin, appears to be crucial for club development. To investigate the role of cytokinin and auxin in gall formation, we used metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana infected with clubroot, focusing on the late stages of the disease, where symptoms were more pronounced. Loss-of-function mutants of three cytokinin receptors, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, were employed to further study the homeostasis of cytokinin in response to disease progression; ahk double mutants developed characteristic symptoms of the disease, albeit with varying intensity. The most susceptible to clubroot disease was the ahk3 ahk4 double mutant, as revealed by measuring its photosynthetic performance. Quantification of phytohormone levels and pharmacological treatment with the cytokinin antagonist PI-55 showed significant changes in the levels of endogenous cytokinin and auxin, which was manifested by both enhanced and reduced development of disease symptoms in different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Bíbová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kábrtová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Večeřová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kučerová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hudeček
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (O.P.)
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (O.P.)
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Aoki N, Cui S, Yoshida S. Cytokinins Induce Prehaustoria Coordinately with Quinone Signals in the Parasitic Plant Striga hermonthica. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1446-1456. [PMID: 36112485 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Orobanchaceae parasitic plants are major threats to global food security, causing severe agricultural damage worldwide. Parasitic plants derive water and nutrients from their host plants through multicellular organs called haustoria. The formation of a prehaustorium, a primitive haustorial structure, is provoked by host-derived haustorium-inducing factors (HIFs). Quinones, including 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (DMBQ), are of the most potent HIFs for various species in Orobanchaceae, but except non-photosynthetic holoparasites, Phelipanche and Orobanche spp. Instead, cytokinin (CK) phytohormones were reported to induce prehaustoria in Phelipanche ramosa. However, little is known about whether CKs act as HIFs in the other parasitic species to date. Moreover, the signaling pathways for quinones and CKs in prehaustorium induction are not well understood. This study shows that CKs act as HIFs in the obligate parasite Striga hermonthica but not in the facultative parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum. Using chemical inhibitors and marker gene expression analysis, we demonstrate that CKs activate prehaustorium formation through a CK-specific signaling pathway that overlaps with the quinone HIF pathway at downstream in S. hermonthica. Moreover, host root exudates activated S. hermonthica CK biosynthesis and signaling genes, and DMBQ and CK inhibitors perturbed the prehaustorium-inducing activity of exudates, indicating that host root exudates include CKs. Our study reveals the importance of CKs for prehaustorium formation in obligate parasitic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Aoki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Songkui Cui
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
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5
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Savelieva EM, Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Kozlova AA, Kurochkin NN, Arkhipov DV, Chizhov AO, Oslovsky VE, Romanov GA. In Planta, In Vitro and In Silico Studies of Chiral N6-Benzyladenine Derivatives: Discovery of Receptor-Specific S-Enantiomers with Cytokinin or Anticytokinin Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911334. [PMID: 36232653 PMCID: PMC9569578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins, classical phytohormones, affect all stages of plant ontogenesis, but their application in agriculture is limited because of the lack of appropriate ligands, including those specific for individual cytokinin receptors. In this work, a series of chiral N6-benzyladenine derivatives were studied as potential cytokinins or anticytokinins. All compounds contained a methyl group at the α-carbon atom of the benzyl moiety, making them R- or S-enantiomers. Four pairs of chiral nucleobases and corresponding ribonucleosides containing various substituents at the C2 position of adenine heterocycle were synthesized. A nucleophilic substitution reaction by secondary optically active amines was used. A strong influence of the chirality of studied compounds on their interaction with individual cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana was uncovered in in vivo and in vitro assays. The AHK2 and CRE1/AHK4 receptors were shown to have low affinity for the studied S-nucleobases while the AHK3 receptor exhibited significant affinity for most of them. Thereby, three synthetic AHK3-specific cytokinins were discovered: N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-MBA), 2-fluoro,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-FMBA) and 2-chloro,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenine (S-CMBA). Interaction patterns between individual receptors and specific enantiomers were rationalized by structure analysis and molecular docking. Two other S-enantiomers (N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenosine, 2-amino,N6-((S)-α-methylbenzyl)adenosine) were found to exhibit receptor-specific and chirality-dependent anticytokinin properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M. Savelieva
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Zenchenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kozlova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay N. Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Arkhipov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander O. Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E. Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Romanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya str. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
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6
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Kaźmierczak A, Kunikowska A, Doniak M, Kornaś A. Mechanism of kinetin-induced death of Vicia faba ssp. minor root cortex cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23746. [PMID: 34887458 PMCID: PMC8660813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death (CD) may be induced by endogenous or exogenous factors and contributes to all the steps of plant development. This paper presents results related to the mechanism of CD regulation induced by kinetin (Kin) in the root cortex of Vicia faba ssp. minor. To explain the process, 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino)purine (PI-55), adenine (Ad), 5'-amine-5'-deoxyadenosine (Ado) and N-(2-chloro-4-piridylo)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) were applied to (i) block cytokinin receptors (CKs) and inhibit the activities of enzymes of CK metabolism, i.e., (ii) phosphoribosyltransferase, (iii) kinases, and (iv) oxidases, respectively. Moreover, ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), lanthanum chloride (LaCl3), ruthenium red (RRed) and cyclosporine A (CS-A) were applied to (i) chelate extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) as well as blocks of (ii) plasma-, (iii) endoplasmic reticulum- (ER) membrane Ca2+ ion channels and (iv) mitochondria- (MIT) Ca2+ ions release by permeability transition por (PTP), respectively. The measured physiological effectiveness of these factors was the number of living and dying cortex cells estimated with orange acridine (OA) and ethidium bromide (EB), the amounts of cytosolic Ca2+ ions with chlortetracycline (CTC) staining and the intensity of chromatin and Ca2+-CTC complex fluorescence, respectively. Moreover, the role of sorafenib, an inhibitor of RAF kinase, on the vitality of cortex cells and ethylene levels as well as the activities of RAF-like kinase and MEK2 with Syntide-2 and Mek2 as substrates were studied. The results clarified the previously presented suggestion that Kin is converted to appropriate ribotides (5'-monophosphate ribonucleotides), which cooperate with the ethylene and Ca2+ ion signalling pathways to transduce the signal of kinetin-programmed cell death (Kin-PCD). Based on the present and previously published results related to Kin-PCD, the crosstalk between ethylene and MAP kinase signalling, as well as inhibitors of CK receptors and enzymes of their metabolism, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kaźmierczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anita Kunikowska
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Doniak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084, Kraków, Poland
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7
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Costa JL, Paschoal D, da Silva EM, Silva JS, do Carmo RM, Carrera E, López-Díaz I, Rossi ML, Freschi L, Mieczkowski P, Peres LEP, Teixeira PJPL, Figueira A. Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao, interferes with cytokinin metabolism during infection of Micro-Tom tomato and promotes symptom development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:365-381. [PMID: 33826751 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa causes witches' broom disease of cacao and inflicts symptoms suggestive of hormonal imbalance. We investigated whether infection of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) model system Micro-Tom (MT) by the Solanaceae (S)-biotype of Moniliophthora perniciosa, which causes stem swelling and hypertrophic growth of axillary shoots, results from changes in host cytokinin metabolism. Inoculation of an MT-transgenic line that overexpresses the Arabidopsis CYTOKININ OXIDASE-2 gene (35S::AtCKX2) resulted in a reduction in disease incidence and stem diameter. RNA-sequencing analysis of infected MT and 35S::AtCKX2 revealed the activation of cytokinin-responsive marker genes when symptoms were conspicuous. The expression of an Moniliophthora perniciosa tRNA-ISOPENTENYL-TRANSFERASE suggests the production of isopentenyladenine (iP), detected in mycelia grown in vitro. Inoculated MT stems showed higher levels of dihydrozeatin and trans-zeatin but not iP. The application of benzyladenine induced symptoms similar to infection, whereas applying the cytokinin receptor inhibitors LGR-991 and PI55 decreased symptoms. Moniliophthora perniciosa produces iP that might contribute to cytokinin synthesis by the host, which results in vascular and cortex enlargement, axillary shoot outgrowth, reduction in root biomass and an increase in fruit locule number. This strategy may be associated with the manipulation of sink establishment to favour infection by the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L Costa
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Daniele Paschoal
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Eder M da Silva
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Jamille S Silva
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael M do Carmo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Esther Carrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elío s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elío s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Mônica L Rossi
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão 321, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7264, USA
| | - Lazaro E P Peres
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7264, USA
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
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8
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Salam BB, Barbier F, Danieli R, Teper-Bamnolker P, Ziv C, Spíchal L, Aruchamy K, Shnaider Y, Leibman D, Shaya F, Carmeli-Weissberg M, Gal-On A, Jiang J, Ori N, Beveridge C, Eshel D. Sucrose promotes stem branching through cytokinin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1708-1721. [PMID: 33793932 PMCID: PMC8133652 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching is an important aspect of plant architecture because it substantially affects plant biology and agricultural performance. Sugars play an important role in the induction of shoot branching in several species, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). However, the mechanism by which sugars affect shoot branching remains mostly unknown. In the present study, we addressed this question using sugar-mediated induction of bud outgrowth in potato stems under etiolated conditions. Our results indicate that sucrose feeding to detached stems promotes the accumulation of cytokinin (CK), as well as the expression of vacuolar invertase (VInv), an enzyme that contributes to sugar sink strength. These effects of sucrose were suppressed by CK synthesis and perception inhibitors, while CK supplied to detached stems induced bud outgrowth and VInv activity in the absence of sucrose. CK-induced bud outgrowth was suppressed in vinv mutants, which we generated by genome editing. Altogether, our results identify a branching-promoting module, and suggest that sugar-induced lateral bud outgrowth is in part promoted by the induction of CK-mediated VInv activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolaji Babajide Salam
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francois Barbier
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Raz Danieli
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republic (L.S.)
| | - Kalaivani Aruchamy
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yula Shnaider
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Diana Leibman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Felix Shaya
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Amit Gal-On
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jiming Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Christine Beveridge
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dani Eshel
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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9
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Oshchepkov MS, Kalistratova AV, Savelieva EM, Romanov GA, Bystrova NA, Kochetkov KA. Natural and synthetic cytokinins and their applications in biotechnology, agrochemistry and medicine. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to cytokinins — classical plant hormones known for more than six decades. Nevertheless, different aspects of the action of cytokinins are still being investigated. Relevant studies produced interesting, often unexpected, results, which cast doubt on the old paradigms and open new prospects for the use of these phytohormones. Particular attention is given to recent advances in the applications of natural cytokinins and their synthetic analogues in biotechnology, agriculture, medicine and cosmetics. The chemical synthesis, properties and the possible use of artificial cytokinins are considered in detail. The review is aimed at researchers interested in the development and applications of new biologically active compounds with a wide spectrum of action on diverse biological objects, from plants to humans.
The bibliography includes 233 references.
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Bryksová M, Dabravolski S, Kučerová Z, Zavadil Kokáš F, Špundová M, Plíhalová L, Takáč T, Grúz J, Hudeček M, Hloušková V, Koprna R, Novák O, Strnad M, Plíhal O, Doležal K. Aromatic Cytokinin Arabinosides Promote PAMP-like Responses and Positively Regulate Leaf Longevity. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1949-1963. [PMID: 32520524 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins are plant hormones with biological functions ranging from coordination of plant growth to the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress-related responses and senescence. The components of the plant immune system can learn from past elicitations by microbial pathogens and herbivores and adapt to new threats. It is known that plants can enter the primed state of enhanced defense induced by either natural or synthetic compounds. While the involvement of cytokinins in defense priming has been documented, no comprehensive model of their action has been provided to date. Here, we report the functional characterization of two aromatic cytokinin derivatives, 6-benzylaminopurine-9-arabinosides (BAPAs), 3-methoxy-BAPA and 3-hydroxy-BAPA, that proved to be effective in delaying senescence in detached leaves while having low interactions with the cytokinin pathway. An RNA-seq profiling study on Arabidopsis leaves treated with 3-methoxy-BAPA revealed that short and extended treatments with this compound shifted the transcriptional response markedly toward defense. Both treatments revealed upregulation of genes involved in processes associated with plant innate immunity such as cell wall remodeling and upregulation of specific MAP kinases, most importantly MPK11, which is a MAPK module involved in stress-related signaling during the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) response. In addition, elevated levels of JA and its metabolites, jasmonate/ethylene-driven upregulation of PLANT DEFENSIN 1.2 (PDF1.2) and other defensins, and also temporarily elevated levels of reactive oxygen species marked the plant response to 3-methoxy-BAPA treatment. Synergistic interactions were observed when plants were cotreated with 3-hydroxy-BAPA and the flagellin-derived bacterial PAMP peptide (flg22), leading to the enhanced expression of the PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) marker gene FRK1. Our data collectively show that some BAPAs can sensitively prime the PTI responses in a low micromolar range of concentrations while having no observable negative effects on the overall fitness of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Bryksová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kučerová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Zavadil Kokáš
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, CZ-65653 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Špundová
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Grúz
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hudeček
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hloušková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Koprna
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Vylíčilová H, Bryksová M, Matušková V, Doležal K, Plíhalová L, Strnad M. Naturally Occurring and Artificial N9-Cytokinin Conjugates: From Synthesis to Biological Activity and Back. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060832. [PMID: 32485963 PMCID: PMC7356397 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins and their sugar or non-sugar conjugates are very active growth-promoting factors in plants, although they occur at very low concentrations. These compounds have been identified in numerous plant species. This review predominantly focuses on 9-substituted adenine-based cytokinin conjugates, both artificial and endogenous, sugar and non-sugar, and their roles in plants. Acquired information about their biological activities, interconversions, and metabolism improves understanding of their mechanisms of action and functions in planta. Although a number of 9-substituted cytokinins occur endogenously, many have also been prepared in laboratories to facilitate the clarification of their physiological roles and the determination of their biological properties. Here, we chart advances in knowledge of 9-substituted cytokinin conjugates from their discovery to current understanding and reciprocal interactions between biological properties and associated structural motifs. Current organic chemistry enables preparation of derivatives with better biological properties, such as improved anti-senescence, strong cell division stimulation, shoot forming, or more persistent stress tolerance compared to endogenous or canonical cytokinins. Many artificial cytokinin conjugates stimulate higher mass production than naturally occurring cytokinins, improve rooting, or simply have high stability or bioavailability. Thus, knowledge of the biosynthesis, metabolism, and activity of 9-substituted cytokinins in various plant species extends the scope for exploiting both natural and artificially prepared cytokinins in plant biotechnology, tissue culture, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Vylíčilová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Magdaléna Bryksová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Vlasta Matušková
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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Olaetxea M, Mora V, Bacaicoa E, Baigorri R, Garnica M, Fuentes M, Zamarreño AM, Spíchal L, García‐Mina JM. Root ABA and H +-ATPase are key players in the root and shoot growth-promoting action of humic acids. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00175. [PMID: 31624800 PMCID: PMC6785783 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the ability of humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) to improve plant growth has been demonstrated, knowledge about the mechanisms responsible for the direct effects of HA and FA on the promotion of plant growth is scarce and fragmentary. Our study investigated the causal role of both root PM H+-ATPase activity and ABA in the SHA-promoting action on both root and shoot growth. The involvement of these processes in the regulation of shoot cytokinin concentration and activity was also studied. Our aim was to integrate such plant responses for providing new insights to the current model on the mode of action of HA for promoting root and shoot growth. Experiments employing specific inhibitors and using Cucumis sativus L. plants show that both the root PM H+-ATPase activity and root ABA play a crucial role in the root growth-promoting action of SHA. With regard to the HA-promoting effects on shoot growth, two pathways of events triggered by the interaction of SHA with plant roots are essential for the increase in root PM H+-ATPase activity-which also mediates an increase in cytokinin concentration and action in the shoot-and the ABA-mediated increase in hydraulic conductivity (Lpr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Olaetxea
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Verónica Mora
- Plant Physiology and Plant‐Microorganism Interaction LaboratoryInstituto de Investigaciones Agrobiotecnológicas (INIAB-CONICET) y Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC)CórdobaArgentina
| | - Eva Bacaicoa
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Roberto Baigorri
- Technical and Development DepartmentTimac Agro EspañaLodosaSpain
| | - Maria Garnica
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Marta Fuentes
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Angel Maria Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics Palacký University, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacky´ UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - José María García‐Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology (Biological and Agricultural Chemistry Group (BACh) CMI-Roullier GroupFaculty of SciencesUniversity of NavarraPamplonaSpain
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13
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Goh DM, Cosme M, Kisiala AB, Mulholland S, Said ZMF, Spíchal L, Emery RJN, Declerck S, Guinel FC. A Stimulatory Role for Cytokinin in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis of Pea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30915091 PMCID: PMC6423060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis between terrestrial plants and AM fungi is regulated by plant hormones. For most of these, a role has been clearly assigned in this mutualistic interaction; however, there are still contradictory reports for cytokinin (CK). Here, pea plants, the wild type (WT) cv. Sparkle and its mutant E151 (Pssym15), were inoculated with the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. E151 has previously been characterized as possessing high CK levels in non-mycorrhizal (myc-) roots and exhibiting high number of fungal structures in mycorrhizal (myc+) roots. Myc- and myc+ plants were treated 7, 9, and 11 days after inoculation (DAI) with synthetic compounds known to alter CK status. WT plants were treated with a synthetic CK [6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)] or the CK degradation inhibitor INCYDE, whereas E151 plants were treated with the CK receptor antagonist PI-55. At 13 DAI, plant CK content was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The effects of the synthetic compounds on AM colonization were assessed at 28 (WT) or 35 (E151) DAI via a modified magnified intersections method. The only noticeable difference seen between myc- and myc+ plants in terms of CK content was in the levels of nucleotides (NTs). Whereas WT plants responded to fungi by lowering their NT levels, E151 plants did not. Since NTs are thought to be converted into active CK forms, this result suggests that active CKs were synthesized more effectively in WT than in E151. In general, myc+ and myc- WT plants responded similarly to INCYDE by lowering significantly their NT levels and increasing slightly their active CK levels; these responses were less obvious in BAP-treated WT plants. In contrast, the response of E151 plants to PI-55 depended on the plant mycorrhizal status. Whereas treated myc- plants exhibited high NT and low active CK levels, treated myc+ plants displayed low levels of both NTs and active CKs. Moreover, treated WT plants were more colonized than treated E151 plants. We concluded that CKs have a stimulatory role in AM colonization because increased active CK levels were paralleled with increased AM colonization while decreased CK levels corresponded to reduced AM colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane M. Goh
- Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Cosme
- Mycology, Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Stéphane Declerck
- Mycology, Applied Microbiology, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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14
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Goyet V, Wada S, Cui S, Wakatake T, Shirasu K, Montiel G, Simier P, Yoshida S. Haustorium Inducing Factors for Parasitic Orobanchaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1056. [PMID: 31555315 PMCID: PMC6726735 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae family include devastating weed species, such as Striga, Orobanche, and Phelipanche, which infest important crops and cause economic losses of over a billion US dollars worldwide, yet the molecular and cellular processes responsible for such parasitic relationships remain largely unknown. Parasitic species of the Orobanchaceae family form specialized invasion organs called haustoria on their roots to enable the invasion of host root tissues. The process of forming haustoria can be divided into two steps, prehaustorium formation and haustorium maturation, the processes occurring before and after host attachment, respectively. Prehaustorium formation is provoked by host-derived signal molecules, collectively called haustorium-inducing factors (HIFs). Cell wall-related quinones and phenolics have been known for a long time to induce haustoria in many Orobanchaceae species. Although such phenolics are widely produced in plants, structural specificities exist among these molecules that modulate their competency to induce haustoria in different parasitic plant species. In addition, the plant hormone cytokinins, structurally distinct from phenolic compounds, also trigger prehaustorium formation in Orobanchaceae. Recent findings demonstrate their involvement as rhizopsheric HIFs for Orobanche and Phelipanche species and thus address new activities for cytokinins in haustorium formation in Orobanchaceae, as well as in rhizospheric signaling. This review highlights haustorium-inducing signals in the Orobanchaceae family in the context of their host origin, action mechanisms, and species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Goyet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Syogo Wada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Songkui Cui
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gregory Montiel
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Simier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
- *Correspondence: Satoko Yoshida,
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15
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Jiang K, Asami T. Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1265-1300. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1462693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Savelieva EM, Oslovsky VE, Karlov DS, Kurochkin NN, Getman IA, Lomin SN, Sidorov GV, Mikhailov SN, Osolodkin DI, Romanov GA. Cytokinin activity of N 6-benzyladenine derivatives assayed by interaction with the receptors in planta, in vitro, and in silico. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:161-177. [PMID: 29544164 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological effects of hormones in both plants and animals are based on high-affinity interaction with cognate receptors resulting in their activation. The signal of cytokinins, classical plant hormones, is perceived in Arabidopsis by three homologous membrane receptors: AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4. To study the cytokinin-receptor interaction, we used 25 derivatives of potent cytokinin N6-benzyladenine (BA) with substituents in the purine heterocycle and/or in the side chain. The study was focused primarily on individual cytokinin receptors from Arabidopsis. The main in planta assay system was based on Arabidopsis double mutants retaining only one isoform of cytokinin receptors and harboring cytokinin-sensitive reporter gene. Classical cytokinin biotest with Amaranthus seedlings was used as an additional biotest. In parallel, the binding of ligands to individual cytokinin receptors was assessed in the in vitro test system. Quantitative comparison of results of different assays confirmed the partial similarity of ligand-binding properties of receptor isoforms. Substituents at positions 8 and 9 of adenine moiety, elongated linker up to 4 methylene units, and replacement of N6 by sulfur or oxygen have resulted in the suppression of cytokinin activity of the derivative toward all receptors. Introduction of a halogen into position 2 of adenine moiety, on the contrary, often increased the ligand activity, especially toward AHK3. Features both common and distinctive of cytokinin receptors in Arabidopsis and Amaranthus were revealed, highlighting species specificity of the cytokinin perception apparatus. Correlations between the extent to which a compound binds to a receptor in vitro and its ability to activate the same receptor in planta were evaluated for each AHK protein. Interaction patterns between individual receptors and ligands were rationalized by structure analysis and molecular docking in sensory modules of AHK receptors. The best correlation between docking scores and specific binding was observed for AHK3. In addition, receptor-specific ligands have been discovered with unique properties to predominantly activate or block distinct cytokinin receptors. These ligands are promising for practical application and as molecular tools in the study of the cytokinin perception by plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M Savelieva
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems of Ontogeny Control, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, 119991 Russia.
| | - Dmitry S Karlov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, 143026 Russia; Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severny Proezd 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432 Russia.
| | - Nikolay N Kurochkin
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, 119991 Russia.
| | - Irina A Getman
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems of Ontogeny Control, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey N Lomin
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems of Ontogeny Control, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Georgy V Sidorov
- Laboratory of Isotope Labelled Physiologically Active Compounds, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pl. Akad. Kurchatova 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, 119991 Russia.
| | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, FSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS, Poselok Instituta Poliomelita 8 bd. 1, Poselenie Moskovsky, Moscow 108819, Russia; Institute of Pharmacy and Translational Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Georgy A Romanov
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems of Ontogeny Control, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Basis of Ontogenesis, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld. 40, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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17
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Kumari A, Baskaran P, Plačková L, Omámiková H, Nisler J, Doležal K, Van Staden J. Plant growth regulator interactions in physiological processes for controlling plant regeneration and in vitro development of Tulbaghia simmleri. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 223:65-71. [PMID: 29505949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous auxin and cytokinin contents of in vitro regenerated Tulbaghia simmleri maintained on applied plant growth regulators in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were investigated using UHPLC-MS analysis. The highest number of shoots (27.6 per leaf) were produced in MS medium supplemented with 2.5 μM thidiazuron. A higher number of these shoots were rooted with 10 μM 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino) purine (PI-55, cytokinin antagonist). Production of somatic embryos (SEs: 16.4-4.6, globular to cotyledonary stages) improved significantly with liquid MS medium containing 2.5 μM picloram, 2.5 μM phloroglucinol (PG) and 1.5 μM gibberellic acid or 1.5 μM PI-55 and 1.0 μM trans-zeatin. SEs (torpedo and cotyledonary stages) germinated (100%) in plant growth regulator free MS medium. The plantlets were acclimatized and all survived in the greenhouse. Higher levels of endogenous auxin, 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA, 371.52 pmol/g DW) and indole-3-acetylaspartate (IAAsp, 141.56 pmol/g DW) were detected in shoots from PG treatments. The roots of garden-grown mother plants possessed the highest level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 630.54 pmol/g DW) and oxIAA (515.26 pmol/g DW). Cytokinins [CKs: trans-zeatin-O-glucoside (tZOG), cis-zeatin (cZ) and N6-isopentenyladenosine-5'-monophosphate (iPRMP)] levels were relatively high in shoots and roots of plantlets in vitro. However, PI-55 treatments influenced the development of plantlets promoting a higher biosynthesis level of iPRMP (418.06 pmol/g DW in root) and cZRMP (904.61 pmol/g DW in roots and 1427.83 pmol/g DW in shoots). The presented protocols offer organogenesis and somatic organogenesis systems for rapid plant regeneration of T. simmleri. In addition, the importance of exogenous and endogenous hormonal effects on in vitro plant growth and development as well as endogenous hormone metabolism signalling and transport related to the physiological processes of CK metabolism and transport are illustrated for in vitro development of T. simmleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloka Kumari
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Ponnusamy Baskaran
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics & Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, Olomouc, Holice 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Omámiková
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics & Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, Olomouc, Holice 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics & Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, Olomouc, Holice 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics & Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Palacký University, Olomouc, Holice 78371, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Le Moigne MA, Guérin V, Furet PM, Billard V, Lebrec A, Spíchal L, Roman H, Citerne S, Morvan-Bertrand A, Limami A, Vian A, Lothier J. Asparagine and sugars are both required to sustain secondary axis elongation after bud outgrowth in Rosa hybrida. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 222:17-27. [PMID: 29353122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is required for optimal plant growth, especially in young organs such as secondary axes (axes II) after axillary bud outgrowth. Several studies have shown an increase of nitrogen concentration in xylem sap concomitantly with bud outgrowth, but the relation between nitrogen, sugars and plant hormones in axis II still remains unclear. We investigated in Rosa hybrida the involvement of nitrogen nutrition in axis II elongation in relation with sugars and cytokinins using 15N-labeled nitrate and sugars, amino acids and cytokinin quantifications. Besides, we measured the effect of the exogenous supply of these compounds on axis II elongation using in vitro excised bud culture. We demonstrated that nitrogen in the axis II comes mainly from new root uptake after decapitation. Asparagine, which concentration increases in sap exudates and tissues during axis II elongation, was the sole amino acid able to sustain an efficient elongation in vitro when supplied in combination with sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Anne Le Moigne
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Vincent Guérin
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Maxime Furet
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Vincent Billard
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Anita Lebrec
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hanaé Roman
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Centre de Versailles-Grignon (IJPB), INRA, Agro-ParisTech, CNRS, Versailles, France
| | - Annette Morvan-Bertrand
- Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et nutritions N.C.S Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INRA, EVA, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Anis Limami
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Alain Vian
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France.
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19
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Goyet V, Billard E, Pouvreau JB, Lechat MM, Pelletier S, Bahut M, Monteau F, Spíchal L, Delavault P, Montiel G, Simier P. Haustorium initiation in the obligate parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa involves a host-exudated cytokinin signal. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5539-5552. [PMID: 29069455 PMCID: PMC5853424 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The heterotrophic lifestyle of parasitic plants relies on the development of the haustorium, a specific infectious organ required for attachment to host roots. While haustorium development is initiated upon chemodetection of host-derived molecules in hemiparasitic plants, the induction of haustorium formation remains largely unknown in holoparasitic species such as Phelipanche ramosa. This work demonstrates that the root exudates of the host plant Brassica napus contain allelochemicals displaying haustorium-inducing activity on P. ramosa germinating seeds, which increases the parasite aggressiveness. A de novo assembled transcriptome and microarray approach with P. ramosa during early haustorium formation upon treatment with B. napus root exudates allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes involved in hormone signaling. Bioassays using exogenous cytokinins and the specific cytokinin receptor inhibitor PI-55 showed that cytokinins induced haustorium formation and increased parasite aggressiveness. Root exudates triggered the expression of cytokinin-responsive genes during early haustorium development in germinated seeds, and bio-guided UPLC-ESI(+)-/MS/MS analysis showed that these exudates contain a cytokinin with dihydrozeatin characteristics. These results suggest that cytokinins constitutively exudated from host roots play a major role in haustorium formation and aggressiveness in P. ramosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Goyet
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Billard
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Pouvreau
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Marc-Marie Lechat
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- IRHS UMR1345, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Muriel Bahut
- Plateau Technique Mutualisé ANAN, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- ONIRIS, USC 2013, LABERCA, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Grégory Montiel
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Simier
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
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20
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Guo Q, Love J, Song J, Roche J, Turnbull MH, Jameson PE. Insights into the functional relationship between cytokinin-induced root system phenotypes and nitrate uptake in Brassica napus. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:832-844. [PMID: 32480611 DOI: 10.1071/fp16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture is the spatial arrangement of roots that impacts the capacity of plants to access nutrients and water. We employed pharmacologically generated morphological and molecular phenotypes and used in situ 15N isotope labelling, to investigate whether contrasting root traits are of functional interest in relation to nitrate acquisition. Brassica napus L. were grown in solidified phytogel culture media containing 1mM KNO3 and treated with the cytokinin, 6-benzylaminopurine, the cytokinin antagonist, PI-55, or both in combination. The pharmacological treatments inhibited root elongation relative to the control. The contrasting root traits induced by PI-55 and 6-benzylaminopurine were strongly related to 15N uptake rate. Large root proliferation led to greater 15N cumulative uptake rather than greater 15N uptake efficiency per unit root length, due to a systemic response in the plant. This relationship was associated with changes in C and N resource distribution between the shoot and root, and in expression of BnNRT2.1, a nitrate transporter. The root:shoot biomass ratio was positively correlated with 15N cumulative uptake, suggesting the functional utility of root investment for nutrient acquisition. These results demonstrate that root proliferation in response to external nitrate is a behaviour which integrates local N availability and the systemic N status of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Love
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jessica Roche
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew H Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula E Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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21
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Synthesis of a Cytokinin Linked by a Spacer to Dexamethasone and Biotin: Conjugates to Detect Cytokinin-Binding Proteins. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050576. [PMID: 27144549 PMCID: PMC6273812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells expressing cDNA libraries have provided two new approaches to facilitate further identification of cytokinin-binding proteins and receptors. These are the yeast three hybrid (Y3H) system and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The Y3H system requires a synthetic hybrid ligand comprising an “anchor” moiety (e.g., dexamethasone) linked to a cytokinin via a spacer. In the yeast nucleus, this ligand by binding connects two fusion proteins leading to a reporter gene activation and detection and characterisation of cytokinin binding proteins. Herein is reported the first synthesis of dexamethasone-cytokinin ligands with a spacer linkage. This was attached to the purine ring of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at positions 2, 8 or 9. To achieve this, dexamethasone was modified by periodate oxidation yielding a carboxylic group used for conjugation to the spacer by amide formation. Biotinyl derivatives of cytokinins for FACS included those synthesised by reaction of an activated ester of biotin with 8-(10-amino-decylamino) derivatives of BAP and BAP 9-riboside. Properties of the conjugates and some biological situations where they could be applicable are discussed briefly.
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22
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Aremu AO, Stirk WA, Masondo NA, Plačková L, Novák O, Pěnčík A, Zatloukal M, Nisler J, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Finnie JF, Van Staden J. Dissecting the role of two cytokinin analogues (INCYDE and PI-55) on in vitro organogenesis, phytohormone accumulation, phytochemical content and antioxidant activity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:81-94. [PMID: 26259177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a continuous search for new chemical entities to expand the collection of suitable compounds to increase the efficiency of micropropagation protocols. Two cytokinin (CK) analogues, 2-chloro-6-(3-methoxyphenyl)aminopurine (INCYDE) and CK antagonist 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino)purine (PI-55) were used as a tool to elucidate the auxin-CK crosstalk under in vitro conditions in the medicinally important plant, Eucomis autumnalis subspecies autumnalis. These compounds were tested at 0.01, 0.1 and 10 μM alone as well as in combination with benzyladenine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The organogenesis, phytohormone content, phytochemical and antioxidant response in 10 week-old-in vitro regenerated E. autumnalis subspecies autumnalis was evaluated. INCYDE generally favoured shoot regeneration while the effect of PI-55 was more evident in root proliferation. Overall, INCYDE promoted the accumulation of higher concentrations and varieties of endogenous CK relative to the PI-55 treatments. In contrast, higher concentration of indole-3-acetic acid and 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid were generally observed in PI-55-supplemented cultures when compared to plantlets derived from INCYDE. Both CK analogues (individually and in-conjunction with exogenously applied PGRs) significantly influenced the phytochemicals and consequently the antioxidant potential of the in vitro regenerants. These results provided insight on how to alleviate root inhibition, a problem which causes considerable loss of several elite species during micropropagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O Aremu
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Stirk
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Nqobile A Masondo
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey F Finnie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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23
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Van Bockhaven J, Spíchal L, Novák O, Strnad M, Asano T, Kikuchi S, Höfte M, De Vleesschauwer D. Silicon induces resistance to the brown spot fungus Cochliobolus miyabeanus by preventing the pathogen from hijacking the rice ethylene pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:761-73. [PMID: 25625327 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have shown the ability of silicon (Si) to mitigate a wide variety of abiotic and biotic stresses, relatively little is known about the underlying mechanism(s). Here, we have investigated the role of hormone defense pathways in Si-induced resistance to the rice brown spot fungus Cochliobolus miyabeanus. To delineate the involvement of multiple hormone pathways, a multidisciplinary approach was pursued, combining exogenous hormone applications, pharmacological inhibitor experiments, time-resolved hormone measurements, and bioassays with hormone-deficient and/or -insensitive mutant lines. Contrary to other types of induced resistance, we found Si-induced brown spot resistance to function independently of the classic immune hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Our data also rule out a major role of the abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinin pathways, but suggest that Si mounts resistance to C. miyabeanus by preventing the fungus from hijacking the rice ethylene (ET) machinery. Interestingly, rather than suppressing rice ET signaling per se, Si probably interferes with the production and/or action of fungal ET. Together our findings favor a scenario whereby Si induces brown spot resistance by disarming fungal ET and argue that impairment of pathogen virulence factors is a core resistance mechanism underpinning Si-induced plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Van Bockhaven
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Fonseca S, Rosado A, Vaughan-Hirsch J, Bishopp A, Chini A. Molecular locks and keys: the role of small molecules in phytohormone research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:709. [PMID: 25566283 PMCID: PMC4269113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptation, growth and development rely on the integration of many environmental and endogenous signals that collectively determine the overall plant phenotypic plasticity. Plant signaling molecules, also known as phytohormones, are fundamental to this process. These molecules act at low concentrations and regulate multiple aspects of plant fitness and development via complex signaling networks. By its nature, phytohormone research lies at the interface between chemistry and biology. Classically, the scientific community has always used synthetic phytohormones and analogs to study hormone functions and responses. However, recent advances in synthetic and combinational chemistry, have allowed a new field, plant chemical biology, to emerge and this has provided a powerful tool with which to study phytohormone function. Plant chemical biology is helping to address some of the most enduring questions in phytohormone research such as: Are there still undiscovered plant hormones? How can we identify novel signaling molecules? How can plants activate specific hormone responses in a tissue-specific manner? How can we modulate hormone responses in one developmental context without inducing detrimental effects on other processes? The chemical genomics approaches rely on the identification of small molecules modulating different biological processes and have recently identified active forms of plant hormones and molecules regulating many aspects of hormone synthesis, transport and response. We envision that the field of chemical genomics will continue to provide novel molecules able to elucidate specific aspects of hormone-mediated mechanisms. In addition, compounds blocking specific responses could uncover how complex biological responses are regulated. As we gain information about such compounds we can design small alterations to the chemical structure to further alter specificity, enhance affinity or modulate the activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- The Botany Department, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Vaughan-Hirsch
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Andrea Chini
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Andrea Chini, Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, C/ Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain e-mail:
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25
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Rigal A, Ma Q, Robert S. Unraveling plant hormone signaling through the use of small molecules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:373. [PMID: 25126092 PMCID: PMC4115670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have acquired the capacity to grow continuously and adjust their morphology in response to endogenous and external signals, leading to a high architectural plasticity. The dynamic and differential distribution of phytohormones is an essential factor in these developmental changes. Phytohormone perception is a fast but complex process modulating specific developmental reprogramming. In recent years, chemical genomics or the use of small molecules to modulate target protein function has emerged as a powerful strategy to study complex biological processes in plants such as hormone signaling. Small molecules can be applied in a conditional, dose-dependent and reversible manner, with the advantage of circumventing the limitations of lethality and functional redundancy inherent to traditional mutant screens. High-throughput screening of diverse chemical libraries has led to the identification of bioactive molecules able to induce plant hormone-related phenotypes. Characterization of the cognate targets and pathways of those molecules has allowed the identification of novel regulatory components, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms of plant hormone signaling. An extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of the natural phytohormones, their designed synthetic analogs and newly identified bioactive molecules has led to the determination of the structural requirements essential for their bioactivity. In this review, we will summarize the so far identified small molecules and their structural variants targeting specific phytohormone signaling pathways. We will highlight how the SAR analyses have enabled better interrogation of the molecular mechanisms of phytohormone responses. Finally, we will discuss how labeled/tagged hormone analogs can be exploited, as compelling tools to better understand hormone signaling and transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphanie Robert
- *Correspondence: Stéphanie Robert, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden e-mail:
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26
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Plíhal O, Szüčová L, Galuszka P. N9-substituted aromatic cytokinins with negligible side effects on root development are an emerging tool for in vitro culturing. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24392. [PMID: 23603971 PMCID: PMC3909062 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural cytokinins as well as the majority of their synthetic derivatives show negative effects on root growth and development. Changes in morphology, primarily linked to the inhibition of the cell division in the meristematic zone, are manifested as thickening and shortening of the primary root and impaired lateral root branching. Rational design of cytokinin derivatives can partially overcome these drawbacks and reduce the negative effects. Using our database of cytokinin derivatives, we selected several aromatic cytokinin analogs with modifications at the N9 atom of the adenine moiety. We found that tetrahydropyranyl and tetrahydrofuranyl substitutions at the N9 atom led to enhanced acropetal transport of the modified cytokinin, and both derivatives also showed weak anticytokinin activity. Consequently, changes in the distribution of the active cytokinin pool together with gradual metabolic conversion of the modified cytokinin to its free form prevent root growth inhibition that limits cytokinin utilization in micropropagation techniques.
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Motte H, Galuszka P, Spíchal L, Tarkowski P, Plíhal O, Šmehilová M, Jaworek P, Vereecke D, Werbrouck S, Geelen D. Phenyl-adenine, identified in a LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS4-assisted chemical screen, is a potent compound for shoot regeneration through the inhibition of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1229-41. [PMID: 23288884 PMCID: PMC3585592 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.210716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro shoot regeneration is implemented in basic plant research and commercial plant production, but for some plant species, it is still difficult to achieve by means of the currently available cytokinins and auxins. To identify novel compounds that promote shoot regeneration, we screened a library of 10,000 small molecules. The bioassay consisted of a two-step regeneration protocol adjusted and optimized for high-throughput manipulations of root explants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) carrying the shoot regeneration marker LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS4. The screen revealed a single compound, the cytokinin-like phenyl-adenine (Phe-Ade), as a potent inducer of adventitious shoots. Although Phe-Ade triggered diverse cytokinin-dependent phenotypical responses, it did not inhibit shoot growth and was not cytotoxic at high concentrations. Transcript profiling of cytokinin-related genes revealed that Phe-Ade treatment established a typical cytokinin response. Moreover, Phe-Ade activated the cytokinin receptors ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE3 and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE4 in a bacterial receptor assay, albeit at relatively high concentrations, illustrating that it exerts genuine but weak cytokinin activity. In addition, we demonstrated that Phe-Ade is a strong competitive inhibitor of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE enzymes, leading to an accumulation of endogenous cytokinins. Collectively, Phe-Ade exhibits a dual mode of action that results in a strong shoot-inducing activity.
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Krivosheev DM, Kolyachkina SV, Mikhailov SN, Tararov VI, Vanyushin BF, Romanov GA. N6-(benzyloxymethyl)adenosine is a novel anticytokinin, an antagonist of cytokinin receptor CRE1/AHK4 of Arabidopsis. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012; 444:178-81. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672912030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Podlešáková K, Zalabák D, Čudejková M, Plíhal O, Szüčová L, Doležal K, Spíchal L, Strnad M, Galuszka P. Novel cytokinin derivatives do not show negative effects on root growth and proliferation in submicromolar range. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39293. [PMID: 22723989 PMCID: PMC3377648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When applied to a nutrition solution or agar media, the non-substituted aromatic cytokinins caused thickening and shortening of the primary root, had an inhibitory effect on lateral root branching, and even showed some negative effects on development of the aerial part at as low as a 10 nanomolar concentration. Novel analogues of aromatic cytokinins ranking among topolins substituted on N9-atom of adenine by tetrahydropyranyl or 4-chlorobutyl group have been prepared and tested in standardized cytokinin bioassays [1]. Those showing comparable activities with N6-benzylaminopurine were further tested in planta. Methodology/Principal Findings The main aim of the study was to explain molecular mechanism of function of novel cytokinin derivatives on plant development. Precise quantification of cytokinin content and profiling of genes involved in cytokinin metabolism and perception in treated plants revealed several aspects of different action of m-methoxytopolin base and its substituted derivative on plant development. In contrast to standard cytokinins, N9- tetrahydropyranyl derivative of m-topolin and its methoxy-counterpart showed the negative effects on root development only at three orders of magnitude higher concentrations. Moreover, the methoxy-derivative demonstrates a positive effect on lateral root branching and leaf emerging in a nanomolar range of concentrations, in comparison with untreated plants. Conclusions/Significance Tetrahydropyranyl substitution at N9-position of cytokinin purine ring significantly enhances acropetal transport of a given cytokinins. Together with the methoxy-substitution, impedes accumulation of non-active cytokinin glucoside forms in roots, allows gradual release of the active base, and has a significant effect on the distribution and amount of endogenous isoprenoid cytokinins in different plant tissues. The utilization of novel aromatic cytokinin derivatives can distinctively improve expected hormonal effects in plant propagation techniques in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Podlešáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Zalabák
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čudejková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Szüčová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Long C, Held M, Hayward A, Nisler J, Spíchal L, Neil Emery RJ, Moffatt BA, Guinel FC. Seed development, seed germination and seedling growth in the R50 (sym16) pea mutant are not directly linked to altered cytokinin homeostasis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:341-59. [PMID: 22324805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
R50 (sym16) is a pea nodulation mutant that accumulates cytokinin (CK) in its vegetative organs. Total CK content increases as the plant ages because of the low activity of the enzyme cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) responsible for CK degradation. R50 exhibits a large seed with high relative water content, and its seedling establishes itself slowly. Whether these two traits are linked to abnormal CK levels was considered here. R50 was found to have a similar germination rate but a much slower epicotyl emergence than Sparkle, its wild-type (WT). At the onset of emergence, the starch grains in R50 cotyledons were larger than those of WT; furthermore, they did not degrade as fast as in WT because of low amylase activity. No differences between the pea lines were observed in the CK forms identified during seed embryogenesis. However, while CK content compared to that of WT was reduced early in R50 embryogenesis, it was elevated later on in its dry seeds where CKX activity was low, although CKX transcript abundance remained high. Transcripts of the two known PsCKX isoforms exhibited tissue- and development-specific profiles with no detectable PsCKX2 expression in cotyledons. There were more of both transcripts in R50 roots than in WT roots, but less of PsCKX2 than PsCKX1 in R50 shoots compared to WT shoots. Thus, although there is a definite CKX post-transcriptional defect in R50 dry seeds, an abnormal CK homeostasis is not the basis of the delay in R50 seedling establishment, which we linked to abnormal amylase activity early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Long
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
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Sp Chal LX. Cytokinins - recent news and views of evolutionally old molecules. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:267-284. [PMID: 32480780 DOI: 10.1071/fp11276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are evolutionally old and highly conserved low-mass molecules that have been identified in almost all known organisms. In plants, they evolved into an important group of plant hormones controlling many physiological and developmental processes throughout the whole lifespan of the plant. CKs and their functions are, however, not unique to plants. In this review, the strategies and mechanisms of plants - and phylogenetically distinct plant-interacting organisms such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects employing CKs or regulation of CK status in plants - are described and put into their evolutionary context. The major breakthroughs made in the last decade in the fields of CK biosynthesis, degradation and signalling are also summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luk X Sp Chal
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic. Email
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Ha S, Vankova R, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K, Tran LSP. Cytokinins: metabolism and function in plant adaptation to environmental stresses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:172-9. [PMID: 22236698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the cytokinin (CK) phytohormones regulate numerous biological processes, including responses to environmental stresses, via a complex network of CK signaling. By an unknown mechanism, stress signals are perceived and transmitted through the His-Asp phosphorelay, an important component of the CK signal transduction pathway, triggering CK-responsive genes. Because of the intensive crosstalk between CKs and abscisic acid (ABA), modulation of CK levels and their signal transduction affects both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways, enabling plant adaptation to adverse conditions. This review presents our current understanding of the functions of CKs and CK signaling in the regulation of plant adaptation to stress. Biotechnological strategies based on the modulation of CK levels have been examined with the aim of stabilizing agriculture yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukbong Ha
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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Stolz A, Riefler M, Lomin SN, Achazi K, Romanov GA, Schmülling T. The specificity of cytokinin signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by differing ligand affinities and expression profiles of the receptors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:157-68. [PMID: 21426428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana has three membrane-located cytokinin receptors (AHK2, AHK3 and CRE1/AHK4), which are sensor histidine kinases containing a ligand-binding CHASE domain. Despite their structural similarity the role of these receptors differs in planta. Here we have explored which parameters contribute to signal specification. In a bacterial assay, the CHASE domain of AHK2 has a similar ligand binding spectrum as CRE1/AHK4. It shows the highest affinity for isopentenyladenine (iP) and trans-zeatin (tZ) with an apparent K(D) of 1.4 and 4.0 nm, respectively. Real-time PCR analysis of cytokinin primary response genes in double mutants retaining only single receptors revealed that all receptors are activated in planta by cytokinin concentrations in the low nanomolar range. However, there are differences in sensitivity towards the principal cytokinins iP and tZ. The activation of the cytokinin-sensitive P(ARR5) :GUS reporter gene in three different double mutants shows specific, but also overlapping, spatial domains of activity, which were for all receptors predominantly in the shoot apical meristems and root cap columella. AHK2 and AHK3 signal specifically in leaf parenchyma cells, AHK3 in stomata cells, and CRE1/AHK4 in the root vasculature. Promoter-swap experiments demonstrate that CRE1/AHK4 can functionally replace AHK2 but not AHK3. However, the cytoplasmic AHK3 histidine kinase (Hk) domain can be replaced by the CRE1/AHK4 Hk domain, which suggests that functionality is mediated in this case by the extracytosolic domain. Together, the data show that both differential gene expression and ligand preference contribute to specify the receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stolz
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Heyl A, Riefler M, Romanov GA, Schmülling T. Properties, functions and evolution of cytokinin receptors. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:246-56. [PMID: 21561682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana ten years ago was a milestone in plant hormone research. Since then, research has yielded insights into the biochemical properties and functions of these sensor histidine kinases. Their affinities to both trans-zeatin and isopentenyladenine are in the low nM range. Cytokinin ribosides, cis-zeatin and thidiazuron were established as compounds with genuine cytokinin activity and the first cytokinin antagonists were identified. Numerous functions of cytokinin receptors in plant development, as well as in the plant's responses to the environment, have been elucidated and are summarized. Finally, we address the question how the receptors have evolved during plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heyl
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Arata Y, Nagasawa-Iida A, Uneme H, Nakajima H, Kakimoto T, Sato R. The phenylquinazoline compound S-4893 is a non-competitive cytokinin antagonist that targets Arabidopsis cytokinin receptor CRE1 and promotes root growth in Arabidopsis and rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:2047-59. [PMID: 21047814 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We identified two phenylquinazoline compounds in a large-scale screening for cytokinin antagonists in yeast expressing the Arabidopsis cytokinin receptor cytokinin response 1/histidine kinase 4 (CRE1). After chemical modifications, we obtained compound S-4893, which non-competitively inhibited binding of the natural ligand 2-isopentenyladenine to CRE1. S-4893 antagonized cytokinin-induced activation of the Arabidopsis response regulator 5 promoter in Arabidopsis. Importantly, S-4893 had no detectable intrinsic cytokinin agonist activity in Arabidopsis or in the transformed yeast system. Cytokinin bioassay further demonstrated that S-4893 antagonized cytokinin-induced stimulation of callus formation and inhibition of root elongation. S-4893 also promoted seminal, crown and lateral root growth in rice, suggesting that S-4893 could potentially promote root growth in a variety of agronomically important plants. We believe S-4893 will be a useful tool in functional studies of cytokinin action in a wide range of plants and a lead compound for the development of useful root growth promoters in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Arata
- Agricultural Chemicals Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company Limited, Takarazuka, Hyogo, 665-8555 Japan.
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E. coli-Based Cell-Free Expression, Purification and Characterization of the Membrane-Bound Ligand-Binding CHASE-TM Domain of the Cytokinin Receptor CRE1/AHK4 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Biotechnol 2010; 47:211-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Nisler J, Zatloukal M, Popa I, Dolezal K, Strnad M, Spíchal L. Cytokinin receptor antagonists derived from 6-benzylaminopurine. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:823-30. [PMID: 20189204 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported 6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylamino)purine (PI-55) as the first molecule to antagonize cytokinin activity at the receptor level. Here we report the synthesis and in vitro biological testing of eleven BAP derivatives substituted in the benzyl ring and in the C2, N7 and N9 positions of the purine moiety. The ability of the compounds to interact with Arabidopsis cytokinin receptors AHK3 and CRE1/AHK4 was tested in bacterial receptor and in live-cell binding assays, and in an Arabidopsis ARR5:GUS (Arabidopsis response regulator 5) reporter gene assay. Cytokinin activity of the compounds was determined in classical cytokinin biotests (tobacco callus, wheat leaf senescence and Amaranthus bioassays). 6-(2,5-Dihydroxybenzylamino)purine (LGR-991) was identified as a cytokinin receptor antagonist. At the molecular level LGR-991 blocks the cytokinin receptor CRE1/AHK4 with the same potency as PI-55. Moreover, LGR-991 acts as a competitive inhibitor of AHK3, and importantly shows reduced agonistic effects in comparison to PI-55 in the ARR5:GUS reporter gene assay and in cytokinin bioassays. LGR-991 causes more rapid germination of Arabidopsis seeds and increases hypocotyl length of dark-grown seedlings, which are characteristics of plants with a reduced cytokinin status. LGR-991 exhibits a structural motive that might lead to preparation of cytokinin antagonists with a broader specificity and reduced agonistic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Nisler
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Werner T, Schmülling T. Cytokinin action in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 12:527-38. [PMID: 19740698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin regulates many important aspects of plant development in aerial and subterranean organs. The hormone is part of an intrinsic genetic network controlling organ development and growth in these two distinct environments that plants have to cope with. Cytokinin also mediates the responses to variable extrinsic factors, such as light conditions in the shoot and availability of nutrients and water in the root, and has a role in the response to biotic and abiotic stress. Together, these activities contribute to the fine-tuning of quantitative growth regulation in plants. We review recent progress in understanding the cytokinin system and its links to the regulatory pathways that respond to internal and external signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Cytokinin signaling during root development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 276:1-48. [PMID: 19584010 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)76001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytokinin class of phytohormones regulates division and differentiation of plant cells. They are perceived and signaled by a phosphorelay mechanism similar to those observed in prokaryotes. Research into the components of phosphorelay had previously been marred by genetic redundancy. However, recent studies have addressed this with the creation of high-order mutants. In addition, several new elements regulating cytokinin signaling have been identified. This has uncovered many roles in diverse developmental and physiological processes. In this review, we look at these processes specifically in the context of root development. We focus on the formation and maintenance of the root apical meristem, primary and secondary vascular development, lateral root emergence and development, and root nodulation. We believe that the root is an ideal organ with which to investigate cytokinin signaling in a wider context.
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