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Crichton M, Marshall S, Marx W, Isenring E, Lohning A. Therapeutic health effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale): updated narrative review exploring the mechanisms of action. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:1213-1224. [PMID: 36688554 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been investigated for its potentially therapeutic effect on a range of chronic conditions and symptoms in humans. However, a simplified and easily understandable examination of the mechanisms behind these effects is lacking and, in turn, hinders interpretation and translation to practice, and contributes to overall clinical heterogeneity confounding the results. Therefore, drawing on data from nonhuman trials, the objective for this narrative review was to comprehensively describe the current knowledge on the proposed mechanisms of action of ginger on conferring therapeutic health effects in humans. Mechanistic studies support the findings from human clinical trials that ginger may assist in improving symptoms and biomarkers of pain, metabolic chronic disease, and gastrointestinal conditions. Bioactive ginger compounds reduce inflammation, which contributes to pain; promote vasodilation, which lowers blood pressure; obstruct cholesterol production, which regulates blood lipid profile; translocate glucose transporter type 4 molecules to plasma membranes to assist in glycemic control; stimulate fatty acid breakdown to aid weight management; and inhibit serotonin, muscarinic, and histaminergic receptor activation to reduce nausea and vomiting. Additional human trials are required to confirm the antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antineoplastic, and liver- and kidney-protecting effects of ginger. Interpretation of the mechanisms of action will help clinicians and researchers better understand how and for whom ginger may render therapeutic effects and highlight priority areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Crichton
- Faculty of Health Science & Medicine, Bond University Nutrition and Dietetics Research Group, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
- Cancer and Palliative Care Outcomes Centre, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Skye Marshall
- Faculty of Health Science & Medicine, Bond University Nutrition and Dietetics Research Group, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Science, Nutrition Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Faculty of Health Science & Medicine, Bond University Nutrition and Dietetics Research Group, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
- Impact (the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation), Food & Mood Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Isenring
- Faculty of Health Science & Medicine, Bond University Nutrition and Dietetics Research Group, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna Lohning
- Faculty of Health Science & Medicine, Bond University Nutrition and Dietetics Research Group, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
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Lipoxin and glycation in SREBP signaling: Insight into diabetic cardiomyopathy and associated lipotoxicity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 164:106698. [PMID: 36379414 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diabetes increases cardiovascular risk through hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis. Chronic hyperglycemia accelerates glycation reaction, which forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Additionally, hyperglycemia with enhanced levels of cholesterol, native and oxidized low-density lipoproteins, free fatty acids, and oxidative stress induces lipotoxicity. Accelerated glycation and disturbed lipid metabolism are characteristic features of diabetic heart failure. SREBP signaling plays a significant role in lipid and glucose homeostasis. AGEs increase lipotoxicity in diabetic cardiomyopathy by inhibiting SREBP signaling. While anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, lipoxins resolve inflammation caused by lipotoxicity by upregulating the PPARγ expression and regulating CD36. PPARγ connects the bridge between glycation and lipoxin in SREBP signaling. A summary of treatment modalities against diabetic cardiomyopathy is given in brief. This review indicates the novel therapeutic approach in the crosstalk between glycation and lipoxin in SREBP signaling.
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Cyclosorus terminans Extract Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Obese Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224895. [PMID: 36432581 PMCID: PMC9693870 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interruptins A and B exhibited anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic ability of extract enriched by interruptins A and B (EEI) from an edible fern Cyclosorus terminans on insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats and elucidate their possible mechanisms. HFD-induced obese rats were treated with EEI for 2 weeks. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to examine the molecular basis. We found that EEI supplementation significantly attenuated body and liver weight gain, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Concurrently, EEI increased liver and soleus muscle glycogen storage and serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. EEI also attenuated NAFLD, as indicated by improving liver function. These effects were associated with enhanced expression of insulin signaling genes (Slc2a2, Slc2a4, Irs1 and Irs2) along with diminished expression of inflammatory genes (Il6 and Tnf). Furthermore, EEI led to the suppression of lipogenesis genes, Srebf1 and Fasn, together with an increase in fatty acid oxidation genes, Ppara and Cpt2, in the liver. These findings suggest that EEI could ameliorate HFD-induced insulin resistance and NAFLD via improving insulin signaling pathways, inflammatory response, lipogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation.
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Roy JR, Janaki CS, Jayaraman S, Periyasamy V, Balaji T, Vijayamalathi M, Veeraraghavan VP. Carica papaya Reduces Muscle Insulin Resistance via IR/GLUT4 Mediated Signaling Mechanisms in High Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102081. [PMID: 36290804 PMCID: PMC9598374 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the management of type 2 diabetes, oral antidiabetic drugs have several side effects, which in turn have led the pharmaceutical industry to search for good therapeutic, non-toxic and reliable drugs. Carica papaya (C. papaya) is one of several plants in nature that have been found to possess anti-diabetic properties. Despite studies being focused on the antidiabetic activity of C. papaya, the molecular mechanism against high fat diet induced insulin resistance is yet to be identified. The role of C. papaya was evaluated on insulin signaling molecules, such as the insulin receptor (IR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in high fat, diet-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats, and analyzed the bioactive compounds of C. papaya against IR and GLUT4 via molecular docking and dynamics. The ethanolic extract of C. papaya leaves (600 mg/kg of body weight) was given daily to male wistar rats for 45 days and we observed the various biochemical parameters, gene expression analysis and histopathology of skeletal muscle. Molecular docking and dynamics were undertaken to understand the bioactive compounds with the greatest hit rate. C. papaya treatment was able to control blood glucose levels, the lipid profile and serum insulin, but it facilitated tissue antioxidant enzymes and IR and GLUT4 levels. The in-silico study showed that kaempferol, quercitin and transferulic acid were the top three ligands with the greatest hit rate against the protein targets. Our preliminary findings, for the first time, showed that C. papaya reinstates the glycemic effect in the diabetic skeletal muscle by accelerating the expression of IR and GLUT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeane Rebecca Roy
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (J.R.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Coimbatore Sadagopan Janaki
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (J.R.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Vijayalakshmi Periyasamy
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College, Trichy 620 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thotakura Balaji
- Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai 603 103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhavan Vijayamalathi
- Department of Physiology, Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
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Samadi M, Moradinazar M, Khosravy T, Soleimani D, Jahangiri P, Kamari N. A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies on the efficacy of ginger for the treatment of fatty liver disease. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1182-1193. [PMID: 35106852 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. The pathogenesis of this disease is closely related to obesity and insulin resistance. Ginger has hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects and acts as an insulin sensitizer. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ginger supplementation on the fatty liver. A comprehensive search of Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science/ISI, and Cochrane databases was conducted without time or language restrictions. Eighteen eligible studies were identified, including 17 in-vivo experiments in quantitative analysis and 3 clinical trials in qualitative analysis. The present study provides comprehensive evidence of the efficacy of ginger to improve the liver levels of cholesterol (-5.60 mg/g), triglycerides (TG, -4.28 mg/g), malondialdehyde (-3.16 nmol/mg), catalase (CAT) (3.35 nmol/mg), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 3.01 U/mg), serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, -2.85 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, -0.98 U/L), TG (-4.98 mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL, -3.94 mg/dL), total cholesterol (TC, -3.45 mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL, 1.27 mg/dL), and fasting blood sugar (FBS, -2.54 mg/dL). Ginger administration may reduce many clinical aspects of FLD by several mechanisms, including insulin-sensitive effects, stimulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), having antidyslipidemic activities, and reducing hepatic fat content. However, future clinical trials are essential to investigate the clinical application of ginger in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehnoosh Samadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradinazar
- Behavioral Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tina Khosravy
- Health Nutrition, Lorestan University of medical science, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Davood Soleimani
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parvin Jahangiri
- Behavioral Disease Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Negin Kamari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Abu Bakar Sajak A, Azlan A, Abas F, Hamzah H. The Changes in Endogenous Metabolites in Hyperlipidemic Rats Treated with Herbal Mixture Containing Lemon, Apple Cider, Garlic, Ginger, and Honey. Nutrients 2021; 13:3573. [PMID: 34684574 PMCID: PMC8539352 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An herbal mixture composed of lemon, apple cider, garlic, ginger and honey as a polyphenol-rich mixture (PRM) has been reported to contain hypolipidemic activity on human subjects and hyperlipidemic rats. However, the therapeutic effects of PRM on metabolites are not clearly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to provide new information on the causal impact of PRM on the endogenous metabolites, pathways and serum biochemistry. Serum samples of hyperlipidemic rats treated with PRM were subjected to biochemistry (lipid and liver profile) and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA enzyme reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) analyses. In contrast, the urine samples were subjected to urine metabolomics using 1H NMR. The serum biochemistry revealed that PRM at 500 mg/kg (PRM-H) managed to lower the total cholesterol level and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) (p < 0.05) and reduce the HMG-CoA reductase activity. The pathway analysis from urine metabolomics reveals that PRM-H altered 17 pathways, with the TCA cycle having the highest impact (0.26). Results also showed the relationship between the serum biochemistry of LDL-C and HMG-CoA reductase and urine metabolites (trimethylamine-N-oxide, dimethylglycine, allantoin and succinate). The study's findings demonstrated the potential of PRM at 500 mg/kg as an anti-hyperlipidemic by altering the TCA cycle, inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase and lowering the LDL-C in high cholesterol rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azliana Abu Bakar Sajak
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Research Centre for Excellence for Nutrition and Non-Communicable Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Abas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Li C, Li J, Jiang F, Tzvetkov NT, Horbanczuk JO, Li Y, Atanasov AG, Wang D. Vasculoprotective effects of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and underlying molecular mechanisms. Food Funct 2021; 12:1897-1913. [PMID: 33592084 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a common and widely used spice. It is rich in various chemical constituents, including phenolic compounds, terpenes, polysaccharides, lipids, organic acids, and raw fibers. Herein, we reviewed its effects on the vascular system. Studies utilizing cell cultures or animal models showed that ginger constituents alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation, increase nitric oxide synthesis, suppress vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, promote cholesterol efflux from macrophages, inhibit angiogenesis, block voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, and induce autophagy. In clinical trials, ginger was shown to have a favorable effect on serum lipids, inflammatory cytokines, blood pressure, and platelet aggregation. Taken together, these studies point to the potential benefits of ginger and its constituents in the treatment of hypertension, coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial diseases, and other vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Experimental center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Experimental center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of traditional Chinese medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Jaroslaw O Horbanczuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Yunlun Li
- Experimental center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China. and Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of traditional Chinese medicine, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchevstr., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria and Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Main Street West 1280, L8S4L8 Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Gerges SH, Wahdan SA, Elsherbiny DA, El-Demerdash E. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An overview of risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2021; 271:119220. [PMID: 33592199 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder of excessive fat accumulation in the liver, known as steatosis, without alcohol overconsumption. NAFLD can either manifest as simple steatosis or steatohepatitis, known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is accompanied by inflammation and possibly fibrosis. Furthermore, NASH might progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD and NASH prevalence is in a continuous state of growth, and by 2018, NAFLD became a devastating metabolic disease with a global pandemic prevalence. The pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH is not fully elucidated, but is known to involve the complex interplay between different metabolic, environmental, and genetic factors. In addition, unhealthy dietary habits and pre-existing metabolic disturbances together with other risk factors predispose NAFLD development and progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and eventually to fibrosis. Despite their growing worldwide prevalence, to date, there is no FDA-approved treatment for NAFLD and NASH. Several off-label medications are used to target disease risk factors such as obesity and insulin resistance, and some medications are used for their hepatoprotective effects. Unfortunately, currently used medications are not sufficiently effective, and research is ongoing to investigate the beneficial effects of different drugs and phytochemicals in NASH. In this review article, we outline the different risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NAFLD, diagnostic procedures, and currently used management techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar H Gerges
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sara A Wahdan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abbasia, Cairo 11566, Egypt.
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Abd-Rabo MM, Wahman LF, El Hosary R, Ahmed IS. High-fat diet induced alteration in lipid enzymes and inflammation in cardiac and brain tissues: Assessment of the effects of Atorvastatin-loaded nanoparticles. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22465. [PMID: 32048413 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with Lipitor is associated with several adverse impacts. Here we investigated the effects of low Lipitor nanoparticles (atorvastatin calcium nanopartilcle [AC-NP]), with size less than 100 , on enzymes of lipid metabolism and inflammation in cardiac, hepatic, and brain tissues of hypercholestremic adult male rats. Adult male rats were divided into five experimental groups. In group 1, the intact control (normal pellet diet), animals were fed a normal control diet; the other four groups were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, groups from 2 to 5 were assigned as a positive control (HFD), HFD + Lipitor, HFD + AC-NP-R1, or HFD + AC-NP-R2. Different treatments were administrated orally for two regimen periods (R1 daily and R2 once every 3 days). The treatment was conducted for two consecutive weeks. The HFD group faced a significant elevation in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), associated with a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) along with cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase enzyme in hepatic tissues, compared with the control group. Also, the HFD group induced hepatic, cardiac, and brain inflammation, evidenced by increased hepatic oxidative stress markers and cardiac homocysteine, together with elevated proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 levels in brain tissue, compared with the control group. Different AC-NP treatments significantly augmented both mRNA LDL-R and mRNA 7α-hydroxylase expression in hepatic tissues, associated with significant depletion in mRNA HMG-CoA expression, compared with HFD + Lipitor. The inflammation symptoms were ameliorated by the AC-NP treatments, compared to HFD + Lipitor. Lipitor encapsulation in NP formulation results in increased efficiency and reduced dose-related adverse effects known to be associated with the Lipitor chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Abd-Rabo
- Department of Hormone, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lobna F Wahman
- Department of Hormone, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania El Hosary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Iman S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Ponnulakshmi R, Shyamaladevi B, Vijayalakshmi P, Selvaraj J. In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 29:276-290. [PMID: 30461321 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary site of storage for excess energy as triglyceride and it helps in synthesizing a number of biologically active compounds that regulate metabolic homeostasis. Consumption of high dietary fat increases stored fat mass and is considered as a main risk factor for metabolic diseases. Beta-sitosterol (β-sitosterol) is a plant sterol. It has the similar chemical structure like cholesterol. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that β-sitosterol has anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, anti-arthritic, and hepatoprotective role. However, effect of β-sitosterol on insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation has not been explored. Hence in the present study we aimed to discover the protective role of β-sitosterol on the expression of insulin signaling molecules in the adipose tissue of high-fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Effect dose of β-sitosterol (20 mg/kg b.wt, orally for 30 days) was given to high fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats to study its anti-diabetic activity. Results of the study showed that the treatment with β-sitosterol to diabetes-induced rats normalized the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin and testosterone, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, insulin receptor (IR), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins. Our present findings indicate that β-sitosterol improves glycemic control through activation of IR and GLUT4 in the adipose tissue of high fat and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rats. Insilico analysis also coincides with invivo results. Hence it is very clear that β-sitosterol can act as potent antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ponnulakshmi
- a Central Research Laboratory , Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University) , Chennai , India
| | - B Shyamaladevi
- b Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University , Chennai , India
| | - P Vijayalakshmi
- c Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics , Holy cross college , Trichy , India
| | - J Selvaraj
- b Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals , Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University , Chennai , India
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Tang R, Yang Q, Lin S, Feng Y, Yang J, Lv Q, Wu G, Hu J. Preventive or Curative Administration of Taurine Regulates Lipid Metabolism in the Liver of Rats with Alcoholic Liver Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1155:119-131. [PMID: 31468391 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive consumption causes alcoholic liver disease (ALD), which injures hepatocytes and induces imbalance of lipid metabolism. Taurine is known to protect the liver from various liver injuries, and relieve lipid profile. Our previous studies also found that taurine can prevent or cure ALD, reduce fat deposition, but the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, ALD rat model was established by administration of alcohol, pyrazole and high fat diet. Two percent taurine was administered at the same time or after ALD model establishment. Serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum and hepatic TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C were analyzed. Real-Time RT-PCR was conducted to detect the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthetase (FAS), acetyl-CoA catboxylase (ACC), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1), 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl glutaric acid acyl Coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), peroxisome proliferators activated receptor α (PPARα) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). The results showed that serum ALT, AST, serum and hepatic TC, TG and LDL-C were higher, while HDL-C in ALD model rats was lower than normal rats, the changes of which can be significantly relieved by taurine administration. mRNA expressions of ACC, FAS, CPT-1, HMGCR, PPARα and SREBP-1c which were significantly changed by ethanol can also be regulated by taurine. The results indicated that taurine can prevent and repair hepatic injury of ALD rats and balance lipid metabolism indexes in the liver, the mechanisms may involves in the regulation of related enzymes and transcriptional regulators participated in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyi Tang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qunhui Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Lin
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Feng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiancheng Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiufeng Lv
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Wu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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12
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Oliveira CT, Lacerda DR, Zicker MC, Martins LB, Teixeira MM, de Araujo RLB, Ferreira AVM. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Ameliorated Metabolic and Inflammatory Dysfunction Induced by High-Refined Carbohydrate-Containing Diet in Mice. J Med Food 2019; 22:38-45. [PMID: 30362875 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects and the mechanisms of ginger extract intake in the adiposity gain, metabolic and inflammatory disturbances induced by a high-refined carbohydrate (HC) diet in mice. Ginger extract at doses of 200, 600, and 1800 mg/kg was supplemented in the daily food of obese Balb/c mice during an 8-week experiment. Our findings indicate that consumption of high doses of ginger extracts prevents the increase of adiposity induced by HC diet, improves lipid profile, and promotes decrease of inflammatory markers in mice. We showed that ginger addition to HC diet leads to decrease in the recruitment of cells visualized in vivo in the microvasculature of adipose tissue, decrease of inflammatory cytokines, and increase of adiponectin serum levels. These results indicate that the consumption of ginger decreases the negative metabolic consequences induced by HC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Tarabal Oliveira
- 1 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora Romualdo Lacerda
- 1 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina Campos Zicker
- 1 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laís Bhering Martins
- 1 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- 2 Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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13
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Variya BC, Bakrania AK, Chen Y, Han J, Patel SS. Suppression of abdominal fat and anti-hyperlipidemic potential of Emblica officinalis: Upregulation of PPARs and identification of active moiety. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1274-1281. [PMID: 30372828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient time, Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) is being used for the management of various ailments. Phytochemical analysis proves that fruit juice of E. officinalis contains high amount gallic acid, which could be responsible for medicinal potentials. Hence in this study, gallic acid and fruit juice of E. officinalis were evaluated for anti-hyperlipidemic potential in various experimental animal models. Experimentally, hyperlipidemia was induced through administration of poloxamer-407, tyloxapol and high-fat-diet supplement in rats. Treatment with gallic acid as well as fruit juice of E. officinalis decreased plasma cholesterol and reduced oil infiltration in liver and aorta. Mechanistically, E. officinalis increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α (PPARα) expression and increased activity of lipid oxidation through carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) along with decreased activity of hepatic lipogenic enzymes i.e. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and malic enzyme (ME). Additionally, E. officinalis increased cholesterol uptake through increased LDL-receptor expressions on hepatocytes and decreased LDL-receptor degradation due to decreased proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) expression. Simultaneously, E. officinalis showed ability to restore glucose homeostasis through increased Glut4 and PPARγ protein expression in adipose tissue. These findings exposed central role of gallic acid in E. officinalis arbitrated anti-hyperlipidemic action through upregulation of PPARs, Glut4 and lipogenic enzymes, and decreased expression of PCSK9 and lipogenic enzymes. Findings from this experiment demonstrated that E. officinalis is a potential therapy for management of hyperlipidemia and gallic acid could be a potential lead candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh C Variya
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Anita K Bakrania
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jihong Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Snehal S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
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14
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Paramita S, Aminyoto M, Ismail S, Arung ET. Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of Zingiber montanum extract. F1000Res 2018; 7:1798. [PMID: 34290859 PMCID: PMC8210691 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16417.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High cholesterol levels (hypercholesterolemia) has been recognized to cause various disease, most notably the cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, most anti-hypercholesterolemic drugs deliver several side effects for patients, by which medicinal plants have begun to attract attention for treating hypercholesterolemia. Among others, Zingiber montanum (J.König) Link ex A.Dietr. has traditionally been taken for treating health problems caused by high cholesterol levels. Hence, this work aimed at investigating anti-hypercholesterolemic effects offered by the plant. Methods: This study was conducted on 30 male Wistar rats. During experiments, the subjects were divided into 6 groups (n=5), i.e. no treatment (Group 1, control); high-fat diet (Group 2, control); high-fat diet with simvastatin (Group 3); high-fat diet with plant extracts (Group 4-6 with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW, respectively). After 4 weeks of treatments, blood samples were collected from each group. Then, plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL), and low density lipoproteins (LDL) were measured. Results: There were significant differences in total cholesterol (p=0.000), LDL (p=0.000) and triglycerides (p=0.001) for Groups 4-6 (high-fat diet treated with different plant extract doses) in comparison with Group 2 (high-fat diet, control). Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in HDL levels (p=0.830) between Group 2 (high-fat diet, control) and other groups. The results also showed significant differences in total cholesterol and LDL for subjects treated with plant extracts (Group 4, 100 mg/kg BW, p=0.000; Group 5, 200 mg/kg BW, p=0.000; Group 6, 400 mg/kg BW, p=0.000) compared to Group 2 (high-fat diet, control). Then, treatments with 400 mg/kg BW (Group 6) discovered significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides (p=0.030). Conclusion: Therefore, Z. montanum has been discovered to deliver anti-hypercholesterolemic effects to experimental subjects, making it potential to act as a natural source of anti-hypercholesterolemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swandari Paramita
- Research Center for Medicine and Cosmetics from Tropical Rainforest Resources, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia
| | - Meiliati Aminyoto
- Research Center for Medicine and Cosmetics from Tropical Rainforest Resources, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia
| | - Sjarif Ismail
- Research Center for Medicine and Cosmetics from Tropical Rainforest Resources, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia
| | - Enos Tangke Arung
- Laboratory of Forest Product Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75119, Indonesia
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15
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Al Hroob AM, Abukhalil MH, Alghonmeen RD, Mahmoud AM. Ginger alleviates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis and protects rats against diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:381-389. [PMID: 29966984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). In this study, the potential protective effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome extract on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis was investigated. An experimental diabetic rat model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were treated orally with 400 or 800 mg/kg/day Z. officinale extract for six weeks. Diabetic animals exhibited elevated blood glucose levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with altered lipid profile. Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and urea, and urine albumin levels were significantly increased in diabetic rats. Treatment with Z. officinale ameliorated hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and kidney function. In addition, Z. officinale minimized the histological alterations in the kidney of diabetic rats. Chronic hyperglycemia resulted in a significant increase in malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cytochrome c and caspase-3 in the kidney of rats. Z. officinale extract significantly attenuated oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and enhanced antioxidant defenses in the diabetic kidney. In conclusion, this study strongly suggests that Z. officinale rhizome extract exerts a protective role against diabetes-induced renal injury by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M Al Hroob
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan
| | | | - Reham D Alghonmeen
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan
| | - Ayman M Mahmoud
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
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16
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Zhao Y, Chen ZY. Roles of Spicy Foods and Their Bioactive Compounds in Management of Hypercholesterolemia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8662-8671. [PMID: 30056715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia, as one of the major risk factors in development of cardiovascular diseases, is of mounting prevalence worldwide in recent years. Many nutraceuticals and phytochemical supplements serve as a promising complementary therapy in the management of hypercholesterolemia. Among them, spicy foods have attracted special attention. Plasma lipid-lowering activity of garlic, ginger, and turmeric have been well-studied in both humans and animals. Consumption of either 3 g/day of ginger or 2 g/day of curcumin for over 4 weeks effectively reduced blood cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia subjects. However, effects of chili and black peppers on blood cholesterol are studied little clinically. The present review is to summarize the findings of recent studies on the efficacy and mechanism of spicy foods and their primary bioactive components in management of hypercholesterolemia from preclinical studies to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhao
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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17
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Arablou T, Aryaeian N. The effect of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) as an ancient medicinal plant on improving blood lipids. J Herb Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Li X, Guo J, Liang N, Jiang X, Song Y, Ou S, Hu Y, Jiao R, Bai W. 6-Gingerol Regulates Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism by Up-regulation of LDLR and Cholesterol Efflux-Related Genes in HepG2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29535632 PMCID: PMC5835308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingerols, the pungent ingredients in ginger, are reported to possess a cholesterol-lowering activity. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study was to investigate how 6-gingerol (6-GN), the most abundant gingerol in fresh ginger, regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism. HepG2 cells were incubated with various concentrations of 6-GN ranging from 50 to 200 μM for 24 h. Results showed that both cellular total cholesterol and free cholesterol decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, 6-GN ranging from 100 to 200 μM increased the LDLR protein and uptake of fluorescent-labeled LDL. Moreover, the mRNA and protein expressions of cholesterol metabolism-related genes were also examined. It was found that 6-GN regulated cholesterol metabolism via up-regulation of LDLR through activation of SREBP2 as well as up-regulation of cholesterol efflux-related genes LXRα and ABCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Guo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Song
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Khamis AA, Salama AF, Kenawy ME, Mohamed TM. Regulation of hepatic hydroxy methyl glutarate - CoA reductase for controlling hypercholesterolemia in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1242-1250. [PMID: 28938515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor upon developing cardiovascular diseases. This study is aiming to investigate the inhibition role of quercetin on hydroxy methyl glutarate - CoA reductase activity and its gene for attenuating hypercholesterolemia. The kinetic characteristics of HMG-CoA reductase activity were evaluated on extracellular rat liver microsomes. For studying the effect of quercetin by inducing hypercholesterolemia rats by Tyloxapol (i.v.). In addition, rats were treated with different doses of quercetin according to the inhibition constant of this inhibitor. Our results showed that in quercetin rats groups plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL -cholesterol and total lipids levels and hepatic (TBARS) level were significantly decreased as compared with negative control. However, plasma HDL level, hepatic total thiol level, catalase activity and total protein level significantly increased groups as compared with negative control. In addition, HMG-CoA reductase activity was decreased in quercetin groups and this confirmed in gene expression that these groups caused downregulation for HMG-CoA reductase. However, LDL receptor (LDLr) gene expression was upregulated by quercetin. Moreover, histopathological examination of rat liver showed the ameliorative effect of quercetin on hypercholesterolemic effect of triton. In conclusion, quercetin may consider as a new saving candidate for the future development of hypocholesterolemia agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Khamis
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt, Egypt.
| | - Afrah F Salama
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt, Egypt
| | - Marwa E Kenawy
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Mohamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt, Egypt
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20
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Wang C, Batey R, Yamahara J, Li Y. Multiple molecular targets in the liver, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in ginger-elicited amelioration of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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21
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Sultan Alvi S, Ansari IA, Khan I, Iqbal J, Khan MS. Potential role of lycopene in targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 to combat hypercholesterolemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:394-403. [PMID: 28412198 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK-9) is a serine protease of the proprotien convertase (PC) family that has profound effects on plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, the major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), through its ability to mediate LDL receptor (LDL-R) protein degradation and reduced recycling to the surface of hepatocytes. Thus, the current study was premeditated not only to evaluate the role of lycopene in targeting the inhibition of PCSK-9 via modulation of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis in HFD rats but also to examine a correlation between HFD induced inflammatory cascades and subsequent regulation of PCSK-9 expression. Besides the effect of lycopene on hepatic PCSK-9 gene expression, PPI studies for PCSK-9-Lycopene complex and EGF-A of LDL-R were also performed via molecular informatics approach to assess the dual mode of action of lycopene in LDL-R recycling and increased removal of circulatory LDL-C. We for the first time deciphered that lycopene treatment significantly down-regulates the expression of hepatic PCSK-9 and HMGR, whereas, hepatic LDL-R expression was significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, lycopene ameliorated inflammation stimulated expression of PCSK-9 via suppressing the expression of inflammatory markers. The results from our molecular informatics studies confirmed that lycopene, while occupying the active site of PCSK-9 crystal structure, reduces the affinity of PCSK-9 to complex with EGF-A of LDL-R, whereas, atorvastatin makes PCSK-9-EGF-A complex formation more feasible than both of PCSK-9-EGF-A alone and Lycopene-PCSK-9-EGF-A complex. Based on above results, it can be concluded that lycopene exhibits potent hypolipidemic activities via molecular mechanisms that are either identical (HMGR inhibition) or distinct from that of statins (down-regulation of PCSK-9 mRNA synthesis). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that lycopene has this specific biological property. Being a natural, safer and alternative therapeutic agent, lycopene could be used as a complete regulator of cholesterol homeostasis and ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahir Sultan Alvi
- Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product Research Lab., Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Irfan A Ansari
- Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product Research Lab., Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Imran Khan
- Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product Research Lab., Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Johar Iqbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M Salman Khan
- Clinical Biochemistry & Natural Product Research Lab., Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India.
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22
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Wang J, Ke W, Bao R, Hu X, Chen F. Beneficial effects of ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe on obesity and metabolic syndrome: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1398:83-98. [PMID: 28505392 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metabolic syndromes (MetSs), including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, have become a common health problem in both developed and developing countries. Accumulating data have suggested that traditional herbs might be able to provide a wide range of remedies in prevention and treatment of MetSs. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) has been documented to ameliorate hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These beneficial effects are mediated by transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor κB. This review focuses on recent findings regarding the beneficial effects of ginger on obesity and related complications in MetS and discusses its potential mechanisms of action. This review provides guidance for further applications of ginger for personalized nutrition and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; and Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weixin Ke
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; and Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Bao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; and Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; and Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture; and Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Saleh Al-Shehabi T, Iratni R, Eid AH. Anti-atherosclerotic plants which modulate the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:1068-1081. [PMID: 26776961 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of global death, with atherosclerosis being a major contributor to this mortality. Several mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease. A key element in the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions is the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells. Under pathophysiologic conditions such as injury, these cells switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype that often possesses high proliferative and migratory capacities. PURPOSE Despite major advances made in the management and treatment of atherosclerosis, mortality associated with this disease remains high. This mandates that other approaches be sought. Herbal medicine, especially for the treatment of CVD, has been gaining more attention in recent years. This is in no small part due to the evidence-based values associated with the consumption of many plants as well as the relatively cheaper prices, easier access and conventional folk medicine "inherited" over generations. Sections: In this review, we provide a brief introduction about the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis then we highlight the role of vascular smooth muscle cells in this disease, especially when a phenotypic switch of these cells arises. We then thoroughly discuss the various plants that show potentially beneficial effects as anti-atherosclerotic, with prime attention given to herbs and plants that inhibit the phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence provides the justification for the use of botanicals in the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis. However, further studies, especially clinical ones, are warranted to better define several pharmacological parameters of these herbs, such as toxicity, tolerability, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqa Saleh Al-Shehabi
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon ; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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24
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Shao Y, Yu Y, Li C, Yu J, Zong R, Pei C. Synergistic effect of quercetin and 6-gingerol treatment in streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats and poloxamer P-407 induced hyperlipidemia. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger and quercetin have been reported to have significant antidiabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute and Oculopathy Research centre
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute and Oculopathy Research centre
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Cheng Li
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
- Xiamen 361000
- China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion
- Hangzhou TCM Hospital
- Hangzhou 310007
- China
| | - Rongrong Zong
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
- Xiamen 361000
- China
| | - Chonggang Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute and Oculopathy Research centre
- Nanchang 330006
- China
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Hemn HO, Noordin MM, Rahman HS, Hazilawati H, Zuki A, Chartrand MS. Antihypercholesterolemic and antioxidant efficacies of zerumbone on the formation, development, and establishment of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:4173-208. [PMID: 26347047 PMCID: PMC4529258 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s76225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the high incidence of cholesterol-induced cardiovascular disease, particularly atherosclerosis, the current study was designed to investigate the preventive and therapeutic efficacies of dietary zerumbone (ZER) supplementation on the formation and development of atherosclerosis in rabbits fed with a high cholesterol diet. A total of 72 New Zealand white rabbits were divided randomly on two experimental studies carried out 8 weeks apart. The first experiment was designed to investigate the prophylactic efficacy of ZER in preventing early developed atheromatous lesion. The second experimental trial was aimed at investigating the therapeutic effect of ZER in reducing the atherosclerotic lesion progression and establishment. Sudanophilia, histopathological, and ultrastructural changes showed pronounced reduction in the plaque size in ZER-medicated aortas. On the other hand, dietary supplementation of ZER for almost 10 weeks as a prophylactic measure indicated substantially decreasing lipid profile values, and similarly, plaque size in comparison with high-cholesterol non-supplemented rabbits. Furthermore, the results of oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarker evaluation indicated that ZER is a potent antioxidant in suppressing the generation of free radicals in terms of atherosclerosis prevention and treatment. ZER significantly reduced the value of malondialdehyde and augmented the value of superoxide dismutase. In conclusion, our data indicated that dietary supplementation of ZER at doses of 8, 16, and 20 mg/kg alone as a prophylactic measure, and as a supplementary treatment with simvastatin, significantly reduced early plague formation, development, and establishment via significant reduction in serum lipid profile, together with suppression of oxidative damage, and therefore alleviated atherosclerosis lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Othman Hemn
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Republic of Iraq
| | - Muhammad Mustapha Noordin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia ; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani City, Kurdistan, Republic of Iraq
| | - Hamza Hazilawati
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abubakr Zuki
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lei L, Liu Y, Wang X, Jiao R, Ma KY, Li YM, Wang L, Man SW, Sang S, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of gingerol- and shogaol-enriched extract is mediated by increasing sterol excretion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10515-21. [PMID: 25290252 DOI: 10.1021/jf5043344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the cholesterol-lowering activity of gingerol- and shogaol-enriched ginger extract (GSE). Thirty hamsters were divided into three groups and fed the control diet or one of the two experimental diets containing 0.5 and 1.0% GSE. Plasma total cholesterol, liver cholesterol, and aorta atherosclerotic plaque were dose-dependently decreased with increasing amounts of GSE added into diets. The fecal sterol analysis showed dietary GSE increased the excretion of both neutral and acidic sterols in a dose-dependent manner. GSE down-regulated the mRNA levels of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein (NPC1L1), acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP), and ATP binding cassette transporter 5 (ABCG5), whereas it up-regulated hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). It was concluded that beneficial modification of the lipoprotein profile by dietary GSE was mediated by enhancing excretion of fecal cholesterol and bile acids via up-regulation of hepatic CYP7A1 and down-regulation of mRNA of intestinal NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Zingiber officinale (Ginger): A Future Outlook on Its Potential in Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes and Prediabetic States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/674684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is reaching pandemic levels in both developing and developed countries and requires safe, affordable, and effective therapies. This report summarises work in our laboratory on the effects of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and its components in diabetes models and provides a future outlook on the potential for their use in type 2 diabetes. A high fat diet rat model showed modulation of body weight gain and normalisation of glucose and lipid metabolic disturbances, with reduction of insulin resistance in a high fat-high carbohydrate diet model. Ginger extract inhibits enhanced NF-κB in liver of high fat-fed rats through inhibition of the IKK/IκBα/NF-κB classical pathway. The major active component (S)-[6]-gingerol inhibited elevated cytokines in inflamed HuH7 cells through suppression of COX2 expression and protection against the ROS pathway. Ginger extract and gingerols enhanced glucose uptake in L6 myotubes, by enhancing translocation of GLUT4 to the surface membrane and activation of AMPKα1 through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase pathway. (S)-[6]-Gingerol also enhanced energy metabolism through marked increment of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) gene expression and mitochondrial content in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Future studies will require well designed clinical trials on ginger preparations of defined chemical composition.
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Elseweidy MM, Younis NN, Elswefy SE, Abdallah FR, El-Dahmy SI, Elnagar G, Kassem HM. Atheroprotective potentials of curcuminoids against ginger extract in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:961-5. [PMID: 25208510 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.957699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The anti-atherogenic potentials of total ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract (TGE) or curcuminoids extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa), members of family Zingiberaceae, were compared in hypercholesterolaemia. Rabbits were fed either normal or atherogenic diet. The rabbits on atherogenic diet received treatments with TGE or curcumenoids and placebo concurrently for 6 weeks (n = 6). The anti-atherogenic effects of curcuminoids and ginger are mediated via multiple mechanisms. This effect was correlated with their ability to lower cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. Ginger extract exerted preferential effects on plasma lipids, reverse cholesterol transport, cholesterol synthesis and inflammatory status. Curcuminoids, however, showed superior antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Elseweidy
- a Biochemistry Department , Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University , Zagazig 44519 , Egypt
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Herbal medicines for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: current scenario and future prospects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:648308. [PMID: 24987431 PMCID: PMC4060323 DOI: 10.1155/2014/648308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a multifactorial disease and has close correlations with other metabolic disorders. This makes its treatment difficult using a single pharmacological drug. Use of plant extract/decoction or polyherbal formulation to treat various liver diseases is very well mentioned in various traditional systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Japanese or traditional Chinese Medicine, and Kampo medicine). Medicinal herbs are known for their multifaceted implications and thus can form an effective treatment schedule against NASH. Till date, several plant extracts, polyherbal formulations, and phytochemicals have been evaluated for their possible therapeutic potential in preventing onset and progression of NASH in experimental models, but clinical studies using the same are sparse. Herbal extracts with antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic properties have been shown to ameliorate symptoms of NASH. This review article is a meticulous compilation of our current knowledge on the role of natural products in alleviating NASH and possible lacunae in research that needs to be addressed.
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Lim CY, Mat Junit S, Abdulla MA, Abdul Aziz A. In vivo biochemical and gene expression analyses of the antioxidant activities and hypocholesterolaemic properties of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp extract. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70058. [PMID: 23894592 PMCID: PMC3720937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamarindus indica (T. indica) is a medicinal plant with many biological activities including anti-diabetic, hypolipidaemic and anti-bacterial activities. A recent study demonstrated the hypolipidaemic effect of T. indica fruit pulp in hamsters. However, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been fully elucidated. Hence, the aims of this study were to evaluate the antioxidant activities and potential hypocholesterolaemic properties of T. indica, using in vitro and in vivo approaches. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The in vitro study demonstrated that T. indica fruit pulp had significant amount of phenolic (244.9 ± 10.1 mg GAE/extract) and flavonoid (93.9 ± 2.6 mg RE/g extract) content and possessed antioxidant activities. In the in vivo study, hamsters fed with high-cholesterol diet for ten weeks showed elevated serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C levels. Administration of T. indica fruit pulp to hypercholesterolaemic hamsters significantly lowered serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels but had no effect on the HDL-C level. The lipid-lowering effect was accompanied with significant increase in the expression of Apo A1, Abcg5 and LDL receptor genes and significant decrease in the expression of HMG-CoA reductase and Mtp genes. Administration of T. indica fruit pulp to hypercholesterolaemic hamsters also protected against oxidative damage by increasing hepatic antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant activities and preventing hepatic lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE It is postulated that tamarind fruit pulp exerts its hypocholesterolaemic effect by increasing cholesterol efflux, enhancing LDL-C uptake and clearance, suppressing triglyceride accumulation and inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. T. indica fruit pulp has potential antioxidative effects and is potentially protective against diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chor Yin Lim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sarni Mat Junit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Abdul Aziz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhang L, Fang G, Zheng L, Chen Z, Liu X. Hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids in rats fed diets with or without cholesterol. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4287-4293. [PMID: 23617777 DOI: 10.1021/jf304471t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids in rats fed with cholesterol-enriched and cholesterol-free diets was determined. Capsaicinoids favorably modified the lipoprotein profile of rats. Capsaicinoids consumption down-regulated the mRNA levels of hepatic 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase by 0.55-fold and hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) by 0.53-fold in the cholesterol-free diet group (P < 0.05) but up-regulated the CYP7A1 level by 1.38-fold in the cholesterol-enriched diet group (P < 0.05). It also increased the expression levels of ileal bile acid binding protein and apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter in the ileum, as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 in the liver and ileum in the different groups. Capsaicinoids reduced the amount of bile acids in feces by -15.97% and contents of the small intestine by -9.64% in the cholesterol-free diet group (P < 0.05) but increased both by 13.06% and 10.20%, respectively, in the cholesterol-enriched diet group. The cholesterol-lowering action of capsaicinoids in the cholesterol-free diet group was attributed to the inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, whereas that in the cholesterol-enriched diet group was attributed to the stimulation of the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and the increasing excretions of bile acids in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Kamato D, Babaahmadi Rezaei H, Getachew R, Thach L, Guidone D, Osman N, Roufogalis B, Duke CC, Tran VH, Zheng W, Little PJ. (S)-[6]-Gingerol inhibits TGF-β-stimulated biglycan synthesis but not glycosaminoglycan hyperelongation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1026-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
(S)-[6]-Gingerol is under investigation for a variety of therapeutic uses. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β stimulates proteoglycan synthesis, leading to increased binding of low-density lipoproteins, which is the initiating step in atherosclerosis. We evaluated the effects of (S)-[6]-gingerol on these TGF-β-mediated proteoglycan changes to explore its potential as an anti-atherosclerotic agent.
Methods
Purified (S)-[6]-gingerol was assessed for its effects on proteoglycan synthesis by [35S]-sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycan chains and [35S]-Met/Cys incorporation into proteoglycans and total proteins in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biglycan level was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions and the effects of (S)-[6]-gingerol on TGF-β signalling by assessment of the phosphorylation of Smads and Akt by western blotting.
Key findings
(S)-[6]-Gingerol concentration-dependently inhibited TGF-β-stimulated proteoglycan core protein synthesis, and this was not secondary to inhibition of total protein synthesis. (S)-[6]-Gingerol inhibited biglycan mRNA expression. (S)-[6]-Gingerol did not inhibit TGF-β-stimulated glycosaminoglycan hyperelongation or phosphorylation of Smad 2, in either the carboxy terminal or linker region, or Akt phosphorylation.
Conclusions
The activity of (S)-[6]-gingerol to inhibit TGF-β-stimulated biglycan synthesis suggests a potential role for ginger in the prevention of atherosclerosis or other lipid-binding diseases. The signalling studies indicate a novel site of action of (S)-[6]-gingerol in inhibiting TGF-β responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Hossein Babaahmadi Rezaei
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Robel Getachew
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Lyna Thach
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Daniel Guidone
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Narin Osman
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
- Departments of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University, School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran, Vic., Australia
| | - Basil Roufogalis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, A15, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colin C Duke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, A15, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Van Hoan Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, A15, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Little
- Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
- Departments of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University, School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran, Vic., Australia
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Improvement of liquid fructose-induced adipose tissue insulin resistance by ginger treatment in rats is associated with suppression of adipose macrophage-related proinflammatory cytokines. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:590376. [PMID: 23533500 PMCID: PMC3594984 DOI: 10.1155/2013/590376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue insulin resistance (Adipo-IR) results in excessive release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, which plays a key role in the development of “lipotoxicity.” Therefore, amelioration of Adipo-IR may benefit the treatment of other metabolic abnormalities. Here we found that treatment with the alcoholic extract of ginger (50 mg/kg/day, by oral gavage) for five weeks attenuated liquid fructose-induced hyperinsulinemia and an increase in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index in rats. More importantly, ginger reversed the increases in the Adipo-IR index and plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations during the oral glucose tolerance test assessment. Adipose gene/protein expression profiles revealed that ginger treatment suppressed CD68 and F4/80, two important macrophage accumulation markers. Consistently, the macrophage-associated cytokines tissue necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 were also downregulated. In contrast, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, but not IRS-2, was upregulated. Moreover, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-2 were also suppressed. Thus these results suggest that amelioration of fructose-induced Adipo-IR by ginger treatment in rats is associated with suppression of adipose macrophage-related proinflammatory cytokines.
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Preventive and Protective Properties of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) in Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Complications, and Associated Lipid and Other Metabolic Disorders: A Brief Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:516870. [PMID: 23243452 PMCID: PMC3519348 DOI: 10.1155/2012/516870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zingiber officinale (ginger) has been used as herbal medicine to treat various ailments worldwide since antiquity. Recent evidence revealed the potential of ginger for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Data from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials has demonstrated the antihyperglycaemic effect of ginger. The mechanisms underlying these actions are associated with insulin release and action, and improved carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The most active ingredients in ginger are the pungent principles, gingerols, and shogaol. Ginger has shown prominent protective effects on diabetic liver, kidney, eye, and neural system complications. The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and the safety issues of ginger are also discussed in this update.
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Treatment with ginger ameliorates fructose-induced Fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia in rats: modulation of the hepatic carbohydrate response element-binding protein-mediated pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012. [PMID: 23193424 PMCID: PMC3502023 DOI: 10.1155/2012/570948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginger has been demonstrated to improve lipid derangements. However, its underlying triglyceride-lowering mechanisms remain unclear. Fructose overconsumption is associated with increase in hepatic de novo lipogenesis, thereby resulting in lipid derangements. Here we found that coadministration of the alcoholic extract of ginger (50 mg/kg/day, oral gavage, once daily) over 5 weeks reversed liquid fructose-induced increase in plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations and hepatic triglyceride content in rats. Plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration was also decreased. Attenuation of the increased vacuolization and Oil Red O staining area was evident on histological examination of liver in ginger-treated rats. However, ginger treatment did not affect chow intake and body weight. Further, ginger treatment suppressed fructose-stimulated overexpression of carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) at the mRNA and protein levels in the liver. Consequently, hepatic expression of the ChREBP-targeted lipogenic genes responsible for fatty acid biosynthesis was also downregulated. In contrast, expression of neither peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR-) alpha and its downstream genes, nor PPAR-gamma and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c was altered. Thus the present findings suggest that in rats, amelioration of fructose-induced fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia by ginger treatment involves modulation of the hepatic ChREBP-mediated pathway.
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Li XH, McGrath KCY, Nammi S, Heather AK, Roufogalis BD. Attenuation of liver pro-inflammatory responses by Zingiber officinale via inhibition of NF-kappa B activation in high-fat diet-fed rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 110:238-44. [PMID: 21902812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether treatment with a ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats suppresses Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-driven hepatic inflammation and to subsequently explore the molecular mechanisms in vitro. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with an ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale (400 mg/kg) along with a HFD for 6 weeks. Hepatic cytokine mRNA levels, cytokine protein levels and NF-κB activation were measured by real-time PCR, Western blot and an NF-κB nuclear translocation assay, respectively. In vitro, cell culture studies were carried out in human hepatocyte (HuH-7) cells by treatment with Zingiber officinale (100 μg/mL) for 24 hr prior to interleukin-1β (IL-1β, 8 ng/mL)-induced inflammation. We showed that Zingiber officinale treatment decreased cytokine gene TNFα and IL-6 expression in HFD-fed rats, which was associated with suppression of NF-κB activation. In vitro, Zingiber officinale treatment decreased NF-κB-target inflammatory gene expression of IL-6, IL-8 and serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), while it suppressed NF-κB activity, IκBα degradation and IκB kinase (IKK) activity. In conclusion, Zingiber officinale suppressed markers of hepatic inflammation in HFD-fed rats, as demonstrated by decreased hepatic cytokine gene expression and decreased NF-κB activation. The study demonstrates that the anti-inflammatory effect of Zingiber officinale occurs at least in part through the NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Sahebkar A. Potential efficacy of ginger as a natural supplement for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:271-2. [PMID: 21246004 PMCID: PMC3020385 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i2.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases and its prevalence is likely to reach epidemic proportions. According to the "two-stage hypothesis" proposed for the pathophysiology of NAFLD, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines are among the key promoters of the disease. Here, ginger has been hypothesized to prevent NAFLD or blunt its progression via several mechanisms, such as sensitizing insulin effects, activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ which induces adiponectin and down-regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, changing the balance between adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-α in favor of adiponectin, promoting considerable antioxidant effects and antidyslipidemic properties, and reducing hepatic triglyceride content which can prevent steatosis. The aforementioned mechanisms imply that ginger possesses interesting potentials for serving as a natural supplement for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Therefore, conducting trials to explore its benefits in clinical practice is greatly recommended.
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