1
|
Farooq M, Khan AA. Evaluation of histo-toxicity of nimesulide in Black Kites (Milvus migrans): a pharmacodynamic study. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e271454. [PMID: 37222370 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.271454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present experimental work was conducted to elucidate the toxicity of nimesulide at three different doses in black kites (Milvus migrans). M. migrans is one of the most common raptors near human habitations. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether nimesulide is similarly hazardous to raptors as was diclofenac sodium and to investigate the acute oral toxicity of nimesulide in these birds. For this study, eight adult male black kites (M. migrans) were randomly divided into four groups. M. migrans in the control group (n = 02) were not treated with nimesulide. The other three groups were given nimesulide doses. The birds in the first (n = 02) were declared the control group. The second (n = 02), third (n = 02), and fourth groups were administered nimesulide at a low, medium, and high dose of 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg live body weight of bird/day, respectively, for 10 days. Nimesulide-addled birds became listless and despondent, then anorexic. The birds were standing there with their eyes closed and showing no signs of life. There was an increase in saliva production, a slowing of breathing, and dilated pupils. No clinical signs were observed in the control group. No mortality was seen in the control or treated groups. The control group did not show lesions of gout, but black kites intoxicated with nimesulide at 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg live body weight of bird/day showed inflammation, apoptosis, hemorrhage, necrosis, and leukocytic infiltration tissues of the liver, kidney, and heart of black kites (M. migrans) treated with different concentrations of nimesulide. The treated groups also showed apoptosis of myofibrils and hyperplasia. The hypertrophy, atrophy, fibrosis, necrosis of skeletal muscles and hemorrhage were prominent in the muscles of black kites (M. migrans) intoxicated with nimesulide. All observed histological alterations got worse in a dose-related way. There was no significant difference in AST, ALT, ALP, serum uric acid, but a significant difference was observed in the values of serum urea (p = 0.001) and serum creatinine (p = 0.019).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Farooq
- Ghazi University, Department of Zoology, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - A A Khan
- Bahauddin Zakariya University, Institute of Zoology, Multan, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maicas-Pérez L, Hernández-Lougedo J, Heredia-Elvar JR, Pedauyé-Rueda B, Cañuelo-Márquez AM, Barba-Ruiz M, Lozano-Estevan MDC, García-Fernández P, Maté-Muñoz JL. Effects of Creatine Supplementation after 20 Minutes of Recovery in a Bench Press Exercise Protocol in Moderately Physically Trained Men. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030657. [PMID: 36771365 PMCID: PMC9919782 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to analyse the effect of creatine supplementation on the performance improvement in a bench pressing (BP) strength test of muscle failure and to evaluate muscle fatigue and metabolic stress 20 min after the exercise. METHODS Fifty young and healthy individuals were randomly assigned to a creatine group (n = 25) or a placebo group (n = 25). Three exercise sessions were carried out, with one week of rest between them. In the first week, a progressive load BP test was performed until the individuals reached the one repetition maximum (1RM) in order to for us obtain the load-to-velocity ratio of each participant. In the second week, the participants conducted a three-set BP exercise protocol against 70% 1RM, where they performed the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) until muscle failure occurred, with two minutes of rest between the sets. After one week, and following a supplementation period of 7 days, where half of the participants consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of creatine monohydrate (CR) and the other half consumed 0.3 g·kg-1·day-1 of placebo (PLA, maltodextrin), the protocol from the second week was repeated. After each set, and up to 20 min after finishing the exercise, the blood lactate concentrations and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) at 1 m·s-1 were measured. RESULTS The CR group performed a significantly higher number of repetitions in Set 1 (CR = 14.8 repetitions, PLA = 13.6 repetitions, p = 0.006) and Set 2 (CR = 8 repetitions, PLA = 6.7 repetitions, p = 0.006) after supplementation, whereas no significant differences were seen in Set 3 (CR = 5.3 repetitions, PLA = 4.7 repetitions, p = 0.176). However, there was a significant increase in blood lactate at minute 10 (p = 0.003), minute 15 (p = 0.020), and minute 20 (p = 0.015) after the exercise in the post-supplementation period. Similarly, a significant increase was observed in the MPV at 1 m·s-1 in the CR group with respect to the PLA group at 10, 15, and 20 min after the exercise. CONCLUSIONS Although the creatine supplementation improved the performance in the strength test of muscle failure, the metabolic stress and muscle fatigue values were greater during the 20 min of recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Maicas-Pérez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Hernández-Lougedo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Pedauyé-Rueda
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Cañuelo-Márquez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Barba-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tran NT, Kowalski GM, Muccini AM, Nitsos I, Hale N, Snow RJ, Walker DW, Ellery SJ. Creatine supplementation reduces the cerebral oxidative and metabolic stress responses to acute in utero hypoxia in the late-gestation fetal sheep. J Physiol 2022; 600:3193-3210. [PMID: 35587817 PMCID: PMC9542404 DOI: 10.1113/jp282840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Prophylactic creatine treatment may reduce hypoxic brain injury due to its ability to sustain intracellular ATP levels thereby reducing oxidative and metabolic stress responses during oxygen deprivation. Using microdialysis, we investigated the real‐time in vivo effects of fetal creatine supplementation on cerebral metabolism following acute in utero hypoxia caused by umbilical cord occlusion (UCO). Fetal sheep (118 days’ gestational age (dGA)) were implanted with an inflatable Silastic cuff around the umbilical cord and a microdialysis probe inserted into the right cerebral hemisphere for interstitial fluid sampling. Creatine (6 mg kg−1 h−1) or saline was continuously infused intravenously from 122 dGA. At 131 dGA, a 10 min UCO was induced. Hourly microdialysis samples were obtained from −24 to 72 h post‐UCO and analysed for percentage change of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and interstitial metabolites (lactate, pyruvate, glutamate, glycerol, glycine). Histochemical markers of protein and lipid oxidation were assessed at post‐mortem 72 h post‐UCO. Prior to UCO, creatine treatment reduced pyruvate and glycerol concentrations in the microdialysate outflow. Creatine treatment reduced interstitial cerebral •OH outflow 0 to 24 h post‐UCO. Fetuses with higher arterial creatine concentrations before UCO presented with reduced levels of hypoxaemia (PO2 and SO2) during UCO which associated with reduced interstitial cerebral pyruvate, lactate and •OH accumulation. No effects of creatine treatment on immunohistochemical markers of oxidative stress were found. In conclusion, fetal creatine treatment decreased cerebral outflow of •OH and was associated with an improvement in cerebral bioenergetics following acute hypoxia.
![]() Key points Fetal hypoxia can cause persistent metabolic and oxidative stress responses that disturb energy homeostasis in the brain. Creatine in its phosphorylated form is an endogenous phosphagen; therefore, supplementation is a proposed prophylactic treatment for fetal hypoxia. Fetal sheep instrumented with a cerebral microdialysis probe were continuously infused with or without creatine‐monohydrate for 10 days before induction of 10 min umbilical cord occlusion (UCO; 131 days’ gestation). Cerebral interstitial fluid was collected up to 72 h following UCO. Prior to UCO, fetal creatine supplementation reduced interstitial cerebral pyruvate and glycerol concentrations. Fetal creatine supplementation reduced cerebral hydroxyl radical efflux up to 24 h post‐UCO. Fetuses with higher arterial creatine concentrations before UCO and reduced levels of systemic hypoxaemia during UCO were associated with reduced cerebral interstitial pyruvate, lactate and •OH following UCO. Creatine supplementation leads to some improvements in cerebral bioenergetics following in utero acute hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Thao Tran
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity & Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna M Muccini
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Genetic Research Services, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ilias Nitsos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia Hale
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rod J Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity & Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stacey J Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Aphamis G, Stavrinou PS, Jenkins DG, Giannaki CD, Lakomy HKA, Williams C. Effects of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Power Output during Repeated Treadmill Sprinting. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061140. [PMID: 35334797 PMCID: PMC8950892 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on power output during repeated sprints on a non-motorized treadmill. Sixteen recreationally active males volunteered for this study (age 25.5 ± 4.8 y, height 179 ± 5 cm, body mass 74.8 ± 6.8 kg). All participants received placebo supplementation (75 mg of glucose·kg-1·day-1) for 5 days and then performed a baseline repeated sprints test (6 × 10 s sprints on a non-motorised treadmill). Thereafter, they were randomly assigned into a Cr (75 mg of Cr monohydrate·kg-1·day-1) or placebo supplementation, as above, and the repeated sprints test was repeated. After Cr supplementation, body mass was increased by 0.99 ± 0.83 kg (p = 0.007), peak power output and peak running speed remained unchanged throughout the test in both groups, while the mean power output and mean running speed during the last 5 s of the sprints increased by 4.5% (p = 0.005) and 4.2% to 7.0%, respectively, during the last three sprints (p = 0.005 to 0.001). The reduction in speed within each sprint was also blunted by 16.2% (p = 0.003) following Cr supplementation. Plasma ammonia decreased by 20.1% (p = 0.037) after Cr supplementation, despite the increase in performance. VO2 and blood lactate during the repeated sprints test remained unchanged after supplementation, suggesting no alteration of aerobic or glycolytic contribution to adenosine triphosphate production. In conclusion, Cr supplementation improved the mean power and speed in the second half of a repeated sprint running protocol, despite the increased body mass. This improvement was due to the higher power output and running speed in the last 5 s of each 10 s sprint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of P.E. and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107276115
| | - Mary E. Nevill
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - George Aphamis
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (G.A.); (P.S.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Pinelopi S. Stavrinou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (G.A.); (P.S.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - David G. Jenkins
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Christoforos D. Giannaki
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus; (G.A.); (P.S.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Henryk K. A. Lakomy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK; (H.K.A.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Clyde Williams
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics LE11 3TU, UK; (H.K.A.L.); (C.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kreider RB, Jäger R, Purpura M. Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related Compounds: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051035. [PMID: 35268011 PMCID: PMC8912867 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, we published a paper providing an overview about the bioavailability, efficacy, and regulatory status of creatine monohydrate (CrM), as well as other “novel forms” of creatine that were being marketed at the time. This paper concluded that no other purported form of creatine had been shown to be a more effective source of creatine than CrM, and that CrM was recognized by international regulatory authorities as safe for use in dietary supplements. Moreover, that most purported “forms” of creatine that were being marketed at the time were either less bioavailable, less effective, more expensive, and/or not sufficiently studied in terms of safety and/or efficacy. We also provided examples of several “forms” of creatine that were being marketed that were not bioavailable sources of creatine or less effective than CrM in comparative effectiveness trials. We had hoped that this paper would encourage supplement manufacturers to use CrM in dietary supplements given the overwhelming efficacy and safety profile. Alternatively, encourage them to conduct research to show their purported “form” of creatine was a bioavailable, effective, and safe source of creatine before making unsubstantiated claims of greater efficacy and/or safety than CrM. Unfortunately, unsupported misrepresentations about the effectiveness and safety of various “forms” of creatine have continued. The purpose of this critical review is to: (1) provide an overview of the physiochemical properties, bioavailability, and safety of CrM; (2) describe the data needed to substantiate claims that a “novel form” of creatine is a bioavailable, effective, and safe source of creatine; (3) examine whether other marketed sources of creatine are more effective sources of creatine than CrM; (4) provide an update about the regulatory status of CrM and other purported sources of creatine sold as dietary supplements; and (5) provide guidance regarding the type of research needed to validate that a purported “new form” of creatine is a bioavailable, effective and safe source of creatine for dietary supplements. Based on this analysis, we categorized forms of creatine that are being sold as dietary supplements as either having strong, some, or no evidence of bioavailability and safety. As will be seen, CrM continues to be the only source of creatine that has substantial evidence to support bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. Additionally, CrM is the source of creatine recommended explicitly by professional societies and organizations and approved for use in global markets as a dietary ingredient or food additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-972-458-1498
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (R.J.); (M.P.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jayawardena TU, Kim SY, Jeon YJ. Sarcopenia; functional concerns, molecular mechanisms involved, and seafood as a nutritional intervention - review article. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1983-2003. [PMID: 34459311 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1969889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental basis for the human function is provided by skeletal muscle. Advancing age causes selective fiber atrophy, motor unit loss, and hybrid fiber formation resulting in hampered mass and strength, thus referred to as sarcopenia. Influence on the loss of independence of aged adults, contribute toward inclined healthcare costs conveys the injurious impact. The current understating of age-related skeletal muscle changes are addressed in this review, and further discusses mechanisms regulating protein turnover, although they do not completely define the process yet. Moreover, the reduced capacity of muscle regeneration due to impairment of satellite cell activation and proliferation with neuronal, immunological, hormonal factors were brought into the light of attention. Nevertheless, complete understating of sarcopenia requires disentangling it from disuse and disease. Nutritional intervention is considered a potentially preventable factor contributing to sarcopenia. Seafood is a crucial player in the fight against hunger and malnutrition, where it consists of macro and micronutrients. Hence, the review shed light on seafood as a nutritional intrusion in the treatment and prevention of sarcopenia. Understanding multiple factors will provide therapeutic targets in the prevention, treatment, and overcoming adverse effects of sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilina U Jayawardena
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Kim
- Division of Practical Application, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo-si, Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tran NT, Muccini AM, Snow RJ, Nitsos I, Hale N, Walker DW, Ellery SJ. The physiological effects of creatine supplementation in fetal sheep before, during and after umbilical cord occlusion and global hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1088-1099. [PMID: 34382841 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00092.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of direct creatine infusion on fetal systemic metabolic and cardiovascular responses to mild acute in utero hypoxia. Pregnant ewes (n=28) were surgically instrumented at 118 days gestation (dGa). A constant intravenous infusion of creatine (6 mg.kg-1.h-1) or isovolumetric saline (1.5 ml.h-1) began at 121 dGa. After 10 days, fetuses were subjected to 10-minute umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) to induce mild global hypoxia (saline-UCO, n=8; creatine-UCO, n=7) or sham UCO (saline-control, n=6; creatine-control, n=7). Cardiovascular, arterial blood gases and metabolites, and plasma creatine were monitored prior to, during, and then for 72 hours following the UCO. Total creatine content in discrete fetal brain regions was also measured. Fetal creatine infusion increased plasma concentrations 5-fold but had no significant effects on any measurement pre-UCO. Creatine did not alter fetal physiology during the UCO or in the early recovery stage, up to 24 hours after UCO. During the late recovery stage, 24-72 hours after UCO, there was a significant reduction in the arterial oxygen pressure and saturation in creatine fetuses (PUCO x TREATMENT = 0.02 and0.04, respectively). At 72 hours after UCO, significant creatine loading was detected in cortical grey matter, hippocampus, thalamus and striatum (PTREATMENT = 0.01-0.001). In the striatum, the UCO itself increased total creatine content (PUCO = 0.019). Overall, fetal creatine supplementation may alter oxygen flux following an acute hypoxic insult. Increasing total creatine content in the striatum may also be a fetal adaptation to acute oxygen deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nhi Thao Tran
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Faculty of Health Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna M Muccini
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rod J Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilias Nitsos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadia Hale
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- Faculty of Health Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stacey J Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bonilla DA, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Forero DA, Kerksick CM, Roberts MD, Rawson ES. Metabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041238. [PMID: 33918657 PMCID: PMC8070484 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is a ubiquitous molecule that is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Most of the Cr pool is found in tissues with high-energy demands. Cr enters target cells through a specific symporter called Na+/Cl−-dependent Cr transporter (CRT). Once within cells, creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation reaction between [Mg2+:ATP4−]2− and Cr to produce phosphocreatine (PCr) and [Mg2+:ADP3−]−. We aimed to perform a comprehensive and bioinformatics-assisted review of the most recent research findings regarding Cr metabolism. Specifically, several public databases, repositories, and bioinformatics tools were utilized for this endeavor. Topics of biological complexity ranging from structural biology to cellular dynamics were addressed herein. In this sense, we sought to address certain pre-specified questions including: (i) What happens when creatine is transported into cells? (ii) How is the CK/PCr system involved in cellular bioenergetics? (iii) How is the CK/PCr system compartmentalized throughout the cell? (iv) What is the role of creatine amongst different tissues? and (v) What is the basis of creatine transport? Under the cellular allostasis paradigm, the CK/PCr system is physiologically essential for life (cell survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration/motility) by providing an evolutionary advantage for rapid, local, and temporal support of energy- and mechanical-dependent processes. Thus, we suggest the CK/PCr system acts as a dynamic biosensor based on chemo-mechanical energy transduction, which might explain why dysregulation in Cr metabolism contributes to a wide range of diseases besides the mitigating effect that Cr supplementation may have in some of these disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society–DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-320-335-2050
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Diego A. Forero
- Professional Program in Sport Training, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA;
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
- Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Eric S. Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muangkram Y, Honda M, Amano A, Himeno Y, Noma A. Exploring the role of fatigue-related metabolite activity during high-intensity exercise using a simplified whole-body mathematical model. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
10
|
Hohl R, Blackhurst DM, Donaldson B, van Boom KM, Kohn TA. Wild antelope skeletal muscle antioxidant enzyme activities do not correlate with muscle fibre type or oxidative metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 242:110638. [PMID: 31862242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Wild antelope are some of the fastest land animals in the world, presenting with high oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle metabolism. However, no study has investigated their muscle antioxidant capacity, and may assist in understanding their physical ability and certain pathophysiological manifestations, such as capture myopathy. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activities superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as five key regulatory enzymes that serve as markers of glycolysis (phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citrate synthase (CS)), β-oxidation (3-hydroxyacetyl CoA dehydrogenase (3HAD)) and the phosphagen pathway (creatine kinase (CK)), in the Vastus lateralis muscle of six southern African wild antelope species (mountain reedbuck, springbok, blesbok, fallow deer, black wildebeest and kudu). Four different muscle groups from laboratory rats served as reference values for the enzyme activities. SOD, CS and LDH activities were the highest in the wild antelope, whereas CK appeared highest in rat fast twitch muscles. Between the wild antelope species, differences exist for SOD, CAT, PFK, CK and LDH, but not for CS, 3HAD and GR. CAT and GR correlated positively only with type I fibres. No correlations could be found between muscle fibre type and the oxidative enzymes, CS and 3HAD, from the wild animals, concurring with previous studies on porcine and rats. However, wild antelope and rat muscle CK and SOD strongly correlated, hinting towards an antioxidant role for CK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hohl
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dee M Blackhurst
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Byron Donaldson
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathryn M van Boom
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tertius A Kohn
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medical Bioscience, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Guingand DL, Ellery SJ, Davies-Tuck ML, Dickinson H. Creatine and pregnancy outcomes, a prospective cohort study in low-risk pregnant women: study protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026756. [PMID: 30647050 PMCID: PMC6340624 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The creatine kinase circuit is central to the regulation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and the maintenance of cellular energy turnover. This circuit is fuelled by creatine, an amino acid derivative that can be obtained from a diet containing animal products, and by synthesis in the body de novo. A recent retrospective study conducted in a cohort of 287 pregnant women determined that maternal excreted levels of creatine may be associated with fetal growth. This prospective study aims to overcome some of the limitations associated with the previous study and thoroughly characterise creatine homeostasis throughout gestation in a low-risk pregnant population. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is recruiting women with a singleton low-risk pregnancy who are attending Monash Health, in Melbourne, Australia. Maternal blood and urine samples, along with dietary surveys, are collected at five time points during pregnancy and then at delivery. Cord blood and placenta (including membranes and cord) are collected at birth. A biobank of tissue samples for future research is being established. Primary outcome measures will include creatine, creatine kinase and associated metabolites in antenatal bloods and urine, cord bloods and placenta, along with molecular analysis of the creatine transporter (SLC6A8) and synthesising enzymes L - arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) in placental tissues. Secondary outcome measures include dietary protein intake over pregnancy and any associations with maternal creatine, pregnancy events and birth outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was granted in August 2015 from Monash Health (Ref: 14140B) and Monash University (Ref: 7785). Study outcomes will be disseminated at international conferences and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12618001558213; Pre-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L De Guingand
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stacey J Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miranda L Davies-Tuck
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley Dickinson
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Creatine Loading Does Not Preserve Muscle Mass or Strength During Leg Immobilization in Healthy, Young Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports Med 2018; 47:1661-1671. [PMID: 28054322 PMCID: PMC5507980 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background A short period of leg immobilization leads to rapid loss of muscle mass and strength. Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase lean body mass in active individuals and can be used to augment gains in muscle mass and strength during prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Objective Our objective was to investigate whether creatine loading can attenuate the loss of muscle mass and strength during short-term leg immobilization. Methods Healthy young men (n = 30; aged 23 ± 1 years; body mass index [BMI] 23.3 ± 0.5 kg/m−2) were randomly assigned to either a creatine or a placebo group. Subjects received placebo or creatine supplements (20 g/d) for 5 days before one leg was immobilized by means of a full-leg cast for 7 days. Muscle biopsies were taken before creatine loading, prior to and immediately after leg immobilization, and after 7 days of subsequent recovery. Quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) (computed tomography [CT] scan) and leg muscle strength (one-repetition maximum [1-RM] knee extension) were assessed before and immediately after immobilization and after 1 week of recovery. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data are presented consistently as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Results There was a significant overall increase in muscle total creatine content following the 5-day loading phase (p = 0.049), which appeared driven by an increase in the creatine group (from 90 ± 9 to 107 ± 4 mmol/kg−1 dry muscle) with no apparent change in the placebo group (from 88 ± 4 to 90 ± 3 mmol/kg−1; p = 0.066 for time × treatment interaction). Quadriceps muscle CSA had declined by 465 ± 59 and 425 ± 69 mm2 (p < 0.01) in the creatine and placebo group, respectively, with no differences between groups (p = 0.76). Leg muscle strength decreased from 56 ± 4 to 53 ± 4 kg in the creatine and from 59 ± 3 to 53 ± 3 kg in the placebo group, with no differences between groups (p = 0.20). Muscle fiber size did not change significantly over time in either group (p > 0.05). When non-responders to creatine loading were excluded (n = 6), responders (n = 8; total creatine content increasing from 70 to 106 mmol/kg−1) showed similar findings, with no signs of preservation of muscle mass or strength during immobilization. During the subsequent recovery phase, no differences in muscle mass or strength were found between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Creatine supplementation prior to and during leg immobilization does not prevent or attenuate the loss of muscle mass or strength during short-term muscle disuse. NIH Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT01894737 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/).
Collapse
|
13
|
Alraddadi EA, Lillico R, Vennerstrom JL, Lakowski TM, Miller DW. Absolute Oral Bioavailability of Creatine Monohydrate in Rats: Debunking a Myth. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E31. [PMID: 29518030 PMCID: PMC5874844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine is an ergogenic compound used by athletes to enhance performance. Supplementation with creatine monohydrate (CM) has been suggested for musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. Until now, little is known about its pharmacokinetic profile. Our objective was to determine the oral bioavailability of CM and the influence of dose on oral absorption. Rats were dosed orally with low dose (10 mg/kg) or high dose (70 mg/kg) 13C-labeled CM. Blood samples were removed at various time points. Muscle and brain tissue were collected at the conclusion of the study. Plasma and tissue levels of 13C-labeled creatine were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of CM were built using GastroPlus™. These models were used to predict the plasma concentration-time profiles of creatine hydrochloride (CHCL), which has improved aqueous solubility compared to CM. Absolute oral bioavailability for low dose CM was 53% while high dose CM was only 16%. The simulated Cmax of 70 mg/kg CHCL was around 35 μg/mL compared to 14 μg/mL for CM with a predicted oral bioavailability of 66% with CHCL compared to 17% with CM. Our results suggest that the oral bioavailability of CM is less than complete and subject to dose and that further examination of improved dosage formulations of creatine is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Alraddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada.
| | - Ryan Lillico
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6125, USA.
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aubry RL, Whinton AK, Burr JF. The effect of creatine supplementation on the response of central and peripheral pulse wave velocity to high-intensity resistance exercise. COGENT MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2018.1512352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Aubry
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alanna K. Whinton
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jamie F. Burr
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martin JS, Mumford PW, Haun CT, Luera MJ, Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ, Feeney MP, Mackey CS, Roberson PA, Young KC, Pascoe DD, DeFreitas JM, Jenkins NDM, Roberts MD. Effects of a pre-workout supplement on hyperemia following leg extension resistance exercise to failure with different resistance loads. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017; 14:38. [PMID: 28959158 PMCID: PMC5615454 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-017-0195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We sought to determine if a pre-workout supplement (PWS), containing multiple ingredients thought to enhance blood flow, increases hyperemia associated with resistance training compared to placebo (PBO). Given the potential interaction with training loads/time-under-tension, we evaluated the hyperemic response at two different loads to failure. Methods Thirty males participated in this double-blinded study. At visit 1, participants were randomly assigned to consume PWS (Reckless™) or PBO (maltodextrin and glycine) and performed four sets of leg extensions to failure at 30% or 80% of their 1-RM 45-min thereafter. 1-wk. later (visit 2), participants consumed the same supplement as before, but exercised at the alternate load. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), femoral artery blood flow, and plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx) were assessed at baseline (BL), 45-min post-PWS/PBO consumption (PRE), and 5-min following the last set of leg extensions (POST). Vastus lateralis near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was employed during leg extension exercise. Repeated measures ANOVAs were performed with time, supplement, and load as independent variables and Bonferroni correction applied for multiple post-hoc comparisons. Data are reported as mean ± SD. Results With the 30% training load compared to 80%, significantly more repetitions were performed (p < 0.05), but there was no difference in total volume load (p > 0.05). NIRS derived minimum oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) was lower in the 80% load condition compared to 30% for all rest intervals between sets of exercise (p < 0.0167). HR and BP did not vary as a function of supplement or load. Femoral artery blood flow at POST was higher independent of exercise load and treatment. However, a time*supplement*load interaction was observed revealing greater femoral artery blood flow with PWS compared to PBO at POST in the 80% (+56.8%; p = 0.006) but not 30% load condition (+12.7%; p = 0.476). Plasma NOx was ~3-fold higher with PWS compared to PBO at PRE and POST (p < 0.001). Conclusions Compared to PBO, the PWS consumed herein augmented hyperemia following multiple sets to failure at 80% of 1-RM, but not 30%. This specificity may be a product of interaction with local perturbations (e.g., reduced tissue oxygenation levels [minimum O2Hb] in the 80% load condition) and/or muscle fiber recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, 910 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832 USA
| | - Petey W Mumford
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Cody T Haun
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Micheal J Luera
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Mary P Feeney
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Cameron S Mackey
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Paul A Roberson
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, 910 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832 USA
| | - David D Pascoe
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849 USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, 910 S. Donahue Drive, Auburn, AL 36832 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Creatine Prevents the Structural and Functional Damage to Mitochondria in Myogenic, Oxidatively Stressed C2C12 Cells and Restores Their Differentiation Capacity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5152029. [PMID: 27610211 PMCID: PMC5005540 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5152029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is a nutritional supplement promoting a number of health benefits. Indeed Cr has been shown to be beneficial in disease-induced muscle atrophy, improve rehabilitation, and afford mild antioxidant activity. The beneficial effects are likely to derive from pleiotropic interactions. In accord with this notion, we previously demonstrated that multiple pleiotropic effects, including preservation of mitochondrial damage, account for the capacity of Cr to prevent the differentiation arrest caused by oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts. Given the importance of mitochondria in supporting the myogenic process, here we further explored the protective effects of Cr on the structure, function, and networking of these organelles in C2C12 cells differentiating under oxidative stressing conditions; the effects on the energy sensor AMPK, on PGC-1α, which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and its downstream effector Tfam were also investigated. Our results indicate that damage to mitochondria is crucial in the differentiation imbalance caused by oxidative stress and that the Cr-prevention of these injuries is invariably associated with the recovery of the normal myogenic capacity. We also found that Cr activates AMPK and induces an upregulation of PGC-1α expression, two events which are likely to contribute to the protection of mitochondrial quality and function.
Collapse
|
17
|
Johannsmeyer S, Candow DG, Brahms CM, Michel D, Zello GA. Effect of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:112-9. [PMID: 27523919 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults. Participants were randomized to one of two groups: Creatine (CR: n=14, 7 females, 7 males; 58.0±3.0yrs, 0.1g/kg/day of creatine+0.1g/kg/day of maltodextrin) or Placebo (PLA: n=17, 7 females, 10 males; age: 57.6±5.0yrs, 0.2g/kg/day of maltodextrin) during 12weeks of drop-set resistance training (3days/week; 2 sets of leg press, chest press, hack squat and lat pull-down exercises performed to muscle fatigue at 80% baseline 1-repetition maximum [1-RM] immediately followed by repetitions to muscle fatigue at 30% baseline 1-RM). METHODS Prior to and following training and supplementation, assessments were made for body composition, muscle strength, muscle endurance, tasks of functionality, muscle protein catabolism and diet. RESULTS Drop-set resistance training improved muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle endurance and tasks of functionality (p<0.05). The addition of creatine to drop-set resistance training significantly increased body mass (p=0.002) and muscle mass (p=0.007) compared to placebo. Males on creatine increased muscle strength (lat pull-down only) to a greater extent than females on creatine (p=0.005). Creatine enabled males to resistance train at a greater capacity over time compared to males on placebo (p=0.049) and females on creatine (p=0.012). Males on creatine (p=0.019) and females on placebo (p=0.014) decreased 3-MH compared to females on creatine. CONCLUSIONS The addition of creatine to drop-set resistance training augments the gains in muscle mass from resistance training alone. Creatine is more effective in untrained aging males compared to untrained aging females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Canada.
| | - C Markus Brahms
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Canada
| | - Deborah Michel
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gordon A Zello
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Integrated Network Analysis Reveals an Association between Plasma Mannose Levels and Insulin Resistance. Cell Metab 2016; 24:172-84. [PMID: 27345421 PMCID: PMC6666317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the biological processes that are altered in obese subjects, we generated cell-specific integrated networks (INs) by merging genome-scale metabolic, transcriptional regulatory and protein-protein interaction networks. We performed genome-wide transcriptomics analysis to determine the global gene expression changes in the liver and three adipose tissues from obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery and integrated these data into the cell-specific INs. We found dysregulations in mannose metabolism in obese subjects and validated our predictions by detecting mannose levels in the plasma of the lean and obese subjects. We observed significant correlations between plasma mannose levels, BMI, and insulin resistance (IR). We also measured plasma mannose levels of the subjects in two additional different cohorts and observed that an increased plasma mannose level was associated with IR and insulin secretion. We finally identified mannose as one of the best plasma metabolites in explaining the variance in obesity-independent IR.
Collapse
|
19
|
Chiu CY, Yeh KW, Lin G, Chiang MH, Yang SC, Chao WJ, Yao TC, Tsai MH, Hua MC, Liao SL, Lai SH, Cheng ML, Huang JL. Metabolomics Reveals Dynamic Metabolic Changes Associated with Age in Early Childhood. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149823. [PMID: 26914934 PMCID: PMC4767415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives A detailed understanding of the metabolic processes governing rapid growth in early life is still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the age-related metabolic changes in healthy children throughout early childhood. Methods Healthy children from a birth cohort were enrolled in this study from birth through 4 years of age. Urinary metabolites were assessed at 6 months, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 yr of age by using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis including principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Metabolic pathway analysis was performed using the MetPA web tool. Results A total of 105 urine samples from 30 healthy children were collected and analyzed. Metabolites contributing to the discrimination between age groups were identified by using supervised PLS-DA (Q2 = 0.60; R2 = 0.66). A significantly higher urinary trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and betaine level was found in children aged 6 months. Urinary glycine and glutamine levels declined significantly after 6 months of age and there was a concomitant compensatory increase in urinary creatine and creatinine. Metabolic pathway analysis using MetPA revealed similar nitrogen metabolism associated energy production across all ages assessed. Pathways associated with amino acid metabolism were significantly different between infants aged 6 months and 1 year, whereas pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism were significantly different between children at ages 2 and 3 years. Conclusions Urine metabolomics ideally represents dynamic metabolic changes across age. Urinary metabolic profiles change significantly within the first year of life, which can potentially provide crucial information about infant nutrition and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yung Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Yeh
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gigin Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Chiang
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Yang
- Department of Nutrition Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ju Chao
- Department of Nutrition Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Yao
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Man-Chin Hua
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Ling Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Hao Lai
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MLC); (JLH)
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Community Medicine Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MLC); (JLH)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fransen JC, Zuhl M, Kerksick CM, Cole N, Altobelli S, Kuethe DO, Schneider S. Impact of creatine on muscle performance and phosphagen stores after immobilization. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1877-86. [PMID: 25893562 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of creatine (CR) supplementation during cast-immobilization to preserve skeletal muscle total work, power and intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) kinetics during dynamic exercise. METHODS Twenty-five active individuals (24 ± 4 years,) performed wrist flexion exercise within a 1.9 Tesla superconducting magnet before and after 1 week of cast-immobilization. An incremental protocol to fatigue and two constant load (CL1 and CL2) exercise bouts were performed. While casted, participants consumed either 20 g day(-1) of CR or a placebo (PLA). (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify in vivo intramuscular PCr levels. RESULTS No significant group × time interaction effects were found for work or power throughout all exercise bouts. Total work was significantly reduced over time in both groups (p = 0.049) during the incremental exercise bout. Work production in CL1 tended (p = 0.073) to attenuate in the CR group, compared to PLA. No changes were observed in CL2. Baseline PCr significantly decreased with casting in PLA (PRE: 26.6 ± 6.3 vs. POST: 22.5 ± 5.6 mM kg(-1) wet muscle, p = 0.003). No change (p = 0.31) was observed in the CR group. Changes in work production were significantly correlated with changes in resting PCr in CR (r = -0.63, p = 0.021) but not PLA (r = -0.36, p = 0.26) group. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest decreases in short-term endurance may be due to alternations of PCr status and/or metabolism. More research is needed to fully determine the efficacy of CR supplementation during short-term immobilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Fransen
- Exercise Science Program, Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago, 1032 W. Sheridan Road, BVM Hall 8th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Kresta JY, Oliver JM, Jagim AR, Fluckey J, Riechman S, Kelly K, Meininger C, Mertens-Talcott SU, Rasmussen C, Kreider RB. Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine supplementation on muscle carnosine, body composition and exercise performance in recreationally active females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:55. [PMID: 25505854 PMCID: PMC4263036 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the short-term and chronic effects of β-ALA supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate on body composition, aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance, and muscle carnosine and creatine levels in college-aged recreationally active females. METHODS Thirty-two females were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled manner into one of four supplementation groups: β-ALA only (BA, n = 8), creatine only (CRE, n = 8), β-ALA and creatine combined (BAC, n = 9) and placebo (PLA, n = 7). Participants supplemented for four weeks included a loading phase for the creatine for week 1 of 0.3 g/kg of body weight and a maintenance phase for weeks 2-4 of 0.1 g/kg of body weight, with or without a continuous dose of β-ALA of 0.1 g/kg of body weight with doses rounded to the nearest 800 mg capsule providing an average of 6.1 ± 0.7 g/day of β-ALA. Participants reported for testing at baseline, day 7 and day 28. Testing sessions consisted of obtaining a resting muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis, body composition measurements, performing a graded exercise test on the cycle ergometer for VO2peak with lactate threshold determination, and multiple Wingate anaerobic capacity tests. RESULTS Although mean changes were consistent with prior studies and large effect sizes were noted, no significant differences were observed among groups in changes in muscle carnosine levels (BA 35.3 ± 45; BAC 42.5 ± 99; CRE 0.72 ± 27; PLA 13.9 ± 44%, p = 0.59). Similarly, although changes in muscle phosphagen levels after one week of supplementation were consistent with prior reports and large effect sizes were seen, no statistically significant effects were observed among groups in changes in muscle phosphagen levels and the impact of CRE supplementation appeared to diminish during the maintenance phase. Additionally, significant time × group × Wingate interactions were observed among groups for repeated sprint peak power normalized to bodyweight (p = 0.02) and rate of fatigue (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study did not reveal any consistent additive benefits of BA and CRE supplementation in recreationally active women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Kresta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129 USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA
| | - James Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Muscle Biology Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Steven Riechman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Human Countermeasures Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Katherine Kelly
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
| | - Cynthia Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114 USA
| | - Susanne U Mertens-Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Is long term creatine and glutamine supplementation effective in enhancing physical performance of military police officers? J Hum Kinet 2014; 43:131-8. [PMID: 25713653 PMCID: PMC4332172 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2014-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of supplementation with creatine and glutamine on physical fitness of military police officers. Therefore, an experimental double blind study was developed, with the final sample composed by 32 men randomly distributed into three groups: a group supplemented with creatine (n=10), glutamine (n=10) and a placebo group (n=12) and evaluated in three distinct moments, in an interval of three months (T1, T2 and T3). The physical training had a weekly frequency of 5 sessions × 90 min, including strength exercises, local muscular resistance, flexibility and both aerobic and anaerobic capacity. After analyzing the effect of time, group and interaction (group × time) for measures that indicated the physical capabilities of the subjects, a significant effect of time for the entire variable was identified (p<0,05). However, these differences were not observed when the univaried intragroups and intergroups analysis was performed (p>0,05). In face of the results it was concluded that supplementation with creatine and glutamine showed no ergogenic effect on physical performance in military police officers.
Collapse
|
24
|
McAleer CW, Smith AST, Najjar S, Pirozzi K, Long CJ, Hickman JJ. Mechanistic investigation of adult myotube response to exercise and drug treatment in vitro using a multiplexed functional assay system. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:1398-405. [PMID: 25301895 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00612.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately measure skeletal muscle functional performance at the single-cell level would be advantageous for exercise physiology studies and disease modeling applications. To that end, this study characterizes the functional response of individual skeletal muscle myotubes derived from adult rodent tissue to creatine treatment and chronic exercise. The observed improvements to functional performance in response to these treatments appear to correlate with alterations in hypertrophic and mitochondrial biogenesis pathways, supporting previously published in vivo and in vitro data, which highlights the role of these pathways in augmenting skeletal muscle output. The developed system represents a multiplexed functional in vitro assay capable of long-term assessment of contractile cellular outputs in real-time that is compatible with concomitant molecular biology analysis. Adoption of this system in drug toxicity and efficacy studies would improve understanding of compound activity on physical cellular outputs and provide more streamlined and predictive data for future preclinical analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C W McAleer
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - A S T Smith
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - S Najjar
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - K Pirozzi
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - C J Long
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - J J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Claudino JG, Mezêncio B, Amaral S, Zanetti V, Benatti F, Roschel H, Gualano B, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. Creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:32. [PMID: 24991195 PMCID: PMC4077550 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies involving chronic creatine supplementation in elite soccer players are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players (n = 14 males) during pre-season training. Findings This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study. Brazilian professional elite soccer players participated in this study. During the pre-season (7 weeks), all the subjects underwent a standardized physical and specific soccer training. Prior to and after either creatine monohydrate or placebo supplementation, the lower-limb muscle power was measured by countermovement jump performance. The Jumping performance was compared between groups at baseline (p = 0.99). After the intervention, jumping performance was lower in the placebo group (percent change = - 0.7%; ES = - 0.3) than in the creatine group (percent change = + 2.4%; ES = + 0.1), but it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.23 for time x group interaction). Fisher’s exact test revealed that the proportion of subjects that experienced a reduction in jumping performance was significantly greater in the placebo group than in the creatine group (5 and 1, respectively; p = 0.05) after the training. The magnitude-based inferences demonstrated that placebo resulted in a possible negative effect (50%) in jumping performance, whereas creatine supplementation led to a very likely trivial effect (96%) in jumping performance in the creatine group. Conclusions Creatine monohydrate supplementation prevented the decrement in lower-limb muscle power in elite soccer players during a pre-season progressive training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João G Claudino
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Amaral
- Department of Health and Performance, Red Bull Brazil Football, João Lúcio do Prado street, Km 10, Jarinu, SP 13240-000, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Zanetti
- Department of Health and Performance, Red Bull Brazil Football, João Lúcio do Prado street, Km 10, Jarinu, SP 13240-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Benatti
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Medicine - Division of Rheumatology, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Medicine - Division of Rheumatology, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Alberto C Amadio
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Julio C Serrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Andrzejewski M, Chmura J, Pluta B, Strzelczyk R, Kasprzak A. Analysis of sprinting activities of professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 27:2134-40. [PMID: 23168374 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318279423e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was a detailed analysis of the sprinting activity of professional soccer players. The study involved 147 players who played in 10 matches of the 2008-09 and 2010-11 UEFA Europa League seasons. The number of performed sprints and total sprint distances covered by the players were examined using collected statistical material. Two types of sprints were distinguished based on their duration: S, short-duration sprint (below 5 seconds) and L, long-duration sprint (above 5 seconds). Additionally, sprints were classified according to their distance: 0-10, 10.1-20.0, and >20 m, respectively. The analysis of the sprinting activity of soccer players also involved their respective positions of play. The study was carried out using Amisco Pro (version. 1.0.2), one of the most comprehensive up-to-date computer systems for match analysis. The statistical analysis revealed that the mean total sprint distance covered by players (≥24 km·h) amounted to 237 ± 123 m. With regard to the position of play, the forwards covered the longest sprint distance (345 ± 129 m), that is, 9% longer than midfielders (313 ± 119 m) and over 100% longer than central midfielders (167 ± 87 m). The average number of sprints performed by the soccer players was 11.2 ± 5.3. It should also be emphasized that about 90% of sprints performed by professional soccer players were shorter than 5 seconds, whereas only 10% were longer than 5 seconds. Analysis of physical loads of soccer players during matches can be useful for individualization of training of soccer players' speed capabilities. It is an essential instrument of modern planning and application of training loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Andrzejewski
- Faculty of Methodology and Recreation, University School of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Preserving or restoring adequate nutritional status is a key factor to delay the onset of chronic diseases and to accelerate recovery from acute illnesses. In particular, consistent and robust data show the loss of muscle mass, that is, sarcopenia, is clinically relevant since it is closely related to increased morbidity and mortality in healthy individuals and patients. Sarcopenia is defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass and function. International study groups have recently proposed separate definitions and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. Unfortunately, the rate of agreement in assessing the prevalence of sarcopenia is just fair, which highlights the need for a common effort to harmonize definitions and diagnostic criteria. Sarcopenia should be distinct from myopenia, which is the disease-associated loss of muscle mass, although in clinical practice it may be impossible to separate them (i.e., in old cancer patients). The pathogenesis of sarcopenia is complex and multifactorial. Consequently, its treatment should target the different factors involved, including quantitatively and qualitatively inappropriate food intake and reduced physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Gori
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Rianda
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Barber JJ, McDermott AY, McGaughey KJ, Olmstead JD, Hagobian TA. Effects of combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on repeated sprint performance in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:252-8. [PMID: 23254493 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318252f6b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation independently increase exercise performance, but it remains unclear whether combining these 2 supplements is more beneficial on exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of combining creatine monohydrate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance. Thirteen healthy, trained men (21.1 ± 0.6 years, 23.5 ± 0.5 kg·m(-2), 66.7 ± 5.7 ml·(kg·m)(-1) completed 3 conditions in a double-blinded, crossover fashion: (a) Placebo (Pl; 20 g maltodextrin + 0.5 g·kg(-1) maltodextrin), (b) Creatine (Cr; 20 g + 0.5 g·kg(-1) maltodextrin), and (c) Creatine plus sodium bicarbonate (Cr + Sb; 20 g + 0.5 g·kg(-1) sodium bicarbonate). Each condition consisted of supplementation for 2 days followed by a 3-week washout. Peak power, mean power, relative peak power, and bicarbonate concentrations were assessed during six 10-second repeated Wingate sprint tests on a cycle ergometer with a 60-second rest period between each sprint. Compared with Pl, relative peak power was significantly higher in Cr (4%) and Cr + Sb (7%). Relative peak power was significantly lower in sprints 4-6, compared with that in sprint 1, in both Pl and Cr. However, in Cr + Sb, sprint 6 was the only sprint significantly lower compared with sprint 1. Pre-Wingate bicarbonate concentrations were significantly higher in Cr + Sb (10%), compared with in Pl and Cr, and mean concentrations remained higher after sprint 6, although not significantly. Combining creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation increased peak and mean power and had the greatest attenuation of decline in relative peak power over the 6 repeated sprints. These data suggest that combining these 2 supplements may be advantageous for athletes participating in high-intensity, intermittent exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Barber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Silva LA, Tromm CB, Da Rosa G, Bom K, Luciano TF, Tuon T, De Souza CT, Pinho RA. Creatine supplementation does not decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1164-76. [PMID: 23560674 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.773403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-six male rats were used; divided into 6 groups (n = 6): saline; creatine (Cr); eccentric exercise (EE) plus saline 24 h (saline + 24 h); eccentric exercise plus Cr 24 h (Cr + 24 h); eccentric exercise plus saline 48 h (saline + 48 h); and eccentric exercise plus Cr 48 h (Cr + 48 h). Cr supplementation was administered as a solution of 300 mg · kg body weight(-1) · day(-1) in 1 mL water, for two weeks, before the eccentric exercise. The animals were submitted to one downhill run session at 1.0 km · h(-1) until exhaustion. Twenty-four and forty-eight hours after the exercise, the animals were killed, and the quadriceps were removed. Creatine kinase levels, superoxide production, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level, carbonyl content, total thiol content, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, interleukin-1b (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kb), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) were analysed. Cr supplementation neither decreases Cr kinase, superoxide production, lipoperoxidation, carbonylation, total thiol, IL-1β, NF-kb, or TNF nor alters the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxides in relation to the saline group, respectively (P < 0.05). There are positive correlations between Cr kinase and TBARS and TNF-α 48 hours after eccentric exercise. The present study suggests that Cr supplementation does not decrease oxidative stress and inflammation after eccentric contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Silva
- Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, 88806‑000, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wall BT, van Loon LJC. Nutritional strategies to attenuate muscle disuse atrophy. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:195-208. [PMID: 23550781 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Situations such as recovery from injury or illness require otherwise healthy humans to undergo periods of disuse, which lead to considerable losses of skeletal muscle mass and, subsequently, numerous negative health consequences. It has been established that prolonged disuse (>10 days) leads to a decline in basal and postprandial rates of muscle protein synthesis, without an apparent change in muscle protein breakdown. It also seems, however, that an early and transient (1-5 days) increase in basal muscle protein breakdown may also contribute to disuse atrophy. A period of disuse reduces energy requirements and appetite. Consequently, food intake generally declines, resulting in an inadequate dietary protein consumption to allow proper muscle mass maintenance. Evidence suggests that maintaining protein intake during a period of disuse attenuates disuse atrophy. Furthermore, supplementation with dietary protein and/or essential amino acids can be applied to further aid in muscle mass preservation during disuse. Such strategies are of particular relevance to the older patient at risk of developing sarcopenia. More work is required to elucidate the impact of disuse on basal and postprandial rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. Such information will provide novel targets for nutritional interventions to further attenuate muscle disuse atrophy and, as such, support healthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tang FC, Chan CC, Kuo PL. Contribution of creatine to protein homeostasis in athletes after endurance and sprint running. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:61-71. [PMID: 23392621 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have focused on the metabolic changes induced by creatine supplementation. This study investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on plasma and urinary metabolite changes of athletes after endurance and sprint running. METHODS Twelve male athletes (20.3 ± 1.4 y) performed two identical (65-70 % maximum heart rate reserved) 60 min running exercises (endurance trial) before and after creatine supplementation (12 g creatine monohydrate/day for 15 days), followed by a 5-day washout period. Subsequently, they performed two identical 100 m sprint running exercises (power trial) before and after 15 days of creatine supplementation in accordance with the supplementary protocol of the endurance trial. Body composition measurements were performed during the entire study. Plasma samples were examined for the concentrations of glucose, lactate, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), free-tryptophan (f-TRP), glutamine, alanine, hypoxanthine, and uric acid. Urinary samples were examined for the concentrations of hydroxyproline, 3-methylhistidine, urea nitrogen, and creatinine. RESULTS Creatine supplementation significantly increased body weights of the athletes of endurance trial. Plasma lactate concentration and ratio of f-TRP/BCAAs after recovery from endurance running were significantly decreased with creatine supplementation. Plasma purine metabolites (the sum of hypoxanthine and uric acid), glutamine, urinary 3-methylhistidine, and urea nitrogen concentrations tended to decrease before running in trials with creatine supplements. After running, urinary hydroxyproline concentration significantly increased in the power trial with creatine supplements. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that creatine supplementation tended to decrease muscle glycogen and protein degradation, especially after endurance exercise. However, creatine supplementation might induce collagen proteolysis in athletes after sprint running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chun Tang
- Graduate Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Education, #162, Hoping E. Rd. 1st Sec, Taipei, 10600, Taiwan, ROC,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pereira ER, Nogueira GMDO, Coelho DB, Damasceno WC, Lima AM, Silami-Garcia E, Gomes Filho A. Suplementação com creatina altera a potência no teste de Wingate mas eleva a concentração de creatinina. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922012000500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da suplementação de creatina sobre o desempenho nos testes de Wingate de 10 e 30 segundos além da sua influência na concentração de lactato, ureia, creatinina e massa corporal de indivíduos fisicamente ativos. Para realização da pesquisa foram selecionados nove voluntários, sendo divididos dentro de dois grupos utilizando o procedimento duplo-cego: grupo creatina (n = 4) e grupo placebo (n = 5). A suplementação foi realizada via oral durante 10 dias, sendo que o grupo creatina ingeriu 20g de creatina (4x ao dia) nos primeiros cinco dias, seguida de uma ingesta de 5g/dia até o 10º dia. O grupo placebo recebeu a mesma dosagem, porém de maltodextrina como placebo. O protocolo de teste realizado antes e após o período de suplementação constou de um teste de Wingate adaptado de 10 segundos, seguido de um intervalo de 20 minutos para aplicação de um teste de Wingate de 30 segundos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue antes e após o período de suplementação para análise de creatinina e ureia, lactato em repouso, 90 segundos após o teste de 10 segundos e 180 segundos após o teste de 30 segundos. A suplementação de creatina promoveu um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) na potência máxima durante o teste de 30 segundos, na potência média no teste de 10 segundos, além da concentração de creatinina. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação de creatina pode melhorar o desempenho dos indivíduos durante exercício de alta intensidade e curta duração realizado no cicloergômetro, mas produz aumento da concentração de creatinina em repouso.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Rodrigues Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte; Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ary Gomes Filho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Candow DG, Forbes SC, Little JP, Cornish SM, Pinkoski C, Chilibeck PD. Effect of nutritional interventions and resistance exercise on aging muscle mass and strength. Biogerontology 2012; 13:345-58. [PMID: 22684187 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass, has a negative effect on strength, functional independence and overall quality of life. Sarcopenia is a multifactorial phenomenon characterized by changes in muscle morphology, protein and hormonal kinetics, oxidative stress, inflammation, physical activity and nutrition. It is well known that resistance exercise increases aging muscle mass and strength and these physiological adaptations from exercise may be further enhanced with certain nutritional interventions. Research indicates that essential amino acids and milk-based proteins, creatine monohydrate, essential fatty acids, and vitamin D may all have beneficial effects on aging muscle biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
See HH, Schmidt-Marzinkowski J, Pormsila W, Morand R, Krähenbühl S, Hauser PC. Determination of creatine and phosphocreatine in muscle biopsy samples by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 727:78-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
35
|
Paulo CA, Roschel H, Ugrinowitsch C, Kobal R, Tricoli V. Influence of different resistance exercise loading schemes on mechanical power output in work to rest ratio - equated and - nonequated conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1308-12. [PMID: 22516905 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822e89d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that most sports are characterized by the performance of intermittent high-intensity actions, requiring high muscle power production within different intervals. In fact, the manipulation of the exercise to rest ratio in muscle power training programs may constitute an interesting strategy when considering the specific performance demand of a given sport modality. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different schemes of rest intervals and number of repetitions per set on muscle power production in the squat exercise between exercise to rest ratio-equated and -nonequated conditions. Nineteen young males (age: 25.7 ± 4.4 years; weight: 81.3 ± 13.7 kg; height: 178.1 ± 5.5 cm) were randomly submitted to 3 different resistance exercise loading schemes, as follows: short-set short-interval condition (SSSI; 12 sets of 3 repetitions with a 27.3-second interval between sets); short-set long-interval condition (SSLI; 12 sets of 3 repetitions with a 60-second interval between sets); long-set long-interval (LSLI; 6 sets of 6 repetitions with a 60-second rest interval between sets). The main finding of the present study is that the lower exercise to rest ratio protocol (SSLI) resulted in greater average power production (601.88 ± 142.48 W) when compared with both SSSI and LSLI (581.86 ± 113.18 W; 578 ± 138.78 W, respectively). Additionally, both the exercise to rest ratio-equated conditions presented similar performance and metabolic results. In summary, these findings suggest that shorter rest intervals may fully restore the individual's ability to produce muscle power if a smaller exercise volume per set is performed and that lower exercise to rest ratio protocols result in greater average power production when compared with higher ratio ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caetano A Paulo
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Burke DG, Mueller KD, Lewis JD. Effect of different frequencies of creatine supplementation on muscle size and strength in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1831-8. [PMID: 21512399 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e7419a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to determine if creatine supplementation, consumed immediately before and immediately after exercise, with different dosing frequency (i.e., 2 or 3 d wk) could enhance the gains in muscle size and strength from resistance training (RT) in young adults. A group of 38 physically active, nonresistance trained university students (21-28 years) was randomly allocated to 1 of 4 groups: CR2 (0.15 g·kg creatine during 2 d wk of RT; 3 sets of 10 repetitions; n = 11, 6 men, 5 women), CR3 (0.10 g·kg creatine during 3 d wk of RT; 2 sets of 10 repetitions; n = 11, 6 men, 5 women;), PLA2 (placebo during 2 d wk of RT; n = 8, 5 men, 3 women), and PLA3 (placebo during 3 d wk of RT; n = 8, 4 men, 4 women) for 6 weeks. Before and after training, measurements were taken for muscle thickness of the elbow and knee flexor and extensor muscle groups (ultrasound), 1-repetition maximumleg press and chest press strength, and kidney function (urinary microalbumin). Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that strength and muscle thickness increased in all groups with training (p < 0.05). The CR2 (0.6 ± 0.9 cm or 20%; p < 0.05) and CR3 groups (0.4 ± 0.6 cm or 16.4%; p < 0.05) experienced greater change in muscle thickness of the elbow flexors compared to the PLA2 (0.05 ± 0.5 cm or 2.3%) and PLA3 groups (0.13 ± 0.7 cm or 6.3%). Men supplementing with creatine experienced a greater increase in leg press strength (77.3 ± 51.2 kg or 62%) compared to women on creatine (21.3 ± 10 kg or 34%, p < 0.05). We conclude that creatine supplementation during RT has a small beneficial effect on regional muscle thickness in young adults but that giving the creatine over 3 d wk did not differ from giving the same dose over 2 d wk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schuenke MD, Brooks NE, Hikida RS. Interactions of aging, overload, and creatine supplementation in rat plantaris muscle. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:393416. [PMID: 21876808 PMCID: PMC3161242 DOI: 10.4061/2011/393416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuation of age-related sarcopenia by creatine supplementation has been equivocal. In this study, plantaris muscles of young (Y; 5m) and aging (A; 24m) Fisher 344 rats underwent four weeks of either control (C), creatine supplementation (Cr), surgical overload (O), or overload plus creatine (OCr). Creatine alone had no effect on muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) or heat shock protein (HSP70) and increased myonuclear domain (MND) only in young rats. Overload increased CSA and HSP70 content in I and IIA fibers, regardless of age, and MND in IIA fibers of YO rats. CSA and MND increased in all fast fibers of YOCr, and CSA increased in I and IIA fibers of AOCr. OCR did not alter HSP70, regardless of age. MND did not change in aging rats, regardless of treatment. These data indicate creatine alone had no significant effect. Creatine with overload produced no additional hypertrophy relative to overload alone and attenuated overload-induced HSP70 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Schuenke
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Owen L, Sunram-Lea SI. Metabolic agents that enhance ATP can improve cognitive functioning: a review of the evidence for glucose, oxygen, pyruvate, creatine, and L-carnitine. Nutrients 2011; 3:735-55. [PMID: 22254121 PMCID: PMC3257700 DOI: 10.3390/nu3080735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past four or five decades, there has been increasing interest in the neurochemical regulation of cognition. This field received considerable attention in the 1980s, with the identification of possible cognition enhancing agents or "smart drugs". Even though many of the optimistic claims for some agents have proven premature, evidence suggests that several metabolic agents may prove to be effective in improving and preserving cognitive performance and may lead to better cognitive aging through the lifespan. Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration in physiological functions and metabolic processes. There are a number of agents with the potential to improve metabolic activity. Research is now beginning to identify these various agents and delineate their potential usefulness for improving cognition in health and disease. This review provides a brief overview of the metabolic agents glucose, oxygen, pyruvate, creatine, and L-carnitine and their beneficial effects on cognitive function. These agents are directly responsible for generating ATP (adenosine triphosphate) the main cellular currency of energy. The brain is the most metabolically active organ in the body and as such is particularly vulnerable to disruption of energy resources. Therefore interventions that sustain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels may have importance for improving neuronal dysfunction and loss. Moreover, recently, it has been observed that environmental conditions and diet can affect transgenerational gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. Metabolic agents might play a role in regulation of nutritional epigenetic effects. In summary, the reviewed metabolic agents represent a promising strategy for improving cognitive function and possibly slowing or preventing cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Owen
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia;
| | - Sandra I. Sunram-Lea
- Department of Psychology, Fylde College University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YW, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Creatine but not betaine supplementation increases muscle phosphorylcreatine content and strength performance. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2299-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
40
|
Rolland Y, Onder G, Morley JE, Gillette-Guyonet S, Abellan van Kan G, Vellas B. Current and future pharmacologic treatment of sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med 2011; 27:423-47. [PMID: 21824556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a complex multifactorial condition that can by treated with multimodal approaches. No pharmacologic agent to prevent or treat sarcopenia has been as efficacious as exercise (mainly resistance training) in combination with nutritional intervention (adequate protein and energy intake). However, performing resistance training sessions and following nutritional advice can be challenging, especially for frail, sarcopenic, elderly patients, and results remain only partial. Therefore, new pharmacologic agents may substantially reduce the functional decline in older people. This article reviews the new pharmacologic agents currently being assessed for treating sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Rolland
- Inserm U1027, University of Toulouse III, Avenue Jules Guesdes, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Candow DG. Sarcopenia: current theories and the potential beneficial effect of creatine application strategies. Biogerontology 2011; 12:273-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
42
|
Effect of caffeine ingestion after creatine supplementation on intermittent high-intensity sprint performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:1669-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
43
|
Comparison of the novel compounds creatine and pyruvateon lipid and protein metabolism in broiler chickens. Animal 2011; 5:1082-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
44
|
Hickner RC, Dyck DJ, Sklar J, Hatley H, Byrd P. Effect of 28 days of creatine ingestion on muscle metabolism and performance of a simulated cycling road race. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:26. [PMID: 20609257 PMCID: PMC2909923 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The effects of creatine supplementation on muscle metabolism and exercise performance during a simulated endurance road race was investigated. Methods Twelve adult male (27.3 ± 1.0 yr, 178.6 ± 1.4 cm, 78.0 ± 2.5 kg, 8.9 ± 1.1 %fat) endurance-trained (53.3 ± 2.0 ml* kg-1* min-1, cycling ~160 km/wk) cyclists completed a simulated road race on a cycle ergometer (Lode), consisting of a two-hour cycling bout at 60% of peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) with three 10-second sprints performed at 110% VO2 peak every 15 minutes. Cyclists completed the 2-hr cycling bout before and after dietary creatine monohydrate or placebo supplementation (3 g/day for 28 days). Muscle biopsies were taken at rest and five minutes before the end of the two-hour ride. Results There was a 24.5 ± 10.0% increase in resting muscle total creatine and 38.4 ± 23.9% increase in muscle creatine phosphate in the creatine group (P < 0.05). Plasma glucose, blood lactate, and respiratory exchange ratio during the 2-hour ride, as well as VO2 peak, were not affected by creatine supplementation. Submaximal oxygen consumption near the end of the two-hour ride was decreased by approximately 10% by creatine supplementation (P < 0.05). Changes in plasma volume from pre- to post-supplementation were significantly greater in the creatine group (+14.0 ± 6.3%) than the placebo group (-10.4 ± 4.4%; P < 0.05) at 90 minutes of exercise. The time of the final sprint to exhaustion at the end of the 2-hour cycling bout was not affected by creatine supplementation (creatine pre, 64.4 ± 13.5s; creatine post, 88.8 ± 24.6s; placebo pre, 69.0 ± 24.8s; placebo post 92.8 ± 31.2s: creatine vs. placebo not significant). Power output for the final sprint was increased by ~33% in both groups (creatine vs. placebo not significant). Conclusions It can be concluded that although creatine supplementation may increase resting muscle total creatine, muscle creatine phosphate, and plasma volume, and may lead to a reduction in oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise, creatine supplementation does not improve sprint performance at the end of endurance cycling exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Hickner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Altimari LR, Tirapegui J, Okano AH, Franchini E, Takito MY, Avelar A, Altimari JM, Cyrino ES. Efeitos da suplementação prolongada de creatina mono-hidratada sobre o desempenho anaeróbio de adultos jovens treinados. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922010000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o impacto de oito semanas de suplementação de creatina mono-hidratada (Crm) sobre o desempenho anaeróbio de adultos jovens treinados. Vinte e seis estudantes de educação física, do sexo masculino, saudáveis, foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo creatina (GCr, n = 13; 22,5 ± 2,7 anos; 74,9 ± 6,8kg, 178,5 ± 4,8cm) e grupo placebo (GPl, n = 13; 22,9 ± 3,2 anos, 71,9 ± 11,3kg, 178,6 ± 4,0cm). Os indivíduos ingeriram em sistema duplo-cego doses de Crm ou placebo-maltodextrina (20 g.d-1 por 5 dias e 3 g.d-1 por 51 dias subsequentes). Ambos os grupos tiveram seus hábitos alimentares e os níveis de aptidão física controlados anteriormente. O teste anaeróbio de Wingate (TW) foi usado para avaliar o desempenho anaeróbio antes e após o período de ingestão de Crm ou placebo. Os índices de desempenho analisados foram: potência pico relativa (PPR), potência média relativa (PMR), trabalho total relativo (TTR) e índice de fadiga (IF). Para tratamento estatístico foi utilizado ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de post hoc Tukey, quando P<0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes nos índices PPR, PMR, TTR e IF após o período de suplementação de Crm (P<0,05). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a suplementação de Crm não parece ser um recurso ergogênico eficiente em esforços físicos de alta intensidade e curta duração que envolve uma única série.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre Hideki Okano
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil; Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Smith AE, Fukuda DH, Kendall KL, Stout JR. The effects of a pre-workout supplement containing caffeine, creatine, and amino acids during three weeks of high-intensity exercise on aerobic and anaerobic performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:10. [PMID: 20156347 PMCID: PMC2854104 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel design study was used to examine the effects of a pre-workout supplement combined with three weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic and anaerobic running performance, training volume, and body composition. Methods Twenty-four moderately-trained recreational athletes (mean ± SD age = 21.1 ± 1.9 yrs; stature = 172.2 ± 8.7 cm; body mass = 66.2 ± 11.8 kg, VO2max = 3.21 ± 0.85 l·min-1, percent body fat = 19.0 ± 7.1%) were assigned to either the active supplement (GT, n = 13) or placebo (PL, n = 11) group. The active supplement (Game Time®, Corr-Jensen Laboratories Inc., Aurora, CO) was 18 g of powder, 40 kcals, and consisted of a proprietary blend including whey protein, cordyceps sinensis, creatine, citrulline, ginseng, and caffeine. The PL was also 18 g of powder, 40 kcals, and consisted of only maltodextrin, natural and artificial flavors and colors. Thirty minutes prior to all testing and training sessions, participants consumed their respective supplements mixed with 8-10 oz of water. Both groups participated in a three-week HIIT program three days per week, and testing was conducted before and after the training. Cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) was assessed using open circuit spirometry (Parvo-Medics TrueOne® 2400 Metabolic Measurement System, Sandy, UT) during graded exercise tests on a treadmill (Woodway, Pro Series, Waukesha, WI). Also, four high-speed runs to exhaustion were conducted at 110, 105, 100, and 90% of the treadmill velocity recorded during VO2max, and the distances achieved were plotted over the times-to-exhaustion. Linear regression was used to determine the slopes (critical velocity, CV) and y-intercepts (anaerobic running capacity, ARC) of these relationships to assess aerobic and anaerobic performances, respectively. Training volumes were tracked by summing the distances achieved during each training session for each subject. Percent body fat (%BF) and lean body mass (LBM) were assessed with air-displacement plethysmography (BOD POD®, Life Measurement, Inc., Concord, CA). Results Both GT and PL groups demonstrated a significant (p = 0.028) increase in VO2max from pre- to post-training resulting in a 10.3% and 2.9% improvement, respectively. CV increased (p = 0.036) for the GT group by 2.9%, while the PL group did not change (p = 0.256; 1.7% increase). ARC increased for the PL group by 22.9% and for the GT group by 10.6%. Training volume was 11.6% higher for the GT versus PL group (p = 0.041). %BF decreased from 19.3% to 16.1% for the GT group and decreased from 18.0% to 16.8% in the PL group (p = 0.178). LBM increased from 54.2 kg to 55.4 kg (p = 0.035) for the GT group and decreased from 52.9 kg to 52.4 kg in the PL group (p = 0.694). Conclusion These results demonstrated improvements in VO2max, CV, and LBM when GT is combined with HIIT. Three weeks of HIIT alone also augmented anaerobic running performance, VO2max and body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Smith
- Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Young JF, Larsen LB, Malmendal A, Nielsen NC, Straadt IK, Oksbjerg N, Bertram HC. Creatine-induced activation of antioxidative defence in myotube cultures revealed by explorative NMR-based metabonomics and proteomics. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:9. [PMID: 20205771 PMCID: PMC2822831 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine is a key intermediate in energy metabolism and supplementation of creatine has been used for increasing muscle mass, strength and endurance. Creatine supplementation has also been reported to trigger the skeletal muscle expression of insulin like growth factor I, to increase the fat-free mass and improve cognition in elderly, and more explorative approaches like transcriptomics has revealed additional information. The aim of the present study was to reveal additional insight into the biochemical effects of creatine supplementation at the protein and metabolite level by integrating the explorative techniques, proteomics and NMR metabonomics, in a systems biology approach. Methods Differentiated mouse myotube cultures (C2C12) were exposed to 5 mM creatine monohydrate (CMH) for 24 hours. For proteomics studies, lysed myotubes were analyzed in single 2-DGE gels where the first dimension of protein separation was pI 5-8 and second dimension was a 12.5% Criterion gel. Differentially expressed protein spots of significance were excised from the gel, desalted and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF MS. For NMR metabonomic studies, chloroform/methanol extractions of the myotubes were subjected to one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy and the intracellular oxidative status of myotubes was assessed by intracellular DCFH2 oxidation after 24 h pre-incubation with CMH. Results The identified differentially expressed proteins included vimentin, malate dehydrogenase, peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin dependent peroxide reductase, and 75 kDa and 78 kDa glucose regulated protein precursors. After CMH exposure, up-regulated proteomic spots correlated positively with the NMR signals from creatine, while down-regulated proteomic spots were negatively correlated with these NMR signals. The identified differentially regulated proteins were related to energy metabolism, glucose regulated stress, cellular structure and the antioxidative defence system. The suggested improvement of the antioxidative defence was confirmed by a reduced intracellular DCFH2 oxidation with increasing concentrations of CMH in the 24 h pre-incubation medium. Conclusions The explorative approach of this study combined with the determination of a decreased intracellular DCFH2 oxidation revealed an additional stimulation of cellular antioxidative mechanisms when myotubes were exposed to CMH. This may contribute to an increased exercise performance mediated by increased ability to cope with training-induced increases in oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jette F Young
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wilson JM, Wilson GJ, Zourdos MC, Smith AE, Stout JR. Beta-Alanine Supplementation Improves Aerobic and Anaerobic Indices of Performance. Strength Cond J 2010. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181c20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Candow DG, Chilibeck PD. Potential of creatine supplementation for improving aging bone health. J Nutr Health Aging 2010; 14:149-53. [PMID: 20126964 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-009-0224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging subsequently results in bone and muscle loss which has a negative effect on strength, agility, and balance leading to increased risks of falls, injuries, and fractures. Resistance training is an effective strategy for maintaining bone mass, possibly by increasing activity of cells involved in bone formation and reducing activity of cells involved in bone resorption. However, bone loss is still evident in older adults who have maintained resistance training for most of their life, suggesting that other factors such as nutrition may be involved in the aging bone process. Emerging evidence suggests that creatine supplementation, with and without resistance training, has the potential to influence bone biology. However, research investigating the longer-term effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on aging bone is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dalbo VJ, Roberts MD, Lockwood CM, Tucker PS, Kreider RB, Kerksick CM. The effects of age on skeletal muscle and the phosphocreatine energy system: can creatine supplementation help older adults. DYNAMIC MEDICINE : DM 2009; 8:6. [PMID: 20034396 PMCID: PMC2807421 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5918-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Creatine supplementation has been found to significantly increase muscle strength and hypertrophy in young adults (≤ 35 yr) particularly when consumed in conjunction with a resistance training regime. Literature examining the efficacy of creatine supplementation in older adults (55-82 yr) suggests creatine to promote muscle strength and hypertrophy to a greater extent than resistance training alone. The following is a review of literature reporting on the effects of creatine supplementation on intramuscular high energy phosphates, skeletal muscle morphology and quality of life in older adults. Results suggest creatine supplementation to be a safe, inexpensive and effective nutritional intervention, particularly when consumed in conjunction with a resistance training regime, for slowing the rate of muscle wasting that is associated with aging. Physicians should strongly consider advising older adults to supplement with creatine and to begin a resistance training regime in an effort to enhance skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy, resulting in enhanced quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Dalbo
- Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|