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Protective effects of apelin on gastric mucosa. Tissue Cell 2022; 78:101885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Palmioli E, Dall’Aglio C, Bellesi M, Tardella FM, Moscatelli S, Scocco P, Mercati F. The Apelinergic System Immuno-Detection in the Abomasum and Duodenum of Sheep Grazing on Semi-Natural Pasture. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113173. [PMID: 34827905 PMCID: PMC8614516 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The semi-natural pastures in the Apennines represent the feed source for ovine, whose grazing activity helps to preserve the grassland’s biodiversity. Summer drought stress decreases the grassland pastoral value and affects the morpho-functional features of sheep’s digestive systems. A better knowledge of the gastrointestinal system of sheep may contribute to guaranteeing their welfare, a prerequisite for the sustainability of livestock production. This study aimed to immune-localize the apelinergic system in the abomasum and duodenum of sheep grazing on semi-natural pasture during the spring–summer season and to compare its behavior among animal groups fed with or without supplementation. The apelinergic system, composed of apelin and its receptor, is involved in foodintake and the secretion and absorption activities of the digestive apparatus. Apelinergic system molecules were localized at the abomasum lining epithelium and fundic glands level and at the duodenum lining and crypt epithelium, in addition to the neuroendocrine cells. Variations in reactivity were observed in the different feed groups; feed supplementation seemed to maintain the functionality of the apelinergic system in the organs near the status related to the better pasture phase, suggesting that it may be a suitable solution able to counteract the harmful effects of summer drought stress. Abstract Apelin (APLN) is an adipokine mainly produced by adipose tissue and related to an individual’s nutritional status as well as digestive apparatus functions. In this work, APLN and its receptor (APLNR) were investigated, by immunohistochemistry, in the abomasum and duodenum of 15 Comisana × Appenninica adult sheep reared in a semi-natural pasture. Organ samples were collected after maximum pasture flowering (M × F group) and after maximum pasture dryness (M × D group); the experimental group (E × p group) received a feed supplementation of 600 grams/day/head of barley and corn in addition to M × D group feeding. APLN and APLNR were identified in the lining epithelium and the fundic gland chief cells of the abomasum. APLNR was observed in the lining epithelium, in the crypts and the serotonin secreting cells of the duodenum. Similar reactivity was observed between the M × F and E × p groups, while the M × D group showed a lower intensity of immunostaining for both APLN and APLNR in all positive structures but the duodenal serotonin neuroendocrine cells. Hence, our findings show that the E × p group presents a picture quite overlapped with M × F and suggest that food supplementation has a maintaining effect on the apelinergic system expression in the investigated digestive tracts of the sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Palmioli
- Department of FISSUF, PhD Course in “Ethics of Communication, Scientific Research and Technological Innovation” Medical-Health Curriculum, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Dall’Aglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0755857633
| | - Michele Bellesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.B.); (F.M.T.); (S.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Federico Maria Tardella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.B.); (F.M.T.); (S.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Sara Moscatelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.B.); (F.M.T.); (S.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Scocco
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.B.); (F.M.T.); (S.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Francesca Mercati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
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Sinen O, Bülbül M. The role of autonomic pathways in peripheral apelin-induced gastrointestinal dysmotility: involvement of the circumventricular organs. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:475-485. [PMID: 33347671 DOI: 10.1113/ep089182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are central autonomic pathways and circumventricular organs involved in apelin-induced inhibition of gut motility? What is the main finding and its importance? Peripherally administered apelin-13 inhibits gastric and colonic motor functions through sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic pathways, which seems to be partly mediated by the apelin receptor in circumventricular organs. ABSTRACT Peripheral administration of apelin-13 has been shown to inhibit gastrointestinal (GI) motility, but the relevant mechanisms are incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate (i) whether the apelin receptor (APJ) is expressed in circumventricular structures involved in autonomic functions, (ii) whether they are activated by peripherally administered apelin, (iii) the role of autonomic pathways in peripheral exogenous apelin-induced GI dysmotility, and (iv) the changes in apelin levels in the extracellular environment of the brain following its peripheral application. Ninety minutes after apelin-13 administration (300 μg kg-1 , i.p.), gastric emptying (GE) and colon transit (CT) were measured in rats that underwent parasympathectomy and/or sympathectomy. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were also collected from another group of rats that received apelin-13 or vehicle injection. The immunoreactivities for APJ and c-Fos in circumventricular organs (CVOs) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, GE and CT were inhibited significantly by apelin-13 treatment, and were completely restored in animals that underwent the combination of parasympathectomy and sympathectomy and sympathectomy alone, respectively. Apelin concentrations were elevated in both plasma and CSF following peripheral administration of apelin-13. APJ expression was detected in area postrema (AP), subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis, and c-Fos expression was observed in response to apelin injection. Apelin-induced c-Fos expression in AP was partially attenuated by pretreatment with the cholecystokinin-1 receptor antagonist lorglumide, whereas it was completely abolished in vagotomized rats. The present data suggest that APJ in CVOs could indirectly contribute to the inhibitory action of peripheral apelin on GI motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Sinen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bülbül
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Kamakura R, Raza GS, Prasannan A, Walkowiak J, Herzig KH. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and GLP-1 interplay in STC-1 and GLUTag cell lines. Peptides 2020; 134:170419. [PMID: 32998057 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone, secreted from L-cells of distal ileum and colon in response to nutrient ingestion in human. GLP-1 plays a major role in gut motility, appetite regulation, and insulin secretion. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), a serine peptidase, cleaves N-terminal dipeptides of GLP-1, rendering it inactive and responsible for its short half-life. DPP4 is widely expressed in numerous tissues in a membrane bound or soluble form. The enteroendocrine cell lines STC-1 and GLUTag are extensively used as models for in vitro studies, however, the basic parallel characterization between these cell lines is still missing. Previously, we demonstrated that these cell lines exhibit different responses to α-linolenic acid (αLA)-induced GLP-1 secretion. Therefore, we examined the basal and stimulated GLP-1 and DPP4 secretion between the two cell lines. GPR120 and GPR40 are known to bind long chain fatty acids. We found that STC-1 cells secreted significantly more basal and αLA-induced GLP-1 than GLUTag cells. In addition, STC-1 secreted DPP4 and expressed higher amounts of DPP4 and GPR120 than GLUTag cells, while GLUTag cells expressed higher GPR40 protein levels than STC-1 cells. Interestingly, the secreted soluble DPP4 did not change the active GLP-1 concentrations in the buffer group, and only 5.5 % of GLP-1 was degraded in the αLA stimulated group. These results suggested that STC-1 cells have a higher potential to secrete GLP-1 and DPP4 than GLUTag cells, and the membrane bound DPP4 may play a more significant role in the inactivation of GLP-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Kamakura
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aishwarya Prasannan
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaroslaw Walkowiak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, Bayramoğlu O, Akkoyunlu G. Enteric apelin enhances the stress-induced stimulation of colonic motor functions. Stress 2020; 23:201-212. [PMID: 31441348 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1658739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to stress, apelin and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) are upregulated in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This study was designed to investigate the effect of stress on endogenous apelin in colon and its regulatory role on colonic motor functions. Colon transit (CT) was measured in rats exposed to acute restraint stress (ARS). APJ and CRF receptor antagonists F13A and astressin were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ARS loading. Colonic muscle contractions were evaluated by in-vivo motility recording and in-vitro organ bath studies. Detection of apelin or CRF was performed using immunohistochemistry in proximal and distal colon of non-stressed (NS) and ARS-loaded rats. Immunoreactivity of CRF1 with apelin or APJ receptor was detected with double-labeled immunofluorescence in colonic myenteric neurons. Compared with NS rats, ARS accelerated the CT which was attenuated significantly by F13A or astressin. Following ARS, the expression of CRF was increased remarkably in distal colon, while the stress-induced change was not prominent in proximal colon. Apelin-positive cells were detected in myenteric ganglia of distal colon, while no apelin immunoreactivity observed in myenteric neurons of proximal colon. Both apelin and APJ receptor are colocalized with CRF1 in myenteric neurons of distal colon. In the in-vivo colonic motility experiments, apelin-13 exhibited a rapid stimulatory effect. CRF administration increased the motility which was abolished by F13A. Apelin-induced contractions in muscle strips were no longer observed with preadministration of F13A. These results suggest that enteric apelin contributes to the action of CRF on colonic motor functions under stressed conditions.LAY SUMMARYIt has been suggested in rodents that acute stress increases the expression of apelin in gastrointestinal tissues. We have found that under stressed conditions, enteric apelin contributes to the CRF-induced alterations in colonic motor functions through APJ receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Onur Bayramoğlu
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Egberts JH, Raza GS, Wilgus C, Teyssen S, Kiehne K, Herzig KH. Release of Cholecystokinin from Rat Intestinal Mucosal Cells and the Enteroendocrine Cell Line STC-1 in Response to Maleic and Succinic Acid, Fermentation Products of Alcoholic Beverages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020589. [PMID: 31963306 PMCID: PMC7013850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic beverages stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretions by inducing cholecystokinin (CCK) release. CCK is the major stimulatory hormone of pancreatic exocrine secretions, secreted from enteroendocrine I-cells of the intestine. Fermentation products of alcoholic beverages, such as maleic and succinic acids, influence gastric acid secretions. We hypothesize that maleic and succinic acids stimulate pancreatic exocrine secretions during beer and wine ingestion by increasing CCK secretions. Therefore, the effects of maleic and succinic acids on CCK release were studied in duodenal mucosal cells and the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. Mucosal cells were perfused for 30 min with 5 min sampling intervals, STC-1 cells were studied under static incubation for 15 min, and supernatants were collected for CCK measurements. Succinate and maleate-induced CCK release were investigated. Succinate and maleate doses dependently stimulated CCK secretions from mucosal cells and STC-1 cells. Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, significantly inhibited succinate and maleate-induced CCK secretions from mucosal cells and STC-1 cells. Maleate and succinate did not show cytotoxicity in STC-1 cells. Our results indicate that succinate and maleate are novel CCK-releasing factors in fermented alcoholic beverages and could contribute to pancreatic exocrine secretions and their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.-H.E.); (C.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Cornelia Wilgus
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.-H.E.); (C.W.); (K.K.)
| | | | - Karlheinz Kiehne
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.-H.E.); (C.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (J.-H.E.); (C.W.); (K.K.)
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland
- Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Birsen İ, İzgüt-Uysal VN, Soylu H, Üstünel İ. The effect of apelin-13 on gastric ischemia/reperfusion injury: the roles of sensory nerves and vagus nerve. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 98:282-295. [PMID: 31821012 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a peptide that plays a role in physiological processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, and proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons and vagus in the effect of apelin against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The experimental groups were (1) control, (2) I/R, (3) apelin + I/R, (4) vagotomy + I/R, (5) vagotomy + apelin + I/R, (6) capsaicin + I/R, (7) capsaicin + apelin + I/R, (8) lorglumide + I/R, and (9) lorglumide + apelin + I/R. To test the potential gastroprotective effect of apelin-13, apelin-13 (2 mg/kg i.v.) was administered just before both ischemia and reperfusion. A vagotomy was performed 1 week before I/R in the vagotomized groups; capsaicin (125 mg/kg s.c.) was administrated 2 weeks before I/R in the capsaicin-treated groups and lorglumide (5 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 30 min before I/R in the lorglumide-treated groups. After I/R, a variety parameters in gastric tissue were analyzed. cfos expression was determined in brainstem samples. In the I/R group, the lesion index, myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-α increased, and mucosal blood flow, prostaglandin-E2, and calcitonin gene related peptide decreased. Apelin prevented the damaging effects of I/R and increased cfos expression in brainstem areas. Vagotomy, capsaicin, and lorglumide largely eliminated the gastroprotective effects of apelin-13. This study showed that sensory nerves and the vagus play regulatory roles in apelin-induced gastroprotection. Cholecystokinin may play a role in the effect of apelin through sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Birsen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biruni University, 34096 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - V Nimet İzgüt-Uysal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Soylu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Düzce University, 81620 Düzce, Turkey
| | - İsmail Üstünel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey
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Kamakura R, Kovalainen M, Riikonen J, Nissinen T, Shere Raza G, Walkowiak J, Lehto VP, Herzig KH. Inorganic mesoporous particles for controlled α-linolenic acid delivery to stimulate GLP-1 secretion in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:132-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, Bayramoğlu O, Akkoyunlu G. Acute restraint stress induces cholecystokinin release via enteric apelin. Neuropeptides 2019; 73:71-77. [PMID: 30503693 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress increases the apelin content in gut, while exogenous peripheral apelin has been shown to induce cholecystokinin (CCK) release. The present study was designed to elucidate (i) the effect of acute stress on enteric production of apelin and CCK, (ii) the role of APJ receptors in apelin-induced CCK release depending on the nutritional status. CCK levels were assayed in portal vein blood samples obtained from stressed (ARS) and non-stressed (NS) rats previously injected with APJ receptor antagonist F13A or vehicle. Duodenal expressions of apelin, CCK and APJ receptor were detected by immunohistochemistry. ARS increased the CCK release which was abolished by selective APJ receptor antagonist F13A. The stimulatory effect of ARS on CCK production was only observed in rats fed ad-libitum. Apelin and CCK expressions were upregulated by ARS. In addition to the duodenal I cells, APJ receptor was also detected in CCK-producing myenteric neurons. Enteric apelin appears to regulate the stress-induced changes in GI functions through CCK. Therefore, apelin/APJ receptor systems seem to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of stress-related gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Onur Bayramoğlu
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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11
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, İzgüt‐Uysal VN, Akkoyunlu G, Öztürk S, Uysal F. Peripheral apelin mediates stress‐induced alterations in gastrointestinal motor functions depending on the nutritional status. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 46:29-39. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University AntalyaTurkey
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University AntalyaTurkey
| | | | - Gökhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| | - Saffet Öztürk
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| | - Fatma Uysal
- Department of Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey
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12
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, Abueid L, Akkoyunlu G, Özsoy Ö. Central apelin administration and restraint stress induce hypothalamic cholecystokinin release via the APJ receptor. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12635. [PMID: 30044523 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to an acute stressor induces up-regulation of apelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), which is the key brain centre integrating the stress-induced alterations in neuroendocrine, autonomic and behavioural functions. We tested the hypothesis that the release of CCK from the PVN is increased by centrally administered or stress-induced up-regulated endogenous apelin via the APJ receptor. Additionally, the effect of hypothalamic CCK on autonomic outflow was investigated under basal and stressed conditions. In vivo brain microdialysis was performed in rats that received (i) intra-PVN administration of apelin-13 or (ii) acute restraint stress (ARS). For chemical stimulation of the neurones in the PVN, a high concentration of KCl was applied by reverse microdialysis. CCK-8 levels in microdialysates were quantified by an enzyme immunoassay. The immunoreactivity of the APJ receptor and CCK was detected by immunofluorescence in hypothalamic sections. Heart rate variability was assessed in rats that received PVN stimulation or ARS following pre-administration of vehicle or CCK1 receptor antagonist lorglumide. Both intra-PVN exogenous apelin-13 and ARS increased the CCK-8 levels in dialysates significantly. The ARS-induced elevations in CCK levels were reversed by intra-PVN pre-administration of the APJ receptor antagonist F13A. Within the PVN, robust APJ receptor expression was detected on the CCK-producing mediocellular cells, in addition to the parvocellular neurones in the periventricular region. Dual immunoreactivity of APJ/CCK was observed in magnocellular cells to a lesser degree. Both exogenous apelin and ARS increased the CCK immunoreactivity markedly within the PVN, which was diminished significantly by F13A. Sympathetic tonus was increased markedly both by PVN stimulation and ARS, which was attenuated by lorglumide. These results revealed the interaction between apelin and CCK in the brain, suggesting that hypothalamic CCK may contribute to the apelin-induced alterations in autonomic outflow under stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Sinen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Leyla Abueid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Akkoyunlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Özlem Özsoy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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13
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Hao J, Liu Q, Zhang X, Wu Y, Zhu J, Qi J, Tang N, Wang S, Wang H, Chen D, Li Z. The evidence of apelin has the bidirectional effects on feeding regulation in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Peptides 2017; 94:78-85. [PMID: 28529125 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is a peptide, mainly produced in the brain, which participates in several physiologic effects. However, knowledge about the mechanism of appetite regulation in teleosts, including the role of apelin is not well understood. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of feeding status on the expression of apelin mRNA in the whole brain and the effects of injection of apelin on food intake in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). In this study, we first cloned the apelin cDNA sequence of the Siberian sturgeon. We obtained a 1046-bp cDNA fragment, including a 237-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 78 amino acids. Apelin was widely distributed in 11 tissues related to feeding regulation, with the highest expression in thewhole brain, followed by the spleen and trunk kidney. In addition, we measured the effects of periprandial (preprandial and postprandial) change, fasting and re-feeding on apelin mRNA expression in whole brain. The level of apelin mRNA was significantly decreased 1h after feeding. The results of the fasting experiment showed that the expression of apelin mRNA in the brain was significantly reduced after 1day of fasting but consistently increased throughout the 15-day food deprivation period. When the 15-day fasted fish were re-fed, apelin mRNA expression in the brain was significantly increased as compared to that of the control. These results suggest that apelin may play a bidirectional role in the regulation of food intake in the Siberian sturgeon. In order to further examine the effect of apelin on feeding regulation in Siberian sturgeons, acute and chronic intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection experiments were performed and food intakes were recorded. Results showed that acute i.p. injection of apelin-13 reduced food intake, however, chronic i.p. injection apelin-13 increased the food intake for 7days in Siberian sturgeons. In conclusion, our results show that apelin has a bidirectional effect on feeding regulation in Siberian sturgeons by acting as a satiety factor in short-term feeding regulation and a starvation factor in long-term feeding regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hao
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hydrobiology of Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yuanbing Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jieyao Zhu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jinwen Qi
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu 610000, China.
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14
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Bülbül M, Sinen O, Birsen İ, Izgüt-Uysal V. Peripheral apelin-13 administration inhibits gastrointestinal motor functions in rats: The role of cholecystokinin through CCK 1 receptor-mediated pathway. Neuropeptides 2017; 63:91-97. [PMID: 28012561 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. The APJ receptor is widely expressed in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues including stomach and small intestine. Apelin administration was shown to induce the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) which is a well-known alimentary hormone with its inhibitory actions on GI motor functions through CCK1 receptors on vagal afferent fibers. We investigated whether; (i) peripherally injected apelin-13 alters GI motor functions, (ii) apelin-induced changes are mediated by APJ receptor or CCK1 receptor and (iii) vagal afferents are involved in inhibitory effects of apelin. Solid gastric emptying (GE) and colon transit (CT) were measured, whereas duodenal phase III-like contractions were recorded in rats administered with apelin-13 (300μg/kg, ip). CCK1 receptor antagonist lorglumide (10mg/kg, ip) or APJ receptor antagonist F13A (300μg/kg, ip) was administered 30min prior to the apelin-13 injections. Vagal afferent denervation was achieved by systemic administration of vanilloid receptor agonist capsaicin (125mg/kg, sc). Apelin-13 administration significantly (p<0.01) increased the CCK level in portal venous plasma samples. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, apelin-13 significantly delayed both GE (p<0.001) and CT (p<0.01). Pretreatment of lorglumide or F13A completely abolished the apelin-13-induced inhibitory effects on GE and CT, moreover, apelin-13 was found ineffective in rats underwent afferent denervation. F13A administration alone significantly accelerated the basal CT. Apelin-13 noticeably disturbed the duodenal fasting motor pattern by impairing phase III-like contractions while increasing the amplitudes of phase II contractions which were prevented by pretreatment of lorglumide and capsaicin. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, lorglumide and capsaicin significantly (p<0.05) reduced the apelin-13-induced increases in phase II motility index. Peripherally administered apelin-13 inhibits GI motor functions through CCK-dependent pathway which appears to be mediated by CCK1 receptors on vagal afferents. Peripheral apelin might contribute to the motility changes occurred in postprandial period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Osman Sinen
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - İlknur Birsen
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Vecihe Izgüt-Uysal
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey
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15
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Bülbül M, İzgüt-Uysal VN, Sinen O, Birsen İ, Tanrıöver G. Central apelin mediates stress-induced gastrointestinal motor dysfunction in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G249-61. [PMID: 26680735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00145.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, an endogenous ligand for APJ receptor, has been reported to be upregulated in paraventricular nucleus (PVN) following stress. Central apelin is known to stimulate release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) via APJ receptor. We tested the hypothesis that stress-induced gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is mediated by central apelin. We also assessed the effect of exogenous apelin on GI motility under nonstressed (NS) conditions in conscious rats. Prior to solid gastric emptying (GE) and colon transit (CT) measurements, APJ receptor antagonist F13A was centrally administered under NS conditions and following acute stress (AS), chronic homotypic stress (CHS), and chronic heterotypic stress (CHeS). Plasma corticosterone was assayed. Strain gage transducers were implanted on serosal surfaces of antrum and distal colon to record postprandial motility. Stress exposure induced coexpression of c-Fos and apelin in hypothalamic PVN. Enhanced hypothalamic apelin and CRF levels in microdialysates were detected following AS and CHeS, which were negatively and positively correlated with GE and CT, respectively. Central F13A administration abolished delayed GE and accelerated CT induced by AS and CHeS. Central apelin-13 administration increased the plasma corticosterone and inhibited GE and CT by attenuating antral and colonic contractions. The inhibitory effect elicited by apelin-13 was abolished by central pretreatment of CRF antagonist CRF9-41 in antrum, but not in distal colon. Central endogenous apelin mediates stress-induced changes in gastric and colonic motor functions through APJ receptor. The inhibitory effects of central exogenous apelin-13 on GI motility appear to be partly CRF dependent. Apelin-13 inhibits colon motor functions through a CRF-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bülbül
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - V Nimet İzgüt-Uysal
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - Osman Sinen
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - İlknur Birsen
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - Gamze Tanrıöver
- Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Antalya, Turkey
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16
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Antushevich H, Bierła J, Pawlina B, Kapica M, Krawczyńska A, Herman AP, Kato I, Kuwahara A, Zabielski R. Apelin's effects on young rat gastrointestinal tract maturation. Peptides 2015; 65:1-5. [PMID: 25629252 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is considered an important gut regulatory peptide with potential physiological roles in gastrointestinal cytoprotection and regulation of food intake and drinking behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intraperitoneal or intragastric apelin administration on gastric and intestinal epithelial apoptosis, mitosis and DNA repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine (OGG 1/2) expression in young Wistar rats (50±5 g b.wt.). Apelin-13 was intraperitoneally or intragastrically administered twice a day for 10 days (100 nmol/kg b.wt./2×day), and control groups received physiological saline as a placebo. The rats were sacrificed after treatment, and the gastric fundus, duodenum, middle jejunum and colon tissue samples were harvested for immunofluorescence studies. Intragastric administration of apelin-13 increased the apoptotic index in the stomach and colon tissues (P≤0.001) but decreased apoptosis in the duodenum and jejunum (P<0.001); this approach reduced the number of mitotic cells in the jejunum and colon but increased mitoses (P<0.001) in the duodenum. Finally, intragastric apelin-13 increased (P<0.001) OGG 1/2 enzyme expression in the stomach and jejunum and decreased its expression in the colon (P<0.01). However, intraperitoneal apelin-13 injection caused the opposite effect in the same regions of the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, apelin inhibits gastrointestinal tissue maturation in young rats, regardless of the administration route. However, further studies are required to clarify the mechanism of apelin action on gastrointestinal tract maturation in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Antushevich
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bierła
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw, Poland; Pathology Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawlina
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapica
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Krawczyńska
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Andrzej Przemysław Herman
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Laboratory of Physiology, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Romuald Zabielski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Penney CC, Volkoff H. Peripheral injections of cholecystokinin, apelin, ghrelin and orexin in cavefish (Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus): effects on feeding and on the brain expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, mechanistic target of rapamycin and appetite-related hormones. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 196:34-40. [PMID: 24287340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intraperitoneal injections of cholecystokinin (CCK), apelin, ghrelin, and orexin on food intake were examined in the blind cavefish Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus. CCK (50ng/g) induced a decrease in food intake whereas apelin (100ng/g), orexin (100ng/g), and ghrelin (100ng/g) induced an increase in food intake as compared to saline-injected control fish. In order to better understand the central mechanism by which these hormones act, we examined the effects of injections on the brain mRNA expression of two metabolic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and of appetite-regulating peptides, CCK, orexin, apelin and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART). CCK injections induced a decrease in brain apelin injections, apelin injections induced an increase in TH, mTOR, and orexin brain expressions, orexin treatment increased brain TH expression and ghrelin injections induced an increase in mTOR and orexin brain expressions. CART expression was not affected by any of the injection treatments. Our results suggest that the enzymes TH and mTOR and the hormones CCK, apelin, orexin, and ghrelin all regulate food intake in cavefish through a complex network of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C Penney
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
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18
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Wattez JS, Ravallec R, Cudennec B, Knauf C, Dhulster P, Valet P, Breton C, Vieau D, Lesage J. Apelin stimulates both cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide 1 secretions in vitro and in vivo in rodents. Peptides 2013; 48:134-6. [PMID: 23954476 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an enteric peptide that exerts several digestive functions such as stimulation of cell proliferation and cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion. We investigated using murine enteroendocrine cell line (STC-1) and rats if apelin-13 stimulates both CCK and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretions. We demonstrated that, in vitro and in vivo, apelin-13 increases the release of these two hormones in a dose-dependent manner. Present data suggest that apelin may modulate digestive functions, food intake behavior and glucose homoeostasis via apelin-induced release of enteric CCK but also through a new incretin-releasing activity on enteric GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Wattez
- Univ Lille Nord de France, Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, EA 4489, Equipe dénutritions maternelles périnatales, Université de Lille 1, Bâtiment SN4, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bondke Persson
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology; Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
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20
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Lv SY, Yang YJ, Chen Q. Regulation of feeding behavior, gastrointestinal function and fluid homeostasis by apelin. Peptides 2013; 44:87-92. [PMID: 23557907 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apelin was first identified and characterized from bovine stomach extracts as an endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor. Apelin/APJ system is abundantly present in peripheral tissues and central nervous system. Apelin plays a broad role in regulating physiological and pathological functions. Recently, many reports have showed the effects of apelin on feeding behavior, however the results are inconsistent, due to different administration routes, animal species, forms of apelin, etc. Apelin has been involved in stimulating gastric cell proliferation, cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion, histamine release, gastric acid and bicarbonate secretion, and regulation of gastrointestinal motility. In addition, apelin produced regulatory effects on drinking behavior, diuresis, arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and glucocorticoids secretion. This article reviews the role of apelin on feeding behavior, gastrointestinal function and fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Yu Lv
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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21
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Cholecystokinin but not ghrelin stimulates mucosal bicarbonate secretion in rat duodenum: independence of feeding status and cholinergic stimuli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 183:46-53. [PMID: 23499805 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an important regulator of food digestion but its influence on small intestinal secretion has received little attention. We characterized effects of CCK-8, ghrelin and some related peptides on duodenal HCO3(-) secretion in vivo and demonstrated CCK-induced calcium signaling in acutely isolated enterocytes. A segment of proximal duodenum with intact blood supply was cannulated in situ in anaesthetized rats. Mucosal HCO3(-) secretion was continuously recorded (pH-stat). Peptides were administrated to the duodenum by close intra-arterial infusion. Clusters of duodenal enterocytes were attached to the bottom of a perfusion chamber. The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) was examined by dual-wavelength imaging. CCK-8 (3.0, 15 and 60 pmol/kg,h) caused dose-dependent increases (p<0.01) in duodenal alkaline secretion in both overnight fasted and continuously fed animals. The CCK1R-antagonist devazepide but neither the CCK2R-antagonist YMM022 nor the melatonin MT2-selective antagonist luzindole inhibited the rise in secretion. Atropine decreased sensitivity to CCK-8. The appetite-related peptide ghrelin was without effect on the duodenal secretion in fasted as well as fed animals. Superfusion with CCK-8 (1.0-50 nM) induced [Ca(2+)]i signaling in acutely isolated duodenal enterocytes. After an initial peak response, [Ca(2+)]i returned to near basal values within 3-5min. Devazepide but not YMM022 inhibited this [Ca(2+)]i response. Low doses of CCK-8 stimulate duodenal alkaline secretion and induce enterocyte [Ca(2+)]i signaling by an action at CCK1 receptors. The results point to importance of CCK in the rapid postprandial rise in mucosa-protective duodenal secretion.
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22
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:68-71. [PMID: 22179589 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32834fd881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Karatug A, Sacan O, Coskun ZM, Bolkent S, Yanardag R, Turk N, Bolkent S. Regulation of gene expression and biochemical changes in small intestine of newborn diabetic rats by exogenous ghrelin. Peptides 2012; 33:101-8. [PMID: 22138721 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate (i) the cholecystokinin, somatostatin and apelin mRNA levels, (ii) the changes in levels and localization of these peptides, (iii) relation between these peptides, (iv) antiapoptotic effects and (v) antioxidant effects of ghrelin. The rats were divided into four groups second day after birth. These groups were respectively treated with physiological saline, ghrelin (100μg/kg/day), streptozotocin (100mg/kg), ghrelin and streptozotocin. After four weeks, small intestine and blood samples were taken from rats. Cholecystokinin mRNA and peptide, somatostatin mRNA, release to duodenal lumen of apelin peptide and apelin mRNA signals decreased in ghrelin-treated diabetic rats compared to the diabetic group. There was no statistically significant difference among the four groups for somatostatin and apelin peptides. Caspase-3 signals were not observed only in diabetic group treated with ghrelin. Caspase-8 signals were increased while PCNA signals were decreased in diabetic group given ghrelin compared to diabetic group. Small intestine CAT, SOD, GP(x) and GST activities and GSH levels were decreased and LPO, PC levels were increased in diabetic rats. Administration of ghrelin to diabetic rats caused an increase in intestinal CAT, SOD, GP(x) and GST activities and GSH levels, while PC levels decreased. As a result, we observed positive changes in diabetic rats treated with ghrelin in both microscopic and biochemical studies. We can suggest that ghrelin may be an important hormone for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Karatug
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 34134 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey
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