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Moradi N, Sanfrancesco VC, Champsi S, Hood DA. Regulation of lysosomes in skeletal muscle during exercise, disuse and aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 225:323-332. [PMID: 39332541 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes play a critical role as a terminal organelle in autophagy flux and in regulating protein degradation, but their function and adaptability in skeletal muscle is understudied. Lysosome functions include both housekeeping and signaling functions essential for cellular homeostasis. This review focuses on the regulation of lysosomes in skeletal muscle during exercise, disuse, and aging, with a consideration of sex differences as well as the role of lysosomes in mediating the degradation of mitochondria, termed mitophagy. Exercise enhances mitophagy during elevated mitochondrial stress and energy demand. A critical response to this deviation from homeostasis is the activation of transcription factors TFEB and TFE3, which drive the expression of lysosomal and autophagic genes. Conversely, during muscle disuse, the suppression of lysosomal activity contributes to the accumulation of defective mitochondria and other cellular debris, impairing muscle function. Aging further exacerbates these effects by diminishing lysosomal efficacy, leading to the accumulation of damaged cellular components. mTORC1, a key nutrient sensor, modulates lysosomal activity by inhibiting TFEB/TFE3 translocation to the nucleus under nutrient-rich conditions, thereby suppressing autophagy. During nutrient deprivation or exercise, AMPK activation inhibits mTORC1, facilitating TFEB/TFE3 nuclear translocation and promoting lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. TRPML1 activation by mitochondrial ROS enhances lysosomal calcium release, which is essential for autophagy and maintaining mitochondrial quality. Overall, the intricate regulation of lysosomal functions and signaling pathways in skeletal muscle is crucial for adaptation to physiological demands, and disruptions in these processes during disuse and aging underscore the ubiquitous power of exercise-induced adaptations, and also highlight the potential for targeted therapeutic interventions to preserve muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moradi
- Muscle Health Research Centre, Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - V C Sanfrancesco
- Muscle Health Research Centre, Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Champsi
- Muscle Health Research Centre, Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Jeong I, Cho EJ, Yook JS, Choi Y, Park DH, Kang JH, Lee SH, Seo DY, Jung SJ, Kwak HB. Mitochondrial Adaptations in Aging Skeletal Muscle: Implications for Resistance Exercise Training to Treat Sarcopenia. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:962. [PMID: 39202704 PMCID: PMC11355854 DOI: 10.3390/life14080962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age-related decline in muscle mass and function, poses a significant health challenge as the global population ages. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in sarcopenia, as evidenced by the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, as well as mitophagy. Resistance exercise training (RET) is a well-established intervention for sarcopenia; however, its effects on the mitochondria in aging skeletal muscles remain unclear. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and sarcopenia, with a specific focus on the implications of RET. Although aerobic exercise training (AET) has traditionally been viewed as more effective for mitochondrial enhancement, emerging evidence suggests that RET may also confer beneficial effects. Here, we highlight the potential of RET to modulate mtROS, drive mitochondrial biogenesis, optimize mitochondrial dynamics, and promote mitophagy in aging skeletal muscles. Understanding this interplay offers insights for combating sarcopenia and preserving skeletal muscle health in aging individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyoung Jeong
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (E.-J.C.); (D.-H.P.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Eun-Jeong Cho
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (E.-J.C.); (D.-H.P.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Jang-Soo Yook
- Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (Y.C.)
| | - Youngju Choi
- Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of Specialized Teaching and Research, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (E.-J.C.); (D.-H.P.); (J.-H.K.)
- Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (E.-J.C.); (D.-H.P.); (J.-H.K.)
- Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hun Lee
- Combat Institute of Australia, Leederville, WA 6007, Australia;
| | - Dae-Yun Seo
- Basic Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Core Research Support Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jeen Jung
- Department of Leisure Sports, Seoil University, Seoul 02192, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (I.J.); (E.-J.C.); (D.-H.P.); (J.-H.K.)
- Institute of Sports and Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.Y.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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Waldman H. Astaxanthin Supplementation as a Potential Strategy for Enhancing Mitochondrial Adaptations in the Endurance Athlete: An Invited Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1750. [PMID: 38892683 PMCID: PMC11175114 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant found in marine organisms such as microalgae and krill, may offer ergogenic benefits to endurance athletes. Originally used in fish feed, astaxanthin has shown a greater ability to mitigate various reactive oxygen species and maintain the structural integrity of mitochondria compared to other exogenous antioxidants. More recent work has shown that astaxanthin may improve: (1) cycling time trial performance, (2) cardiorespiratory measures such as submaximal heart rate during running or cycling, (3) recovery from delayed-onset muscle soreness, and (4) endogenous antioxidant capacity such as whole blood glutathione within trained populations. In this review, the history of astaxanthin and its chemical structure are first outlined before briefly describing the various adaptations (e.g., mitochondrial biogenesis, enhanced endogenous antioxidant capacity, etc.) which take place specifically at the mitochondrial level as a result of chronic endurance training. The review then concludes with the potential additive effects that astaxanthin may offer in conjunction with endurance training for the endurance athlete and offers some suggested practical recommendations for athletes and coaches interested in supplementing with astaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Waldman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL 35630, USA
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Chung KH, Park SB, Streckmann F, Wiskemann J, Mohile N, Kleckner AS, Colloca L, Dorsey SG, Kleckner IR. Mechanisms, Mediators, and Moderators of the Effects of Exercise on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1224. [PMID: 35267533 PMCID: PMC8909585 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is an adverse effect of neurotoxic antineoplastic agents commonly used to treat cancer. Patients with CIPN experience debilitating signs and symptoms, such as combinations of tingling, numbness, pain, and cramping in the hands and feet that inhibit their daily function. Among the limited prevention and treatment options for CIPN, exercise has emerged as a promising new intervention that has been investigated in approximately two dozen clinical trials to date. As additional studies test and suggest the efficacy of exercise in treating CIPN, it is becoming more critical to develop mechanistic understanding of the effects of exercise in order to tailor it to best treat CIPN symptoms and identify who will benefit most. To address the current lack of clarity around the effect of exercise on CIPN, we reviewed the key potential mechanisms (e.g., neurophysiological and psychosocial factors), mediators (e.g., anti-inflammatory cytokines, self-efficacy, and social support), and moderators (e.g., age, sex, body mass index, physical fitness, exercise dose, exercise adherence, and timing of exercise) that may illuminate the relationship between exercise and CIPN improvement. Our review is based on the studies that tested the use of exercise for patients with CIPN, patients with other types of neuropathies, and healthy adults. The discussion presented herein may be used to (1) guide oncologists in predicting which symptoms are best targeted by specific exercise programs, (2) enable clinicians to tailor exercise prescriptions to patients based on specific characteristics, and (3) inform future research and biomarkers on the relationship between exercise and CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin H. Chung
- Department of Surgery, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Box CU 420658, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (K.H.C.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Susanna B. Park
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Fiona Streckmann
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland;
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Wiskemann
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Nimish Mohile
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Amber S. Kleckner
- Department of Surgery, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Box CU 420658, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (K.H.C.); (A.S.K.)
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.C.); (S.G.D.)
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research (CACPR), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Luana Colloca
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.C.); (S.G.D.)
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research (CACPR), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Susan G. Dorsey
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.C.); (S.G.D.)
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research (CACPR), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ian R. Kleckner
- Department of Surgery, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Blvd., Box CU 420658, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (K.H.C.); (A.S.K.)
- Department of Pain and Translational Symptom Science, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (L.C.); (S.G.D.)
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research (CACPR), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Sujkowski A, Hong L, Wessells RJ, Todi SV. The protective role of exercise against age-related neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101543. [PMID: 34923167 PMCID: PMC8761166 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is a widely accessible, low-cost intervention with a variety of benefits to multiple organ systems. Exercise improves multiple indices of physical performance and stimulates pronounced health benefits reducing a range of pathologies including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Endurance exercise delays brain aging, preserves memory and cognition, and improves symptoms of neurodegenerative pathologies like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and various ataxias. Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise include neuronal survival and plasticity, neurogenesis, epigenetic modifications, angiogenesis, autophagy, and the synthesis and release of neurotrophins and cytokines. In this review, we discuss shared benefits and molecular pathways driving the protective effects of endurance exercise on various neurodegenerative diseases in animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Luke Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - R J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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Sujkowski A, Wessells R. Exercise and Sestrin Mediate Speed and Lysosomal Activity in Drosophila by Partially Overlapping Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092479. [PMID: 34572128 PMCID: PMC8466685 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exercise is widely recognized as an important contributor to healthspan in humans and in diverse animal models. Recently, we have demonstrated that Sestrins, a family of evolutionarily conserved exercise-inducible proteins, are critical mediators of exercise benefits in flies and mice. Knockout of Sestrins prevents exercise adaptations to endurance and flight in Drosophila, and similarly prevents benefits to endurance and metabolism in exercising mice. In contrast, overexpression of dSestrin in muscle mimics several of the molecular and physiological adaptations characteristic of endurance exercise. Here, we extend those observations to examine the impact of dSestrin on preserving speed and increasing lysosomal activity. We find that dSestrin is a critical factor driving exercise adaptations to climbing speed, but is not absolutely required for exercise to increase lysosomal activity in Drosophila. The role of Sestrin in increasing speed during chronic exercise requires both the TORC2/AKT axis and the PGC1α homolog spargel, while dSestrin requires interactions with TORC1 to cell-autonomously increase lysosomal activity. These results highlight the conserved role of Sestrins as key factors that drive diverse physiological adaptations conferred by chronic exercise.
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7
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Huang CC, Liu CC, Tsao JP, Hsu CL, Cheng IS. Effects of Oral Resveratrol Supplementation on Glycogen Replenishment and Mitochondria Biogenesis in Exercised Human Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123721. [PMID: 33276518 PMCID: PMC7760965 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of oral resveratrol supplementation on the key molecular gene expressions involved in mitochondria biogenesis and glycogen resynthesis in human skeletal muscle. Nine young male athletes participated in the single-blind and crossover designed study. All subjects completed a 4-day resveratrol and placebo supplement in a randomized order while performing a single bout of cycling exercise. Immediately after the exercise challenge, the subjects consumed a carbohydrate (CHO) meal (2 g CHO/Kg body mass) with either resveratrol or placebo capsules. Biopsied muscle samples, blood samples and expired gas samples were obtained at 0 h and 3 h after exercise. The muscle samples were measured for gene transcription factor expression by real-time PCR for glucose uptake and mitochondria biogenesis. Plasma glucose, insulin, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acid concentrations and respiratory exchange ratio were analyzed during post-exercise recovery periods. The results showed that the muscle glycogen concentrations were higher at 3 h than at 0 h; however, there were no difference between resveratrol trial and placebo trial. There were no significantly different concentrations in plasma parameters between the two trials. Similarly, no measured gene expressions were significant between the two trials. The evidence concluded that the 4-day oral resveratrol supplementation did not improve post-exercise muscle glycogen resynthesis and related glucose uptake and mitochondrial biosynthesis gene expression in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung City 403, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-P.T.)
| | - Jung-Piao Tsao
- Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung City 403, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-P.T.)
| | - Chin-Lin Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.H.); (I.-S.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2218-3459 (I.-S.C.)
| | - I-Shiung Cheng
- Department of Physical Education, National Taichung University of Education, Taichung City 403, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-P.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.-L.H.); (I.-S.C.); Tel.: +886-4-2218-3459 (I.-S.C.)
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Ji LL, Yeo D, Kang C, Zhang T. The role of mitochondria in redox signaling of muscle homeostasis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:386-393. [PMID: 32780692 PMCID: PMC7498629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past, contraction-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in oxidative stress to skeletal muscle. As research advances, clear evidence has revealed a more complete role of ROS under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Central to the role of ROS is the redox signaling pathways that control exercise-induced major physiologic and cellular responses and adaptations, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, mitochondrial morphologic dynamics, antioxidant defense, and inflammation. The current review focuses on how muscle contraction and immobilization may activate or inhibit redox signalings and their impact on muscle mitochondrial homeostasis and physiologic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Ji
- The Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Dongwook Yeo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chounghun Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Tianou Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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9
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Xiang K, Qin Z, Zhang H, Liu X. Energy Metabolism in Exercise-Induced Physiologic Cardiac Hypertrophy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1133. [PMID: 32848751 PMCID: PMC7403221 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologic hypertrophy of the heart preserves or enhances systolic function without interstitial fibrosis or cell death. As a unique form of physiological stress, regular exercise training can trigger the adaptation of cardiac muscle to cause physiological hypertrophy, partly due to its ability to improve cardiac metabolism. In heart failure (HF), cardiac dysfunction is closely associated with early initiation of maladaptive metabolic remodeling. A large amount of clinical and experimental evidence shows that metabolic homeostasis plays an important role in exercise training, which is conducive to the treatment and recovery of cardiovascular diseases. Potential mechanistic targets for modulation of cardiac metabolism have become a hot topic at present. Thus, exploring the energy metabolism mechanism in exercise-induced physiologic cardiac hypertrophy may produce new therapeutic targets, which will be helpful to design novel effective strategies. In this review, we summarize the changes of myocardial metabolism (fatty acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and mitochondrial adaptation), metabolically-related signaling molecules, and probable regulatory mechanism of energy metabolism during exercise-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefa Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Kim M, Sujkowski A, Namkoong S, Gu B, Cobb T, Kim B, Kowalsky AH, Cho CS, Semple I, Ro SH, Davis C, Brooks SV, Karin M, Wessells RJ, Lee JH. Sestrins are evolutionarily conserved mediators of exercise benefits. Nat Commun 2020; 11:190. [PMID: 31929512 PMCID: PMC6955242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is among the most effective interventions for age-associated mobility decline and metabolic dysregulation. Although long-term endurance exercise promotes insulin sensitivity and expands respiratory capacity, genetic components and pathways mediating the metabolic benefits of exercise have remained elusive. Here, we show that Sestrins, a family of evolutionarily conserved exercise-inducible proteins, are critical mediators of exercise benefits. In both fly and mouse models, genetic ablation of Sestrins prevents organisms from acquiring metabolic benefits of exercise and improving their endurance through training. Conversely, Sestrin upregulation mimics both molecular and physiological effects of exercise, suggesting that it could be a major effector of exercise metabolism. Among the various targets modulated by Sestrin in response to exercise, AKT and PGC1α are critical for the Sestrin effects in extending endurance. These results indicate that Sestrin is a key integrating factor that drives the benefits of chronic exercise to metabolism and physical endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Kim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Sim Namkoong
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bondong Gu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allison H Kowalsky
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chun-Seok Cho
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ian Semple
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Seung-Hyun Ro
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Carol Davis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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11
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Liu B, Li A, Qin Y, Tian X, Gao M, Jiang W, Gong G. Comparative study on isolation and mitochondrial function of adult mouse and rat cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 136:64-71. [PMID: 31521710 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultured adult mouse and rat cardiomyocytes are the best and low-cost cell model for cardiac cellular physiology, pathology, drug toxicity screening, and intervention. The functions of mouse cardiomyocytes decline faster than rat cardiomyocytes in culture conditions. However, little is known about the difference of mitochondrial function between cultured mouse and rat myocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS A large number of adult mouse and rat cardiomyocytes were comparative isolated using a simple perfusion system. Cardiomyocytes mitochondrial functions were measured after 2 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days culture by monitoring mitoflashes. We found that the mitochondrial function of mouse myocytes was remarkedly declined on the third day. Then, we focused on the third day cultured mouse and rat myocytes, comparatively analyzing the respiration function and superoxide generation stimulated by pyruvate/malate/ADP and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening induction. Mouse myocytes showed lower respiration and mitoflash activity, but without the change of maximum uncoupled respiration when compared with rat myocytes. Although the response to superoxide production stimulated by respiration substrates was slower than rat myocytes, the basal superoxide generation is faster than the rat. The faster mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of mouse myocytes upon laser stimulation triggered the faster mPTP opening compared with the rat. Finally, antioxidant MitoTEMPO pretreatment preserved the mitochondrial function of mouse myocytes on the third day. CONCLUSIONS The mitochondrial function and stability are different between cultured mouse and rat cardiac myocytes beyond 3 days even though they both belong to Muridae. Mitochondrial ROS impairs the mitochondrial functions of mouse cardiomyocytes on the third day. Suppressing superoxide maintained the mitochondrial function of mouse myocytes on the third day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilin Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xiangang Tian
- Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenting Jiang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guohua Gong
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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12
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Sujkowski A, Spierer AN, Rajagopalan T, Bazzell B, Safdar M, Imsirovic D, Arking R, Rand DM, Wessells R. Mito-nuclear interactions modify Drosophila exercise performance. Mitochondrion 2019; 47:188-205. [PMID: 30408593 PMCID: PMC7035791 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise has received increasing attention as a broadly preventative measure against age-related disease and dysfunction. Improvement of mitochondrial quality by enhancement of mitochondrial turnover is thought to be among the important molecular mechanisms underpinning the benefits of exercise. Interactions between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes are important components of the genetic basis for variation in longevity, fitness and the incidence of disease. Here, we examine the effects of replacing the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) of several Drosophila strains with mtDNA from other strains, or from closely related species, on exercise performance. We find that mitochondria from flies selected for longevity increase the performance of flies from a parental strain. We also find evidence that mitochondria from other strains or species alter exercise performance, with examples of both beneficial and deleterious effects. These findings suggest that both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, as well as interactions between the two, contribute significantly to exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Adam N Spierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Thiviya Rajagopalan
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Brian Bazzell
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Maryam Safdar
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Dinko Imsirovic
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Robert Arking
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - David M Rand
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Robert Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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13
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Moore TM, Zhou Z, Cohn W, Norheim F, Lin AJ, Kalajian N, Strumwasser AR, Cory K, Whitney K, Ho T, Ho T, Lee JL, Rucker DH, Shirihai O, van der Bliek AM, Whitelegge JP, Seldin MM, Lusis AJ, Lee S, Drevon CA, Mahata SK, Turcotte LP, Hevener AL. The impact of exercise on mitochondrial dynamics and the role of Drp1 in exercise performance and training adaptations in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2019; 21:51-67. [PMID: 30591411 PMCID: PMC6407367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondria are organelles primarily responsible for energy production, and recent evidence indicates that alterations in size, shape, location, and quantity occur in response to fluctuations in energy supply and demand. We tested the impact of acute and chronic exercise on mitochondrial dynamics signaling and determined the impact of the mitochondrial fission regulator Dynamin related protein (Drp)1 on exercise performance and muscle adaptations to training. METHODS Wildtype and muscle-specific Drp1 heterozygote (mDrp1+/-) mice, as well as dysglycemic (DG) and healthy normoglycemic men (control) performed acute and chronic exercise. The Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel, including 100 murine strains of recombinant inbred mice, was used to identify muscle Dnm1L (encodes Drp1)-gene relationships. RESULTS Endurance exercise impacted all aspects of the mitochondrial life cycle, i.e. fission-fusion, biogenesis, and mitophagy. Dnm1L gene expression and Drp1Ser616 phosphorylation were markedly increased by acute exercise and declined to baseline during post-exercise recovery. Dnm1L expression was strongly associated with transcripts known to regulate mitochondrial metabolism and adaptations to exercise. Exercise increased the expression of DNM1L in skeletal muscle of healthy control and DG subjects, despite a 15% ↓(P = 0.01) in muscle DNM1L expression in DG at baseline. To interrogate the role of Dnm1L further, we exercise trained male mDrp1+/- mice and found that Drp1 deficiency reduced muscle endurance and running performance, and altered muscle adaptations in response to exercise training. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of mitochondrial dynamics, specifically Drp1 signaling, in the regulation of exercise performance and adaptations to endurance exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana & David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, CA 90089-0372, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhenqi Zhou
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Frode Norheim
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amanda J Lin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nareg Kalajian
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander R Strumwasser
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin Cory
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kate Whitney
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Theodore Ho
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy Ho
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph L Lee
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Rucker
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Orian Shirihai
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander M van der Bliek
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus M Seldin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sindre Lee
- University Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- University Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lorraine P Turcotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana & David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, CA 90089-0372, USA
| | - Andrea L Hevener
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Iris Cantor-UCLA Women's Health Research Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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14
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A ketogenic amino acid rich diet benefits mitochondrial homeostasis by altering the AKT/4EBP1 and autophagy signaling pathways in the gastrocnemius and soleus. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1547-1555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Zafaranieh S, Choobineh S, Soori R. The effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on mitochondrial dynamics in cardiac myocytes of type 2 diabetic rats. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Lundsgaard AM, Fritzen AM, Kiens B. Molecular Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle during Aerobic Exercise. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:18-30. [PMID: 29221849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes how fatty acid (FA) oxidation is regulated in skeletal muscle during exercise. From the available evidence it seems that acetyl-CoA availability in the mitochondrial matrix adjusts FA oxidation to exercise intensity and duration. This is executed at the step of mitochondrial fatty acyl import, as the extent of acetyl group sequestration by carnitine determines the availability of carnitine for the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) reaction. The rate of glycolysis seems therefore to be central to the amount of β-oxidation-derived acetyl-CoA that is oxidized in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. FA oxidation during exercise is also determined by FA availability to mitochondria, dependent on trans-sarcolemmal FA uptake via cluster of differentiation 36/SR-B2 (CD36) and FAs mobilized from myocellular lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Mæchel Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Meyer JN, Leuthner TC, Luz AL. Mitochondrial fusion, fission, and mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicology 2017; 391:42-53. [PMID: 28789970 PMCID: PMC5681418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics are regulated by two sets of opposed processes: mitochondrial fusion and fission, and mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation (including mitophagy), as well as processes such as intracellular transport. These processes maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, regulate mitochondrial form, volume and function, and are increasingly understood to be critical components of the cellular stress response. Mitochondrial dynamics vary based on developmental stage and age, cell type, environmental factors, and genetic background. Indeed, many mitochondrial homeostasis genes are human disease genes. Emerging evidence indicates that deficiencies in these genes often sensitize to environmental exposures, yet can also be protective under certain circumstances. Inhibition of mitochondrial dynamics also affects elimination of irreparable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and transmission of mtDNA mutations. We briefly review the basic biology of mitodynamic processes with a focus on mitochondrial fusion and fission, discuss what is known and unknown regarding how these processes respond to chemical and other stressors, and review the literature on interactions between mitochondrial toxicity and genetic variation in mitochondrial fusion and fission genes. Finally, we suggest areas for future research, including elucidating the full range of mitodynamic responses from low to high-level exposures, and from acute to chronic exposures; detailed examination of the physiological consequences of mitodynamic alterations in different cell types; mechanism-based testing of mitotoxicant interactions with interindividual variability in mitodynamics processes; and incorporating other environmental variables that affect mitochondria, such as diet and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States.
| | - Tess C Leuthner
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States.
| | - Anthony L Luz
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0328, United States.
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18
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Clark A, Mach N. The Crosstalk between the Gut Microbiota and Mitochondria during Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:319. [PMID: 28579962 PMCID: PMC5437217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiological changes occur in response to endurance exercise in order to adapt to the increasing energy needs, mitochondria biogenesis, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and acute inflammatory responses. Mitochondria are organelles within each cell that are crucial for ATP production and are also a major producer of ROS and reactive nitrogen species during intense exercise. Recent evidence shows there is a bidirectional interaction between mitochondria and microbiota. The gut microbiota have been shown to regulate key transcriptional co-activators, transcription factors and enzymes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis such as PGC-1α, SIRT1, and AMPK genes. Furthermore, the gut microbiota and its metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, also contribute to host energy production, ROS modulation and inflammation in the gut by attenuating TNFα- mediated immune responses and inflammasomes such as NLRP3. On the other hand, mitochondria, particularly mitochondrial ROS production, have a crucial role in regulating the gut microbiota via modulating intestinal barrier function and mucosal immune responses. Recently, it has also been shown that genetic variants within the mitochondrial genome, could affect mitochondrial function and therefore the intestinal microbiota composition and activity. Diet is also known to dramatically modulate the composition of the gut microbiota. Therefore, studies targeting the gut microbiota can be useful for managing mitochondrial related ROS production, pro-inflammatory signals and metabolic limits in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Health Science Department, Open University of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mach
- Health Science Department, Open University of CataloniaBarcelona, Spain.,UMR 1313, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
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19
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ALDH2 restores exhaustive exercise-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:753-760. [PMID: 28249782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscles, and is the major enzyme that metabolizes acetaldehyde and toxic aldehydes. The cardioprotective effects of ALDH2 during cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury have been recognized. However, less is known about the function of ALDH2 in skeletal muscle. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ALDH2 on exhaustive exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury. METHODS We created transgenic mice expressing ALDH2 in skeletal muscles. Male wild-type C57/BL6 (WT) and ALDH2 transgenic mice (ALDH2-Tg), 8-weeks old, were challenged with exhaustive exercise for 1 week to induce skeletal muscle injury. Animals were sacrificed 24 h post-exercise and muscle tissue was excised. RESULTS ALDH2-Tg mice displayed significantly increased treadmill exercise capacity compared to WT mice. Exhaustive exercise caused an increase in mRNA levels of the muscle atrophy markers, Atrogin-1 and MuRF1, and reduced mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion in WT skeletal muscles; these effects were attenuated in ALDH2-Tg mice. Exhaustive exercise also enhanced mitochondrial autophagy pathway activity, including increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and greater expression of Beclin1 and Bnip3; the effects of which were mitigated by ALDH2 overexpression. In addition, ALDH2-Tg reversed the increase of an oxidative stress biomarker (4-hydroxynonenal) and decreased levels of mitochondrial antioxidant proteins, including manganese superoxide dismutase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, in skeletal muscle induced by exhaustive exercise. CONCLUSION ALDH2 may reverse skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction due to exhaustive exercise by regulating mitochondria dynamic remodeling and enhancing the quality of mitochondria.
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20
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Leon AS. Attenuation of Adverse Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle by Regular Exercise and Nutritional Support. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 11:4-16. [PMID: 30202306 PMCID: PMC6124840 DOI: 10.1177/1559827615589319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning early in midlife, natural/primary aging is inevitably associated with a progressive reduction in muscle mass and function. This process can progress with aging to a substantial loss of strength, particularly in the lower extremities, reducing mobility. This condition, commonly referred to as sarcopenia, can result in frailty, reducing one's ability to live independently. This article reviews the underlying biological process contributing to the development of sarcopenia and the roles of regular exercise and nutritional support for attenuating aging-associated muscle loss as well as risk and management of sarcopenia and associated frailty.
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21
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Li Y, Li F, Chen S, Duan Y, Guo Q, Wang W, Wen C, Yin Y. Protein-Restricted Diet Regulates Lipid and Energy Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Growing Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9412-9420. [PMID: 27960278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the lipid metabolism and energy status of skeletal muscle of pigs as affected by dietary protein restriction. Eighteen growing pigs were distributed into three treatments, and each group was fed one of three levels (20, 17, and 14%) of crude protein (CP) diets. Our results showed that pigs fed the 20% CP had greater (P < 0.05) gain:feed and muscle weight than those fed the 14% CP, but no differences between the 20 and 17% CP treatments. Additionally, protein restriction tended to increase (P = 0.07) the content of intramuscular fat (IMF) and up-regulated (P < 0.05) expression of lipogenic-related genes. Energy status was changed and, concomitantly, AMP-activated protein kinase α pathway was inhibited by reducing the dietary protein level. These results indicate protein restriction could be useful to improve IMF content of pigs through regulating lipid metabolism and associated energy utilization in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10008, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10008, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10008, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10008, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
| | - Chaoyue Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
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22
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Ji LL, Kang C, Zhang Y. Exercise-induced hormesis and skeletal muscle health. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:113-122. [PMID: 26916558 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hormesis refers to the phenomenon that an exposure or repeated exposures of a toxin can elicit adaptive changes within the organism to resist to higher doses of toxin with reduced harm. Skeletal muscle shows considerable plasticity and adaptions in response to a single bout of acute exercise or chronic training, especially in antioxidant defense capacity and metabolic functions mainly due to remodeling of mitochondria. It has thus been hypothesized that contraction-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may stimulate the hormesis-like adaptations. Furthermore, there has been considerable evidence that select ROS such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide, or even oxidatively degraded macromolecules, may serve as signaling molecules to stimulate such hermetic adaptations due to the activation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Recent research has highlighted the important role of nuclear factor (NF) κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α), along with other newly discovered signaling pathways, in some of the most vital biological functions such as mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defense, inflammation, protein turnover, apoptosis, and autophagy. The inability of the cell to maintain proper redox signaling underlies mechanisms of biological aging, during which inflammatory and catabolic pathways prevail. Research evidence and mechanisms connecting exercise-induced hormesis and redox signaling are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li Ji
- Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Chounghun Kang
- Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sport Science, Tianjin University of Sport, China
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23
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Pei H, Du J, Song X, He L, Zhang Y, Li X, Qiu C, Zhang Y, Hou J, Feng J, Gao E, Li D, Yang Y. Melatonin prevents adverse myocardial infarction remodeling via Notch1/Mfn2 pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:408-417. [PMID: 27387769 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked with myocardial infarction (MI), a disorder in which Notch1 has attracted increasing attention. However, the involvement of Notch1 in mitochondrial impairment after an MI is poorly understood, as is the role of mitochondrial fusion-associated protein 2 (Mfn2). Moreover, whether melatonin potentiates the Notch1/Mfn2 pathway in post-MI cardiac damage remains unclear. In our study, small interfering RNAs against Notch1 or Mfn2 and Jagged1 peptide were delivered via intramyocardial injection. At 3 days after these treatments, MI was induced by ligation of the anterior descending branch. We found that this ablation of Notch1 or Mfn2 aggravated post-MI injury, including worsened mitochondrial damage and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, Jagged1 improved mitochondrial structure and function, decreased ROS production and attenuated post-MI injury. Interestingly, though Mfn2 expression was mildly regulated by Notch1 signaling in myocardium, Mfn2 deficiency nearly eliminated the cardioprotection by Jagged1, as evidenced by suppressed cardiac function, aggravated myocardial fibrosis, increased cell apoptosis, worsened mitochondrial impairment and enhanced oxidative stress. These observations revealed that Mfn2 plays an indispensable role in protection against MI-induced injury by Notch1. The mechanism might involve disrupting a damaging cycle of mitochondrial damage and ROS generation. Furthermore, melatonin activated Notch1 signaling and increased Mfn2 expression were reversed by luzindole, a nonselective antagonist of the melatonin receptor. Notably, melatonin attenuated post-MI injury in normal mice, but not in mice deficient in Notch1 or Mfn2. These results demonstrate that melatonin attenuates post-MI injury via the Notch1/Mfn2 pathway in a receptor-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Pei
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China; Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiuchuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Chenming Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Juanni Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center of Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - De Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China; Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Sujkowski A, Bazzell B, Carpenter K, Arking R, Wessells RJ. Endurance exercise and selective breeding for longevity extend Drosophila healthspan by overlapping mechanisms. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:535-52. [PMID: 26298685 PMCID: PMC4586100 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise has emerged as a powerful intervention that promotes healthy aging by maintaining the functional capacity of critical organ systems. In addition, long-term exercise reduces the incidence of age-related diseases in humans and in model organisms. Despite these evident benefits, the genetic pathways required for exercise interventions to achieve these effects are still relatively poorly understood. Here, we compare gene expression changes during endurance training in Drosophila melanogaster to gene expression changes during selective breeding for longevity. Microarrays indicate that 65% of gene expression changes found in flies selectively bred for longevity are also found in flies subjected to three weeks of exercise training. We find that both selective breeding and endurance training increase endurance, cardiac performance, running speed, flying height, and levels of autophagy in adipose tissue. Both interventions generally upregulate stress defense, folate metabolism, and lipase activity, while downregulating carbohydrate metabolism and odorant receptor expression. Several members of the methuselah-like (mthl) gene family are downregulated by both interventions. Knockdown of mthl-3 was sufficient to provide extension of negative geotaxis behavior, endurance and cardiac stress resistance. These results provide support for endurance exercise as a broadly acting anti-aging intervention and confirm that exercise training acts in part by targeting longevity assurance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Brian Bazzell
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kylie Carpenter
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Robert Arking
- Department of Biological Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Robert J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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25
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Carson JA, Hardee JP, VanderVeen BN. The emerging role of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism as a biological target and cellular regulator of cancer-induced muscle wasting. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 54:53-67. [PMID: 26593326 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While skeletal muscle mass is an established primary outcome related to understanding cancer cachexia mechanisms, considerable gaps exist in our understanding of muscle biochemical and functional properties that have recognized roles in systemic health. Skeletal muscle quality is a classification beyond mass, and is aligned with muscle's metabolic capacity and substrate utilization flexibility. This supplies an additional role for the mitochondria in cancer-induced muscle wasting. While the historical assessment of mitochondria content and function during cancer-induced muscle loss was closely aligned with energy flux and wasting susceptibility, this understanding has expanded to link mitochondria dysfunction to cellular processes regulating myofiber wasting. The primary objective of this article is to highlight muscle mitochondria and oxidative metabolism as a biological target of cancer cachexia and also as a cellular regulator of cancer-induced muscle wasting. Initially, we examine the role of muscle metabolic phenotype and mitochondria content in cancer-induced wasting susceptibility. We then assess the evidence for cancer-induced regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, mitophagy, and oxidative stress. In addition, we discuss environments associated with cancer cachexia that can impact the regulation of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. The article also examines the role of cytokine-mediated regulation of mitochondria function, followed by the potential role of cancer-induced hypogonadism. Lastly, a role for decreased muscle use in cancer-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Justin P Hardee
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Brandon N VanderVeen
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St., Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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26
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Hoffman NJ, Parker BL, Chaudhuri R, Fisher-Wellman KH, Kleinert M, Humphrey SJ, Yang P, Holliday M, Trefely S, Fazakerley DJ, Stöckli J, Burchfield JG, Jensen TE, Jothi R, Kiens B, Wojtaszewski JFP, Richter EA, James DE. Global Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Muscle Reveals a Network of Exercise-Regulated Kinases and AMPK Substrates. Cell Metab 2015; 22:922-35. [PMID: 26437602 PMCID: PMC4635038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is essential in regulating energy metabolism and whole-body insulin sensitivity. To explore the exercise signaling network, we undertook a global analysis of protein phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle biopsies from untrained healthy males before and after a single high-intensity exercise bout, revealing 1,004 unique exercise-regulated phosphosites on 562 proteins. These included substrates of known exercise-regulated kinases (AMPK, PKA, CaMK, MAPK, mTOR), yet the majority of kinases and substrate phosphosites have not previously been implicated in exercise signaling. Given the importance of AMPK in exercise-regulated metabolism, we performed a targeted in vitro AMPK screen and employed machine learning to predict exercise-regulated AMPK substrates. We validated eight predicted AMPK substrates, including AKAP1, using targeted phosphoproteomics. Functional characterization revealed an undescribed role for AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of AKAP1 in mitochondrial respiration. These data expose the unexplored complexity of acute exercise signaling and provide insights into the role of AMPK in mitochondrial biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan J Hoffman
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rima Chaudhuri
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Pengyi Yang
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; Systems Biology Section, Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mira Holliday
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James G Burchfield
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Raja Jothi
- Systems Biology Section, Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Bente Kiens
- University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Centre, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Bai J, Lei Y, An GL, He L. Down-regulation of deacetylase HDAC6 inhibits the melanoma cell line A375.S2 growth through ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121247. [PMID: 25774669 PMCID: PMC4361412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) plays critical roles in many cellular processes related to cancer. However, its biological roles in the development of melanoma remain unexplored. Our aim was to investigate whether HDAC6 has a biological role in human melanoma development and to understand its underlying mechanism. In the present study, HDAC6 expression was up-regulated in melanoma tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of HDAC6 significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation ability of A375.S2 cells, promoted cell arrest at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. Additionally, western blotting assay showed that HDAC6 silencing suppressed Bcl-2 level and enhanced Bax level, then activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, and further activated the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm, finally induced cell apoptosis involving the mitochondrial pathway. Knockdown of HDAC6 triggered a significant generation of ROS and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, ROS inhibitor, NAC reduced HDAC6 siRNA-induced ROS production, and blocked HDAC6 siRNA-induced loss of MMP and apoptosis. NAC also significantly blocked HDAC6 siRNA-induced mtDNA copy number decrease and mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation imbalance. In conclusion, the results showed that knockdown of HDAC6 induced apoptosis in human melanoma A375.S2 cells through a ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third affiliated Hospital of the School of Medicine Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yun Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third affiliated Hospital of the School of Medicine Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Gai-li An
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third affiliated Hospital of the School of Medicine Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Li He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Third affiliated Hospital of the School of Medicine Xi'an JiaoTong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
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Xie Q, Deng Y, Huang C, Liu P, Yang Y, Shen W, Gao P. Chemerin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:986-95. [PMID: 25754411 PMCID: PMC4420601 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a novel adipocyte-derived factor that induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. However, the effect of chemerin on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function has received little attention. In the present study, we investigated whether mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of chemerin-mediated insulin resistance. In this study, we used recombinant adenovirus to express murine chemerin in C57BL/6 mice. The mitochondrial function and structure were evaluated in isolated soleus muscles from mice. The oxidative mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured C2C12 myotubes exposed to recombinant chemerin was analysed by western blotting, immunofluorescence and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The overexpression of chemerin in mice reduced the muscle mitochondrial content and increased mitochondrial autophagy, as determined by the increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and higher expression levels of Beclin1 and autophagy-related protein-5 and 7. The chemerin treatment of C2C12 myotubes increased the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, concomitant with a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased the occurrence of mitochondrial protein carbonyls and mitochondrial DNA deletions. Knockdown of the expression of chemokine-like receptor 1 or the use of mitochondria-targeting antioxidant Mito-TEMPO restored the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by chemerin. Furthermore, chemerin exposure in C2C12 myotubes not only reduced the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) but also dephosphorylated forkhead box O3α (FoxO3α). Chemerin-induced mitochondrial autophagy likely through an AKT-FoxO3α-dependent signalling pathway. These findings provide direct evidence that chemerin may play an important role in regulating mitochondrial remodelling and function in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Department of Hypertension Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jiang HK, Miao Y, Wang YH, Zhao M, Feng ZH, Yu XJ, Liu JK, Zang WJ. Aerobic interval training protects against myocardial infarction-induced oxidative injury by enhancing antioxidase system and mitochondrial biosynthesis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:192-201. [PMID: 24471974 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
1. Aerobic interval training (AIT) exerts beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. However, its cardioprotective mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate AIT-mediated anti-oxidation by focusing on anti-oxidase and mitochondrial biogenesis in rats after myocardial infarction (MI). 2. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: (i) a sham-operated control (CON); (ii) an MI group; and (iii) an MI + AIT group. Myocardial microstructure and function, markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial anti-oxidase, Phase II enzymes and mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed. In addition, levels of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and phosphorylated (p-) AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were determined. The anti-oxidative gene sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and the prosurvival phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signalling cascade were also evaluated. 3. Compared with CON, there was noticeable microstructure injury, cardiac dysfunction and oxidative damage in rats after MI. In addition, decreased mitochondrial anti-oxidase content, Phase II enzyme (except heme oxygenase-1) expression and mitochondrial biogenesis were observed in the post-MI rats as well as reduced protein levels of the regulators Nrf2 and p-AMPK and suppression of SIRT3 levels and PI3-K/Akt signalling. These detrimental modifications were considerably ameliorated by AIT, as evidenced by increases in anti-oxidase, mitochondrial biogenesis, Nrf2 and AMPK phosphorylation, as well as SIRT3 upregulation and PI3-K/Akt signalling activation. Moreover, PI3-K inhibitor-LY294002 (20 mg/kg) treatment partly attenuated AIT-elicited increases in Nrf2 levels and AMPK phosphorylation. 4. Based on these results, we conclude that AIT effectively alleviates MI-induced oxidative injury, which may be closely correlated with activation of the anti-oxidase system and mitochondrial biosynthesis. Increased SIRT3 expression and activation of PI3-K/Akt signalling may play key roles in AIT-mediated anti-oxidation. These results open up new avenues for exercise intervention therapies for MI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ke Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Physical Education, Nan Yang Institute of Technology, Nan Yang, China
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30
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Trevellin E, Scorzeto M, Olivieri M, Granzotto M, Valerio A, Tedesco L, Fabris R, Serra R, Quarta M, Reggiani C, Nisoli E, Vettor R. Exercise training induces mitochondrial biogenesis and glucose uptake in subcutaneous adipose tissue through eNOS-dependent mechanisms. Diabetes 2014; 63:2800-11. [PMID: 24622799 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and obesity are associated with a reduction of mitochondrial content in various tissues of mammals. Moreover, a reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability impairs several cellular functions, including mitochondrial biogenesis and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, two important mechanisms of body adaptation in response to physical exercise. Although these mechanisms have been thoroughly investigated in skeletal muscle and heart, few studies have focused on the effects of exercise on mitochondria and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue. In this study, we compared the in vivo effects of chronic exercise in subcutaneous adipose tissue of wild-type (WT) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) knockout (eNOS(-/-)) mice after a swim training period. We then investigated the in vitro effects of NO on mouse 3T3-L1 and human subcutaneous adipose tissue-derived adipocytes after a chronic treatment with an NO donor: diethylenetriamine-NO (DETA-NO). We observed that swim training increases mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial DNA content, and glucose uptake in subcutaneous adipose tissue of WT but not eNOS(-/-) mice. Furthermore, we observed that DETA-NO promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and elongation, glucose uptake, and GLUT4 translocation in cultured murine and human adipocytes. These results point to the crucial role of the eNOS-derived NO in the metabolic adaptation of subcutaneous adipose tissue to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Trevellin
- Internal Medicine 3, Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Scorzeto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Olivieri
- Internal Medicine 3, Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marnie Granzotto
- Internal Medicine 3, Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Tedesco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fabris
- Internal Medicine 3, Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Serra
- Internal Medicine 3, Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Quarta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Internal Medicine 3, Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Sun W, Zheng Y, Lu Z, Cui Y, Tian Q, Xiao S, Liu F, Liu J. Overexpression of S100A7 protects LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and stimulates IL-6 and IL-8 in HaCaT cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92927. [PMID: 24671027 PMCID: PMC3966836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S100A7 (or psoriasin) is distributed in the cytoplasm of keratinocytes of normal human epidermis, and it is overexpressed in many epidermal inflammatory diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces mitochondrial function changes, which play important roles in multiple cellular mechanisms including inflammation. Although S100A7 expression is regulated by various factors in the human epidermis during inflammation, whether S100A7 interacts with mitochondria in keratinocytes is not clear. OBJECTIVES Our study was designed to investigate whether S100A7 could prohibit mitochondrial dysfunction and stimulate cytokines in cultured normal HaCaT cells treated with LPS. RESULTS We generated HaCaT cells that constitutively express enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-S100A7 (S100A7-EGFP) or EGFP alone, as a control. Here, we show that S100A7-EGFP HaCaT cells exhibit an increase in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). qRT-PCR revealed that expression of three main mitochondrial biogenesis-associated genes was significantly increased: PPAR-coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α), the mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF1). S100A7 overexpression increased mtDNA content and effectively increased intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) production, while decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. S100A7 overexpression also significantly decreased the expression of Mfn2 and increased DRP1 expression compared with control EGFP cells. S100A7 down-regulated the expression of the autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3B. S100A7 also increased expression of IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines. Knockdown of S100A7 decreased MMP and disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that S100A7 stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and increases mitochondrial function in HaCaT cells treated with LPS; and S100A7 also promotes secretion of IL-6 and IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Sun
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhuoyang Lu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cui
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Tian
- Department of Dermatology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Shengxiang Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine Medical School, Irvine, United States of America
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine Medical School, Irvine, United States of America
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
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Jiang HK, Wang YH, Sun L, He X, Zhao M, Feng ZH, Yu XJ, Zang WJ. Aerobic interval training attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in rats post-myocardial infarction: roles of mitochondrial network dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5304-22. [PMID: 24675698 PMCID: PMC4013565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic interval training (AIT) can favorably affect cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of AIT on post-myocardial infarction (MI)—associated mitochondrial dysfunctions remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of AIT on myocardial mitochondria in post-MI rats by focusing on mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission). Mitochondrial respiratory functions (as measured by the respiratory control ratio (RCR) and the ratio of ADP to oxygen consumption (P/O)); complex activities; dynamic proteins (mitofusin (mfn) 1/2, type 1 optic atrophy (OPA1) and dynamin-related protein1 (DRP1)); nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α); and the oxidative signaling of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and P53 were observed. Post-MI rats exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and adverse mitochondrial network dynamics (reduced fusion and increased fission), which was associated with activated ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling and decreased nuclear PGC-1α. After AIT, MI-associated mitochondrial dysfunction was improved (elevated RCR and P/O and enhanced complex I, III and IV activities); in addition, increased fusion (mfn2 and OPA1), decreased fission (DRP1), elevated nuclear PGC-1α and inactivation of the ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling were observed. These data demonstrate that AIT may restore the post-MI mitochondrial function by inhibiting dynamics pathological remodeling, which may be associated with inactivation of ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling and increase in nuclear PGC-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ke Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - You-Hua Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xi He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Zhi-Hui Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Dworatzek E, Mahmoodzadeh S, Schubert C, Westphal C, Leber J, Kusch A, Kararigas G, Fliegner D, Moulin M, Ventura-Clapier R, Gustafsson JA, Davidson MM, Dragun D, Regitz-Zagrosek V. Sex differences in exercise-induced physiological myocardial hypertrophy are modulated by oestrogen receptor beta. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 102:418-28. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Epigallocatechin gallate counteracts oxidative stress in docosahexaenoxic acid-treated myocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:783-91. [PMID: 24486445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a key organ of mammalian energy metabolism, and its mitochondria are multifunction organelles that are targets of dietary bioactive compounds. The goal of this work was to examine the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, functionality and cell energy parameters using docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and a combination of both in L6 myocytes. Compounds (at 25μM) were incubated for 4h. Cells cultured with DHA displayed less oxygen consumption with higher ADP/ATP ratio levels concomitant with downregulation of Cox and Ant1 gene expression. The disruption of energetic homeostasis by DHA, increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and decreases mitochondrial membrane potential. The defence mechanism to counteract the excess of ROS production was by the upregulation of Ucp2, Ucp3 and MnSod gene expression. Moreover myocytes cultured with DHA had a higher mitochondrial mass with a higher proportion of large and elongated mitochondria, whereas the fission genes Drp1 and Fiss1 and the fusion gene Mfn2 were downregulated. In myocytes co-incubated with DHA and EGCG, ROS levels and the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio were similar to untreated myocytes and the decrease of oxygen consumption, higher mitochondrial mass and the overexpression of Ucp2 and Ucp3 genes were similar to the DHA-treated cells with also a higher amount of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and reduced Drp1 and Fiss1 gene expression levels. In conclusion the addition of EGCG to DHA returned the cells to the control conditions in terms of mitochondrial morphology, energy and redox status, which were unbalanced in the DHA-treated myocytes.
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Ji LL, Zhang Y. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role of redox signaling. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:3-11. [PMID: 24083482 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.844341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Contraction-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in oxidative stress to skeletal muscle for the past few decades. As research advances more evidence has revealed a more complete role of ROS under both physiological and pathological conditions. The current review postulated that moderate intensity of physical exercise has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects due to the operation and cross-talks of several redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways. The functional roles and mechanisms of action of the nuclear factor κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Ji
- Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene and Exercise Science, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, MN , USA
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Caffin F, Prola A, Piquereau J, Novotova M, David DJ, Garnier A, Fortin D, Alavi MV, Veksler V, Ventura-Clapier R, Joubert F. Altered skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis but improved endurance capacity in trained OPA1-deficient mice. J Physiol 2013; 591:6017-37. [PMID: 24042504 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.263079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of OPA1, a GTPase dynamin protein mainly involved in the fusion of inner mitochondrial membranes, has been studied in many cell types, but only a few studies have been conducted on adult differentiated tissues such as cardiac or skeletal muscle cells. Yet OPA1 is highly expressed in these cells, and could play different roles, especially in response to an environmental stress like exercise. Endurance exercise increases energy demand in skeletal muscle and repeated activity induces mitochondrial biogenesis and activation of fusion-fission cycles for the synthesis of new mitochondria. But currently no study has clearly shown a link between mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis. Using a mouse model of haploinsufficiency for the Opa1 gene (Opa1(+/-)), we therefore studied the impact of OPA1 deficiency on the adaptation ability of fast skeletal muscles to endurance exercise training. Our results show that, surprisingly, Opa1(+/-) mice were able to perform the same physical activity as control mice. However, the adaptation strategies of both strains after training differed: while in control mice mitochondrial biogenesis was increased as expected, in Opa1(+/-) mice this process was blunted. Instead, training in Opa1(+/-) mice led to an increase in endurance capacity, and a specific adaptive response involving a metabolic remodelling towards enhanced fatty acid utilization. In conclusion, OPA1 appears necessary for the normal adaptive response and mitochondrial biogenesis of skeletal muscle to training. This work opens new perspectives on the role of mitochondrial dynamics in skeletal muscle cells and during adaptation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caffin
- F. Joubert: U-769 INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Knaub LA, McCune S, Chicco AJ, Miller M, Moore RL, Birdsey N, Lloyd MI, Villarreal J, Keller AC, Watson PA, Reusch JEB. Impaired response to exercise intervention in the vasculature in metabolic syndrome. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2013; 10:222-38. [PMID: 23162060 PMCID: PMC4139293 DOI: 10.1177/1479164112459664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity decreases risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality; however, the specific impact of exercise on the diabetic vasculature is unexamined. We hypothesized that an acute, moderate exercise intervention in diabetic and hypertensive rats would induce mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial antioxidant defence to improve vascular resilience. SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp) lean (hypertensive) and obese (hypertensive, insulin resistant), as well as Sprague Dawley (SD) control rats were run on a treadmill for 8 days. In aortic lysates from SD rats, we observed a significant increase in subunit proteins from oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) complexes I-III, with no changes in the lean or obese SHHF rats. Exercise also increased the expression of mitochondrial antioxidant defence uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) (p < 0.05) in SHHF lean rats, whereas no changes were observed in the SD or SHHF obese rats with exercise. We evaluated upstream signalling pathways for mitochondrial biogenesis, and only peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) significantly decreased in SHHF lean rats (p < 0.05) with exercise. In these experiments, we demonstrate absent mitochondrial induction with exercise exposure in models of chronic vascular disease. These findings suggest that chronic vascular stress results in decreased sensitivity of vasculature to the adaptive mitochondrial responses normally induced by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Knaub
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sylvia McCune
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matthew Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Russell L Moore
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas Birdsey
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Monique I Lloyd
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Juan Villarreal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amy C Keller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter A Watson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jane EB Reusch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Picard M, Shirihai OS, Gentil BJ, Burelle Y. Mitochondrial morphology transitions and functions: implications for retrograde signaling? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R393-406. [PMID: 23364527 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00584.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In response to cellular and environmental stresses, mitochondria undergo morphology transitions regulated by dynamic processes of membrane fusion and fission. These events of mitochondrial dynamics are central regulators of cellular activity, but the mechanisms linking mitochondrial shape to cell function remain unclear. One possibility evaluated in this review is that mitochondrial morphological transitions (from elongated to fragmented, and vice-versa) directly modify canonical aspects of the organelle's function, including susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition, respiratory properties of the electron transport chain, and reactive oxygen species production. Because outputs derived from mitochondrial metabolism are linked to defined cellular signaling pathways, fusion/fission morphology transitions could regulate mitochondrial function and retrograde signaling. This is hypothesized to provide a dynamic interface between the cell, its genome, and the fluctuating metabolic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sun M, Shen W, Zhong M, Wu P, Chen H, Lu A. Nandrolone attenuates aortic adaptation to exercise in rats. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 97:686-95. [PMID: 23338851 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we investigated the interaction between exercise-induced mitochondrial adaptation of large vessels and the effects of chronic anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs). METHODS AND RESULTS Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied: (i) sedentary, (ii) sedentary + nandrolone-treated, (iii) aerobic exercise trained, and (iv) trained + nandrolone-treated. Aerobic training increased the levels of aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in accordance with improved acetylcholine-induced vascular relaxation. These beneficial effects were associated with induction of mitochondrial complexes I and V, increased mitochondrial DNA copy number, and greater expression of transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis/fusion. We also observed enhanced mitochondrial autophagy pathway activity, including increased conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and greater expression of beclin1 and autophagy-related protein-7 (ATG7). The levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and protein carbonyls remained unchanged, whereas significant increases in catalase and mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) levels were observed in the aortas of trained animals, when compared with sedentary controls. Nandrolone increased oxidative stress biomarkers and inhibited exercise-induced increases of eNOS, HO-1, catalase, and MnSOD expression. In addition, it also attenuated elevated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and mitofusin-2 expression, and further up-regulated LC3II conversion, beclin1, ATG7, and dynamin-related protein-1 expression. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that nandrolone attenuates aortic adaptations to exercise by regulating mitochondrial dynamic remodelling, including down-regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and intensive autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, China
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40
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Koltai E, Hart N, Taylor AW, Goto S, Ngo JK, Davies KJA, Radak Z. Age-associated declines in mitochondrial biogenesis and protein quality control factors are minimized by exercise training. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R127-34. [PMID: 22573103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00337.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A decline in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial protein quality control in skeletal muscle is a common finding in aging, but exercise training has been suggested as a possible cure. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that moderate-intensity exercise training could prevent the age-associated deterioration in mitochondrial biogenesis in the gastrocnemius muscle of Wistar rats. Exercise training, consisting of treadmill running at 60% of the initial Vo(2max), reversed or attenuated significant age-associated (detrimental) declines in mitochondrial mass (succinate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, cytochrome-c oxidase-4, mtDNA), SIRT1 activity, AMPK, pAMPK, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α, UCP3, and the Lon protease. Exercise training also decreased the gap between young and old animals in other measured parameters, including nuclear respiratory factor 1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, fission-1, mitofusin-1, and polynucleotide phosphorylase levels. We conclude that exercise training can help minimize detrimental skeletal muscle aging deficits by improving mitochondrial protein quality control and biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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41
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Mitochondrial dysregulation in the pathogenesis of diabetes: potential for mitochondrial biogenesis-mediated interventions. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:642038. [PMID: 22203837 PMCID: PMC3235780 DOI: 10.1155/2012/642038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscle mitochondrial metabolism is a tightly controlled process that involves the coordination of signaling pathways and factors from both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Perhaps the most important pathway regulating metabolism in muscle is mitochondrial biogenesis. In response to physiological stimuli such as exercise, retrograde signaling pathways are activated that allow crosstalk between the nucleus and mitochondria, upregulating hundreds of genes and leading to higher mitochondrial content and increased oxidation of substrates. With type 2 diabetes, these processes can become dysregulated and the ability of the cell to respond to nutrient and energy fluctuations is diminished. This, coupled with reduced mitochondrial content and altered mitochondrial morphology, has been directly linked to the pathogenesis of this disease. In this paper, we will discuss our current understanding of mitochondrial dysregulation in skeletal muscle as it relates to type 2 diabetes, placing particular emphasis on the pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics, and the therapeutic value of exercise and other interventions.
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Eynon N, Morán M, Birk R, Lucia A. The champions' mitochondria: is it genetically determined? A review on mitochondrial DNA and elite athletic performance. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:789-98. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00029.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic ATP generation by the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) is a vital metabolic process for endurance exercise. Notably, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) codifies 13 of the 83 polypeptides implied in the respiratory chain. As such, there is a strong rationale for identifying an association between mtDNA variants and “aerobic” (endurance) exercise phenotypes. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the association between mtDNA, nuclear genes involved in mitochondriogenesis, and elite endurance athletic status. Several studies in nonathletic people have demonstrated an association between certain mtDNA lineages and aerobic performance, characterized by maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max). Whether mtDNA haplogroups are also associated with the status of being an elite endurance athlete is more controversial, with differences between studies arising from the different ethnic backgrounds of the athletic cohorts (Caucasian of mixed geographic origin, Asiatic, or East African).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Eynon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Ariel University Center, Israel; and
| | - María Morán
- Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CIBERER and
| | - Ruth Birk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Ariel University Center, Israel; and
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Feng Z, Bai L, Yan J, Li Y, Shen W, Wang Y, Wertz K, Weber P, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu J. Mitochondrial dynamic remodeling in strenuous exercise-induced muscle and mitochondrial dysfunction: regulatory effects of hydroxytyrosol. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1437-46. [PMID: 21421045 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is considered to exert a positive effect on health, whereas strenuous or excessive exercise (Exe) causes fatigue and damage to muscle and immune functions. The underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. We designed a protocol to mimic Exe and explore the ensuing cellular damage and involvement of mitochondrial dynamics. We found that Exe was prone to decrease endurance capacity and induce damage to renal function and the immune system. Muscle atrophy markers atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA were increased by Exe, accompanied by increased autophagy and mitochondrial fission in skeletal muscle. Exe caused a decrease in PGC-1α and complex I expression; it also activated JNK and Erk1/2 pathways and consequently induced p53, p21, and MnSOD expression in skeletal muscle. The involvement of oxidant-induced autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed in C2C12 myoblasts. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural olive polyphenol, efficiently enhanced endurance capacity and prevented Exe-induced renal and immune system damage. Also, HT treatment inhibited both the Exe-induced increase in autophagy and mitochondrial fission and the decrease in PGC-1α expression. In addition, HT enhanced mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrial complex I and II activities in muscle of Exe rats. These results demonstrate that Exe-induced fatigue and damage to muscle and immune functions may be mediated via the regulation of mitochondrial dynamic remodeling, including the downregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and upregulation of autophagy. HT supplementation may regulate mitochondrial dynamic remodeling and enhance antioxidant defenses and thus improve exercise capacity under Exe conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Feng
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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44
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Barbieri E, Battistelli M, Casadei L, Vallorani L, Piccoli G, Guescini M, Gioacchini AM, Polidori E, Zeppa S, Ceccaroli P, Stocchi L, Stocchi V, Falcieri E. Morphofunctional and Biochemical Approaches for Studying Mitochondrial Changes during Myoblasts Differentiation. J Aging Res 2011; 2011:845379. [PMID: 21629710 PMCID: PMC3100678 DOI: 10.4061/2011/845379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes mitochondrial behaviour during the C2C12 myoblast differentiation program and proposes a proteomic approach to mitochondria integrated with classical morphofunctional and biochemical analyses. Mitochondrial ultrastructure variations were determined by transmission electron microscopy; mitochondrial mass and membrane potential were analysed by Mitotracker Green and JC-1 stains and by epifluorescence microscope. Expression of PGC1α, NRF1α, and Tfam genes controlling mitochondrial biogenesis was studied by real-time PCR. The mitochondrial functionality was tested by cytochrome c oxidase activity and COXII expression. Mitochondrial proteomic profile was also performed. These assays showed that mitochondrial biogenesis and activity significantly increase in differentiating myotubes. The proteomic profile identifies 32 differentially expressed proteins, mostly involved in oxidative metabolism, typical of myotubes formation. Other notable proteins, such as superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a cell protection molecule, and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein (VDAC1) involved in the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, were found to be regulated by the myogenic process. The integration of these approaches represents a helpful tool for studying mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and functionality in comparative surveys on mitochondrial pathogenic or senescent satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Barbieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via I Maggetti, 26, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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