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Chan PLR, Arhonditsis GB, Thompson KA, Eimers MC. A regional examination of the footprint of agriculture and urban cover on stream water quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174157. [PMID: 38909812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater systems in cold regions, including the Laurentian Great Lakes, are threatened by both eutrophication and salinization, due to excess nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and chloride (Cl-) delivered in agricultural and urban runoff. However, identifying the relative contribution of urban vs. agricultural development to water quality impairment is challenging in watersheds with mixed land cover, which typify most developed regions. In this study, a self-organizing map (SOM) analysis was used to evaluate the contributions of various forms of land cover to water quality impairment in southern Ontario, a population-dense, yet highly agricultural region in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin where urban expansion and agricultural intensification have been associated with continued water quality impairment. Watersheds were classified into eight spatial clusters, representing four categories of agriculture, one urban, one natural, and two mixed land use clusters. All four agricultural clusters had high nitrate-N concentrations, but levels were especially high in watersheds with extensive corn and soybean cultivation, where exceedances of the 3 mg L-1 water quality objective dramatically increased above a threshold of ∼30 % watershed row crop cover. Maximum P concentrations also occurred in the most heavily tile-drained cash crop watersheds, but associations between P and land use were not as clear as for N. The most urbanized watersheds had the highest Cl- concentrations and expansions in urban area were mostly at the expense of surrounding agricultural land cover, which may drive intensification of remaining agricultural lands. Expansions in tile-drained corn and soybean area, often at the expense of mixed, lower intensity agriculture are not unique to this area and suggest that river nitrate-N levels will continue to increase in the future. The SOM approach provides a powerful means of simplifying heterogeneous land cover characteristics that can be associated with water quality patterns and identify problem areas to target management.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Roshelle Chan
- Environmental & Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - George B Arhonditsis
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Karen A Thompson
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - M Catherine Eimers
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
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2
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Schurkamp SJ, Lishawa SC, Ohsowski BM. Wetland plant species and biochar amendments lead to variable salinity reduction in roadway-associated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175801. [PMID: 39191327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Salinization is an emerging threat in freshwater wetlands, with few techniques available to mitigate anthropogenic inputs such as road salts. Phytoremediation and biochar addition have each been proposed to remediate salt-affected soils generally, but interactive effects in wetland environments to improve soil conditions adjacent to roadways are not well understood. We conducted an 88-day fully factorial greenhouse experiment to quantify the effects of three plant treatments (unvegetated, Typha × glauca and Phragmites australis) and three biochar rates (0.0, 2.5, 5.0 % wt/wt) on the soil and leachate of a simulated wetland system. Both plant species significantly reduced soil Cl- content relative to unvegetated controls, while Typha also significantly reduced Cl- content of leachate and soil Na+. The difference in effects was likely due to different salt tolerance strategies: the salt-accumulating Typha contained a significantly higher volume of Na+, Cl-, and water in its tissue than Phragmites, whose greater K+:Na+ ratio and similar soil Na+ to controls indicated a salt exclusion strategy. Biochar did not influence the growth of either species but moderately increased tissue Na+ concentration in Typha. Furthermore, biochar's effects on soil and leachate salt levels varied by application rate with the medium rate moderately increasing soil Na+ and Cl- and leachate Cl-, while the highest application did not differ from controls across all metrics. Our results suggest that phytoremediation can be optimized with salt-accumulating species, whose mechanisms of salt tolerance involve the accumulation of salt ions from the surrounding environment. The consistent flooding in our study may have inhibited the influence of biochar. We recommend future studies parse the effects of water levels and redox potential on biochar's ability to influence wetland salinity. Data repository: doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9QFZ7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Schurkamp
- Loyola University Chicago, School of Environmental Sustainability, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60660, United States of America
| | - Shane C Lishawa
- Loyola University Chicago, School of Environmental Sustainability, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60660, United States of America
| | - Brian M Ohsowski
- Loyola University Chicago, School of Environmental Sustainability, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60660, United States of America
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3
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Quiles P, Barrientos R. Interspecific interactions disrupted by roads. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1121-1139. [PMID: 38303408 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Roads have pervasive impacts on wildlife, including habitat loss and fragmentation, road mortality, habitat pollution and increased human use of habitats surrounding them. However, the effects of roads on interspecific interactions are less understood. Here we provide a synthesis of the existing literature on how species interactions may be disrupted by roads, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest avenues for future research and conservation management. We conducted a systematic search using the Web of Science database for each species interaction (predation, competition, mutualism, parasitism, commensalism and amensalism). These searches yielded 2144 articles, of which 195 were relevant to our topic. Most of these studies focused on predation (50%) or competition (24%), and less frequently on mutualism (17%) or, parasitism (9%). We found no studies on commensalism or amensalism. Studies were biased towards mammals from high-income countries, with most conducted in the USA (34%) or Canada (18%). Our literature review identified several patterns. First, roads disrupt predator-prey relationships, usually with negative impacts on prey populations. Second, new disturbed habitats created in road corridors often benefit more competitive species, such as invasive species, although some native or endangered species can also thrive there. Third, roads degrade mutualistic interactions like seed dispersal and pollination. Fourth, roads can increase parasitism rates, although the intensity of the alteration is species specific. To reduce the negative impacts of roads on interspecific interactions, we suggest the following management actions: (i) verges should be as wide and heterogenous as possible, as this increases microhabitat diversity, thus enhancing ecosystem services like pollination and seed dispersal; (ii) combining different mowing regimes can increase the complexity of the habitat corridor, enabling it to act as a habitat for more species; (iii) the use of de-icing salts should be gradually reduced and replaced with less harmful products or maintenance practices; (iv) wildlife passes should be implemented in groups to reduce animal concentrations inside them; (v) periodic removal of carcasses from the road to reduce the use of this resource by wildlife; and (vi) implementation of traffic-calming schemes could enhance interspecific interactions like pollination and avoid disruption of predator-prey relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Quiles
- Road Ecology Lab, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 12, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Barrientos
- Road Ecology Lab, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 12, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Landolfi JA, Kinsel MJ, Anchor G, Feldmann M, Anchor C. Parasitism and branchitis in various fish species from 4 Cook County, Illinois inland freshwater lakes, 5-year survey, 2017-2021. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:368-379. [PMID: 38372172 PMCID: PMC11110782 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241231288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated disease trends of concern for fish or public health in a 5-y (2017-2021) prospective survey of fish in Cook County, IL, inland lakes. Lesions were assessed in relation to fish species, lake type and location, season and collection year, and lake water chemistry parameters. Fish included bullheads (n = 98), common carp (n = 99), bluegill (n = 114), and largemouth bass (n = 118). Annually, fish collection and point-source water sampling were conducted in spring, summer, and fall from both seepage and impoundment lakes. Examinations included autopsy, wet-mount cytologic assessment for ectoparasites, and histopathology. No lesions of public health concern were detected. The most common abnormalities were branchitis (261 of 429; 60.8%) and endoparasitism (312 of 429; 72.7%). Branchitis was mild in most cases (189 of 261; 72.4%) and concurrent with branchial parasitism in 175 of 261 (67%) cases. Monogeneans were the most common gill parasites but did not influence branchitis severity (Kruskal-Wallis, p = 0.484). Using generalized ordered logistic regression, predictors of branchitis severity included fish species (p < 0.001), the interaction of lake or location and alkalinity (p < 0.001), and water temperature or season (p < 0.001). Endoparasites included tissue larval trematodes (metacercaria), nematodes, and cestodes (plerocercoids), enteric acanthocephalans, gastric trematodes, renal myxosporidia, biliary and gall bladder myxosporidia, enteric cestodes, and tissue microsporidia. Using generalized ordered logistic regression, variables influencing endoparasitism severity included species (p < 0.001), year (p < 0.001), chloride level (p = 0.009), and the interaction of year and chloride level (p < 0.001). Our results suggested overall good health of fish in sampled Cook County inland lakes and provide a foundation for continued monitoring of ecosystem and public health in the urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Kinsel
- University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program (ZPP), Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Gretchen Anchor
- University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program (ZPP), Brookfield, IL, USA
| | | | - Chris Anchor
- Forest Preserve District of Cook County, Elgin, IL, USA
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5
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Foley E, Steinman AD. Urban lake water quality responses to elevated road salt concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167139. [PMID: 37739074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Road salt runoff from de-icing applications is increasingly impacting water quality around the globe. Excess salt (especially chloride) concentrations can negatively impact the biological, chemical, and physical properties of freshwater ecosystems. Though road salt pollution is a prevalent issue affecting many northern temperate lakes, there are few studies on how freshwater salinization interacts with other ecological stressors such as eutrophication. We investigated how chloride from road deicers influences water quality in an urban lake. We sampled a tributary and lake receiving large amounts of road salt runoff from a nearby highway in Grand Rapids, Michigan over a 20-month period. Chloride concentrations in the deepest part of the lake consistently exceeded the US EPA chloride chronic toxicity threshold of 230 mg/L, at times reaching up to 331 mg/L. These high chloride concentrations appear to be responsible for preventing part of the lake from complete mixing, and causing hypoxia in the deepest regions of the lake. Total phosphorus concentrations near the surface averaged 35 μg/L but exceeded 7500 μg/L in the deepest part of the lake, which occupies 3-5 % of total lake volume. Phosphorus release rates from the sediments were low and unlikely to be a current source of the high phosphorus concentrations. Rather, both phosphorus and chloride likely have been accumulating in the hypolimnion over a relatively long period of time. Lake management actions will require control of both internal and external phosphorus and chloride sources in the future. We recommend that phosphorus be addressed first to avoid the extremely high phosphorus concentrations from reaching the photic zone and stimulating algal blooms, which would occur if salt was removed first and the halocline broke down. Our findings and recommendations are applicable to other lakes facing similar issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Foley
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA.
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Huang J, Jin J, Sun Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, Yang Z. Can long-term salinity acclimation eliminate the inhibitory effect of salinization on anti-predation defense of Daphnia? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:115805-115819. [PMID: 37889416 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater salinization, due to road salt and other increased anthropogenic activities, has become a significant threat to freshwater organisms. However, whether freshwater salinization affects the response of aquatic organisms to their predators, especially prey that have been acclimated to salinity environments for a long time, remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the changes in anti-predator defense of Daphnia magna with and without salinity acclimation at five different salinities (0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.10, and 0.12 M). Results showed that freshwater salinization weakened the induced defense response of D. magna, regardless of whether it had undergone long-term salinity acclimation. Specifically, induced defense traits such as smaller body size, higher relative spine length, more relative reproductive output, and smaller body size neonates disappeared at ≥ 0.08 M salinities. In addition, there were no significant differences in most traits of induced defense strength between D. magna with and without salinity acclimation at the same salinity. Importantly, the integrated induced defense response index decreased with increasing salinity. Our study showed that salinity-tolerant organisms do not recover their induced defense at high salinities, underlining the importance of incorporating interspecific interactions when estimating the effects of freshwater salinization on organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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7
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Maas CM, Kaushal SS, Rippy MA, Mayer PM, Grant SB, Shatkay RR, Malin JT, Bhide SV, Vikesland P, Krauss L, Reimer JE, Yaculak AM. Freshwater salinization syndrome limits management efforts to improve water quality. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2023; 11:1-20. [PMID: 37841559 PMCID: PMC10568995 DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS) refers to groups of biological, physical, and chemical impacts which commonly occur together in response to salinization. FSS can be assessed by the mobilization of chemical mixtures, termed "chemical cocktails", in watersheds. Currently, we do not know if salinization and mobilization of chemical cocktails along streams can be mitigated or reversed using restoration and conservation strategies. We investigated 1) the formation of chemical cocktails temporally and spatially along streams experiencing different levels of restoration and riparian forest conservation and 2) the potential for attenuation of chemical cocktails and salt ions along flowpaths through conservation and restoration areas. We monitored high-frequency temporal and longitudinal changes in streamwater chemistry in response to different pollution events (i.e., road salt, stormwater runoff, wastewater effluent, and baseflow conditions) and several types of watershed management or conservation efforts in six urban watersheds in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that chemical cocktails which formed along flowpaths (i.e., permanent reaches of a stream) varied due to pollution events. In response to winter road salt applications, the chemical cocktails were enriched in salts and metals (e.g., Na+, Mn, and Cu). During most baseflow and stormflow conditions, chemical cocktails were less enriched in salt ions and trace metals. Downstream attenuation of salt ions occurred during baseflow and stormflow conditions along flowpaths through regional parks, stream-floodplain restorations, and a national park. Conversely, chemical mixtures of salt ions and metals, which formed in response to multiple road salt applications or prolonged road salt exposure, did not show patterns of rapid attenuation downstream. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate variables that influence changes in chemical cocktails along flowpaths. Attenuation and dilution of salt ions and chemical cocktails along stream flowpaths was significantly related to riparian forest buffer width, types of salt pollution, and distance downstream. Although salt ions and chemical cocktails can be attenuated and diluted in response to conservation and restoration efforts at lower concentration ranges, there can be limitations in attenuation during road salt events, particularly if storm drains bypass riparian buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M. Maas
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sujay S. Kaushal
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Megan A. Rippy
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Paul M. Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Stanley B. Grant
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
- Center for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ruth R. Shatkay
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Joseph T. Malin
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Shantanu V. Bhide
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Peter Vikesland
- The Charles E. Via Jr Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Lauren Krauss
- Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Jenna E. Reimer
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alexis M. Yaculak
- Water Sciences and Policy Graduate Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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8
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E B, Zhang S, Driscoll CT, Wen T. Human and natural impacts on the U.S. freshwater salinization and alkalinization: A machine learning approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 889:164138. [PMID: 37182763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing salinization and alkalinization in U.S. rivers have been attributed to inputs of road salt and effects of human-accelerated weathering in previous studies. Salinization poses a severe threat to human and ecosystem health, while human derived alkalinization implies increasing uncertainty in the dynamics of terrestrial sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. A mechanistic understanding of whether and how human activities accelerate weathering and contribute to the geochemical changes in U.S. rivers is lacking. To address this uncertainty, we compiled dissolved sodium (salinity proxy) and alkalinity values along with 32 watershed properties ranging from hydrology, climate, geomorphology, geology, soil chemistry, land use, and land cover for 226 river monitoring sites across the coterminous U.S. Using these data, we built two machine-learning models to predict monthly-aggregated sodium and alkalinity fluxes at these sites. The sodium-prediction model detected human activities (represented by population density and impervious surface area) as major contributors to the salinity of U.S. rivers. In contrast, the alkalinity-prediction model identified natural processes as predominantly contributing to variation in riverine alkalinity flux, including runoff, carbonate sediment or siliciclastic sediment, soil pH and soil moisture. Unlike prior studies, our analysis suggests that the alkalinization in U.S. rivers is largely governed by local climatic and hydrogeological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei E
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Charles T Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Tao Wen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
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Zawierucha E, Zawierucha M, Futa B, Mocek-Płóciniak A. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic Constraints on the Ecobiochemical Status of Cultivated Soils along Transportation Routes. TOXICS 2023; 11:329. [PMID: 37112556 PMCID: PMC10143448 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of studies on the impact of COVID-19-related population mobility and freight transport restrictions on the soil environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of automotive pollution on selected parameters describing the quality and healthiness of crop soils based on results obtained before the pandemic (2017-2019) in relation to data from the pandemic period (2020-2021). The study included soils from six cultivated fields located in eastern Poland along national roads (DK No. 74 and 82) and provincial roads (DW No. 761 and 835). Soil samples were taken from distances of 5, 20, 50, and 100 m from the edge of the roadway. The following soil characteristics were determined: pHKCl, content of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and activity of the three enzymes dehydrogenases (ADh), neutral phosphatase (APh), and urease (AU). The degree of traffic-generated soil pollution was assessed by determining the samples' total cadmium and lead levels (Cd and Pb) and total content of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ14PAHs). The monitoring of cultivated soils showed that the parameters of cultivated soils varied primarily according to the distance from the edge of the roadway. There was an increase in soil acidity and TOC and TN content and a decrease in Cd, Pb, and Σ14PAHs as one moved away from the edge of the roadway. The highest ADh and APh values were found in soils located 100 m from the edge of the road. AU at 5 m and 20 m from the edge of the pavement was significantly higher than at 100 m away. The reduction in vehicular traffic associated with the pandemic did not affect the changes in the reaction of the studied soils and their TOC, TN, and Pb contents. The lowest content of Σ14PAHs was found in 2020. In the case of the amount of Cd in soils, a downward effect was also observed in 2020. However, no significant differences were noted, except for the soils in Skorzeszyce and Łuszczów Kolonia. The reduced influx of xenobiotics into the soil environment stimulated ADh and APh. In the following year (2021), the amounts of tested xenobiotics and enzyme activities in the soils were at a similar level to those in 2019. The results indicate a positive but short-term effect of the pandemic on reducing the contamination of soils located along transportation routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Zawierucha
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Emergency Medicine, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawierucha
- Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, The Marshal Office of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, IX Wieków Kielc 3, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
| | - Barbara Futa
- Institute of Soil Science and Environment Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyńskiego St. 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mocek-Płóciniak
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznan, Poland
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10
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Castiblanco ES, Groffman PM, Duncan J, Band LE, Doheny E, Fisher GT, Rosi E, Suchy AK. Long-term trends in nitrate and chloride in streams in an exurban watershed. Urban Ecosyst 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-023-01340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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11
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Rumsey CA, Hammond JC, Murphy J, Shoda M, Soroka A. Spatial patterns and seasonal timing of increasing riverine specific conductance from 1998 to 2018 suggest legacy contamination in the Delaware River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159691. [PMID: 36302437 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing salinization of freshwater threatens water supplies that support a range of human and ecological uses. The latest assessments of Delaware River Basin (DRB) surface-water-quality changes indicate widespread salinization has occurred in recent decades, which may lead to meaningful degradation in water quality. To better understand how and when salinity transport occurs and implications for DRB streams, this study: 1) explores the variability of specific conductance (SC) trends spatially and seasonally from 1998 to 2018, and 2) investigates how trends relate to streamflow, land disturbance, and impervious surface area to better understand regional salinization drivers. We find widespread increases in SC across the DRB, with several sites in the lower basin exceeding thresholds for aquatic life and experiencing increasing frequencies of exceedance over time. In general, the greatest basin wide increases in SC occurred during low flow conditions, indicating that a legacy component resulting from subsurface retention and transport processes has driven observed changes in riverine SC. For a subset of sites in the lower basin, where impervious area and cumulative land disturbance are higher, the greatest SC increases occurred during high flow conditions in winter months. Given the patterns of SC and watershed changes across the basin, as well as strong relationships between SC trends and sodium and chloride trends, deicing salt appears to be a likely driver of observed SC change. Even if deicing salt application plateaus or declines in coming years, the continued release and transport of the legacy subsurface component may still contribute to elevated DRB riverine SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Rumsey
- U.S. Geological Survey, Utah Water Science Center, 2329 Orton Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84119, USA.
| | - John C Hammond
- U.S. Geological Survey, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, 5522 Research Park Drive, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA.
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 650 Peace Road, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA.
| | - Megan Shoda
- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, 6460 Busch Boulevard, Suite 100, Columbus, OH 43229, USA.
| | - Alexander Soroka
- U.S. Geological Survey, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, 5522 Research Park Drive, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA.
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12
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Idbella M, Abd‐ElGawad AM, Mazzoleni S, Bonanomi G. Microclimate, soil chemistry, and microbiota fail to explain
Euphorbia dendroides
Janzen‐Connell
pattern in a shrubland. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Idbella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Hassan II University Casablanca Morocco
| | - Ahmed M. Abd‐ElGawad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
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13
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Haake DM, Krchma S, Meyners CW, Virag R. Impacts of urbanization on chloride and stream invertebrates: A 10-year citizen science field study of road salt in stormwater runoff. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:1667-1677. [PMID: 35199928 PMCID: PMC9790684 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of deicing agents during the winter months is one of many stressors that impact stream ecosystems in urban and urbanizing watersheds. In this study, a long-term data set collected by citizen scientists with the Missouri Stream Team was used to evaluate the relationships between watershed urbanization metrics and chloride metrics. Further, these data were used to explore the effects of elevated chloride concentrations on stream invertebrate communities using quantile regression. While the amount of road surface in a watershed was a dominant factor in predicting the maximum chloride measurement, the median chloride concentration was also strongly related to the amount of medium-to-high density development in the watershed, suggesting that nonmunicipal salt use is an important contributor to increases in base flow chloride concentrations. Additionally, chloride concentration appears to be one of the many factors that impact invertebrate density and diversity measurements, with decreases in invertebrate diversity corresponding with the US Environmental Protection Agency water quality criteria. Our findings suggest that the use of chloride-based road salt on municipal roads as well as on nonmunicipal settings is contributing to a loss of diversity and density of aquatic invertebrate communities in urban regions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:1667-1677. © 2022 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danelle M. Haake
- National Great Rivers Research and Education CenterLewis and Clark Community CollegeEast AltonIllinoisUSA
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14
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Grant SB, Rippy MA, Birkland TA, Schenk T, Rowles K, Misra S, Aminpour P, Kaushal S, Vikesland P, Berglund E, Gomez-Velez JD, Hotchkiss ER, Perez G, Zhang HX, Armstrong K, Bhide SV, Krauss L, Maas C, Mendoza K, Shipman C, Zhang Y, Zhong Y. Can Common Pool Resource Theory Catalyze Stakeholder-Driven Solutions to the Freshwater Salinization Syndrome? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13517-13527. [PMID: 36103712 PMCID: PMC9536470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater salinity is rising across many regions of the United States as well as globally, a phenomenon called the freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS). The FSS mobilizes organic carbon, nutrients, heavy metals, and other contaminants sequestered in soils and freshwater sediments, alters the structures and functions of soils, streams, and riparian ecosystems, threatens drinking water supplies, and undermines progress toward many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. There is an urgent need to leverage the current understanding of salinization's causes and consequences─in partnership with engineers, social scientists, policymakers, and other stakeholders─into locally tailored approaches for balancing our nation's salt budget. In this feature, we propose that the FSS can be understood as a common pool resource problem and explore Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom's social-ecological systems framework as an approach for identifying the conditions under which local actors may work collectively to manage the FSS in the absence of top-down regulatory controls. We adopt as a case study rising sodium concentrations in the Occoquan Reservoir, a critical water supply for up to one million residents in Northern Virginia (USA), to illustrate emerging impacts, underlying causes, possible solutions, and critical research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B. Grant
- Occoquan
Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
- Center
for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Megan A. Rippy
- Occoquan
Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
- Center
for Coastal Studies, Virginia Tech, 1068A Derring Hall (0420), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Thomas A. Birkland
- School
of Public and International Affairs, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8102, United States
| | - Todd Schenk
- School
of Public and International Affairs, Virginia
Tech, 140 Otey St., Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United
States
| | - Kristin Rowles
- Policy
Works LLC, 3410 Woodberry
Ave., Baltimore, Maryland 21211, United States
| | - Shalini Misra
- School
of
Public and International Affairs, Virginia
Tech, Arlington, Virginia 22203, United States
| | - Payam Aminpour
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Ames Hall, 3101 Wyman Park Dr., Baltimore, Maryland 21211, United States
| | - Sujay Kaushal
- Department
of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, 8000 Regents Drive, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter Vikesland
- The
Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 200 Patton Hall, 750 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Emily Berglund
- Department
of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Fitts-Woolard Hall, Room 3250, 915
Partners Way, Raleigh, North
Carolina 27606, United
States
| | - Jesus D. Gomez-Velez
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
- Climate
Change Science Institute & Environmental Sciences Division, Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Erin R. Hotchkiss
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 2125 Derring Hall (Mail Code 0406),
926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United
States
| | - Gabriel Perez
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Harry X. Zhang
- The
Water Research Foundation, 1199 N. Fairfax St., Suite 900, Alexandria, Virginia 22314, United States
| | - Kingston Armstrong
- Department
of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Fitts-Woolard Hall, Room 3250, 915
Partners Way, Raleigh, North
Carolina 27606, United
States
| | - Shantanu V. Bhide
- Occoquan
Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Lauren Krauss
- Occoquan
Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Carly Maas
- Department
of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, 8000 Regents Drive, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kent Mendoza
- The
Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 200 Patton Hall, 750 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Caitlin Shipman
- Occoquan
Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, The Charles E. Via, Jr. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 9408 Prince William Street, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, PMB 351831, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1831, United States
| | - Yinman Zhong
- School
of Public and International Affairs, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8102, United States
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15
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Pérez-Fortes AP, Giudici H. A recent overview of the effect of road surface properties on road safety, environment, and how to monitor them. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65993-66009. [PMID: 35907073 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Road pavements are exposed to traffic loading and external deterioration agents which both can compromise tire-pavement interactions, posing a threat to road safety. The surface wear generates crushed pavement materials or tire rubber wear particles which, combined with other contaminants, negatively impact the environment. In fact, these particles may remain on the road surface; adhere to tires; become airborne; or drain by rainfall to roadsides, waterways, lakes, and even open oceans. Therefore, the presence of road contaminants on road infrastructure pavements is a concern for both road safety and the environment. Although the condition of pavement, traffic intensity, airborne dust emissions, and roadside environments are significantly monitored by road practitioners, especially in urban areas, there is still a need to better evaluate the pollutants remaining on road surfaces. It is known that particles smaller than 40 μm can be trapped within micro-asperities and remain on road surfaces, while particles of larger sizes can be transported by rainfall. However, it is difficult to mobilize particles with sizes larger than 105 μm by storm water runoffs, which tend to remain on road surfaces. Hence, not only rainfall characteristics are responsible of particle's kinetics, but also particle's size and road surface roughness are important. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of road safety and environmental concerns around contaminants, highlighting the importance of the road surface characteristics in their behavior. Finally, the current methods to measure road surface characteristics and their application for environmental and safety issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Pérez-Fortes
- Department of Civil Engineering: Construction, Civil Engineering School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Determining the Effectiveness of Street Cleaning with the Use of Decision Analysis and Research on the Reduction in Chloride in Waste. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Waste from street cleaning is usually of a fine fraction below 10 mm and varies greatly in both quantity and composition. It may be composed of chlorides, especially for that resulting during winter due to the use of street de-icing agents. Chlorides can cause the salinization of surface water and groundwater, and the salinization of soils, which in turn lead to the deterioration of water purity and a decrease in biodiversity of aquatic organisms, changes in microbiological structure, and increases in toxicity of metals. Therefore, it is very important to determine the level of salinity in stored waste and its impact on the environment. The present study was conducted in a city of about 55,000 inhabitants. The highest chloride concentrations were observed after winter in waste from street and sidewalk cleaning around the sewer gullies, amounting to 1468 mg/dm3. The lowest chloride concentration in this waste occurred in summer and amounted to 35 mg/dm3. The multi-criteria analysis indicated that the most beneficial form of street cleaning and, thus, of reductions in chloride concentration in the waste from street cleaning, would be sweeping and daily washing. The objective of this research was to determine the amount of chlorides in sweepings on an annual basis in order to determine the potential risks associated with their impact on select aspects of the environment and to evaluate the frequency of necessary cleaning for city streets, considering the effects. The methodology used was a multi-criteria evaluation, which as a decision analysis, allowed us to determine the frequency of cleaning and washing of streets, in such a way that an ecological effect is achieved with simultaneous economic efficiency.
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17
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Zhang VM, Martin RL, Murray RL. Chronic Road Salt Exposure Across Life Stages and The Interactive Effects of Warming and Salinity in a Semiaquatic Insect. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:313-321. [PMID: 35348654 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The salinization of freshwater habitats from winter road salt application is a growing concern. Understanding how taxa exposed to road salt run-off respond to this salinity exposure across life history transitions will be important for predicting the impacts of increasing salinity. We show that Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen, 1861 (Odonata: Libellulidae) dragonflies are robust to environmentally relevant levels of salt pollution across intrinsically stressful life history transitions (hatching, growth, and metamorphosis). Additionally, we observed no carry-over effects into adult dragonfly morphology. However, in a multiple-stressor setting, we see negative interactive effects of warming and salinity on activity, and we found that chronically warmed dragonfly larvae consumed fewer mosquitoes. Despite showing relatively high tolerance to salinity individually, we expect that decreased dragonfly performance in multiple-stressor environments could limit dragonflies' contribution to ecosystem services such as mosquito pest control in urban freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki M Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. L5L 1C6, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. M5S 3B2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosemary L Martin
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. L5L 1C6, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. M5S 3B2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosalind L Murray
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd. L5L 1C6, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St. M5S 3B2, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Schück M, Greger M. Chloride removal capacity and salinity tolerance in wetland plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 308:114553. [PMID: 35121460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deicing with sodium chloride maintains safe roads in the winter, but results in stormwater runoff with high chloride (Cl-) content that causes various downstream problems. Chloride-rich water risks contaminating groundwater, shortening the lifespan of concrete and metal constructions, and being toxic to aquatic organisms. Current stormwater treatment methods are unable to remove Cl-, but wetland plants with high chloride uptake capacity have potential to decrease Cl- concentrations in water. The aim was to identify suitable plant species for removing Cl- from water for future studies on phytodesalination of water, by comparing 34 wetland plant species native to Sweden in a short-term screening. Additionally, Carex pseudocyperus, C. riparia, and Phalaris arundinacea was further compared as to their salinity tolerance and tissue Cl- concentration properties. Results show that Cl- removal capacity, tissue accumulation, and tolerance varied between the investigated species. Removal capacity correlated with biomass, dry:fresh biomass ratio, water uptake, and transpiration. The three tested species tolerated Cl- levels of up to 50-350 mg Cl- L-1 and accumulated up to 10 mg Cl- g-1 biomass. Carex riparia was the most Cl-tolerant species, able to maintain growth and transpiration at 500 mg Cl- L-1 during 4 weeks of exposure and with a medium removal capacity. Due to a large shoot:plant biomass ratio and high transpiration, C. riparia also had high shoot accumulation of Cl-, which may facilitate harvesting. Phalaris arundinacea had the highest removal capacity of the investigated species, but displayed decreased growth above 50 mg Cl- L-1. From this study we estimate that wetland plants can remove up to 7 kg Cl- m-2 from water if grown hydroponically, and conclude that C. riparia and P. arundinacea, which have high tolerance, large biomass, and high accumulation, are suitable candidates for further phytodesalination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schück
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Greger
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Salinity Conditions during the Larval Life Stage Affect Terrestrial Habitat Choice in Juvenile Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus). J HERPETOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1670/20-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Wilson BR, Tulau M, Kuginis L, McInnes‐Clarke S, Grover S, Milford H, Jenkins BR. Distribution, nature and threats to soils of the Australian Alps: A review. AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Wilson
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law University of New England Armidale New South Wales 2351Australia
- NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Armidale New South WalesAustralia
| | - Mitch Tulau
- NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Port Macquarie New South WalesAustralia
| | - Laura Kuginis
- NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Dangar New South WalesAustralia
| | - Sally McInnes‐Clarke
- NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Gosford New South WalesAustralia
| | - Samantha Grover
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science RMIT University Melbourne VictoriaAustralia
| | - Humphrey Milford
- NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Parramatta New South WalesAustralia
| | - Brian R. Jenkins
- NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment Queanbeyan New South Wales Australia
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21
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Delaune KD, Nesich D, Goos JM, Relyea RA. Impacts of salinization on aquatic communities: Abrupt vs. gradual exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117636. [PMID: 34380226 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing chloride concentrations from road salt applications are an emerging threat to freshwater diversity in cold weather regions. Few studies have focused on how road salt affects freshwater biota and even fewer have focused on how the rate of exposure alters organism responses. We hypothesized that road salt concentrations delivered gradually would result in slower population declines and more rapid rebounds due to evolved tolerance. To test this hypothesis, we examined the responses of freshwater lake organisms to four environmentally relevant salt concentrations (100, 230, 860, and 1600 mg Cl-/L) that differed in application rate (abrupt vs. gradual). We used outdoor aquatic mesocosms containing zooplankton, filamentous algae, phytoplankton, periphyton, and macroinvertebrates. We found negative effects of road salt on zooplankton and macroinvertebrate abundance, but positive effects on phytoplankton and periphyton, likely resulting from reduced grazing. Only rarely did we detect a difference between abrupt vs gradual salt applications and the directions of those differences were not consistent. This affirms the need for additional research on how road salt pollution entering ecosystems at different frequencies and magnitudes will alter freshwater communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelbi D Delaune
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12980, USA
| | - David Nesich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12980, USA
| | - Jared M Goos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12980, USA
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12980, USA.
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22
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Shephard AM, Mitchell TS, Snell-Rood EC. Monarch caterpillars are robust to combined exposure to the roadside micronutrients sodium and zinc. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab061. [PMID: 34386239 PMCID: PMC8354372 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are increasing the environmental availability of micronutrients, including sodium and some essential metals. Micronutrients are often limiting in animal diets but may have negative effects when consumed in excess. Though prior research has documented how elevated exposure to individual micronutrients can impact organismal development and fitness, we know less about combined effects of multiple micronutrients. In the wild, monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus) commonly consume plants in roadside habitats that contain elevated levels of sodium (from road salt) and zinc (from vehicle wear-and-tear). We reared monarch caterpillars to adulthood to test individual and combined effects of dietary sodium and zinc on components of fitness, sodium-linked phenotypes (proxies for neural and flight muscle development) and concentrations of sodium and zinc in adult butterflies. Monarch survival was not impacted by elevated sodium or zinc individually or in combination. Yet, monarchs feeding on sodium-treated milkweed developed relatively larger eyes, consistent with a positive effect of sodium on neural development. Measurements of element concentrations in butterfly and plant tissue indicated that monarchs had higher zinc levels than those present in zinc-treated milkweed but lower sodium levels than those present in sodium-treated milkweed. Monarchs developing on sodium-treated milkweed also had prolonged development time, which might be a cost associated with developing extra neural tissue or investing in mechanisms to excrete excess dietary sodium during the larval stage. Our results indicate that sodium, more than zinc, is likely influencing phenotypic development and performance of insect pollinators in roadside habitats. Yet, in contrast to previous work, our experiment suggests that the highest levels of sodium found along roads are not always harmful for developing monarchs. Future work could consider how potentially stressful effects of micronutrients could be mitigated by increased macronutrient availability or how developmental factors such as migratory status might increase micronutrient requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Shephard
- Corresponding author: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Timothy S Mitchell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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23
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Buss N, Swierk L, Hua J. Amphibian breeding phenology influences offspring size and response to a common wetland contaminant. Front Zool 2021; 18:31. [PMID: 34172063 PMCID: PMC8228996 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increases in temperature variability associated with climate change have critical implications for the phenology of wildlife across the globe. For example, warmer winter temperatures can induce forward shifts in breeding phenology across taxa (“false springs”), which can put organisms at risk of freezing conditions during reproduction or vulnerable early life stages. As human activities continue to encroach on natural ecosystems, it is also important to consider how breeding phenology interacts with other anthropogenic stressors (e.g., pollutants). Using 14 populations of a widespread amphibian (wood frog; Rana sylvatica), we compared 1) growth; 2) tolerance to a common wetland contaminant (NaCl); and 3) the ability of tadpoles to acclimate to lethal NaCl exposure following sublethal exposure earlier in life. We evaluated these metrics across two breeding seasons (2018 and 2019) and across populations of tadpoles whose parents differed in breeding phenology (earlier- versus later-breeding cohorts). In both years, the earlier-breeding cohorts completed breeding activity prior to a winter storm and later-breeding cohorts completed breeding activities after a winter storm. The freezing conditions that later-breeding cohorts were exposed to in 2018 were more severe in both magnitude and duration than those in 2019. Results In 2018, offspring of the later-breeding cohort were larger but less tolerant of NaCl compared to offspring of the earlier-breeding cohort. The offspring of the earlier-breeding cohort additionally were able to acclimate to a lethal concentration of NaCl following sublethal exposure earlier in life, while the later-breeding cohort became less tolerant of NaCl following acclimation. Interestingly, in 2019, the warmer of the two breeding seasons, we did not detect the negative effects of later breeding phenology on responses to NaCl. Conclusions These results suggest that phenological shifts that expose breeding amphibians to freezing conditions can have cascading consequences on offspring mass and ability to tolerate future stressors but likely depends on the severity of the freeze event. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00413-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Buss
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
| | - Lindsey Swierk
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.,Environmental Studies Program, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Jessica Hua
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University, State University of New York, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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24
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Po BHK, Wood CM. Trans-epithelial potential (TEP) response as an indicator of major ion toxicity in rainbow trout and goldfish exposed to 10 different salts in ion-poor water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116699. [PMID: 33639489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are facing increasing contamination by major ions. The Multi-Ion Toxicity (MIT) model, a new tool for risk assessment and regulation, predicts major ion toxicity to aquatic organisms by relating it to a critical disturbance of the trans-epithelial potential (TEP) across the gills, as predicted by electrochemical theory. The model is based on unproven assumptions. We tested some of these by directly measuring the acute TEP responses to a geometric series of 10 different single salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, KCl, K2SO4, CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, NaHCO3, KHCO3) in the euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the stenohaline goldfish (Carassius auratus) acclimated to very soft, ion-poor water (hardness 10 mg CaCO3/L). Results were compared to 24-h and 96-h LC50 data from the literature, mainly from fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). All salts caused concentration-dependent increases in TEP to less negative/more positive values, in patterns well-described by the Michaelis-Menten equation, or a modified version incorporating substrate inhibition. The ΔTEP above baseline became close to a maximum at the 96-h LC50, except for the HCO3- salts. Furthermore, the range of ΔTEP values at the LC50 within one species was much more consistent (1.6- to 2.1-fold variation) than the molar concentrations of the different salts at the LC50 (19- to 25-fold variation). ΔTEP responses were related to cation rather than anion concentrations. Overall patterns were qualitatively similar between trout and goldfish, with some quantitative differences, and also in general accord with recently published data on three other species in harder water where ΔTEP responses were much smaller. Blood plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations were minimally affected by the exposures. The results are in accord with most but not all of the assumptions of the MIT model and support its further development as a predictive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly H K Po
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada; Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.
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Lewis JL, Agostini G, Jones DK, Relyea RA. Cascading effects of insecticides and road salt on wetland communities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116006. [PMID: 33189447 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Novel stressors introduced by human activities increasingly threaten freshwater ecosystems. The annual application of more than 2.3 billion kg of pesticide active ingredient and 22 billion kg of road salt has led to the contamination of temperate waterways. While pesticides and road salt are known to cause direct and indirect effects in aquatic communities, their possible interactive effects remain widely unknown. Using outdoor mesocosms, we created wetland communities consisting of zooplankton, phytoplankton, periphyton, and leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles. We evaluated the toxic effects of six broad-spectrum insecticides from three families (neonicotinoids: thiamethoxam, imidacloprid; organophosphates: chlorpyrifos, malathion; pyrethroids: cypermethrin, permethrin), as well as the potentially interactive effects of four of these insecticides with three concentrations of road salt (NaCl; 44, 160, 1600 Cl- mg/L). Organophosphate exposure decreased zooplankton abundance, elevated phytoplankton biomass, and reduced tadpole mass whereas exposure to neonicotinoids and pyrethroids decreased zooplankton abundance but had no significant effect on phytoplankton abundance or tadpole mass. While organophosphates decreased zooplankton abundance at all salt concentrations, effects on phytoplankton abundance and tadpole mass were dependent upon salt concentration. In contrast, while pyrethroids had no effects in the absence of salt, they decreased zooplankton and phytoplankton density under increased salt concentrations. Our results highlight the importance of multiple-stressor research under natural conditions. As human activities continue to imperil freshwater systems, it is vital to move beyond single-stressor experiments that exclude potentially interactive effects of chemical contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn L Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Gabriela Agostini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; CONICET-Buenos Aires University, Institute of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Devin K Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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Sturtevant R, Lower E, Bartos A, Elgin A. A Review and Secondary Analysis of Competition-Related Impacts of Nonindigenous Aquatic Plants in the Laurentian Great Lakes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:406. [PMID: 33672586 PMCID: PMC7924059 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Laurentian Great Lakes of North America are home to thousands of native fishes, invertebrates, plants, and other species that not only provide recreational and economic value to the region but also hold an important ecological value. However, there are also 55 nonindigenous species of aquatic plants that may be competing with native species and affecting this value. Here, we use a key regional database-the Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System (GLANSIS)-to describe the introduction of nonindigenous aquatic plants in the Great Lakes region and to examine patterns relating to their capacity to compete with native plants species. Specifically, we used an existing catalog of environmental impact assessments to qualitatively evaluate the potential for each nonindigenous plant species to outcompete native plant species for available resources. Despite an invasion record spanning nearly two centuries (1837-2020), a great deal remains unknown about the impact of competition by these species. Nonetheless, our synthesis of existing documentation reveals that many of these nonindigenous species have notable impacts on the native plant communities of the region in general and on species of concern in particular. Furthermore, we provide a thorough summary of the diverse adaptations that may contribute to giving these nonindigenous plants a competitive advantage. Adaptations that have been previously found to aid successful invasions were common in 98% of the nonindigenous aquatic plant species in the database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Sturtevant
- Michigan Sea Grant, Michigan State University Extension, NOAA-GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - El Lower
- Michigan Sea Grant, University of Michigan, NOAA-GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA; (E.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Austin Bartos
- Michigan Sea Grant, University of Michigan, NOAA-GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA; (E.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Ashley Elgin
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Lake Michigan Field Station, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA;
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Morris C, Sakarya M, Koh O, O'Donnell M. Alterations in Hemolymph Ion Concentrations and pH in Adult Daphnia magna in Response to Elevations in Major Ion Concentrations in Freshwater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:366-379. [PMID: 33136295 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increases in the concentrations of major ions (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Cl- ) in freshwater are a growing concern for ecosystem health. These increases may originate from anthropogenic activities such as road deicing, fracking spills, mining, and fertilizer application and have detrimental effects on freshwater organisms through disturbances in ionoregulation and acid-base balance. The cladoceran Daphnia magna is adapted for active ion uptake and reduction of ion loss to maintain osmotic balance, but alterations in ionic composition of the environmental water are associated with toxicity. In the present study, hemolymph ion concentrations were measured using ion-selective microelectrode techniques. Increases in the hemolymph concentrations of Na+ and K+ correspond to elevations in the concentrations of these ions in ambient water. Water concentrations associated with sustained increases in hemolymph ion concentrations correlate well with median lethal concentration values from previous toxicology studies, indicating that Na+ and K+ concentrations in hemolymph may predict toxicity. When water K+ concentration is increased, a simultaneous increase in water Na+ concentration mitigates the increase in hemolymph K+ concentration, a finding which is consistent with the reported mitigation of K+ toxicity by Na+ . When ambient concentrations of K+ , Na+ , and Cl- are increased, not only is there a rise in hemolymph ion concentration but hemolymph pH is altered and pH regulation appears to be prioritized over regulation of hemolymph Na+ , K+ , and Cl- in D. magna. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:366-379. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Morris
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Sakarya
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Odelia Koh
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Buss N, Nelson KN, Hua J, Relyea RA. Effects of different roadway deicing salts on host-parasite interactions: The importance of salt type. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115244. [PMID: 32688196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The application of roadway deicing salts is increasing the salinity of freshwater systems. Increased salinization from salts, such as NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2, can have direct, negative impacts on freshwater organisms at concentrations found in nature. Yet, our understanding of how these salts can indirectly impact freshwater organisms by altering important ecological interactions, such as those between hosts and their parasites, is limited. Using a larval amphibian and infectious free-living helminth (i.e. trematode) model, we examined whether exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 1) influence trematode mortality; 2) alter amphibian-trematode interactions; and 3) alter larval amphibian activity (a behavior associated with parasite avoidance). We found that exposure to CaCl2 greatly reduced trematode survival across all Cl- concentrations (230, 500, 860 and 1000 mg Cl- L-1) while NaCl and MgCl2 had no effect. When both host and parasites were exposed to the salts, exposure to NaCl, but not MgCl2 or CaCl2, increased infection. The lack of effect of CaCl2 on infection was likely driven by CaCl2 reducing trematode survival. Exposure to NaCl increased infection at 500 mg Cl- L-1, but not 230 or 860 mg Cl- L-1. Increased infection was not due to salt exposure altering tadpole behavior. Our results suggest that NaCl can negatively impact amphibian populations indirectly by increasing trematode infections in tadpole hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Buss
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
| | - Kiersten N Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jessica Hua
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Rick A Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
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29
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Predicting Runoff Chloride Concentrations in Suburban Watersheds Using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). HYDROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology7040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Road salts in stormwater runoff, from both urban and suburban areas, are of concern to many. Chloride-based deicers [i.e., sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and calcium chloride (CaCl2)], dissolve in runoff, travel downstream in the aqueous phase, percolate into soils, and leach into groundwater. In this study, data obtained from stormwater runoff events were used to predict chloride concentrations and seasonal impacts at different sites within a suburban watershed. Water quality data for 42 rainfall events (2016–2019) greater than 12.7 mm (0.5 inches) were used. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed, using measured rainfall volume, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), sodium, chloride, and total nitrate concentrations. Water quality data were trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation algorithm. The model was then applied to six different sites. The new ANN model proved accurate in predicting values. This study illustrates that road salt and deicers are the prime cause of high chloride concentrations in runoff during winter and spring, threatening the aquatic environment.
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Rødland ES, Okoffo ED, Rauert C, Heier LS, Lind OC, Reid M, Thomas KV, Meland S. Road de-icing salt: Assessment of a potential new source and pathway of microplastics particles from roads. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139352. [PMID: 32806381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Roads are estimated to be the largest source of microplastic particles in the environment, through release of particles from tires, road markings and polymer-modified bitumen. These are all released through the wear and tear of tires and the road surface. During the winter in cold climates, the road surface may freeze and cause icing on the roads. To improve traffic safety during winter, road salt is used for de-icing. Knowledge of microplastic (MP) contamination in road salt has, until now, been lacking. This is contrary to the increasing number of studies of microplastics in food-grade salt. The objective of this study was to investigate if road salt could be an additional source of microplastics to the environment. Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to identify and quantify the polymer content in four types of road salts, three sea salts and one rock salt. The particle number of MP in sea salts (range 4-240 MP/kg, mean ± s.d. = 35 ± 60 MP/kg) and rock salt (range 4-192 MP/kg, 424 ± 61 MP/kg, respectively) were similar, whereas, MP mass concentrations were higher in sea salts (range 0.1-7650 μg/kg, 442 ± 1466 μg/kg) than in rock salts (1-1100 μg/kg, 322 ± 481 μg/kg). Black rubber-like particles constituted 96% of the total concentration of microplastics and 86% of all particles in terms of number of particles/kg. Black rubber-like particles appeared to be attributable to wear of conveyer belts used in the salt production. Road salt contribution to MP on state and county roads in Norway was estimated to 0.15 t/year (0.003% of total road MP release), 0.07 t/year in Sweden (0.008%) and 0.03 t/year in Denmark (0.0004-0.0008%) Thus, microplastics in road salt are a negligible source of microplastics from roads compared to other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S Rødland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Elvis D Okoffo
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Lene S Heier
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Construction, Postboks 1010, N-2605 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Malcolm Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Sondre Meland
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Center of Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Wood CM, McDonald MD, Grosell M, Mount DR, Adams WJ, Po BHK, Brix KV. The potential for salt toxicity: Can the trans-epithelial potential (TEP) across the gills serve as a metric for major ion toxicity in fish? AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105568. [PMID: 32791376 PMCID: PMC11131365 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An emerging Multi-Ion Toxicity (MIT) model for assessment of environmental salt pollution is based on the premise that major ion toxicity to aquatic organisms is related to a critical disturbance of the trans-epithelial potential across the gills (ΔTEP), which can be predicted by electrochemical theory. However, the model has never been evaluated physiologically. We directly tested key assumptions by examining the individual effects of eight different salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, KCl, K2SO4, CaCl2, and CaSO4) on measured TEP in three different fish species (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas = FHM; channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus = CC; bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus = BG). A geometric concentration series based on previously reported 96-h LC50 values for FHM was used. All salts caused concentration-dependent increases in TEP to less negative/more positive values in a pattern well-described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The ΔTEP responses for different salts were similar to one another within each species when concentrations were expressed as a percentage of the FHM LC50. A plateau was reached at or before 100 % of the LC50 where the ΔTEP values were remarkably consistent, with only 1.4 to 2.2-fold variation. This relative uniformity in the ΔTEP responses contrasts with 28-fold variation in salt concentration (in mmol L-1), 9.6-fold in total dissolved solids, and 7.9-fold in conductivity at the LC50. The Michaelis-Menten Km values (salt concentrations causing 50 % of the ΔTEPmax) were positively related to the 96-h LC50 values. ΔTEP responses were not a direct effect of osmolarity in all species and were related to specific cation rather than specific anion concentrations in FHM. These responses were stable for up to 24 h in CC. The results provide strong physiological support for the assumptions of the MIT model, are coherent with electrochemical theory, and point to areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Wood
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - M Danielle McDonald
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
| | - David R Mount
- Office of Research and Development, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | | | - Beverly H K Po
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kevin V Brix
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA; EcoTox LLC, Miami, FL 33145, USA.
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Arnott SE, Celis-Salgado MP, Valleau RE, DeSellas AM, Paterson AM, Yan ND, Smol JP, Rusak JA. Road Salt Impacts Freshwater Zooplankton at Concentrations below Current Water Quality Guidelines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9398-9407. [PMID: 32597171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use of NaCl for road deicing has caused increased chloride concentrations in lakes near urban centers and areas of high road density. Chloride can be toxic, and water quality guidelines have been created to regulate it and protect aquatic life. However, these guidelines may not adequately protect organisms in low-nutrient, soft water lakes such as those underlain by the Precambrian Shield. We tested this hypothesis by conducting laboratory experiments on six Daphnia species using a soft water culture medium. We also examined temporal changes in cladoceran assemblages in the sediments of two small lakes on the Canadian Shield: one near a highway and the other >3 km from roads where salt is applied in the winter. Our results showed that Daphnia were sensitive to low chloride concentrations with decreased reproduction and increased mortality occurring between 5 and 40 mg Cl-/L. Analysis of cladoceran remains in lake sediments revealed changes in assemblage composition that coincided with the initial application of road salt in this region. In contrast, there were no changes detected in the remote lake. We found that 22.7% of recreational lakes in Ontario have chloride concentrations between 5 and 40 mg/L suggesting that cladoceran zooplankton in these lakes may already be experiencing negative effects of chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley E Arnott
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Martha P Celis-Salgado
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0 Canada
| | - Robin E Valleau
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Anna M DeSellas
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0 Canada
| | - Andrew M Paterson
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0 Canada
| | - Norman D Yan
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3 Canada
- Friends of the Muskoka Watershed, P. O. Box 416, Bracebridge, ON, P1L 1T7 Canada
| | - John P Smol
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - James A Rusak
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6 Canada
- Ontario Ministry of Environment, Conservation, and Parks, Dorset Environmental Science Centre, 1026 Bellwood Acres Road, Dorset, ON, P0A 1E0 Canada
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Donato M, Johnson O, Steven B, Lawrence BA. Nitrogen enrichment stimulates wetland plant responses whereas salt amendments alter sediment microbial communities and biogeochemical responses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235225. [PMID: 32649660 PMCID: PMC7351200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater wetlands of the temperate north are exposed to a range of pollutants that may alter their function, including nitrogen (N)-rich agricultural and urban runoff, seawater intrusion, and road salt contamination, though it is largely unknown how these drivers of change interact with the vegetation to affect wetland carbon (C) fluxes and microbial communities. We implemented a full factorial mesocosm (378.5 L tanks) experiment investigating C-related responses to three common wetland plants of eastern North America (Phragmites australis, Spartina pectinata, Typha latifolia), and four water quality treatments (fresh water control, N, road salt, sea salt). During the 2017 growing season, we quantified carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes, above- and below-ground biomass, root porosity, light penetration, pore water chemistry (NH4+, NO3-, SO4-2, Cl-, DOC), soil C mineralization, as well as sediment microbial communities via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Relative to freshwater controls, N enrichment stimulated plant biomass, which in turn increased CO2 uptake and reduced light penetration, especially in Spartina stands. Root porosity was not affected by water quality, but was positively correlated with CH4 emissions, suggesting that plants can be important conduits for CH4 from anoxic sediment to the atmosphere. Sediment microbial composition was largely unaffected by N addition, whereas salt amendments induced structural shifts, reduced sediment community diversity, and reduced C mineralization rates, presumably due to osmotic stress. Methane emissions were suppressed by sea salt, but not road salt, providing evidence for the additional chemical control (SO4-2 availability) on this microbial-mediated process. Thus, N may have stimulated plant activity while salting treatments preferentially enriched specific microbial populations. Together our findings underpin the utility of combining plant and microbial responses, and highlight the need for more integrative studies to predict the consequences of a changing environment on freshwater wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Donato
- Department of Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Olivia Johnson
- Department of Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Blaire Steven
- Department of Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beth A. Lawrence
- Department of Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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Nutile SA, Simpson AM, Solan ME. Bridging the Information Gap Between Science and Society: A Solution to Nonpoint Source Contamination? INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:415-420. [PMID: 32190962 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The dissemination of information associated with scientific achievement serves to advance research and guide future experimentation. In the sphere of environmental science, such advancements aim to better characterize harmful chemicals and the factors that influence in situ toxicity, which is central to the protection of the environments upon which humans depend. While some information regarding the dangers associated with common anthropogenic contaminants reaches wider audiences, the nuance of this information is often lost, potentially leading to ineffective solutions, specifically as it relates to nonpoint source contamination. Bridging the divide between scientific research, regulatory implementation, and product innovation is imperative in order to find meaningful and lasting environmental solutions. Road de-icing salts are applied to impervious surfaces to protect human health and maintain the efficient transportation of goods by roadways during winter months. The toxicity of these salts in freshwater ecosystems is well understood and researched within the scientific community. Tentative regulations and solutions developed to mitigate the environmental damage caused by road de-icing salts, however, perfectly represent the disconnect between the scientific community and the general public. Here, we use road de-icing salt as an example of how such a disconnect can manifest in the form of ineffective solutions and regulatory standards, and we present a general framework by which environmental scientists can more effectively bridge the gap between the scientific community and society at large. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:415-420. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Nutile
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam M Simpson
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Megan E Solan
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Many temperate freshwater habitats are at risk for contamination by run-off associated with the application of road de-icing salts. Elevated salinity can have various detrimental effects on freshwater organisms, including greater susceptibility to infection by parasites and pathogens. However, to better understand the net effects of road salt exposure on host–parasite dynamics, it is necessary to consider the impacts on free-living parasite infectious stages, such as the motile aquatic cercariae of trematodes. Here, we examined the longevity and activity of cercariae from four different freshwater trematodes (Ribeiroia ondatrae, Echinostoma sp., Cephalogonimus sp. and an unidentified strigeid-type) that were exposed to road salt at five different environmentally relevant concentrations (160, 360, 560, 760 and 960 mg/ml of sodium chloride). Exposure to road salt had minimal detrimental effects, with cercariae activity and survival often greatest at intermediate concentrations. Only the cercariae of Cephalogonimus sp. showed reduced longevity at the highest salt concentration, with those of both R. ondatrae and the unidentified strigeid-type exhibiting diminished activity, indicating interspecific variation in response. Importantly, cercariae seem to be relatively unaffected by salt concentrations known to increase infection susceptibility in some of their hosts. More studies will be needed to examine this potential dichotomy in road salt effects between hosts and trematodes, including influences on parasite infectivity.
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Hall EM, Brunner JL, Hutzenbiler B, Crespi EJ. Salinity stress increases the severity of ranavirus epidemics in amphibian populations. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200062. [PMID: 32370671 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress-induced susceptibility hypothesis, which predicts chronic stress weakens immune defences, was proposed to explain increasing infectious disease-related mass mortality and population declines. Previous work characterized wetland salinization as a chronic stressor to larval amphibian populations. Thus, we combined field observations with experimental exposures quantifying epidemiological parameters to test the role of salinity stress in the occurrence of ranavirus-associated mass mortality events. Despite ubiquitous pathogen presence (94%), populations exposed to salt runoff had slightly more frequent ranavirus related mass mortality events, more lethal infections, and 117-times greater pathogen environmental DNA. Experimental exposure to chronic elevated salinity (0.8-1.6 g l-1 Cl-) reduced tolerance to infection, causing greater mortality at lower doses. We found a strong negative relationship between splenocyte proliferation and corticosterone in ranavirus-infected larvae at a moderate elevation of salinity, supporting glucocorticoid-medicated immunosuppression, but not at high salinity. Salinity alone reduced proliferation further at similar corticosterone levels and infection intensities. Finally, larvae raised in elevated salinity had 10 times more intense infections and shed five times as much virus with similar viral decay rates, suggesting increased transmission. Our findings illustrate how a small change in habitat quality leads to more lethal infections and potentially greater transmission efficiency, increasing the severity of ranavirus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Jesse L Brunner
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Brandon Hutzenbiler
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Erica J Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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Advanced biofilm analysis in streams receiving organic deicer runoff. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227567. [PMID: 31968006 PMCID: PMC6975536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolific heterotrophic biofilm growth is a common occurrence in airport receiving streams containing deicers and anti-icers, which are composed of low-molecular weight organic compounds. This study investigated biofilm spatiotemporal patterns and responses to concurrent and antecedent (i.e., preceding biofilm sampling) environmental conditions at stream sites upstream and downstream from Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, during two deicing seasons (2009-2010; 2010-2011). Biofilm abundance and community composition were investigated along spatial and temporal gradients using field surveys and microarray analyses, respectively. Given the recognized role of Sphaerotilus in organically enriched environments, additional analyses were pursued to specifically characterize its abundance: a consensus sthA sequence was determined via comparison of whole metagenome sequences with a previously identified sthA sequence, the primers developed for this gene were used to characterize relative Sphaerotilus abundance using quantitative real-time PCR, and a Sphaerotilus strain was isolated to validate the determined sthA sequence. Results indicated that biofilm abundance was stimulated by elevated antecedent chemical oxygen demand concentrations, a surrogate for deicer concentrations, with minimal biofilm volumes observed when antecedent chemical oxygen demand concentrations remained below 48 mg/L. Biofilms were composed of diverse communities (including sheathed bacterium Thiothrix) whose composition appeared to shift in relation to antecedent temperature and chemical oxygen demand. The relative abundance of sthA correlated most strongly with heterotrophic biofilm volume (positive) and dissolved oxygen (negative), indicating that Sphaerotilus was likely a consistent biofilm member and thrived under low oxygen conditions. Additional investigations identified the isolate as a new strain of Sphaerotilus montanus (strain KMKE) able to use deicer components as carbon sources and found that stream dissolved oxygen concentrations related inversely to biofilm volume as well as to antecedent temperature and chemical oxygen demand. The airport setting provides insight into potential consequences of widescale adoption of organic deicers for roadway deicing.
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Moore J, Fanelli RM, Sekellick AJ. High-Frequency Data Reveal Deicing Salts Drive Elevated Specific Conductance and Chloride along with Pervasive and Frequent Exceedances of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Aquatic Life Criteria for Chloride in Urban Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:778-789. [PMID: 31845802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing specific conductance (SC) and chloride concentrations [Cl] negatively affect many stream ecosystems. We characterized spatial variability in SC, [Cl], and exceedances of Environmental Protection Agency [Cl] criteria using nearly 30 million high-frequency observations (2-15 min intervals) for SC and modeled [Cl] from 93 sites across three regions in the eastern United States: Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and New England. SC and [Cl] increase substantially from south to north and within regions with impervious surface cover (ISC). In the Southeast, [Cl] weakly correlates with ISC, no [Cl] exceedances occur, and [Cl] concentrations are constant with time. In the Mid-Atlantic and New England, [Cl] and [Cl] exceedances strongly correlate with ISC. [Cl] criteria are frequently exceeded at sites with greater than 9-10% ISC and median [Cl] higher than 30-80 mg/L. Tens to hundreds of [Cl] exceedances observed annually at most of these sites help explain previous research where stream ecosystems showed changes at (primarily nonwinter) [Cl] as low as 30-40 mg/L. Mid-Atlantic chronic [Cl] exceedances occur primarily in December-March. In New England, exceedances are common in nonwinter months. [Cl] is increasing at nearly all Mid-Atlantic and New England sites with the largest increases at sites with higher [Cl].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosemary M Fanelli
- U.S. Geological Survey , Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center , 5522 Research Park Drive , Catonsville , Maryland 21228 , United States
| | - Andrew J Sekellick
- U.S. Geological Survey , Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center , 5522 Research Park Drive , Catonsville , Maryland 21228 , United States
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Laceby JP, Kerr JG, Zhu D, Chung C, Situ Q, Abbasi S, Orwin JF. Chloride inputs to the North Saskatchewan River watershed: the role of road salts as a potential driver of salinization downstream of North America's northern most major city (Edmonton, Canada). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1056-1068. [PMID: 31726537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple anthropogenic activities are driving the salinization of freshwater environments threatening water resources worldwide. Accordingly, this research will first examine the spatial and temporal variability of major ions (i.e. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42-, CO32-, and HCO3-) upstream and downstream of the northernmost major city in North America (Edmonton, Canada). Second, this research will estimate the relative contributions of the major sources of chloride (Cl), the main constituent of road deicers, to the sub-basin around Edmonton. Monthly water quality data was for three sites on the North Saskatchewan River (NSR): Rocky Mountain House (RMH - downstream of the Rocky Mountain headwaters), Devon Bridge (upstream of Edmonton) and Pakan Bridge (downstream of Edmonton). Change ratios investigate the downstream alterations of major ions at Pakan and Devon, relative to RMH. Seasonal Kendall tests examine temporal trends (1987-2017). A mass-balance approach then quantifies the major sources of Cl in the sub-basin of the NSR between Devon and Pakan. Progressing from the Rocky Mountain headwaters (at RMH) to downstream of Edmonton (at Pakan), Cl- increased by >5.5 times, Na+ by 4.8 times and K by 2.7 times. No significant temporal trends for Cl-, Na+ and K+ were evident at Devon (upstream of Edmonton), whereas all three significantly increased at Pakan (downstream of Edmonton). Deicers (54%), agriculture (20%), along with waste water treatment plant and industrial effluent (15%) were the largest Cl sources in the NSR Devon-Pakan sub-basin. In total, 77 Gg yr-1 of Cl (or 6 t km2 yr-1) is added to the Devon-Pakan sub-basin, of which, 43 Gg yr-1 is retained. Understanding and managing the major drivers of freshwater salinization will be of increasing importance in the 21st century owing to the potential salinization of freshwater resources in the context of a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Laceby
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2K8, Canada.
| | - J G Kerr
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - D Zhu
- Water Resources Branch, Environment, Government of Yukon, 419 Range Road, Whitehorse, Yukon, Y1A, 3V1, Canada
| | - C Chung
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - Q Situ
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - S Abbasi
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2K8, Canada
| | - J F Orwin
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, 3535 Research Rd NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2K8, Canada
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40
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Pecher WT, Al Madadha ME, DasSarma P, Ekulona F, Schott EJ, Crowe K, Gut BS, DasSarma S. Effects of road salt on microbial communities: Halophiles as biomarkers of road salt pollution. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221355. [PMID: 31483804 PMCID: PMC6726365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased use of salting to de-ice roadways, especially in urban areas, is leading to elevated salinity levels in soil as well as surface- and ground water. This salt pollution may cause long-term ecological changes to soil and aquatic microbial communities. In this study, we examined the impact on microbial communities in soils exposed to urban road salt runoff using both culturing and 16S amplicon sequencing. Both methods showed an increase in halophilic Bacteria and Archaea in samples from road salt-exposed areas and suggested that halophiles are becoming persistent members of microbial communities in urban, road salt-impacted soils. Since salt is a pollutant that can accumulate in soils over time, it is critical to begin assessing its impact on the environment immediately. Toward this goal, we have developed a facile semi-quantitative assay utilizing halophilic microbes as biomarkers to evaluate on-going salt pollution of soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf T. Pecher
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Yale Gordon College of Arts and Sciences, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (WP)
| | - M. Emad Al Madadha
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Priya DasSarma
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Folasade Ekulona
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Yale Gordon College of Arts and Sciences, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Schott
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelli Crowe
- Yale Gordon College of Arts and Sciences, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bojana Stojkovic Gut
- Yale Gordon College of Arts and Sciences, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shiladitya DasSarma
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (WP)
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Agha M, Yanagitsuru YR, Fangue NA, Nowakowski AJ, Kojima LV, Cech JJ, Riley MK, Freeman J, Cocherell DE, Todd BD. Physiological consequences of rising water salinity for a declining freshwater turtle. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz054. [PMID: 31452893 PMCID: PMC6702588 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sea-level rise, drought and water diversion can all lead to rapid salinization of freshwater habitats, especially in coastal areas. Increased water salinities can in turn alter the geographic distribution and ecology of freshwater species including turtles. The physiological consequences of salinization for freshwater turtles, however, are poorly known. Here, we compared the osmoregulatory response of two geographically separate populations of the freshwater Western Pond Turtle (Actinemys marmorata)-a species declining across its range in western North America-to three constant salinities: 0.4 ppt, 10 ppt and 15 ppt over 2 weeks. We found that turtles from a coastal estuarine marsh population regulated their plasma osmolality at lower levels than their conspecifics from an inland freshwater creek population 45 km away. Plasma osmolalities were consistently lower in estuarine marsh turtles than the freshwater creek turtles over the entire 2-week exposure to 10 ppt and 15 ppt water. Furthermore, estuarine marsh turtles maintained plasma osmolalities within 1 SD of their mean field osmolalities over the 2-week exposure, whereas freshwater creek turtles exceeded their field values within the first few days after exposure to elevated salinities. However, individuals from both populations exhibited body mass loss in 15 ppt water, with significantly greater loss in estuarine turtles. We speculate that the greater ability to osmoregulate by the estuarine marsh turtles may be explained by their reduced feeding and drinking in elevated salinities that was not exhibited by the freshwater creek population. However, due to mass loss in both populations, physiological and behavioural responses exhibited by estuarine marsh turtles may only be effective adaptations for short-term exposures to elevated salinities, such as those from tides and when traversing saline habitats, and are unlikely to be effective for long-term exposure to elevated salinity as is expected under sea-level rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickey Agha
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yuzo R Yanagitsuru
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Justin Nowakowski
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura V Kojima
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph J Cech
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melissa K Riley
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janna Freeman
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dennis E Cocherell
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian D Todd
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
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42
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Scott R, Goulden T, Letman M, Hayward J, Jamieson R. Long-term evaluation of the impact of urbanization on chloride levels in lakes in a temperate region. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 244:285-293. [PMID: 31128333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of road salts for winter de-icing of roadways in cold regions has been demonstrated to increase chloride (Cl) concentrations in nearby surface waters and have a negative impact on aquatic organisms and processes. In addition to toxicity to aquatic organisms, high concentrations of Cl in lakes can alter mixing processes, resulting in prolonged anoxic conditions and associated water quality degradation. Elevated concentrations of Cl in freshwater environments in cold regions is a well-documented phenomenon, but few studies have undertaken a long-term evaluation of the impact of urbanization on lakes. In this paper, nine lakes in the Halifax region of Nova Scotia, Canada, were monitored over 35 years to observe Cl concentrations prior to, during, and after urbanizing development. Cl concentrations were observed to increase in most study lakes over the monitoring period and all nine exhibited seasonal trending in response to winter de-icing activities. Six of the lakes achieved a steady-state Cl level after an initial increase in response to development activities, two are potentially still in transition, and one was unaffected by development activities. Watershed land use was found to be a good predictor of the springtime concentration of Cl and can help to inform decision-making surrounding development activities. When the percent of developed land was 25% or more, the Cl concentrations tended to exceed Canadian freshwater quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - T Goulden
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - M Letman
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - J Hayward
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - R Jamieson
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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May D, Shidemantle G, Melnick-Kelley Q, Crane K, Hua J. The effect of intensified illuminance and artificial light at night on fitness and susceptibility to abiotic and biotic stressors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:600-608. [PMID: 31108293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Changing light conditions due to human activities represents an important emerging environmental concern. Although changes to natural light conditions can be independently detrimental, in nature, organisms commonly face multiple stressors. To understand the consequences of altered light conditions, we exposed a model amphibian (wood frog; Lithobates sylvaticus) to a control and two anthropogenic light conditions: intensified daytime illuminance and artificial light at night - ALAN (intensified daytime illuminance + extended photoperiod). We measured (1) metrics of fitness (hatching success as well as survival to, size at, and time to metamorphosis) (2) susceptibility (time to death) to a commonly co-occurring anthropogenic stressor, road salt (NaCl) and (3) susceptibility (infection load) to a common parasite (trematode). We also explored behavioral (swimming activity) and physiological (baseline corticosterone (CORT) release rates) changes induced by these light conditions, which may mediate changes in the other measured parameters. We found that both intensified daytime illuminance and ALAN reduced hatching success. In contrast, for amphibians that successfully hatched, neither treatment affected amphibian survival or time to metamorphosis but individuals exposed to ALAN were larger at metamorphosis. The light treatments also had marginal effects; individuals in ALAN treatments were more susceptible to NaCl and trematodes. Finally, tadpoles exposed to ALAN moved significantly less than tadpoles in the control and intensified daytime illuminance treatments, while light had no effect on CORT release rate. Overall, changes in light conditions, in particular ALAN, significantly impacted an amphibian model in laboratory conditions. This work underscores the importance of considering not only the direct effects of light on fitness metrics but also the indirect effects of light with other abiotic and biotic stressors. Anthropogenic-induced changes to light conditions are expected to continue increasing over time so understanding the diverse consequences of shifting light conditions will be paramount to protecting wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyllan May
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Grascen Shidemantle
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | | | - Kelly Crane
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Jessica Hua
- Biological Sciences Department, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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Wersebe M, Blackwood P, Guo YT, Jaeger J, May D, Meindl G, Ryan SN, Wong V, Hua J. The effects of different cold-temperature regimes on development, growth, and susceptibility to an abiotic and biotic stressor. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3355-3366. [PMID: 30962897 PMCID: PMC6434568 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to both increase average temperatures as well as temperature variability.Increased average temperatures have led to earlier breeding in many spring-breeding organisms. However, individuals breeding earlier will also face increased temperature fluctuations, including exposure to potentially harmful cold-temperature regimes during early developmental stages.Using a model spring-breeding amphibian, we investigated how embryonic exposure to different cold-temperature regimes (control, cold-pulse, and cold-press) affected (a) compensatory larval development and growth, (b) larval susceptibility to a common contaminant, and (c) larval susceptibility to parasites.We found: (a) no evidence of compensatory development or growth, (b) larvae exposed to the cold-press treatment were more susceptible to NaCl at 4-days post-hatching but recovered by 17-days post-hatching, and (c) larvae exposed to both cold treatments were less susceptible to parasites.These results demonstrate that variation in cold-temperature regimes can lead to unique direct and indirect effects on larval growth, development, and response to stressors. This underscores the importance of considering cold-temperature variability and not just increased average temperatures when examining the impacts of climate disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wersebe
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Paradyse Blackwood
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Ying Tong Guo
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Jared Jaeger
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Dyllan May
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - George Meindl
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Sean N. Ryan
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Vivian Wong
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
| | - Jessica Hua
- Biological Sciences DepartmentBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew York
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Nutile SA, Solan ME. Toxicity testing of "eco-friendly" de-icing formulations using Chironomus dilutus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:408-413. [PMID: 30577009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An influx of chloride ions from road de-icing solutions can result in toxicological effects to organisms in terrestrial and aquatic environments. As such, "eco-friendly" de-icing alternatives are sought to mitigate environmental impacts of de-icing impervious surfaces, while maintaining human safety. While many alternative de-icers are economically impractical for municipal use, the residential commercial market is flooded with de-icing formulations claiming to be "eco-friendly". Given the little regulation and guidance that surrounds eco-labeling, the meaning of "eco-friendly" remains unclear in the context of biological systems. The objective of the current study was to determine the toxicity of three "eco-friendly" de-icing formulations to Chironomus dilutus using 10 d toxicity tests. The toxicity of these three formulations was compared to a traditional formulation composed entirely of chloride salts. Two of the "eco-friendly" de-icers demonstrated LC50s of 6.61 and 6.32 g/L, which were similar in toxicity to the traditional sodium chloride formulation with a LC50 6.29 g/L. The comparable toxicities of these formulations is likely due to the presence of chloride salts in each of the "eco-friendly" de-icers. The third "eco-friendly" formulation, a urea-based de-icer, demonstrated toxicity an order of magnitude higher than that of the traditional formulation with an LC50 of 0.63 g/L. While C. dilutus may not have been the intended endpoint in consideration when marketing these products as "eco-friendly", consideration of how eco-labeling is utilized and the role of environmental scientists in determining the meaning of such claims must be considered to ensure continued and future protection of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Nutile
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA.
| | - Megan E Solan
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
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46
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Wilhelm JF, Bain DJ, Green MB, Bush KF, McDowell WH. Trace metals in Northern New England streams: Evaluating the role of road salt across broad spatial scales with synoptic snapshots. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212011. [PMID: 30759149 PMCID: PMC6373959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of trace metals from soils to surface waters can impact both human and ecosystem health. This study resamples a water sample archive to explore the spatial pattern of streamwater total concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc and their associations with biogeochemical controls in northern New England. Road deicing appears to result in elevated trace metal concentrations, as trace metal concentrations are strongly related to sodium concentrations and are most elevated when the sodium: chloride ratio is near 1.0 (~halite). Our results are consistent with previous laboratory and field studies that indicate cation exchange as a metal mobilization mechanism when road salt is applied to soils containing metals. This study also documents associations among sodium, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, iron, and metal concentrations, suggesting cation exchange mechanisms related to road deicing are not the only mechanisms that increase trace metal concentrations in surface waters. In addition to cation exchange, this study considers dissolved organic carbon complexation and oxidation-reduction conditions affecting metal mobility from soils in a salt-rich environment. These observations demonstrate that road deicing has the potential to increase streamwater trace metal concentrations across broad spatial scales and increase risks to human and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Wilhelm
- Center for the Environment, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Bain
- Department of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Green
- Center for the Environment, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Northern Research Station, United States Forest Service, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Kathleen F. Bush
- Center for the Environment, Plymouth State University, Plymouth, New Hampshire, United States of America
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - William H. McDowell
- Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, United States of America
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47
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Gonçalves AL, Carvalho A, Bärlocher F, Canhoto C. Are fungal strains from salinized streams adapted to salt-rich conditions? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:rstb.2018.0018. [PMID: 30509917 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic salinization of freshwater is a global problem with largely unknown consequences for stream functions. We compared the effects of salt addition (6 g l-1 NaCl) in microcosms on leaf mass loss and microbial parameters in single- and multispecies assemblages of fungal strains (Heliscus lugdunensis, HELU; Tetracladium marchalianum, TEMA; Flagellospora curta, FLCU) isolated from a reference (R) or salinized (S) stream. Fungal growth and interactions were also assessed. Salinization inhibited leaf decomposition and fungal biomass, but no differences were observed between species, strains or species combinations. Sporulation rates in monocultures were not affected by added salt, but differed among species (FLCU > HELU > TEMA), with S strains releasing more conidia. Fungal assemblages did not differ significantly in total conidia production (either between strains or medium salt concentration). HELU was the dominant species, which also had highest growth and most pronounced antagonistic behaviour. Fungal species, irrespective of origin, largely maintained their function in salinized streams. Strains from salt-contaminated streams did not trade-off conidial production for vegetative growth at high salt levels. The expected reduction of fungal diversity and potential changes in nutritional litter quality owing to salinization may impact leaf incorporation into secondary production in streams.This article is part of the theme issue 'Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Gonçalves
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Carvalho
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Felix Bärlocher
- Department of Biology, Mt. Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada E4L1G7
| | - Cristina Canhoto
- CFE, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
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48
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Reid AJ, Carlson AK, Creed IF, Eliason EJ, Gell PA, Johnson PTJ, Kidd KA, MacCormack TJ, Olden JD, Ormerod SJ, Smol JP, Taylor WW, Tockner K, Vermaire JC, Dudgeon D, Cooke SJ. Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:849-873. [PMID: 30467930 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 746] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the 12 years since Dudgeon et al. (2006) reviewed major pressures on freshwater ecosystems, the biodiversity crisis in the world's lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams and wetlands has deepened. While lakes, reservoirs and rivers cover only 2.3% of the Earth's surface, these ecosystems host at least 9.5% of the Earth's described animal species. Furthermore, using the World Wide Fund for Nature's Living Planet Index, freshwater population declines (83% between 1970 and 2014) continue to outpace contemporaneous declines in marine or terrestrial systems. The Anthropocene has brought multiple new and varied threats that disproportionately impact freshwater systems. We document 12 emerging threats to freshwater biodiversity that are either entirely new since 2006 or have since intensified: (i) changing climates; (ii) e-commerce and invasions; (iii) infectious diseases; (iv) harmful algal blooms; (v) expanding hydropower; (vi) emerging contaminants; (vii) engineered nanomaterials; (viii) microplastic pollution; (ix) light and noise; (x) freshwater salinisation; (xi) declining calcium; and (xii) cumulative stressors. Effects are evidenced for amphibians, fishes, invertebrates, microbes, plants, turtles and waterbirds, with potential for ecosystem-level changes through bottom-up and top-down processes. In our highly uncertain future, the net effects of these threats raise serious concerns for freshwater ecosystems. However, we also highlight opportunities for conservation gains as a result of novel management tools (e.g. environmental flows, environmental DNA) and specific conservation-oriented actions (e.g. dam removal, habitat protection policies, managed relocation of species) that have been met with varying levels of success. Moving forward, we advocate hybrid approaches that manage fresh waters as crucial ecosystems for human life support as well as essential hotspots of biodiversity and ecological function. Efforts to reverse global trends in freshwater degradation now depend on bridging an immense gap between the aspirations of conservation biologists and the accelerating rate of species endangerment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Reid
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Andrew K Carlson
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Irena F Creed
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, U.S.A
| | - Peter A Gell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University Drive, Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, 3350, Australia
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, U.S.A
| | - Karen A Kidd
- Department of Biology and School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tyson J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, E4L 1G8, Canada
| | - Julian D Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5020, U.S.A
| | - Steve J Ormerod
- Water Research Institute & School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, U.K
| | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Lab (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - William W Taylor
- Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
| | - Klement Tockner
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, 12587, Germany
| | - Jesse C Vermaire
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David Dudgeon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada.,Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, Canada
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49
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Bird DL, Groffman PM, Salice CJ, Moore J. Steady-State Land Cover but Non-Steady-State Major Ion Chemistry in Urban Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13015-13026. [PMID: 30338996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sources of many major ions in urban streams remain ambiguous, particularly for ions unrelated to deicing salt use, and temporal patterns in concentrations are unstudied. We used 16 years of water chemistry data based on weekly samples from the Baltimore, MD, USA, metropolitan area and the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season approach to investigate connections between major ions, land cover, and time. All watersheds were underlain by silicate bedrock, contained no regulated point sources, and had stable land cover. Major ion concentrations were higher with greater urban land cover. Notably, concentrations of most ions increased with time in (sub)urban streams and had higher annual variability than in watersheds without impervious surface cover. Nonpoint source contributions from deicing salt and concrete were the predominant influences on major ion concentrations and produced stream chemistry that was distinctly different from forested streams. The novel finding that concentrations of most major ions were not only elevated but increasing in urban streams even with no substantial changes in land cover during the study period has important implications for ecosystem health and water quality, particularly given recent work demonstrating the high correlation between elevated ion concentrations and changes in freshwater biotic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M Groffman
- City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Brooklyn College , New York , New York 10031 , United States
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies , Millbrook , New York 12545 , United States
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50
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Cormier SM, Zheng L, Flaherty CM. Field-based method for evaluating the annual maximum specific conductivity tolerated by freshwater invertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:1637-1646. [PMID: 29428331 DOI: 10.23719/1371704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most water quality criteria are based on laboratory toxicity tests and usually include chronic and acute magnitudes. Field-based criteria are typically based on long-term or continuous exposures, so they are chronic. Biological responses of quantified, short-term aqueous exposures are seldom documented in the field. However, acute values may be derived by estimating an upper limit using temporal variance and chronic values. This method estimates an upper limit from the variance of pollutant measurements from stream locations that attain the chronic criterion. The formula for deriving a 90th centile of a standard normal distribution is used to identify the upper limit, a criterion maximum exposure concentration (CMEC). The calculated CMEC is interpreted as a maximum exposure that 95% of organisms may tolerate if the chronic exposure is not exceeded. The methods of deriving chronic and acute criteria are illustrated with specific conductivity in a mountainous area in the eastern United States. The biological relevance of the CMEC was assessed using the maximum annual exposure during the life cycle of the most salt-intolerant genera. The method using the chronic criterion and the variance of water chemistry data is practical, whereas frequently collecting and analyzing paired biological and chemical samples at numerous sites is impractical and may give misleading results due to lags in biological response. This method can be used anywhere with sufficient data to estimate the temporal variability and may be applicable for field-based criteria other than the specific conductivity criteria illustrated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Cormier
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 26 Martin Luther King Dr. W, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Tetra Tech, Inc., 10711 Red Run Blvd., Suite 105, Owings Mills, MD 21117, USA
| | - Colleen M Flaherty
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W., Washington, DC 20460, USA
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