1
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Hwang M, Bergmann CC. Neurotropic murine coronavirus mediated demyelination: Factors dampening pathogenesis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 393:578382. [PMID: 38850674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Virus infections and autoimmune responses are implicated as primary triggers of demyelinating diseases. Specifically, the association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with development of multiple sclerosis (MS) has re-ignited an interest in virus induced autoimmune responses to CNS antigens. Nevertheless, demyelination may also be caused by immune mediated bystander pathology in an attempt to control direct infection in the CNS. Tissue damage as a result of anti-viral responses or low level viral persistence may lead to immune activation manifesting in demyelinating lesions, axonal damage and clinical symptoms. This review focuses on the neurotropic mouse coronavirus induced demyelination model to highlight how immune responses activated during the acute phase pave the way to dampen pathology and promote repair. We specifically discuss the role of immune dampening factors programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interleukin (IL)-10, as well as microglia and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2), in limiting demyelination independent of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Gutowski M, Klimkiewicz J, Michałowski A, Ordak M, Możański M, Lubas A. ICU Delirium Is Associated with Cardiovascular Burden and Higher Mortality in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5049. [PMID: 37568451 PMCID: PMC10420272 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 can lead to functional disorders and complications, e.g., pulmonary, thromboembolic, and neurological. The neuro-invasive potential of SARS-CoV-2 may result in acute brain malfunction, which manifests as delirium as a symptom. Delirium is a risk factor for death among patients hospitalized due to critical illness. Taking the above into consideration, the authors investigated risk factors for delirium in COVID-19 patients and its influence on outcomes. METHODS A total of 335 patients hospitalized due to severe forms of COVID-19 were enrolled in the study. Data were collected from medical charts. RESULTS Delirium occurred among 21.5% of patients. In the delirium group, mortality was significantly higher compared to non-delirium patients (59.7% vs. 28.5%; p < 0.001). Delirium increased the risk of death, with an OR of 3.71 (95% CI 2.16-6.89; p < 0.001). Age, chronic atrial fibrillation, elevated INR, urea, and procalcitonin, as well as decreased phosphates, appeared to be the independent risk factors for delirium occurrence. CONCLUSIONS Delirium occurrence in patients with severe COVID-19 significantly increases the risk of death and is associated with a cardiovascular burden. Hypophosphatemia is a promising reversible factor to reduce mortality in this group of patients. However, larger studies are essential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Gutowski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Jakub Klimkiewicz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andrzej Michałowski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Michal Ordak
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Możański
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Lubas
- Department of Internal Diseases Nephrology and Dialysis, Military Institute of Medicine—National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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Zhou G, Ye Q, Xu Y, He B, Wu L, Zhu G, Xie J, Yao L, Xiao Z. Mitochondrial calcium uptake 3 mitigates cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related neuronal death and glial inflammation by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109614. [PMID: 36878048 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the cerebrovascular amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, and always accompanied by Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial dysfunction-associated cellular events including cell death, inflammation and oxidative stress are implicated in the progression of CAA. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms revealing CAA pathogenesis are still obscure, thus requiring further studies. Mitochondrial calcium uptake 3 (MICU3), a regulator of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU), mediates various biological functions, but its expression and influence on CAA are largely unknown. In the present study, we found that MICU3 expression was gradually declined in cortex and hippocampus of Tg-SwDI transgenic mice. Using stereotaxic operation with AAV9 encoding MICU3, we showed that AAV-MICU3 improved the behavioral performances and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in Tg-SwDI mice, along with markedly reduced Aβ deposition through mediating Aβ metabolism process. Importantly, we found that AAV-MICU3 remarkably improved neuronal death and mitigated glial activation and neuroinflammation in cortex and hippocampus of Tg-SwDI mice. Furthermore, excessive oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment and dysfunction, decreased ATP and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were detected in Tg-SwDI mice, while being considerably ameliorated upon MICU3 over-expression. More importantly, our in vitro experiments suggested that MICU3-attenuated neuronal death, activation of glial cells and oxidative stress were completely abrogated upon PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) knockdown, indicating that PINK1 was required for MICU3 to perform its protective effects against CAA. Mechanistic experiment confirmed an interaction between MICU3 and PINK1. Together, these findings demonstrated that MICU3-PINK1 axis may serve as a key target for CAA treatment mainly through improving mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Bing He
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Guanghua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Juan Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zijian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China.
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Chaudhary P, Bhagora R, Ramar D, Mehta P. Clinical presentations and prognosis of delirium in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A prospective cohort analysis. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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5
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Majolo F, da Silva GL, Vieira L, Anli C, Timmers LFSM, Laufer S, Goettert MI. Neuropsychiatric Disorders and COVID-19: What We Know So Far. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14090933. [PMID: 34577633 PMCID: PMC8465079 DOI: 10.3390/ph14090933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) affects the central nervous system (CNS), which is shown in a significant number of patients with neurological events. In this study, an updated literature review was carried out regarding neurological disorders in COVID-19. Neurological symptoms are more common in patients with severe infection according to their respiratory status and divided into three categories: (1) CNS manifestations; (2) cranial and peripheral nervous system manifestations; and (3) skeletal muscle injury manifestations. Patients with pre-existing cerebrovascular disease are at a higher risk of admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and mortality. The neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 are of great importance, but when life-threatening abnormal vital signs occur in severely ill COVID-19 patients, neurological problems are usually not considered. It is crucial to search for new treatments for brain damage, as well as for alternative therapies that recover the damaged brain and reduce the inflammatory response and its consequences for other organs. In addition, there is a need to diagnose these manifestations as early as possible to limit long-term consequences. Therefore, much research is needed to explain the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 causing these neurological symptoms because scientists know zero about it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Majolo
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (F.M.); (C.A.); (L.F.S.M.T.)
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences Center, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (G.L.d.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Guilherme Liberato da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences Center, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (G.L.d.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Lucas Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences Center, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (G.L.d.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Cetin Anli
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (F.M.); (C.A.); (L.F.S.M.T.)
| | - Luís Fernando Saraiva Macedo Timmers
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (F.M.); (C.A.); (L.F.S.M.T.)
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences Center, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (G.L.d.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery (TüCAD2), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Márcia Inês Goettert
- Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (F.M.); (C.A.); (L.F.S.M.T.)
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences Center, Universidade do Vale do Taquari-Univates, Lajeado 95914-014, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (G.L.d.S.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-5137147000
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Psenicka MW, Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Williams JL. Connecting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Are Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells a Nexus of Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:654284. [PMID: 34234647 PMCID: PMC8255483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.654284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is often accompanied by inflammation. It is well-known that many cells within the central nervous system (CNS) also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, which can promote neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is both an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease in which there is a complex interplay between resident CNS cells to mediate myelin and axonal damage, and this communication network can vary depending on the subtype and chronicity of disease. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell of the CNS, and their precursors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), are often thought of as the targets of autoimmune pathology during MS and in several animal models of MS; however, there is emerging evidence that OPCs actively contribute to inflammation that directly and indirectly contributes to neurodegeneration. Here we discuss several contributors to MS disease progression starting with lesion pathology and murine models amenable to studying particular aspects of disease. We then review how OPCs themselves can play an active role in promoting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and how other resident CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons can impact OPC function. Further, we outline the very complex and pleiotropic role(s) of several inflammatory cytokines and other secreted factors classically described as solely deleterious during MS and its animal models, but in fact, have many neuroprotective functions and promote a return to homeostasis, in part via modulation of OPC function. Finally, since MS affects patients from the onset of disease throughout their lifespan, we discuss the impact of aging on OPC function and CNS recovery. It is becoming clear that OPCs are not simply a bystander during MS progression and uncovering the active roles they play during different stages of disease will help uncover potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Psenicka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brandon C. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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7
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Mohan N, Fayyaz MA, del Rio C, Khurana NKRS, Vaidya SS, Salazar E, Joyce J, Ali AA. Neurological manifestations and neuroimaging findings in patients with SARS-CoV2-a systematic review. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021; 57:68. [PMID: 34093004 PMCID: PMC8170868 DOI: 10.1186/s41983-021-00322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically affected everyone in a hit or miss manner. Since it began, evidence of the neuro-invasive potential of the virus has been intensifying significantly. Several pathways have been hypothesized to elucidate the neurotropic nature of SARS-CoV2. It is the need of the hour to collect vital information. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and correlate the neuro-radiological and neurological manifestations in patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV2.To identify neuro-invasive pathways of COVID infection. METHODS Relevant studies were identified through four databases-the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science. These were searched using relevant keywords-"COVID-19," "SARS-CoV2," "neurological manifestations," "neuroimaging," "CT," and "MRI." Relevant articles were screened according to a pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria from December 2019 to August 2020. RESULTS Our review included a total of 63 full text publications with 584 patients, composed mainly of observational studies, case reports, and case series. The most common neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 were altered mental status, stroke, and paralysis. About 17.85% patients who underwent neuroimaging were found to be having ischemic changes suggestive of a stroke. This was followed by hemorrhagic changes as the second most common finding. The most commonly involved vessel was the Middle Cerebral Artery. Besides stroke, we found that SARS-CoV2 could be the cause for new-onset seizures, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, encephalitis, and many other severe neurological diseases. CONCLUSION The information that we have obtained so far will prove dynamic to healthcare providers working against the COVID-19 pandemic. It is necessary to be aware of these atypical neurological findings for the early diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 infected patients. However, to completely understand the connection between SARS-CoV2 and the nervous system, further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Mohan
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, Karnataka India
| | | | - Christopher del Rio
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | | | - Esteban Salazar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - John Joyce
- M.S Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Amrat Ayaz Ali
- Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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8
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Woolley B. The COVID-19 conundrum: Where both the virus and treatment contribute to delirium. Geriatr Nurs 2021; 42:955-958. [PMID: 34088523 PMCID: PMC8079024 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Whereas hospitalists and intensivists are treating the life-threatening respiratory conditions that often accompany COVID-19, delirium prevention, identification, and treatment may inadvertently be taking a backseat. However, delirium identification is important as it can serve as a key marker for hospital providers to identify COVID patients at risk for poor outcomes including ICU stay and death.2 COVID delirium has been difficult to manage because some COVID treatment methods are inherently deliriogenic and some medications traditionally used to manage delirium have been rendered ineffective among this population. Inpatient neurology and psychiatry practitioners are having to postulate new treatment techniques; one such medication algorithm can be found within this piece. It is important that delirium doesn't get lost in the chaos that is management of the COVID patient.
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9
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Grabherr S, Ludewig B, Pikor NB. Insights into coronavirus immunity taught by the murine coronavirus. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1062-1070. [PMID: 33687066 PMCID: PMC8250324 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent enveloped, ss RNA viruses with the ability to infect a range of vertebrates causing mainly lung, CNS, enteric, and hepatic disease. While the infection with human CoV is commonly associated with mild respiratory symptoms, the emergence of SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2 highlights the potential for CoVs to cause severe respiratory and systemic disease. The devastating global health burden caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 has spawned countless studies seeking clinical correlates of disease severity and host susceptibility factors, revealing a complex network of antiviral immune circuits. The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is, like SARS‐CoV‐2, a beta‐CoV and is endemic in wild mice. Laboratory MHV strains have been extensively studied to reveal coronavirus virulence factors and elucidate host mechanisms of antiviral immunity. These are reviewed here with the aim to identify translational insights for SARS‐CoV‐2 learned from murine CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grabherr
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Barbara Pikor
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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10
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Zhao F, Han Z, Wang R, Luo Y. Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19: Causality or Coincidence? Aging Dis 2021; 12:27-35. [PMID: 33532124 PMCID: PMC7801278 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic that swept the world at the beginning of 2020 is still raging. It is well established that in addition to respiratory symptoms, COVID-19 can also have neurological manifestations that may result from direct or indirect neurological damage. But are these neurological manifestations coincidental or causal? From a neurological perspective, these symptoms could be the result of neurological damage following SARS-CoV-2 infection, or they could be coincidental, from causes such as secondary systemic complications or side effects of drug treatment. The aim of this review is to raise clinician's awareness to the development of neurological impairment in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in the current normative prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ziping Han
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Rongliang Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Septyaningtrias DE, Susilowati R. Neurological involvement of COVID-19: from neuroinvasion and neuroimmune crosstalk to long-term consequences. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:427-442. [PMID: 33550780 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a multidimensional threat to humanity, more evidence of neurological involvement associated with it has emerged. Neuroimmune interaction may prove to be important not only in the pathogenesis of neurological manifestations but also to prevent systemic hyperinflammation. In this review, we summarize reports of COVID-19 cases with neurological involvement, followed by discussion of possible routes of entry, immune responses against coronavirus infection in the central nervous system and mechanisms of nerve degeneration due to viral infection and immune responses. Possible mechanisms for neuroprotection and virus-associated neurological consequences are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Eurike Septyaningtrias
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
| | - Rina Susilowati
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta55281, Indonesia
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12
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ElBini Dhouib I. Does coronaviruses induce neurodegenerative diseases? A systematic review on the neurotropism and neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:262-272. [PMID: 33390561 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clinically, respiratory tract symptoms as well as other organs disorders are observed in patients positively diagnosed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In addition, neurological symptoms, mainly anosmia, ageusia and headache were observed in many patients. Once in the central nervous system (CNS), the SARS-CoV-2 can reside either in a quiescent latent state, or eventually in actively state leading to severe acute encephalitis, characterized by neuroinflammation and prolonged neuroimmune activation. SRAS-CoV-2 requires angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cell entry receptor. The expression of this receptor in endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier (BBB) shows that SRAS-CoV-2 may have higher neuroinvasive potential compared to known coronaviruses. This review summarizes available information regarding the impact of SRAS-CoV-2 in the brain and tended to identify its potential pathways of neuroinvasion. We offer also an understanding of the long-term impact of latently form of SARS-CoV-2 on the development of neurodegenerative disorders. As a conclusion, the persistent infection of SRAS-CoV-2 in the brain could be involved on human neurodegenerative diseases that evolve a gradual process, perhapes, over several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines ElBini Dhouib
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Venins et Applications Théranostiques, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Sariol A, Perlman S. Lessons for COVID-19 Immunity from Other Coronavirus Infections. Immunity 2020; 53:248-263. [PMID: 32717182 PMCID: PMC7359787 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is developing an effective vaccine. Development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic. Protective and pathogenic aspects of the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are not well understood, partly because the virus has infected humans for only 6 months. However, insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by previous studies of immune responses to non-human coronaviruses, common cold coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here, we review the literature describing these responses and discuss their relevance to the SARS-CoV-2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Abstract
A key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is developing an effective vaccine. Development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic. Protective and pathogenic aspects of the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are not well understood, partly because the virus has infected humans for only 6 months. However, insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by previous studies of immune responses to non-human coronaviruses, common cold coronaviruses, and SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here, we review the literature describing these responses and discuss their relevance to the SARS-CoV-2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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15
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Vargas G, Medeiros Geraldo LH, Gedeão Salomão N, Viana Paes M, Regina Souza Lima F, Carvalho Alcantara Gomes F. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and glial cells: Insights and perspectives. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 7:100127. [PMID: 32838339 PMCID: PMC7423575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Since then, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern due to a growing number of deaths around the globe, as well as unparalleled economic and sociodemographic consequences. The disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel form of human coronavirus. Although coronavirus infections have been associated with neurological manifestations such as febrile seizures, convulsions, change in mental status, and encephalitis, less is known about the impact of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with neurological alterations in COVID-19 patients with severe clinical manifestations. The molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in this process, as well as the neurotropic and neuroinvasive properties of SARS-CoV-2, are still poorly understood. Glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, play pivotal roles in the brain response to neuroinflammatory insults and neurodegenerative diseases. Further, accumulating evidence has shown that those cells are targets of several neurotropic viruses that severely impact their function. Glial cell dysfunctions have been associated with several neuroinflammatory diseases, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 likely has a primary effect on these cells in addition to a secondary effect from neuronal damage. Here, we provide an overview of these data and discuss the possible implications of glial cells as targets of SARS-CoV-2. Considering the roles of microglia and astrocytes in brain inflammatory responses, we shed light on glial cells as possible drivers and potential targets of therapeutic strategies against neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19. The main goal of this review is to highlight the need to consider glial involvement in the progression of COVID-19 and potentially include astrocytes and microglia as mediators of SARS-CoV-2-induced neurological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vargas
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Gedeão Salomão
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marciano Viana Paes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Kotfis K, Williams Roberson S, Wilson JE, Dabrowski W, Pun BT, Ely EW. COVID-19: ICU delirium management during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Crit Care 2020; 24:176. [PMID: 32345343 PMCID: PMC7186945 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-02882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2-causing Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), emerged as a public health threat in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Delirium, a dangerous untoward prognostic development, serves as a barometer of systemic injury in critical illness. The early reports of 25% encephalopathy from China are likely a gross underestimation, which we know occurs whenever delirium is not monitored with a valid tool. Indeed, patients with COVID-19 are at accelerated risk for delirium due to at least seven factors including (1) direct central nervous system (CNS) invasion, (2) induction of CNS inflammatory mediators, (3) secondary effect of other organ system failure, (4) effect of sedative strategies, (5) prolonged mechanical ventilation time, (6) immobilization, and (7) other needed but unfortunate environmental factors including social isolation and quarantine without family. Given early insights into the pathobiology of the virus, as well as the emerging interventions utilized to treat the critically ill patients, delirium prevention and management will prove exceedingly challenging, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). The main focus during the COVID-19 pandemic lies within organizational issues, i.e., lack of ventilators, shortage of personal protection equipment, resource allocation, prioritization of limited mechanical ventilation options, and end-of-life care. However, the standard of care for ICU patients, including delirium management, must remain the highest quality possible with an eye towards long-term survival and minimization of issues related to post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). This article discusses how ICU professionals (e.g., physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, pharmacologists) can use our knowledge and resources to limit the burden of delirium on patients by reducing modifiable risk factors despite the imposed heavy workload and difficult clinical challenges posed by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Shawniqua Williams Roberson
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jo Ellen Wilson
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Tennessee Valley Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wojciech Dabrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Brenda T Pun
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E Wesley Ely
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Tennessee Valley Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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17
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Amarilla AA, Santos-Junior NN, Figueiredo ML, Luiz JPM, Fumagalli MJ, Colón DF, Lippi V, Alfonso HL, Lima-Junior DS, Trabuco AC, Spinieli RL, Desidera AC, Leite-Panissi CRA, Lauretti F, Mendoza SES, Silva CLA, Rego EM, Galvao-Lima LJ, Bassi GS, Penharvel Martíns SLB, Manrique WG, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha FQ, Peng NYG, Modhiran N, Setoh YX, Khromykh AA, Figueiredo LTM, Aquino VH. CCR2 Plays a Protective Role in Rocio Virus-Induced Encephalitis by Promoting Macrophage Infiltration Into the Brain. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:2015-2025. [PMID: 30715407 PMCID: PMC7107438 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocio virus (ROCV) is a highly neuropathogenic mosquito-transmitted flavivirus responsible for an unprecedented outbreak of human encephalitis during 1975–1976 in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Previous studies have shown an increased number of inflammatory macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS) of ROCV-infected mice, implying a role for macrophages in the pathogenesis of ROCV. Here, we show that ROCV infection results in increased expression of CCL2 in the blood and in infiltration of macrophages into the brain. Moreover, we show, using CCR2 knockout mice, that CCR2 expression is essential for macrophage infiltration in the brain during ROCV infection and that the lack of CCR2 results in increased disease severity and mortality. Thus, our findings show the protective role of CCR2-mediated infiltration of macrophages in the brain during ROCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A Amarilla
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Mario Luis Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Joao Paulo Mesquita Luiz
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - David F Colón
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Veronica Lippi
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Helda Liz Alfonso
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Djalma S Lima-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Trabuco
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Richard L Spinieli
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Amanda C Desidera
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Christie R A Leite-Panissi
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Elena Sánchez Mendoza
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Magalhaes Rego
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J Galvao-Lima
- Department of Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Bassi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra L B Penharvel Martíns
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Gomez Manrique
- Animal Health Laboratory, Veterinary Medicine Course, Federal University of Rondonia - UNIR, Rolim de Moura, RO, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nias Y G Peng
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Naphak Modhiran
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Luiz T M Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor H Aquino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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18
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Schultz KLW, Troisi EM, Baxter VK, Glowinski R, Griffin DE. Interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 have distinct roles in the pathogenesis of alphavirus encephalomyelitis. J Gen Virol 2018; 100:46-62. [PMID: 30451651 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs) are important determinants of the innate response to infection. We evaluated the role(s) of combined and individual IRF deficiencies in the outcome of infection of C57BL/6 mice with Sindbis virus, an alphavirus that infects neurons and causes encephalomyelitis. The brain and spinal cord levels of Irf7, but not Irf3 mRNAs, were increased after infection. IRF3/5/7-/- and IRF3/7-/- mice died within 3-4 days with uncontrolled virus replication, similar to IFNα receptor-deficient mice, while all wild-type (WT) mice recovered. IRF3-/- and IRF7-/- mice had brain levels of IFNα that were lower, but brain and spinal cord levels of IFNβ and IFN-stimulated gene mRNAs that were similar to or higher than WT mice without detectable serum IFN or increases in Ifna or Ifnb mRNAs in the lymph nodes, indicating that the differences in outcome were not due to deficiencies in the central nervous system (CNS) type I IFN response. IRF3-/- mice developed persistent neurological deficits and had more spinal cord inflammation and higher CNS levels of Il1b and Ifnγ mRNAs than WT mice, but all mice survived. IRF7-/- mice died 5-8 days after infection with rapidly progressive paralysis and differed from both WT and IRF3-/- mice in the induction of higher CNS levels of IFNβ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α and Cxcl13 mRNA, delayed virus clearance and more extensive cell death. Therefore, fatal disease in IRF7-/- mice is likely due to immune-mediated neurotoxicity associated with failure to regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L W Schultz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,†Present address: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Troisi
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,‡Present address: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca Glowinski
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,§Present address: Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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19
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Krogh Nielsen M, Subhi Y, Molbech CR, Falk MK, Singh A, Nissen MH, Sørensen TL. Patients with a fast progression profile in geographic atrophy have increased CD200 expression on circulating monocytes. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:69-78. [PMID: 30047199 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Geographic atrophy (GA) is a progressing atrophy of the neuroretina with no treatment option. BACKGROUND Age-related malfunction of retinal microglia amplifies response towards age-related tissue stress in age-related macular degeneration. Here, we investigated monocyte CD200 expression - the circulating middleman negotiating retinal microglial activity - in a poorly understood subtype of age-related macular degeneration. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. PARTICIPANTS Forty-six patients with GA and 26 healthy controls were included. METHODS All participants were subjected to a structured interview and detailed retinal examination. Controls were recruited from patient's spouses accompanying them in the clinic to match the groups best possibly. Participants had no history of immune disorders or cancer, and did not receive any immune-modulating medication. Patients did not have any history or sign of choroidal neovascularization in either eye. Fresh drawn blood was stained with monoclonal antibodies and prepared for flow cytometry to evaluate CD200 expression in monocytes and their functional subsets. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The percentage of CD200+ monocytes in patients and controls. RESULTS We found that monocytes were more CD200 positive in patients with GA compared to healthy age-matched controls. Then, we explored the potential relationship between CD200 expression and important fundus autofluorescence patterns that predict disease progression. Patients with a high risk of progression (patients with high degree of hyperautofluorescence) had distinctly increased CD200 expression compared to other patients with GA. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our data reveals that abnormal monocytic CD200 expression is present in GA, and in particular among those identified as fast progressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Krogh Nielsen
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yousif Subhi
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Molbech
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads K Falk
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Ophthalmology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mogens H Nissen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Eye Research Unit, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben L Sørensen
- Clinical Eye Research Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Savarin C, Dutta R, Bergmann CC. Distinct Gene Profiles of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages and Microglia During Neurotropic Coronavirus-Induced Demyelination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1325. [PMID: 29942315 PMCID: PMC6004766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. Demyelinating lesions are associated with infiltrating T lymphocytes, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), and activated resident microglia. Tissue damage is thought to be mediated by T cell produced cytokines and chemokines, which activate microglia and/or BMDM to both strip myelin and produce toxic factors, ultimately damaging axons and promoting disability. However, the relative contributions of BMDM and microglia to demyelinating pathology are unclear, as their identification in MS tissue is difficult due to similar morphology and indistinguishable surface markers when activated. The CD4 T cell-induced autoimmune murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), in which BMDM are essential for demyelination, has revealed pathogenic and repair-promoting phenotypes associated with BMDM and microglia, respectively. Using a murine model of demyelination induced by a gliatropic coronavirus, in which BMDM are redundant for demyelination, we herein characterize gene expression profiles of BMDM versus microglia associated with demyelination. While gene expression in CNS infiltrating BMDM was upregulated early following infection and subsequently sustained, microglia expressed a more dynamic gene profile with extensive mRNA upregulation coinciding with peak demyelination after viral control. This delayed microglia response comprised a highly pro-inflammatory and phagocytic profile. Furthermore, while BMDM exhibited a mixed phenotype of M1 and M2 markers, microglia repressed the vast majority of M2-markers. Overall, these data support a pro-inflammatory and pathogenic role of microglia temporally remote from viral control, whereas BMDM retained their gene expression profile independent of the changing environment. As demyelination is caused by multifactorial insults, our results highlight the plasticity of microglia in responding to distinct inflammatory settings, which may be relevant for MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Savarin
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, NC-30, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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21
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Wheeler DL, Sariol A, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. Microglia are required for protection against lethal coronavirus encephalitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:931-943. [PMID: 29376888 DOI: 10.1172/jci97229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have highlighted the role of microglia in orchestrating normal development and refining neural network connectivity in the healthy CNS. Microglia are not only vital cells in maintaining CNS homeostasis, but also respond to injury, infection, and disease by undergoing proliferation and changes in transcription and morphology. A better understanding of the specific role of microglia in responding to viral infection is complicated by the presence of nonmicroglial myeloid cells with potentially overlapping function in the healthy brain and by the rapid infiltration of hematopoietic myeloid cells into the brain in diseased states. Here, we used an inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) that depletes microglia to examine the specific roles of microglia in response to infection with the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a neurotropic coronavirus. Our results show that microglia were required during the early days after infection to limit MHV replication and subsequent morbidity and lethality. Additionally, microglia depletion resulted in ineffective T cell responses. These results reveal nonredundant, critical roles for microglia in the early innate and virus-specific T cell responses and for subsequent host protection from viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology
| | | | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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22
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Liu Y, Xie X, Xia LP, Lv H, Lou F, Ren Y, He ZY, Luo XG. Peripheral immune tolerance alleviates the intracranial lipopolysaccharide injection-induced neuroinflammation and protects the dopaminergic neurons from neuroinflammation-related neurotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:223. [PMID: 29145874 PMCID: PMC5693474 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the onset and development of neurodegeneration disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The immune activities of the central nervous system are profoundly affected by peripheral immune activities. Immune tolerance refers to the unresponsiveness of the immune system to continuous or repeated stimulation to avoid excessive inflammation and unnecessary by-stander injury in the face of continuous antigen threat. It has been proved that the immune tolerance could suppress the development of various peripheral inflammation-related diseases. However, the role of immune tolerance in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases was not clear. METHODS Rats were injected with repeated low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.3 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 4 days to induce peripheral immune tolerance. Neuroinflammation was produced using intracranial LPS (15 μg) injection. Inflammation cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Microglial activation were measured using immunostaining of Iba-1 and ED-1. Dopaminergic neuronal damage was evaluated using immunochemistry staining and stereological counting of TH-positive neurons. Behavioral impairment was evaluated using amphetamine-induced rotational behavioral assessment. RESULTS Compared with the non-immune tolerated animals, pre-treatment of peripheral immune tolerance significantly decreased the production of inflammatory cytokines, suppressed the microglial activation, and increased the number of dopaminergic neuronal survival in the substantia nigra. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that peripheral immune tolerance attenuated neuroinflammation and inhibited neuroinflammation-induced dopaminergic neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Xia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Lv
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Lou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Xie X, Luo X, Liu N, Li X, Lou F, Zheng Y, Ren Y. Monocytes, microglia, and CD200-CD200R1 signaling are essential in the transmission of inflammation from the periphery to the central nervous system. J Neurochem 2017; 141:222-235. [PMID: 28164283 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation is known to trigger neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease. However, the key components during the propagation of inflammation from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) remain unclear. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats to induce peripheral inflammation. An intravenous injection and an intranigral injection of clodronate liposomes were given to deplete monocytes and microglia, respectively. Recombinant CD200 fusion protein (CD200Fc) or an anti-CD200R1 antibody was injected into the substantia nigra to manipulate the involvement of CD200 and CD200R1. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure microglial activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss. The expression of brain pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β) and CD200-CD200R1 signaling were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Our data showed that the peripheral LPS injection activated the microglia and induced an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β). The depletion of either monocytes or microglia suppressed these inflammatory effects that were induced by peripheral LPS administration. The peripheral LPS injection increased the expression of CD200 and CD200R1 in the substantia nigra. Dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by the peripheral LPS injection was accelerated by the blockade of CD200-CD200R1 signaling with an anti-CD200R1 antibody and attenuated by intensifying the signaling with CD200Fc. These results highlight the importance of monocytes, microglia, and CD200-CD200R1 signaling in the transmission of inflammation from the periphery to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoguang Luo
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Lou
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yumin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang T, Wang Z, Yang P, Xia L, Zhou M, Wang S, Du J, Zhang J. PER1 prevents excessive innate immune response during endotoxin-induced liver injury through regulation of macrophage recruitment in mice. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2176. [PMID: 27054331 PMCID: PMC4855679 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The severity of acute liver failure (ALF) induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with the hepatic innate immune response. The core circadian molecular clock modulates the innate immune response by controlling rhythmic pathogen recognition by the innate immune system and daily variations in cytokine gene expression. However, the molecular link between circadian genes and the innate immune system has remained unclear. Here, we showed that mice lacking the clock gene Per1 (Period1) are more susceptible to LPS/d-galactosamine (LPS/GalN)-induced macrophage-dependent ALF compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Per1 deletion caused a remarkable increase in the number of Kupffer cells (KCs) in the liver, resulting in an elevation of the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS treatment. Loss of Per1 had no effect on the proliferation or apoptosis of macrophages; however, it enhanced the recruitment of macrophages, which was associated with an increase in CC chemokine receptor 2 (Ccr2) expression levels in monocytes/macrophages. Deletion of Ccr2 rescued d-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury in Per1−/− mice. We demonstrated that the upregulation of Ccr2 expression by Per1 deletion could be reversed by the synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) antagonist GW9662. Further analysis indicated that PER1 binds to PPAR-γ on the Ccr2 promoter and enhanced the inhibitory effect of PPAR-γ on Ccr2 expression. These results reveal that Per1 reduces hepatic macrophage recruitment through interaction with PPAR-γ and prevents an excessive innate immune response in endotoxin-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.,Cambridge Suda Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - P Yang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - L Xia
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - M Zhou
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - S Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - J Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Neurotropic strains of the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) cause a range of diseases in infected mice ranging from mild encephalitis with clearance of the virus followed by demyelination to rapidly fatal encephalitis. This chapter discusses the structure, life cycle, transmission, and pathology of neurotropic coronaviruses, as well as the immune response to coronavirus infection. Mice infected with neurotropic strains of MHV have provided useful systems in which to study processes of virus- and immune-mediated demyelination and virus clearance and/or persistence in the CNS, and the mechanisms of virus evasion of the immune system.
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Puntambekar SS, Hinton DR, Yin X, Savarin C, Bergmann CC, Trapp BD, Stohlman SA. Interleukin-10 is a critical regulator of white matter lesion containment following viral induced demyelination. Glia 2015; 63:2106-2120. [PMID: 26132901 PMCID: PMC4755156 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropic coronavirus induces an acute encephalomyelitis accompanied by focal areas of demyelination distributed randomly along the spinal column. The initial areas of demyelination increase only slightly after the control of infection. These circumscribed focal lesions are characterized by axonal sparing, myelin ingestion by macrophage/microglia, and glial scars associated with hypertrophic astrocytes, which proliferate at the lesion border. Accelerated virus control in mice lacking the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 was associated with limited initial demyelination, but low viral mRNA persistence similar to WT mice and declining antiviral cellular immunity. Nevertheless, lesions exhibited sustained expansion providing a model of dysregulated white matter injury temporally remote from the acute CNS insult. Expanding lesions in the absence of IL‐10 are characterized by sustained microglial activation and partial loss of macrophage/microglia exhibiting an acquired deactivation phenotype. Furthermore, IL‐10 deficiency impaired astrocyte organization into mesh like structures at the lesion borders, but did not prevent astrocyte hypertrophy. The formation of discrete foci of demyelination in IL‐10 sufficient mice correlated with IL‐10 receptor expression exclusively on astrocytes in areas of demyelination suggesting a critical role for IL‐10 signaling to astrocytes in limiting expansion of initial areas of white matter damage. GLIA 2015;63:2106–2120
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta S Puntambekar
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology, The University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinghua Yin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Carine Savarin
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stephen A Stohlman
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Marro BS, Blanc CA, Loring JF, Cahalan MD, Lane TE. Promoting remyelination: utilizing a viral model of demyelination to assess cell-based therapies. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 14:1169-79. [PMID: 25245576 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.955854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS. While a broad range of therapeutics effectively reduce the incidence of focal white matter inflammation and plaque formation for patients with relapse-remitting forms of MS, a challenge within the field is to develop therapies that allow for axonal protection and remyelination. In the last decade, growing interest has focused on utilizing neural precursor cells (NPCs) to promote remyelination. To understand how NPCs function in chronic demyelinating environments, several excellent pre-clinical mouse models have been developed. One well accepted model is infection of susceptible mice with neurotropic variants of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) that undergo chronic demyelination exhibiting clinical and histopathologic similarities to MS patients. Combined with the possibility that an environmental agent such as a virus could trigger MS, the MHV model of demyelination presents a relevant mouse model to assess the therapeutic potential of NPCs transplanted into an environment in which inflammatory-mediated demyelination is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S Marro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA
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The nsp3 macrodomain promotes virulence in mice with coronavirus-induced encephalitis. J Virol 2014; 89:1523-36. [PMID: 25428866 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02596-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED All coronaviruses encode a macrodomain containing ADP-ribose-1"-phosphatase (ADRP) activity within the N terminus of nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3). Previous work showed that mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59) with a mutated catalytic site (N1348A) replicated similarly to wild-type virus but was unable to cause acute hepatitis in mice. To determine whether this attenuated phenotype is applicable to multiple disease models, we mutated the catalytic residue in the JHM strain of MHV (JHMV), which causes acute and chronic encephalomyelitis, using a newly developed bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based MHV reverse genetics system. Infection of mice with the macrodomain catalytic point mutant virus (N1347A) resulted in reductions in lethality, weight loss, viral titers, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression, and immune cell infiltration in the brain compared to mice infected with wild-type virus. Specifically, macrophages were most affected, with approximately 2.5-fold fewer macrophages at day 5 postinfection in N1347A-infected brains. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN) signaling were not required for effective host control of mutant virus as all N1347A virus-infected mice survived the infection. However, the adaptive immune system was required for protection since N1347A virus was able to cause lethal encephalitis in RAG1(-/-) (recombination activation gene 1 knockout) mice although disease onset was modestly delayed. Overall, these results indicate that the BAC-based MHV reverse genetics system will be useful for studies of JHMV and expand upon previous studies, showing that the macrodomain is critical for the ability of coronaviruses to evade the immune system and promote viral pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses are an important cause of human and veterinary diseases worldwide. Viral processes that are conserved across a family are likely to be good targets for the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines. The macrodomain is a ubiquitous structural domain and is also conserved among all coronaviruses. The coronavirus macrodomain has ADP-ribose-1"-phosphatase activity; however, its function during infection remains unclear as does the reason that coronaviruses have maintained this enzymatic activity throughout evolution. For MHV, this domain has now been shown to promote multiple types of disease, including hepatitis and encephalitis. These data indicate that this domain is vital for the virus to replicate and cause disease. Understanding the mechanism used by this enzyme to promote viral pathogenesis will open up novel avenues for therapies and may give further insight into the role of macrodomain proteins in the host cell since these proteins are found in all living organisms.
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Huber AK, Duncker PC, Irani DN. Immune responses to non-tumor antigens in the central nervous system. Front Oncol 2014; 4:328. [PMID: 25431758 PMCID: PMC4230036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS), once viewed as an immune-privileged site protected by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is now known to be a dynamic immunological environment through which immune cells migrate to prevent and respond to events such as localized infection. During these responses, endogenous glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, become highly reactive and may secrete inflammatory mediators that regulate BBB permeability and recruit additional circulating immune cells. Here, we discuss the various roles played by astrocytes, microglia, and infiltrating immune cells during host immunity to non-tumor antigens in the CNS, focusing first on bacterial and viral infections, and then turning to responses directed against self-antigens in the setting of CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Huber
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - David N Irani
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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Ashhurst TM, van Vreden C, Niewold P, King NJC. The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system. Cell Immunol 2014; 291:49-57. [PMID: 25086710 PMCID: PMC7094263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades it has become increasingly clear that monocytes, originally thought to have fixed, stereotypic responses to foreign stimuli, mediate exquisitely balanced protective and pathogenic roles in disease and immunity. This balance is crucial in core functional organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS), where minor changes in neuronal microenvironments and the production of immune factors can result in significant disease with fatal consequences or permanent neurological sequelae. Viral encephalitis and multiple sclerosis are examples of important human diseases in which the pathogenic contribution of monocytes recruited from the bone marrow plays a critical role in the clinical expression of disease, as they differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells in the CNS to carry out effector functions. While antigen-specific lymphocyte populations are central to the adaptive immune response in both cases, in viral encephalitis a prominent macrophage infiltration may mediate immunopathological damage, seizure induction, and death. However, the autoimmune response to non-replicating, non-infectious, but abundant, self antigen has a different disease progression, associated with differentiation of significant numbers of infiltrating monocytes into dendritic cells in the CNS. Whilst a predominant presence of macrophages or dendritic cells in the inflamed CNS in viral encephalitis or multiple sclerosis is well described, the way in which the inflamed CNS mobilizes monocytes in the bone marrow to migrate to the CNS and the key drivers that lead to these specific differentiation pathways in vivo are not well understood. Here we review the current understanding of factors facilitating inflammatory monocyte generation, migration and entry into the brain, as well as their differentiation towards macrophages or dendritic cells in viral and autoimmune disease in relation to their respective disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Myles Ashhurst
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas Jonathan Cole King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Rajasekharan S, Rana J, Gulati S, Gupta V, Gupta S. Neuroinvasion by Chandipura virus. Acta Trop 2014; 135:122-6. [PMID: 24713200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an arthropod borne rhabdovirus associated with acute encephalitis in children below the age of 15 years in the tropical states of India. Although the entry of the virus into the nervous system is among the crucial events in the pathogenesis of CHPV, the exact mechanism allowing CHPV to invade the central nervous system (CNS) is currently poorly understood. In the present review, based on the knowledge of host interactors previously predicted for CHPV, along with the support from experimental data available for other encephalitic viruses, the authors have speculated the various plausible modes by which CHPV could surpass the blood-brain barrier and invade the CNS to cause encephalitis whilst evading the host immune surveillance. Collectively, this review provides a conservative set of potential interactions that can be employed for future experimental validation with a view to better understand the neuropathogenesis of CHPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Rajasekharan
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Jyoti Rana
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Sahil Gulati
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi South Campus (UDSC), Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of unknown cause. Increasing evidence suggests that the disease develops as a result of interactions between the environment and the immune system in genetically susceptible individuals. It has long been recognized that infections may serve as environmental triggers for the disease, and a large number of pathogens have been proposed to be associated with multiple sclerosis. Here, we detail the historical basis linking infections to multiple sclerosis and review the epidemiology of the disease, which suggests a possible relationship with infectious agents. We also describe pathophysiologic studies in animals and other human demyelinating diseases that have demonstrated a variety of mechanisms by which infectious agents may induce chronic, relapsing central nervous system disease with myelin damage and relative preservation of axons, similar to multiple sclerosis. In addition, we discuss recent studies in individuals with multiple sclerosis indicating enhanced immune responses to infectious antigens, though not consistently demonstrating evidence for ongoing infection. Taken together, these studies suggest a role for infectious agents in the development of multiple sclerosis. Conclusive evidence, however, remains lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Venkatesan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard T Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Elliott R, Li F, Dragomir I, Chua MMW, Gregory BD, Weiss SR. Analysis of the host transcriptome from demyelinating spinal cord of murine coronavirus-infected mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75346. [PMID: 24058676 PMCID: PMC3776850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of the mouse central nervous system (CNS) with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) induces a demyelinating disease pathologically similar to multiple sclerosis and is therefore used as a model system. There is little information regarding the host factors that correlate with and contribute to MHV-induced demyelination. Here, we detail the genes and pathways associated with MHV-induced demyelinating disease in the spinal cord. High-throughput sequencing of the host transcriptome revealed that demyelination is accompanied by numerous transcriptional changes indicative of immune infiltration as well as changes in the cytokine milieu and lipid metabolism. We found evidence that a Th1-biased cytokine/chemokine response and eicosanoid-derived inflammation accompany persistent MHV infection and that antigen presentation is ongoing. Interestingly, increased expression of genes involved in lipid transport, processing, and catabolism, including some with known roles in neurodegenerative diseases, coincided with demyelination. Lastly, expression of several genes involved in osteoclast or bone-resident macrophage function, most notably TREM2 and DAP12, was upregulated in persistently infected mouse spinal cord. This study highlights the complexity of the host antiviral response, which accompany MHV-induced demyelination, and further supports previous findings that MHV-induced demyelination is immune-mediated. Interestingly, these data suggest a parallel between bone reabsorption by osteoclasts and myelin debris clearance by microglia in the bone and the CNS, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using an RNA-seq approach to study the host CNS response to persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Dragomir
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ming Ming W. Chua
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Temporal changes in monocyte and macrophage subsets and microglial macrophages following spinal cord injury in the lys-egfp-ki mouse model. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 261:7-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Downer EJ, Jones RS, McDonald CL, Greco E, Brennan S, Connor TJ, Robertson IH, Lynch MA. Identifying early inflammatory changes in monocyte-derived macrophages from a population with IQ-discrepant episodic memory. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63194. [PMID: 23671673 PMCID: PMC3646027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cells of the innate immune system including monocytes and macrophages are the first line of defence against infections and are critical regulators of the inflammatory response. These cells express toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune receptors which govern tailored inflammatory gene expression patterns. Monocytes, which produce pro-inflammatory mediators, are readily recruited to the central nervous system (CNS) in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods This study explored the expression of receptors (CD11b, TLR2 and TLR4) on circulating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy elderly adults who we classified as either IQ memory-consistent (high-performing, HP) or IQ memory-discrepant (low-performing, LP). Results The expression of CD11b, TLR4 and TLR2 was increased in MDMs from the LP group when compared to HP cohort. MDMs from both groups responded robustly to treatment with the TLR4 activator, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in terms of cytokine production. Significantly, MDMs from the LP group displayed hypersensitivity to LPS exposure. Interpretation Overall these findings define differential receptor expression and cytokine profiles that occur in MDMs derived from a cohort of IQ memory-discrepant individuals. These changes are indicative of inflammation and may be involved in the prodromal processes leading to the development of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Downer
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Department, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Weinger JG, Marro BS, Hosking MP, Lane TE. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 and coronavirus-induced neurologic disease. Virology 2013; 435:110-7. [PMID: 23217621 PMCID: PMC3522860 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible strains of mice results in an acute encephalomyelitis in which virus preferentially replicates within glial cells while excluding neurons. Control of viral replication during acute disease is mediated by infiltrating virus-specific T cells via cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity, however sterile immunity is not achieved and virus persists resulting in chronic neuroinflammation associated with demyelination. CXCR2 is a chemokine receptor that upon binding to specific ligands promotes host defense through recruitment of myeloid cells to the CNS as well as protecting oligodendroglia from cytokine-mediated death in response to MHV infection. These findings highlight growing evidence of the diverse and important role of CXCR2 in regulating neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Weinger
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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Terry RL, Getts DR, Deffrasnes C, van Vreden C, Campbell IL, King NJC. Inflammatory monocytes and the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:270. [PMID: 23244217 PMCID: PMC3560265 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation in many models of human diseases, including those of the central nervous system (CNS). Ly6Chi/CCR2hi inflammatory monocytes have been identified as the circulating precursors of brain macrophages, dendritic cells and arguably microglia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Alzheimer’s disease; stroke; and more recently in CNS infection caused by Herpes simplex virus, murine hepatitis virus, Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. The precise differentiation pathways and functions of inflammatory monocyte-derived populations in the inflamed CNS remains a contentious issue, especially in regard to the existence of monocyte-derived microglia. Furthermore, the contributions of monocyte-derived subsets to viral clearance and immunopathology are not well-defined. Thus, understanding the pathways through which inflammatory monocytes migrate to the brain and their functional capacity within the CNS is critical to inform future therapeutic strategies. This review discusses some of the key aspects of inflammatory monocyte trafficking to the brain and addresses the role of these cells in viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Terry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Blackburn Circuit, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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38
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Luo XG, Chen SD. The changing phenotype of microglia from homeostasis to disease. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:9. [PMID: 23210447 PMCID: PMC3514090 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been nearly a century since the early description of microglia by Rio-Hortega; since then many more biological and pathological features of microglia have been recognized. Today, microglia are generally considered to be beneficial to homeostasis at the resting state through their abilities to survey the environment and phagocytose debris. However, when activated microglia assume diverse phenotypes ranging from fully inflamed, which involves the release of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, to alternatively activated, releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines or neurotrophins, the consequences to neurons can range from detrimental to supportive. Due to the different experimental sets and conditions, contradictory results have been obtained regarding the controversial question of whether microglia are “good” or “bad.” While it is well understood that the dual roles of activated microglia depend on specific situations, the underlying mechanisms have remained largely unclear, and the interpretation of certain findings related to diverse microglial phenotypes continues to be problematic. In this review we discuss the functions of microglia in neuronal survival and neurogenesis, the crosstalk between microglia and surrounding cells, and the potential factors that could influence the eventual manifestation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guang Luo
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Abstract
Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system, disseminate through the brain parenchyma, and acquire a specific ramified morphological phenotype termed "resting microglia." Recent studies indicate that even in the normal brain, microglia have highly motile processes by which they scan their territorial domains. By a large number of signaling pathways they can communicate with macroglial cells and neurons and with cells of the immune system. Likewise, microglial cells express receptors classically described for brain-specific communication such as neurotransmitter receptors and those first discovered as immune cell-specific such as for cytokines. Microglial cells are considered the most susceptible sensors of brain pathology. Upon any detection of signs for brain lesions or nervous system dysfunction, microglial cells undergo a complex, multistage activation process that converts them into the "activated microglial cell." This cell form has the capacity to release a large number of substances that can act detrimental or beneficial for the surrounding cells. Activated microglial cells can migrate to the site of injury, proliferate, and phagocytose cells and cellular compartments.
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Lane TE, Hosking MP. The pathogenesis of murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system. Crit Rev Immunol 2010; 30:119-30. [PMID: 20370625 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.v30.i2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that causes an acute encephalomyelitis that later resolves into a chronic fulminating demyelinating disease. Cytokine production, chemokine secretion, and immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system are critical to control viral replication during acute infection. Despite potent antiviral T-lymphocyte activity, sterile immunity is not achieved, and MHV chronically persists within oligodendrocytes. Continued infiltration and activation of the immune system, a result of the lingering viral antigen and RNA within oligodendrocytes, lead directly to the development of an immune-mediated demyelination that bears remarkable similarities, both clinically and histologically, to the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. MHV offers a unique model system for studying host defense during acute viral infection and immune-mediated demyelination during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA
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41
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Autocrine interferon priming in macrophages but not dendritic cells results in enhanced cytokine and chemokine production after coronavirus infection. mBio 2010; 1. [PMID: 20978536 PMCID: PMC2957079 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00219-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses efficiently inhibit interferon (IFN) induction in nonhematopoietic cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDC). However, IFN is produced in infected macrophages, microglia, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). To begin to understand why IFN is produced in infected macrophages, we infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and as a control, bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) with the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). As expected, BMM but not BMDC expressed type I IFN. IFN production in infected BMM was nearly completely dependent on signaling through the alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR). Several IFN-dependent cytokines and chemokines showed the same expression pattern, with enhanced production in BMM compared to BMDC and dependence upon signaling through the IFNAR. Exogenous IFN enhanced IFN-dependent gene expression in BMM at early times after infection and in BMDC at all times after infection but did not stimulate expression of molecules that signal through myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Collectively, our results show that IFN is produced at early times postinfection (p.i.) in MHV-infected BMM, but not in BMDC, and primes expression of IFN and IFN-responsive genes. Further, our results also show that BMM are generally more responsive to MHV infection, since MyD88-dependent pathways are also activated to a greater extent in these cells than in BMDC. Coronaviruses cause diseases with various degrees of severity in humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In domestic and companion animals, coronaviruses induce interferon (IFN) in only a few cell types. In particular, macrophages, which are known to have both protective and pathogenic roles in coronavirus infections, express IFN while dendritic cells do not. Little is known about the basis of these cell-specific differences in IFN induction. Here, we show that an animal coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus, induces IFN and other IFN-responsive molecules in macrophages, but not in dendritic cells, via a feedback loop that is dependent upon low-level IFN expression at early times after infection. This pathway of cellular activation may be a useful target for modulating macrophage function in order to selectively enhance the antivirus immune response and diminish the pathogenic role of these cells in SARS and other coronavirus infections.
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42
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Forkhead box M1 transcription factor is required for macrophage recruitment during liver repair. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:5381-93. [PMID: 20837707 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00876-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury results from exposure to toxins, pharmacological agents, or viral infections, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. While hepatic inflammation is critical for liver repair, the transcriptional mechanisms required for the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the liver are not understood. Forkhead box M1 (Foxm1) transcription factor is a master regulator of hepatocyte proliferation, but its role in inflammatory cells remains unknown. In this study, we generated transgenic mice in which Foxm1 was deleted from myeloid-derived cells, including macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils. Carbon tetrachloride liver injury was used to demonstrate that myeloid-specific Foxm1 deletion caused a delay in liver repair. Although Foxm1 deficiency did not influence neutrophil infiltration into injured livers, the total numbers of mature macrophages were dramatically reduced. Surprisingly, Foxm1 deficiency did not influence the proliferation of macrophages or their monocytic precursors but impaired monocyte recruitment during liver repair. Expression of L-selectin and the CCR2 chemokine receptor, both critical for monocyte recruitment to injured tissues, was decreased. Foxm1 induced transcriptional activity of the mouse CCR2 promoter in cotransfection experiments. Adoptive transfer of monocytes to Foxm1-deficient mice restored liver repair and rescued liver function. Foxm1 is critical for liver repair and is required for the recruitment of monocytes to the injured liver.
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43
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Altered regulation of CD200 receptor in monocyte-derived macrophages from individuals with Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:540-7. [PMID: 19924532 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the representative myeloid cells in the brain, and their over-activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia activation is believed to be regulated by the CD200-CD200R signaling. As the peripheral counterpart of microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) share the same progenitor and antigen markers, and they have similar biological behaviors and mirror microglial function in the brain. Here, we studied CD200R expression and its regulation in MDMs from 32 PD cases, 27 age-matched old controls, and 28 young controls. We found that the basal CD200R expression is similar in MDMs from young control, old control and PD patients. However, the induction of CD200R expression in MDMs under various conditions is impaired in the old groups, especially in PD patients. There was a selective decrease in CD200R expression induced by co-culture with dying PC12 cells in MDMs from PD cases, as compared with MDMs from the age-matched controls. We also found that the inducible CD200R expression correlated inversely with the onset age of PD and to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) released from MDMs. These results suggest an intrinsic abnormality in the CD200-CD200R signaling in MDMs during aging and, especially, in PD. We speculate that in the PD brain,microglia might undergo abnormalities similar to MDMs.
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Trandem K, Anghelina D, Zhao J, Perlman S. Regulatory T cells inhibit T cell proliferation and decrease demyelination in mice chronically infected with a coronavirus. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:4391-400. [PMID: 20208000 PMCID: PMC2851486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) develop acute and chronic demyelinating diseases with histopathological similarities to multiple sclerosis. The process of demyelination is largely immune-mediated, as immunodeficient mice (RAG1(-/-) mice) do not develop demyelination upon infection; however, demyelination develops if these mice are reconstituted with either JHMV-immune CD4 or CD8 T cells. Because myelin destruction is a consequence of the inflammatory response associated with virus clearance, we reasoned that decreasing the amount of inflammation would diminish clinical disease and demyelination. Given that regulatory T cells (Tregs) have potent anti-inflammatory effects, we adoptively transferred Tregs into infected C57BL/6 and RAG1(-/-) mice. In both instances, transfer of Tregs decreased weight loss, clinical scores, and demyelination. Transferred Tregs were not detected in the CNS of infected RAG1(-/-) mice, but rather appeared to mediate their effects in the draining cervical lymph nodes. We show that Tregs dampen the inflammatory response mediated by transferred JHMV-immune splenocytes in infected RAG1(-/-) mice by decreasing T cell proliferation, dendritic cell activation, and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, without inducing apoptosis. By extension, decreasing inflammation, whether by Treg transfer or by otherwise enhancing the anti-inflammatory milieu, could contribute to improved clinical outcomes in patients with virus-induced demyelination.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Chronic Disease
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Murine hepatitis virus/immunology
- Murine hepatitis virus/pathogenicity
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Viral Load/immunology
- Virulence/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Trandem
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | - Jingxian Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Institute for Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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45
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Liu H, Fitzgerald D, Gran B, Leong JM, Alugupalli KR. Induction of distinct neurologic disease manifestations during relapsing fever requires T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:5859-64. [PMID: 20382883 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Relapsing fever borreliosis is a multisystemic infection characterized primarily by bacteremia but can extend to the CNS. The incidence of CNS disease manifestations in humans depends on the infecting relapsing fever Borrelia species. In the murine model of Borrelia hermsii infection we found high incidence of distinct signs of CNS disease that ranged from a flaccid tail to complete paralysis of hind limbs. Infiltration of large number of T cells into the spinal cord of B. hermsii-infected mice and the upregulation of MHC class II and CD80 on infiltrating macrophages and on microglial cells suggested a role for T cell and Ag-presenting cell interactions in this pathogenesis. Indeed, B. hermsii infection did not induce CNS disease manifestations in T cell-deficient mice (TCR-beta x delta(-/-)), although it resulted in bacteremia comparable to wild-type (Wt) level. Moreover, the infiltration of immune cells into the spinal cord of TCR-beta x delta(-/-) mice was reduced and the resident microglial cells were not activated. Histopathological analysis of lumbar sections of the spinal cord confirmed severe inflammation in Wt but not in TCR-beta x delta(-/-) mice. Induction of CNS disease was dependent on the B. hermsii strain as well as on the ability of the host to control bacteremia. Mice that are impaired in controlling B. hermsii, such as CD14(-/-) mice, exhibited more severe CNS disease than Wt mice. This study demonstrates that distinct neurologic disease manifestations develop during relapsing fever and that T cells play a critical role in the induction of neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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46
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Bender SJ, Weiss SR. Pathogenesis of murine coronavirus in the central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:336-54. [PMID: 20369302 PMCID: PMC2914825 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus, MHV) is a collection of strains that induce disease in several organ systems of mice. Infection with neurotropic strains JHM and A59 causes acute encephalitis, and in survivors, chronic demyelination, the latter of which serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. The MHV receptor is a carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule, CEACAM1a; paradoxically, CEACAM1a is poorly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to speculation of an additional receptor. Comparison of highly neurovirulent JHM isolates with less virulent variants and the weakly neurovirulent A59 strain, combined with the use of reverse genetics, has allowed mapping of pathogenic properties to individual viral genes. The spike protein, responsible for viral entry, is a major determinant of tropism and virulence. Other viral proteins, both structural and nonstructural, also contribute to pathogenesis in the CNS. Studies of host responses to MHV indicate that both innate and adaptive responses are crucial to antiviral defense. Type I interferon is essential to prevent very early mortality after infection. CD8 T cells, with the help of CD4 T cells, are crucial for viral clearance during acute disease and persist in the CNS during chronic disease. B cells are necessary to prevent reactivation of virus in the CNS following clearance of acute infection. Despite advances in understanding of coronavirus pathogenesis, questions remain regarding the mechanisms of viral entry and spread in cell types expressing low levels of receptor, as well as the unique interplay between virus and the host immune system during acute and chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Bender
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
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Christophi GP, Massa PT. Central neuroinvasion and demyelination by inflammatory macrophages after peripheral virus infection is controlled by SHP-1. Viral Immunol 2010; 22:371-87. [PMID: 19951174 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SHP-1 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase that negatively regulates cytokine signaling and inflammatory gene expression. Mice genetically lacking SHP-1 (me/me) display severe inflammatory demyelinating disease following intracranial inoculation with the BeAn strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) compared to infected wild-type mice. Furthermore, SHP-1-deficient mice show a profound and predominant infiltration of blood-derived macrophages into the CNS following intracerebral injection of TMEV, and these macrophages are concentrated in areas of demyelination in brain and spinal cord. In the present study we investigated the role of SHP-1 in controlling CNS inflammatory demyelination following a peripheral instead of an intracerebral inoculation of TMEV. Surprisingly, we found that while wild-type mice were entirely refractory to intraperitoneal (IP) infection by TMEV, in agreement with previous studies, all SHP-1-deficient mice displayed profound macrophage neuroinvasion and macrophage-mediated inflammatory demyelination. Moreover, SHP-1 deficiency led to increased expression of inflammatory molecules in macrophages, serum, and CNS following IP infection with TMEV. Importantly, pharmacological depletion of peripheral macrophages significantly decreased both paralysis and CNS viral loads in SHP-1-deficient mice. In addition, peripheral MCP-1 neutralization attenuated disease severity, decreased macrophage infiltration into the CNS, and decreased monocyte numbers in the blood of SHP-1-deficient mice, implicating MCP-1 as an important mediator of monocyte migration between multiple tissues. These results demonstrate that peripheral TMEV infection results in a unique evolution of macrophage-mediated demyelination in SHP-1-deficient mice, implicating SHP-1 in the control of neuroinvasion of inflammatory macrophages and neurotropic viruses into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Christophi
- Department of Neurology, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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48
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Monocytes regulate T cell migration through the glia limitans during acute viral encephalitis. J Virol 2010; 84:4878-88. [PMID: 20200240 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00051-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte access into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma is tightly regulated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Leukocyte migration through the endothelial cell wall into the perivascular space is well characterized; however, mechanisms regulating their penetration through the glia limitans into the parenchyma are less well studied, and the role of monocytes relative to neutrophils is poorly defined. Acute viral encephalitis was thus induced in CCL2-deficient (CCL2(-/-)) mice to specifically abrogate monocyte recruitment. Impaired monocyte recruitment prolonged T cell retention in the perivascular space, although no difference in overall CNS accumulation of CD4 or CD8 T cells was detected by flow cytometry. Delayed penetration to the CNS parenchyma was not associated with reduced or altered expression of either matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) or the T cell chemoattractants CXCL10 and CCL5. Nevertheless, decreased parenchymal leukocyte infiltration delayed T cell-mediated control of virus replication as well as clinical disease. These data are the first to demonstrate that the rapid monocyte recruitment into the CNS during viral encephalitis is dispensable for T cell migration across the blood vessel endothelium. However, monocytes facilitate penetration through the glia limitans. Thus, the rapid monocyte response to viral encephalitis constitutes an indirect antiviral pathway by aiding access of effector T cells to the site of viral infection.
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49
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Hosking MP, Lane TE. The Biology of Persistent Infection: Inflammation and Demyelination following Murine Coronavirus Infection of the Central Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:267-276. [PMID: 19946572 DOI: 10.2174/157339509789504005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of humans. Although causes of MS are enigmatic, underlying elements contributing to disease development include both genetic and environmental factors. Recent epidemiological evidence has pointed to viral infection as a trigger to initiating white matter damage in humans. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a positive strand RNA virus that, following intracranial infection of susceptible mice, induces an acute encephalomyelitis that later resolves into a chronic fulminating demyelinating disease. Immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system is critical both to quell viral replication and instigate demyelination. Recent efforts by our laboratory and others have focused upon strategies capable of enhancing remyelination in response to viral-induced demyelination, both by dampening chronic inflammation and by surgical engraftment of remyelination - competent neural precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Hosking
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900 USA
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50
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Macrophages of multiple sclerosis patients display deficient SHP-1 expression and enhanced inflammatory phenotype. J Transl Med 2009; 89:742-59. [PMID: 19398961 PMCID: PMC2725397 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in mice have demonstrated that the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is a crucial negative regulator of proinflammatory cytokine signaling, TLR signaling, and inflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, mice genetically lacking SHP-1 (me/me) display a profound susceptibility to inflammatory CNS demyelination relative to wild-type mice. In particular, SHP-1 deficiency may act predominantly in inflammatory macrophages to increase CNS demyelination as SHP-1-deficient macrophages display coexpression of inflammatory effector molecules and increased demyelinating activity in me/me mice. Recently, we reported that PBMCs of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have a deficiency in SHP-1 expression relative to normal control subjects indicating that SHP-1 deficiency may play a similar role in MS as to that seen in mice. Therefore, it became essential to examine the specific expression and function of SHP-1 in macrophages from MS patients. Herein, we document that macrophages of MS patients have deficient SHP-1 protein and mRNA expression relative to those of normal control subjects. To examine functional consequences of the lower SHP-1, the activation of STAT6, STAT1, and NF-kappaB was quantified and macrophages of MS patients showed increased activation of these transcription factors. In accordance with this observation, several STAT6-, STAT1-, and NF-kappaB-responsive genes that mediate inflammatory demyelination were increased in macrophages of MS patients following cytokine and TLR agonist stimulation. Supporting a direct role of SHP-1 deficiency in altered macrophage function, experimental depletion of SHP-1 in normal subject macrophages resulted in an increased STAT/NF-kappaB activation and increased inflammatory gene expression to levels seen in macrophages of MS patients. In conclusion, macrophages of MS patients display a deficiency of SHP-1 expression, heightened activation of STAT6, STAT1, and NF-kappaB and a corresponding inflammatory profile that may be important in controlling macrophage-mediated demyelination in MS.
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