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Lazzeri G, Lenzi P, Busceti CL, Puglisi-Allegra S, Ferrucci M, Fornai F. Methamphetamine Increases Tubulo-Vesicular Areas While Dissipating Proteins from Vesicles Involved in Cell Clearance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9601. [PMID: 39273545 PMCID: PMC11395429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytopathology induced by methamphetamine (METH) is reminiscent of degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and it is characterized by membrane organelles arranged in tubulo-vesicular structures. These areas, appearing as clusters of vesicles, have never been defined concerning the presence of specific organelles. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the relative and absolute area of specific membrane-bound organelles following a moderate dose (100 µM) of METH administered to catecholamine-containing PC12 cells. Organelles and antigens were detected by immunofluorescence, and they were further quantified by plain electron microscopy and in situ stoichiometry. This analysis indicated an increase in autophagosomes and damaged mitochondria along with a decrease in lysosomes and healthy mitochondria. Following METH, a severe dissipation of hallmark proteins from their own vesicles was measured. In fact, the amounts of LC3 and p62 were reduced within autophagy vacuoles compared with the whole cytosol. Similarly, LAMP1 and Cathepsin-D within lysosomes were reduced. These findings suggest a loss of compartmentalization and confirm a decrease in the competence of cell clearing organelles during catecholamine degeneration. Such cell entropy is consistent with a loss of energy stores, which routinely govern appropriate subcellular compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lazzeri
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Lenzi
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carla L Busceti
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
| | | | - Michela Ferrucci
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzili, Italy
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2
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Sun X, Chen W, Razavi AC, Shi M, Pan Y, Li C, Argos M, Layden BT, Daviglus ML, He J, Carmichael OT, Bazzano LA, Kelly TN. Associations of Epigenetic Age Acceleration With CVD Risks Across the Lifespan: The Bogalusa Heart Study. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2024; 9:577-590. [PMID: 38984046 PMCID: PMC11228118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Although epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) might serve as a molecular signature of childhood cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and further promote midlife subclinical CVD, few studies have comprehensively examined these life course associations. This study sought to test whether childhood CVD risk factors predict EAA in adulthood and whether EAA mediates the association between childhood CVD risks and midlife subclinical disease. Among 1,580 Bogalusa Heart Study participants, we estimated extrinsic EAA, intrinsic EAA, PhenoAge acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel), and GrimAge acceleration (GrimAgeAccel) during adulthood. We tested prospective associations of longitudinal childhood body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipids, and glucose with EAAs using linear mixed effects models. After confirming EAAs with midlife carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque, structural equation models examined mediating effects of EAAs on associations of childhood CVD risk factors with subclinical CVD measures. After stringent multiple testing corrections, each SD increase in childhood BMI was significantly associated with 0.6-, 0.9-, and 0.5-year increases in extrinsic EAA, PhenoAgeAccel, and GrimAgeAccel, respectively (P < 0.001 for all 3 associations). Likewise, each SD increase in childhood log-triglycerides was associated with 0.5- and 0.4-year increases in PhenoAgeAccel and GrimAgeAccel (P < 0.001 for both), respectively, whereas each SD increase in childhood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with a 0.3-year decrease in GrimAgeAccel (P = 0.002). Our findings indicate that PhenoAgeAccel mediates an estimated 27.4% of the association between childhood log-triglycerides and midlife carotid intima-media thickness (P = 0.022). Our data demonstrate that early life CVD risk factors may accelerate biological aging and promote subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alexander C Razavi
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Maria Argos
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Lydia A Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tanika N Kelly
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Kumar R, Chowdhury S, Ledeen R. Alpha-Synuclein and GM1 Ganglioside Co-Localize in Neuronal Cytosol Leading to Inverse Interaction-Relevance to Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3323. [PMID: 38542297 PMCID: PMC10970170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on GM1 ganglioside and its neuroprotective role in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in mitigating the aggregation of α-Synuclein (aSyn), is well established across various model organisms. This essential molecule, GM1, is intimately linked to preventing aSyn aggregation, and its deficiency is believed to play a key role in the initiation of PD. In our current study, we attempted to shed light on the cytosolic interactions between GM1 and aSyn based on previous reports demonstrating gangliosides and monomeric aSyn to be present in neuronal cytosol. Native-PAGE and Western blot analysis of neuronal cytosol from mouse brains demonstrated the presence of both GM1 and monomeric aSyn in the neuronal cytosol of normal mouse brain. To demonstrate that an adequate level of GM1 prevents the aggregation of aSyn, we used NG108-15 and SH-SY5Y cells with and without treatment of 1-phenyl-2-palmitoyl-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PPMP), which inhibits the synthesis/expression of GM1. Cells treated with PPMP to reduce GM1 expression showed a significant increase in the formation of aggregated aSyn compared to untreated cells. We thus demonstrated that sufficient GM1 prevents the aggregation of aSyn. For this to occur, aSyn and GM1 must show proximity within the neuron. The present study provides evidence for such co-localization in neuronal cytosol, which also facilitates the inverse interaction revealed in studies with the two cell types above. This adds to the explanation of how GM1 prevents the aggregation of aSyn and onset of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (R.K.); (S.C.)
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4
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Alvarado CX, Makarious MB, Weller CA, Vitale D, Koretsky MJ, Bandres-Ciga S, Iwaki H, Levine K, Singleton A, Faghri F, Nalls MA, Leonard HL. omicSynth: An open multi-omic community resource for identifying druggable targets across neurodegenerative diseases. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:150-164. [PMID: 38181731 PMCID: PMC10806756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Treatments for neurodegenerative disorders remain rare, but recent FDA approvals, such as lecanemab and aducanumab for Alzheimer disease (MIM: 607822), highlight the importance of the underlying biological mechanisms in driving discovery and creating disease modifying therapies. The global population is aging, driving an urgent need for therapeutics that stop disease progression and eliminate symptoms. In this study, we create an open framework and resource for evidence-based identification of therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disease. We use summary-data-based Mendelian randomization to identify genetic targets for drug discovery and repurposing. In parallel, we provide mechanistic insights into disease processes and potential network-level consequences of gene-based therapeutics. We identify 116 Alzheimer disease, 3 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MIM: 105400), 5 Lewy body dementia (MIM: 127750), 46 Parkinson disease (MIM: 605909), and 9 progressive supranuclear palsy (MIM: 601104) target genes passing multiple test corrections (pSMR_multi < 2.95 × 10-6 and pHEIDI > 0.01). We created a therapeutic scheme to classify our identified target genes into strata based on druggability and approved therapeutics, classifying 41 novel targets, 3 known targets, and 115 difficult targets (of these, 69.8% are expressed in the disease-relevant cell type from single-nucleus experiments). Our novel class of genes provides a springboard for new opportunities in drug discovery, development, and repurposing in the pre-competitive space. In addition, looking at drug-gene interaction networks, we identify previous trials that may require further follow-up such as riluzole in Alzheimer disease. We also provide a user-friendly web platform to help users explore potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases, decreasing activation energy for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea X Alvarado
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Data Tecnica LLC, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Cory A Weller
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Data Tecnica LLC, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Dan Vitale
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Data Tecnica LLC, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mathew J Koretsky
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Data Tecnica LLC, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kristin Levine
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Data Tecnica LLC, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Data Tecnica LLC, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Data Tecnica LLC, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Hampton L Leonard
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Data Tecnica LLC, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Alvarado CX, Makarious MB, Weller CA, Vitale D, Koretsky MJ, Bandres-Ciga S, Iwaki H, Levine K, Singleton A, Faghri F, Nalls MA, Leonard HL. omicSynth: an Open Multi-omic Community Resource for Identifying Druggable Targets across Neurodegenerative Diseases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.06.23288266. [PMID: 37090611 PMCID: PMC10120805 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.23288266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Treatments for neurodegenerative disorders remain rare, although recent FDA approvals, such as Lecanemab and Aducanumab for Alzheimer's Disease, highlight the importance of the underlying biological mechanisms in driving discovery and creating disease modifying therapies. The global population is aging, driving an urgent need for therapeutics that stop disease progression and eliminate symptoms. In this study, we create an open framework and resource for evidence-based identification of therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disease. We use Summary-data-based Mendelian Randomization to identify genetic targets for drug discovery and repurposing. In parallel, we provide mechanistic insights into disease processes and potential network-level consequences of gene-based therapeutics. We identify 116 Alzheimer's disease, 3 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 5 Lewy body dementia, 46 Parkinson's disease, and 9 Progressive supranuclear palsy target genes passing multiple test corrections (pSMR_multi < 2.95×10-6 and pHEIDI > 0.01). We created a therapeutic scheme to classify our identified target genes into strata based on druggability and approved therapeutics - classifying 41 novel targets, 3 known targets, and 115 difficult targets (of these 69.8% are expressed in the disease relevant cell type from single nucleus experiments). Our novel class of genes provides a springboard for new opportunities in drug discovery, development and repurposing in the pre-competitive space. In addition, looking at drug-gene interaction networks, we identify previous trials that may require further follow-up such as Riluzole in AD. We also provide a user-friendly web platform to help users explore potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases, decreasing activation energy for the community [https://nih-card-ndd-smr-home-syboky.streamlit.app/].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea X. Alvarado
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA, 20037
| | - Mary B. Makarious
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK, WC1N 3BG
- UCL Movement Disorders Centre, University College London, London, UK, WC1N 3BG
| | - Cory A. Weller
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA, 20037
| | - Dan Vitale
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA, 20037
| | - Mathew J. Koretsky
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
| | - Hirotaka Iwaki
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA, 20037
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
| | - Kristin Levine
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA, 20037
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA, 20037
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA, 20037
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
| | - Hampton L. Leonard
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- Data Tecnica International, Washington, DC, USA, 20037
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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Vakili O, Asili P, Babaei Z, Mirahmad M, Keshavarzmotamed A, Asemi Z, Mafi A. Circular RNAs in Alzheimer's Disease: A New Perspective of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-125997. [PMID: 36043720 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220829164211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs), as covalently closed single-stranded noncoding RNA molecules, have been recently identified to involve in several biological processes, principally through targeting microRNAs. Among various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), accumulating evidence has proposed key roles for circRNAs in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD); although the exact relationship between these RNA molecules and AD progression is not clear, they have been believed to mostly act as miRNA sponges or gene transcription modulators through correlating with multiple proteins, involved in the accumulation of Amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, as well as tau protein, as AD's pathological hallmark. More interestingly, circRNAs have also been reported to play diagnostic and therapeutic roles during AD progression. OBJECTIVE Literature review indicated that circRNAs could essentially contribute to the onset and development of AD. Thus, in the current review, the circRNAs' biogenesis and functions are addressed at first, and then the interplay between particular circRNAs and AD is comprehensively discussed. Eventually, the diagnostic and therapeutic significance of these noncoding RNAs is highlighted in brief. RESULTS A large number of circRNAs are expressed in the brain. Thereby, these RNA molecules are noticed as potential regulators of neural functions in healthy circumstances, as well as neurological disorders. Moreover, circRNAs have also been reported to have potential diagnostic and therapeutic capacities in relation to AD, the most prevalent ND. CONCLUSION CircRNAs have been shown to act as sponges for miRNAs, thereby regulating the function of related miRNAs, including oxidative stress, reduction of neuroinflammation, and the formation and metabolism of Aβ, all of which developed in AD. CircRNAs have also been proposed as biomarkers that have potential diagnostic capacities in AD. Despite these characteristics, the use of circRNAs as therapeutic targets and promising diagnostic biomarkers will require further investigation and characterization of the function of these RNA molecules in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pooria Asili
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirahmad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Mafi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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7
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Khoshnood B, Ullgren A, Laffita-Mesa J, Öijerstedt L, Patra K, Nennesmo I, Graff C. TBK1 haploinsufficiency results in changes in the K63-ubiquitination profiles in brain and fibroblasts from affected and presymptomatic mutation carriers. J Neurol 2022; 269:3037-3049. [PMID: 34800171 PMCID: PMC9120096 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disease, resulting in progressive problems in language and/or behaviour and is often diagnosed before 65 years of age. Ubiquitin positive protein aggregates in the brain are among the key pathologic hallmarks of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) postmortem. The TANK-binding kinase 1 gene (TBK1) is on the list of genes that can contribute to the development of FTD as well as the related neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS In this study, using an array of clinical and neuropathological data combined with biochemical and proteomics assays, we analyze the TBK1 splice-mutation (c.1340 + 1G > A) in a Swedish family with a history of FTD and ALS. We also explore the K63 ubiquitination landscape in post-mortem brain tissue and fibroblast cultures. RESULTS The intronic (c.1340 + 1G > A) mutation in TBK1 results in haploinsufficiency and affects the activity of the protein in symptomatic and pre-symptomatic mutation carriers. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the mutation leads to a significant reduction of TBK1 activity and induce alterations in K63 ubiquitination profile of the cell already in the presymptomatic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Khoshnood
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abbe Ullgren
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose Laffita-Mesa
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Öijerstedt
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kalicharan Patra
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Nennesmo
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Graff
- Division for Neurogeriatrics, Centre for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish FTD Initiative, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Gottschalk G, Peterson D, Knox K, Maynard M, Whelan RJ, Roy A. Elevated ATG13 in serum of patients with ME/CFS stimulates oxidative stress response in microglial cells via activation of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 120:103731. [PMID: 35487443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, also known as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), is a multisystem illness characterized by extreme muscle fatigue associated with pain, neurocognitive impairment, and chronic inflammation. Despite intense investigation, the molecular mechanism of this disease is still unknown. Here we demonstrate that autophagy-related protein ATG13 is strongly upregulated in the serum of ME/CFS patients, indicative of impairment in the metabolic events of autophagy. A Thioflavin T-based protein aggregation assay, array screening for autophagy-related factors, densitometric analyses, and confirmation with ELISA revealed that the level of ATG13 was strongly elevated in serum samples of ME/CFS patients compared to age-matched controls. Moreover, our microglia-based oxidative stress response experiments indicated that serum samples of ME/CFS patients evoke the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide in human HMC3 microglial cells, whereas neutralization of ATG13 strongly diminishes the production of ROS and NO, suggesting that ATG13 plays a role in the observed stress response in microglial cells. Finally, an in vitro ligand binding assay provided evidence that ATG13 employs the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) to stimulate ROS in microglial cells. Collectively, our results suggest that an impairment of autophagy following the release of ATG13 into serum could be a pathological signal in ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Gottschalk
- Simmaron Research Institute, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451, United States of America; Simmaron R&D lab, Technology Innovation Center, 10437 W Innovation Drive, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, United States of America
| | - Daniel Peterson
- Simmaron Research Institute, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451, United States of America
| | - Konstance Knox
- Coppe Laboratories, W229N1870 Westwood Dr, Waukesha, WI 53186., United States of America
| | - Marco Maynard
- Simmaron R&D lab, Technology Innovation Center, 10437 W Innovation Drive, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, United States of America
| | - Ryan J Whelan
- Simmaron R&D lab, Technology Innovation Center, 10437 W Innovation Drive, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, United States of America
| | - Avik Roy
- Simmaron Research Institute, 948 Incline Way, Incline Village, NV 89451, United States of America; Simmaron R&D lab, Technology Innovation Center, 10437 W Innovation Drive, Wauwatosa, WI 53226, United States of America.
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9
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Abstract
The notion that autoimmune responses to α-synuclein may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder stems from reports that mutations in α-synuclein or certain alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are associated with the disease and that dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic neurons in the midbrain can present antigenic epitopes. Here, we discuss recent evidence that a defined set of peptides derived from α-synuclein act as antigenic epitopes displayed by specific MHC alleles and drive helper and cytotoxic T cell responses in patients with PD. Moreover, phosphorylated α-synuclein may activate T cell responses in a less restricted manner in PD. While the roles for the acquired immune system in disease pathogenesis remain unknown, preclinical animal models and in vitro studies indicate that T cells may interact with neurons and exert effects related to neuronal death and neuroprotection. These findings suggest that therapeutics that target T cells and ameliorate the incidence or disease severity of inflammatory bowel disorders or CNS autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis may be useful in PD.
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10
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Autophagy in α-Synucleinopathies-An Overstrained System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113143. [PMID: 34831366 PMCID: PMC8618716 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synucleinopathies comprise progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). They all exhibit the same pathological hallmark, which is the formation of α-synuclein positive deposits in neuronal or glial cells. The aggregation of α-synuclein in the cell body of neurons, giving rise to the so-called Lewy bodies (LBs), is the major characteristic for PD and DLB, whereas the accumulation of α-synuclein in oligodendroglial cells, so-called glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), is the hallmark for MSA. The mechanisms involved in the intracytoplasmic inclusion formation in neuronal and oligodendroglial cells are not fully understood to date. A possible mechanism could be an impaired autophagic machinery that cannot cope with the high intracellular amount of α-synuclein. In fact, different studies showed that reduced autophagy is involved in α-synuclein aggregation. Furthermore, altered levels of different autophagy markers were reported in PD, DLB, and MSA brains. To date, the trigger point in disease initiation is not entirely clear; that is, whether autophagy dysfunction alone suffices to increase α-synuclein or whether α-synuclein is the pathogenic driver. In the current review, we discuss the involvement of defective autophagy machinery in the formation of α-synuclein aggregates, propagation of α-synuclein, and the resulting neurodegenerative processes in α-synucleinopathies.
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11
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Doblado L, Lueck C, Rey C, Samhan-Arias AK, Prieto I, Stacchiotti A, Monsalve M. Mitophagy in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083903. [PMID: 33167334 PMCID: PMC8069949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective autophagic process, essential for cellular homeostasis, that eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria. Activated by inner membrane depolarization, it plays an important role during development and is fundamental in highly differentiated post-mitotic cells that are highly dependent on aerobic metabolism, such as neurons, muscle cells, and hepatocytes. Both defective and excessive mitophagy have been proposed to contribute to age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, metabolic diseases, vascular complications of diabetes, myocardial injury, muscle dystrophy, and liver disease, among others. Pharmacological or dietary interventions that restore mitophagy homeostasis and facilitate the elimination of irreversibly damaged mitochondria, thus, could serve as potential therapies in several chronic diseases. However, despite extraordinary advances in this field, mainly derived from in vitro and preclinical animal models, human applications based on the regulation of mitochondrial quality in patients have not yet been approved. In this review, we summarize the key selective mitochondrial autophagy pathways and their role in prevalent chronic human diseases and highlight the potential use of specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doblado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudia Lueck
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Claudia Rey
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ignacio Prieto
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Isaac Peral 42, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universita’ Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
- U.O. Laboratorio di Morfologia Umana Applicata, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.D.); (C.L.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (M.M.)
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12
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Aggarwal L, Biswas P. Hydration Thermodynamics of Familial Parkinson's Disease-Linked Mutants of α-Synuclein. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1850-1858. [PMID: 33749266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hydration thermodynamics of different mutants of α-synuclein (α-syn) related to familial Parkinson's disease (PD) is explored using a computational approach that combines both molecular dynamics simulations in water and integral equation theory of molecular liquids. This analysis focuses on the change in conformational entropy, hydration free energy (HFE), and partial molar volume of α-syn upon mutation. The results show that A53T, A30P, E46K, and H50Q mutants aggregate more readily and display increased HFE and less negative interaction volume than the wild-type α-syn. In contrast, an opposite trend is observed for the G51D mutant with a lower experimental aggregation rate. The residuewise decomposition analysis of the HFE highlights that the dehydration/hydration of the hydrophilic residue-rich N- and C-termini of α-syn majorly contributes to the change upon mutation. The hydration shell contributions of different residues to the interaction volume are consistent with its increase/decrease upon mutation. This work shows that both HFE and interaction volume determine the aggregation kinetics of α-syn upon mutation and may serve as an appropriate benchmark for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Parbati Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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13
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Rodriguez M, Soler Y, Perry M, Reynolds JL, El-Hage N. Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the Nervous System: Implications of COVID-19 in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2020; 11:583459. [PMID: 33304309 PMCID: PMC7701115 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.583459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), began in December 2019, in Wuhan, China and was promptly declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). As an acute respiratory disease, COVID-19 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is the same receptor used by its predecessor, SARS-CoV, to enter and spread through the respiratory tract. Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, fatigue and in a small population of patients, SARS-CoV-2 can cause several neurological symptoms. Neurological malaise may include severe manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular disease and meningitis/encephalitis. Although there is evidence showing that coronaviruses can invade the central nervous system (CNS), studies are needed to address the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS and to decipher the underlying neurotropic mechanisms used by SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes current reports on the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and addresses potential routes used by SARS-CoV-2 to invade the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Yemmy Soler
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marissa Perry
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jessica L Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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14
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Chen X, Zhang T, Zhang Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:824-833. [PMID: 32918163 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) affects virologic suppression and prolongs life expectancies among HIV-positive patients; HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to be diagnosed in patients with HIV-1 undergoing treatment. The extensive clinical manifestations of HAND include behavioral, cognitive, and motor dysfunctions that severely affect the patients' quality of life. The pathogenesis of HAND has received increasing attention as a potential avenue by which to improve the treatment of the condition. Many studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and their interaction play important roles in the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases. While the accumulation of misfolded proteins can induce ER stress, autophagy can effectively remove accumulated toxic proteins, reduce ER stress, and thus inhibit the development of neuropathy. Through the in-depth study of ER stress and autophagy, both have been recognized as promising targets for pharmacotherapeutic intervention in the treatment of HAND. This review will highlight the effects of ER stress, autophagy, and their interaction in the context of HAND, thereby helping to inform the future development of targeted treatments for patients with HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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15
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Chen S, Zhou Q, Ni Y, Le W. Autophagy and Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1207:3-19. [PMID: 32671736 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that the autophagic process plays an important role in AD. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD and other types of dementia, including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), vascular dementia (VD) and prion diseases. In addition, we will discuss autophagy-targeted therapies as future treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - You Ni
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Clinical Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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16
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Guerra BS, Lima J, Araujo B, Torres LB, Santos J, Machado D, Cunha E, Serrato JA, de Souza JS, Martins JV, Scalabrin EE, Herai RH. Biogenesis of circular RNAs and their role in cellular and molecular phenotypes of neurological disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:1-10. [PMID: 32893132 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is an unusual class of RNA-like structures composed by exonic and/or intronic sequences that are regulated by the backsplicing mechanism and by the spliceosome-mediated machinery. These circular transcripts tend to accumulate during aging in several human tissues, especially in the mammalian brain, and their expression is correlated with the occurrence of several human pathologies, including a broad spectrum of neurological disorders. Previous findings have also shown that circRNAs are significantly present in the neuronal tissue and are up-regulated during neurogenesis, with a significant number been derived from neural genes, suggesting these circular molecules are involved in the cellular and molecular phenotype of our brain. However, the complete biogenesis, the many types of circRNA molecules, and their involvement with neuronal phenotype and with the occurrence of pathologies are still a challenging avenue for researchers. In this updated review, we discuss the current findings of the biogenesis and the diversity of cirRNAs and their molecular involvement in neurological tissue phenotype. We also discuss how some circRNAs can act as sponge molecules, regulating the activity of microRNA expression over gene translation. Finally, we also show the correlation of altered circRNA expression in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Guerra
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - J Lima
- Department of Biotechnology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil; Immunology Department, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bhs Araujo
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - L B Torres
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jcc Santos
- Neuroscience laboratory, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, SP, 04039-002, Brazil
| | - Djs Machado
- Department of Biotechnology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Ebb Cunha
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil; Division of Genetic Research, AnaclinGENE, Genetics Laboratory, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - J A Serrato
- Department of Biotechnology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - J S de Souza
- Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Endocrinologia e Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP/EPM, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669 - 11 andar, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - J V Martins
- Graduate Program in Informatics (PPGia), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - E E Scalabrin
- Graduate Program in Informatics (PPGia), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - R H Herai
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil; Scientific Department, Lico Kaesemodel Institute (ILK), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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17
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Marschallinger J, Altendorfer B, Rockenstein E, Holztrattner M, Garnweidner-Raith J, Pillichshammer N, Leister I, Hutter-Paier B, Strempfl K, Unger MS, Chishty M, Felder T, Johnson M, Attems J, Masliah E, Aigner L. The Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Montelukast Reduces Alpha-Synuclein Load and Restores Memory in an Animal Model of Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1061-1074. [PMID: 32072462 PMCID: PMC7609773 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represents a huge medical need as it accounts for up to 30% of all dementia cases, and there is no cure available. The underyling spectrum of pathology is complex and creates a challenge for targeted molecular therapies. We here tested the hypothesis that leukotrienes are involved in the pathology of DLB and that blocking leukotrienes through Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist and approved anti-asthmatic drug, might alleviate pathology and restore cognitive functions. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme for leukotriene production, was indeed elevated in brains with DLB. Treatment of cognitively deficient human alpha-synuclein overexpressing transgenic mice with Montelukast restored memory. Montelukast treatment resulted in modulation of beclin-1 expression, a marker for autophagy, and in a reduction in the human alpha-synulcein load in the transgenic mice. Reducing the protein aggregation load in neurodegenerative diseases might be a novel model of action of Montelukast. Moreover, this work presents leukotriene signaling as a potential drug target for DLB and shows that Montelukast might be a promising drug candidate for future DLB therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marschallinger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Altendorfer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Miriam Holztrattner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Garnweidner-Raith
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nadine Pillichshammer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Iris Leister
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Katharina Strempfl
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Grambach, Austria
| | - Michael S Unger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mary Johnson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Qu J, Ren X, Xue F, He Y, Zhang R, Zheng Y, Huang H, Wang W, Zhang J. Specific Knockdown of α-Synuclein by Peptide-Directed Proteasome Degradation Rescued Its Associated Neurotoxicity. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:751-762.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Lefterov I, Wolfe CM, Fitz NF, Nam KN, Letronne F, Biedrzycki RJ, Kofler J, Han X, Wang J, Schug J, Koldamova R. APOE2 orchestrated differences in transcriptomic and lipidomic profiles of postmortem AD brain. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11:113. [PMID: 31888770 PMCID: PMC6937981 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of advanced sequencing technologies and improved mass-spectrometry platforms revealed significant changes in gene expression and lipids in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. The results so far have prompted further research using "multi-omics" approaches. These approaches become particularly relevant, considering the inheritance of APOEε4 allele as a major genetic risk factor of AD, disease protective effect of APOEε2 allele, and a major role of APOE in brain lipid metabolism. METHODS Postmortem brain samples from inferior parietal lobule genotyped as APOEε2/c (APOEε2/carriers), APOEε3/3, and APOEε4/c (APOEε4/carriers), age- and gender-matched, were used to reveal APOE allele-associated changes in transcriptomes and lipidomes. Differential gene expression and co-expression network analyses were applied to identify up- and downregulated Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathways for correlation to lipidomics data. RESULTS Significantly affected GO terms and pathways were determined based on the comparisons of APOEε2/c datasets to those of APOEε3/3 and APOEε4/c brain samples. The analysis of lists of genes in highly correlated network modules and of those differentially expressed demonstrated significant enrichment in GO terms associated with genes involved in intracellular proteasomal and lysosomal degradation of proteins, protein aggregates and organelles, ER stress, and response to unfolded protein, as well as mitochondrial function, electron transport, and ATP synthesis. Small nucleolar RNA coding units important for posttranscriptional modification of mRNA and therefore translation and protein synthesis were upregulated in APOEε2/c brain samples compared to both APOEε3/3 and APOEε4/c. The analysis of lipidomics datasets revealed significant changes in ten major lipid classes (exclusively a decrease in APOEε4/c samples), most notably non-bilayer-forming phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, as well as mitochondrial membrane-forming lipids. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study, despite the advanced stage of AD, point to the significant differences in postmortem brain transcriptomes and lipidomes, suggesting APOE allele associated differences in pathogenic mechanisms. Correlations within and between lipidomes and transcriptomes indicate coordinated effects of changes in the proteasomal system and autophagy-canonical and selective, facilitating intracellular degradation, protein entry into ER, response to ER stress, nucleolar modifications of mRNA, and likely myelination in APOEε2/c brains. Additional research and a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of proteostasis in the early stages of AD are required to develop more effective diagnostic approaches and eventually efficient therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Str., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Cody M Wolfe
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Str., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Nicholas F Fitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Str., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kyong Nyon Nam
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Str., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Florent Letronne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Str., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Richard J Biedrzycki
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Str., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of Medicine & Biochemistry, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jianing Wang
- Department of Medicine & Biochemistry, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Department of Genetics, Functional Genomics Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Str., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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20
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Schweig JE, Yao H, Coppola K, Jin C, Crawford F, Mullan M, Paris D. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) blocks autophagic Tau degradation in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13378-13395. [PMID: 31324720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) plays a major role in inflammation and in adaptive immune responses and could therefore contribute to the neuroinflammation observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, previously we have reported that SYK also regulates β-amyloid (Aβ) production and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein involved in these diseases. Moreover, SYK hyperactivation occurs in a subset of activated microglia, in dystrophic neurites surrounding Aβ deposits, and in neurons affected by Tau pathology both in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in AD mouse models. SYK activation increases Tau phosphorylation and accumulation, suggesting that SYK could be an attractive target for treating AD. However, the mechanism by which SYK affects Tau pathology is not clear. In this study, using cell biology and biochemical approaches, along with immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR, and ELISAs, we found that SYK inhibition increases autophagic Tau degradation without impacting Tau production. Using neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells, we demonstrate that SYK acts upstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and that pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of SYK decreases mTOR pathway activation and increases autophagic Tau degradation. Interestingly, chronic SYK inhibition in a tauopathy mouse model profoundly reduced Tau accumulation, neuroinflammation, neuronal and synaptic loss, and also reversed defective autophagy. Our results further suggest that the SYK up-regulation observed in the brains of individuals with AD contributes to defective autophagic clearance leading to the accumulation of pathogenic Tau species. These findings further highlight SYK as a therapeutic target for the treatment of tauopathies and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies associated with defective autophagic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elias Schweig
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612.
| | - Hailan Yao
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Kyle Coppola
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Chao Jin
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Paris
- Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, Florida 34243; The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom; James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, Florida 33612
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MicroRNAs: Game Changers in the Regulation of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 2019:1743183. [PMID: 31191899 PMCID: PMC6525811 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1743183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Its neuropathological hallmarks include neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the presence of Lewy bodies containing aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn). An imbalance between the rates of α-syn synthesis, aggregation, and clearance can result in abnormal α-syn levels and contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous single-stranded noncoding RNAs (∼22 nucleotides) that have recently emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. In this review, we summarize the functions of miRNAs that directly target α-syn. We also review miRNAs that indirectly impact α-syn levels or toxicity through different pathways, including those involved in the clearance of α-syn and neuroinflammation.
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α-Synuclein misfolding and aggregation: Implications in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:890-908. [PMID: 30853581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-Syn) has been extensively studied for its structural and biophysical properties owing to its pathophysiological role in Parkinson's disease (PD). Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are the pathological hallmarks of PD and contain α-Syn aggregates as their major component. It was therefore hypothesized that α-Syn aggregation is actively associated with PD pathogenesis. The central role of α-Syn aggregation in PD is further supported by the identification of point mutations in α-Syn protein associated with rare familial forms of PD. However, the correlation between aggregation propensities of α-Syn mutants and their association with PD phenotype is not straightforward. Recent evidence suggested that oligomers, formed during the initial stages of aggregation, are the potent neurotoxic species causing cell death in PD. However, the heterogeneous and unstable nature of these oligomers limit their detailed characterization. α-Syn fibrils, on the contrary, are shown to be the infectious agents and propagate in a prion-like manner. Although α-Syn is an intrinsically disordered protein, it exhibits remarkable conformational plasticity by adopting a range of structural conformations under different environmental conditions. In this review, we focus on the structural and functional aspects of α-Syn and role of potential factors that may contribute to the underlying mechanism of synucleinopathies. This information will help to identify novel targets and develop specific therapeutic strategies to combat Parkinson's and other protein aggregation related neurodegenerative diseases.
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23
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Emerging Role of microRNAs in Dementia. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1743-1762. [PMID: 30738891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs regulating mRNA translation. They play a crucial role in regulating homeostasis in neurons, especially in regulating local and stimulation dependent protein synthesis. Since activity-mediated protein synthesis in neurons is critical for memory and cognition, microRNAs have become key players in modulating these processes. Dementia is a broad term used for symptoms involving decline of memory and cognition. Several studies have implicated the dysregulation of microRNAs in many brain diseases like neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain injuries and dementia. In this review, we give an overview of microRNA-mediated regulation of proteins and cellular processes affected in dementia pathology, hence illustrating the importance of microRNAs in normal functioning. We also focus on a relatively less explored area in dementia pathology-the importance of activity-mediated protein synthesis at the synapse and the role of microRNAs in modulating this. Overall, this review will be helpful in looking at the significance of microRNAs in dementia from the perspective of defective regulation of protein synthesis and synaptic dysfunction.
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Oliveri V. Toward the discovery and development of effective modulators of α-synuclein amyloid aggregation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:10-36. [PMID: 30743095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A host of human diseases, including Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies, are suspected to be directly linked to protein aggregation. Amyloid protein aggregates and oligomeric intermediates of α-synuclein are observed in synucleinopathies and considered to be mediators of cellular toxicity. Hence, α-synuclein has seen as one of the leading and most compelling targets and is receiving a great deal of attention from researchers. Nevertheless, there is no neuroprotective approach directed toward Parkinson's disease or other synucleinopathies so far. In this review, we summarize the available data concerning inhibitors of α-synuclein aggregation and their advancing towards clinical use. The compounds are grouped according to their chemical structures, providing respective insights into their mechanism of action, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. Overall, shared structure-activity elements are emerging, as well as specific binding modes related to the ability of the modulators to establish hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds interactions with the protein. Some molecules with encouraging in vivo data support the possibility of translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Oliveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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HIV-1 Antisense Protein of Different Clades Induces Autophagy and Associates with the Autophagy Factor p62. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01757-18. [PMID: 30404795 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01757-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of the antisense transcript-encoded HIV-1 antisense protein (ASP) was recently reinforced by in silico analyses providing evidence for recent appearance of this gene in the viral genome. Our previous studies led to the detection of ASP in various cell lines by Western blotting, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy analyses and reported that it induced autophagy, potentially through multimer formation. Here, our goals were to assess autophagy induction by ASP from different clades and to identify the implicated autophagy factors. We first demonstrated that ASP formed multimers, partly through its amino-terminal region and cysteine residues. Removal of this region was further associated with lower induction of autophagy, as assessed by autophagosome formation. ASPs from different clades (A, B, C, D, and G) were tested next and were detected in monomeric and multimeric forms at various levels, and all induced autophagy (clade A ASP was less efficient), as determined by LC3-II and p62 (SQSTM1) levels. Furthermore, CRISPR-based knockout of ATG5, ATG7, and p62 genes led to increased ASP levels. Confocal microscopy analyses showed that ASP colocalized with p62 and LC3-II in autophagosome-like structures. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments further demonstrated that p62 associated with ASP through its PB1 domain. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation experiments supported the idea that ASP is ubiquitinated and that ubiquitination was modulating its stability. We are thus suggesting that ASP induces autophagy through p62 interaction and that its abundance is controlled by autophagy, in which ubiquitin plays an important role. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ASP degradation is essential to better assess its function.IMPORTANCE In the present study, we provide the first evidence that a new HIV-1 protein termed ASP derived from different clades acts similarly in inducing autophagy, an important cellular process implicated in the degradation of excess or defective cellular material. We have gained further knowledge on the mechanism mediating the activation of autophagy. Our studies have important ramifications in the understanding of viral replication and the pathogenesis associated with HIV-1 in infected individuals. Indeed, autophagy is implicated in antigen presentation during immune response and could thus be rendered inefficient in infected cells, such as dendritic cells. Furthermore, a possible link with HIV-1-associated neurological disorder (HAND) might also be a possible association with the capacity of ASP to induce autophagy. Our studies hence demonstrate the importance in conducting further studies on this protein as it could represent a new interesting target for antiretroviral therapies and vaccine design.
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Katuri A, Bryant JL, Patel D, Patel V, Andhavarapu S, Asemu G, Davis H, Makar TK. HIVAN associated tubular pathology with reference to ER stress, mitochondrial changes, and autophagy. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 106:139-148. [PMID: 30605635 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a unique form of a renal parenchymal disorder. This disease and its characteristics can be accredited to incorporation of DNA and mRNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into the renal parenchymal cells. A proper understanding of the intricacies of HIVAN and the underlying mechanisms associated with renal function and disorders is vital for the potential development of a reliable treatment for HIVAN. Specifically, the renal tubule segment of the kidney is characterized by its transport capabilities and its ability to reabsorb water and salts into the blood. However, the segment is also known for certain disorders, such as renal tubular epithelial cell infection and microcyst formation, which are also closely linked to HIVAN. Furthermore, certain organelles, like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and lysosome, are vital for certain underlying mechanisms in kidney cells. A paradigm of the importance of said organelles can be seen in documented cases of HIVAN where the renal disorder results increased ER stress due to HIV viral propagation. This balance can be restored through the synthesis of secretory proteins, but, in return, the secretion requires more energy; therefore, there is a noticeable increase in mitochondrial stress. The increased ER changes and mitochondrial stress will greatly upregulate the process of autophagy, which involves the cell's lysosomes. In conjunction, we found that ER stress and mitochondrial changes are associated in the Tg26 animal model of HIVAN. The aim of our review is to consolidate current knowledge of important mechanisms in HIVAN, specifically related to the renal tubules' association with ER stress, mitochondrial changes and autophagy. Although the specific regulatory mechanism detailing the cross-talk between the various organelles is unknown in HIVAN, the continued research in this field may potentially shed light on a possible improved treatment for HIVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Katuri
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Joseph L Bryant
- Animal Model Division, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Dhruvil Patel
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Sanketh Andhavarapu
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Girma Asemu
- Animal Model Division, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Harry Davis
- Animal Model Division, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Tapas K Makar
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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Snouwaert JN, Church RJ, Jania L, Nguyen M, Wheeler ML, Saintsing A, Mieczkowski P, Manuel de Villena FP, Armao D, Moy SS, Lorenzo DN, Koller BH. A Mutation in the Borcs7 Subunit of the Lysosome Regulatory BORC Complex Results in Motor Deficits and Dystrophic Axonopathy in Mice. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1254-1265. [PMID: 30067980 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes play a critical role in maintenance of the integrity of neuronal function, and mutations in genes that contribute to lysosome formation, transport, and activity are associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, the multisubunit complex, BLOC-one-related complex (BORC), has been shown to be involved in positioning lysosomes within the cytoplasm, although the consequences of altered BORC function in adult animals have not been established. We show that a spontaneous truncation mutation in the mouse Borcs7 gene, identified through whole-genome sequencing followed by genetic complementation, results in progressive axonal dystrophy with dramatic impairment of motor function. Furthermore, mice homozygous for deletion of the entire Borcs7 coding sequence die shortly after birth, and neurons cultured from these animals show impaired centrifugal transport of lysosomes. This identifies BORCS7 as a central factor in axonal transport of lysosomes and a possible target for improving disease-related disturbances in this important function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rachel J Church
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leigh Jania
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - MyTrang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew L Wheeler
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrew Saintsing
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- High Throughput Sequencing Facility, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo Manuel de Villena
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Diane Armao
- Department of Radiology, UNC Healthcare System, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Elon University, Elon, NC 27244, USA
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disorders, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Beverly H Koller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Jellinger KA. Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease-dementia: current concepts and controversies. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:615-650. [PMID: 29222591 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease-dementia (PDD), although sharing many clinical, neurochemical and morphological features, according to DSM-5, are two entities of major neurocognitive disorders with Lewy bodies of unknown etiology. Despite considerable clinical overlap, their diagnosis is based on an arbitrary distinction between the time of onset of motor and cognitive symptoms: dementia often preceding parkinsonism in DLB and onset of cognitive impairment after onset of motor symptoms in PDD. Both are characterized morphologically by widespread cortical and subcortical α-synuclein/Lewy body plus β-amyloid and tau pathologies. Based on recent publications, including the fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium, a critical overview is given. The clinical features of DLB and PDD include cognitive impairment, parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, and fluctuating attention. Intravitam PET and post-mortem studies revealed more pronounced cortical atrophy, elevated cortical and limbic Lewy pathologies (with APOE ε4), apart from higher prevalence of Alzheimer pathology in DLB than PDD. These changes may account for earlier onset and greater severity of cognitive defects in DLB, while multitracer PET studies showed no differences in cholinergic and dopaminergic deficits. DLB and PDD sharing genetic, neurochemical, and morphologic factors are likely to represent two subtypes of an α-synuclein-associated disease spectrum (Lewy body diseases), beginning with incidental Lewy body disease-PD-nondemented-PDD-DLB (no parkinsonism)-DLB with Alzheimer's disease (DLB-AD) at the most severe end, although DLB does not begin with PD/PDD and does not always progress to DLB-AD, while others consider them as the same disease. Both DLB and PDD show heterogeneous pathology and neurochemistry, suggesting that they share important common underlying molecular pathogenesis with AD and other proteinopathies. Cognitive impairment is not only induced by α-synuclein-caused neurodegeneration but by multiple regional pathological scores. Recent animal models and human post-mortem studies have provided important insights into the pathophysiology of DLB/PDD showing some differences, e.g., different spreading patterns of α-synuclein pathology, but the basic pathogenic mechanisms leading to the heterogeneity between both disorders deserve further elucidation. In view of the controversies about the nosology and pathogenesis of both syndromes, there remains a pressing need to differentiate them more clearly and to understand the processes leading these synucleinopathies to cause one disorder or the other. Clinical management of both disorders includes cholinesterase inhibitors, other pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies, but these have only a mild symptomatic effect. Currently, no disease-modifying therapies are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Importance of Autophagy in Mediating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Morphine-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction and Inflammation in Human Astrocytes. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080201. [PMID: 28788100 PMCID: PMC5580458 DOI: 10.3390/v9080201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, the function of astrocytes in providing brain metabolic support is compromised under pathophysiological conditions caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids. Herein, we examined the role of autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway important for cellular homeostasis and survival, as a potential regulatory mechanism during pathophysiological conditions in primary human astrocytes. Blocking autophagy with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting BECN1, but not the Autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) gene, caused a significant decrease in HIV and morphine-induced intracellular calcium release. On the contrary, inducing autophagy pharmacologically with rapamycin further enhanced calcium release and significantly reverted HIV and morphine-decreased glutamate uptake. Furthermore, siBeclin1 caused an increase in HIV-induced nitric oxide (NO) release, while viral-induced NO in astrocytes exposed to rapamycin was decreased. HIV replication was significantly attenuated in astrocytes transfected with siRNA while significantly induced in astrocytes exposed to rapamycin. Silencing with siBeclin1, but not siATG5, caused a significant decrease in HIV and morphine-induced interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) release, while secretion of IL-8 was significantly induced with rapamycin. Mechanistically, the effects of siBeclin1 in decreasing HIV-induced calcium release, viral replication, and viral-induced cytokine secretion were associated with a decrease in activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway.
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Rodriguez M, Lapierre J, Ojha CR, Kaushik A, Batrakova E, Kashanchi F, Dever SM, Nair M, El-Hage N. Intranasal drug delivery of small interfering RNA targeting Beclin1 encapsulated with polyethylenimine (PEI) in mouse brain to achieve HIV attenuation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1862. [PMID: 28500326 PMCID: PMC5431946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01819-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that activation of the host autophagic protein, Beclin1, by HIV-1 infection represents an essential mechanism in controlling HIV replication and viral-induced inflammatory responses in microglial cells. Existing antiretroviral therapeutic approaches have been limited in their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier effectively and recognize and selectively eliminate persistent HIV-infected brain reservoirs. In the present study and for the first time, the bio-distribution and efficacy of noninvasive intranasal delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the Beclin1 gene using the cationic linear polyethylenimines (PEI) as a gene carrier was investigated in adult mouse brain. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled control siRNA delivered intranasally was found in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells of the prefrontal cortex at 4 and 24 hours post-delivery, with no major adverse immune reaction encountered. Intranasal delivery of the siRNA targeting Beclin1 significantly depleted the target protein expression levels in brain tissues with no evidence of toxicity. Binding of siRNA to PEI-polymer was characterized and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. These results indicate that the intranasal drug delivery allows for the direct delivery of the PEI-siRNA nano-complex to the central nervous system, which could potentially offer an efficient means of gene silencing-mediated therapy in the HIV-infected brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Department of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- Department of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Elena Batrakova
- University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Seth M Dever
- Department of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Department of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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De Biase D, Costagliola A, Pagano TB, Piegari G, Wojcik S, Dziewiątkowski J, Grieco E, Mattace Raso G, Russo V, Papparella S, Paciello O. Amyloid precursor protein, lipofuscin accumulation and expression of autophagy markers in aged bovine brain. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:102. [PMID: 28407771 PMCID: PMC5390414 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a highly regulated process involving the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic macromolecules and organelles in mammalian cells via the lysosomal system. Dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases and integrity of the autophagosomal - lysosomal network appears to be critical in the progression of aging. Our aim was to survey the expression of autophagy markers and Amyloid precursor protein (APP) in aged bovine brains. For our study, we collected samples from the brain of old (aged 11–20 years) and young (aged 1–5 years) Podolic dairy cows. Formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded sections were stained with routine and special staining techniques. Primary antibodies for APP and autophagy markers such as Beclin-1 and LC3 were used to perform immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Results Histologically, the most consistent morphological finding was the age-related accumulation of intraneuronal lipofuscin. Furthermore, in aged bovine brains, immunofluorescence detected a strongly positive immunoreaction to APP and LC3. Beclin-1 immunoreaction was weak or absent. In young controls, the immunoreaction for Beclin-1 and LC3 was mild while the immunoreaction for APP was absent. Western blot analysis confirmed an increased APP expression and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and a decreased expression of Beclin-1 in aged cows. Conclusions These data suggest that, in aged bovine, autophagy is significantly impaired if compared to young animals and they confirm that intraneuronal APP deposition increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- D De Biase
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - A Costagliola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - T B Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - G Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - S Wojcik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 80-11, Gdansk, Poland
| | - J Dziewiątkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 80-11, Gdansk, Poland
| | - E Grieco
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale, Salerno, Italy
| | - G Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - V Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - S Papparella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - O Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II via Delpino, 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
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Garcia-Esparcia P, López-González I, Grau-Rivera O, García-Garrido MF, Konetti A, Llorens F, Zafar S, Carmona M, Del Rio JA, Zerr I, Gelpi E, Ferrer I. Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Molecular Pathology in the Frontal Cortex in Typical and Rapidly Progressive Forms. Front Neurol 2017; 8:89. [PMID: 28348546 PMCID: PMC5346561 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The goal of this study was to assess mitochondrial function, energy, and purine metabolism, protein synthesis machinery from the nucleolus to the ribosome, inflammation, and expression of newly identified ectopic olfactory receptors (ORs) and taste receptors (TASRs) in the frontal cortex of typical cases of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and cases with rapid clinical course (rpDLB: 2 years or less) compared with middle-aged non-affected individuals, in order to learn about the biochemical abnormalities underlying Lewy body pathology. Methods Real-time quantitative PCR, mitochondrial enzymatic assays, and analysis of β-amyloid, tau, and synuclein species were used. Results The main alterations in DLB and rpDLB, which are more marked in the rapidly progressive forms, include (i) deregulated expression of several mRNAs and proteins of mitochondrial subunits, and reduced activity of complexes I, II, III, and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain; (ii) reduced expression of selected molecules involved in energy metabolism and increased expression of enzymes involved in purine metabolism; (iii) abnormal expression of nucleolar proteins, rRNA18S, genes encoding ribosomal proteins, and initiation factors of the transcription at the ribosome; (iv) discrete inflammation; and (v) marked deregulation of brain ORs and TASRs, respectively. Severe mitochondrial dysfunction involving activity of four complexes, minimal inflammatory responses, and dramatic altered expression of ORs and TASRs discriminate DLB from Alzheimer’s disease. Altered solubility and aggregation of α-synuclein, increased β-amyloid bound to membranes, and absence of soluble tau oligomers are common in DLB and rpDLB. Low levels of soluble β-amyloid are found in DLB. However, increased soluble β-amyloid 1–40 and β-amyloid 1–42, and increased TNFα mRNA and protein expression, distinguish rpDLB. Conclusion Molecular alterations in frontal cortex in DLB involve key biochemical pathways such as mitochondria and energy metabolism, protein synthesis, purine metabolism, among others and are accompanied by discrete innate inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Garcia-Esparcia
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERNED, Network Centre for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene López-González
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERNED, Network Centre for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oriol Grau-Rivera
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - María Francisca García-Garrido
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Anusha Konetti
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical School, Georg-August University, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical School, Georg-August University, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Margarita Carmona
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERNED, Network Centre for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Rio
- CIBERNED, Network Centre for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, University Medical School, Georg-August University, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Service of Pathologic Anatomy, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERNED, Network Centre for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Passeri E, Mocchetti I, Moussa C. Is human immunodeficiency virus-mediated dementia an autophagic defect that leads to neurodegeneration? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2015; 13:1571-9. [PMID: 25106633 DOI: 10.2174/1871527313666140806125841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that mediates selective degradation of cellular components in lysosomes. Autophagy may protect against neuronal apoptosis, which is induced in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, compounds that modulate autophagy could be beneficial to treat neurological disorders characterized by apoptosis such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as human-immunodeficiency virus-dementia complex. In this paper, we review new and old evidence on the role of autophagy in neuronal cell survival and we present evidence that humanimmunodeficiency virus may have adapted strategies to alter autophagic pathways in neurons. Moreover, we discuss the usefulness of drugs that facilitate autophagic clearance of proteins that are associated with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charbel Moussa
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, NRB WP13, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Xu Y, Deng Y, Qing H. The phosphorylation of α-synuclein: development and implication for the mechanism and therapy of the Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2015; 135:4-18. [PMID: 26134497 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is cited to be the second most common neuronal degenerative disorders; however, the exact mechanism of PD is still unclear. α-synuclein is one of the key proteins in PD pathogenesis as it's the main component of the PD hallmark Lewy bodies (LBs). Nowadays, the study of α-synuclein phosphorylation mechanism related to the PD pathology has become a research hotspot, given that 90% of α-synuclein deposition in LBs is phosphorylated at Ser129, whereas in normal brains, only 4% or less of α-synuclein is phosphorylated at the residue. Here, we review the related study of PD pathological mechanism involving the phosphorylation of α-synuclein mainly at Ser129, Ser87, and Tyr125 residues in recent years, as well as some explorations relating to potential clinical application, in an attempt to describe the development and implication for the mechanism and therapy of PD. Given that some of the studies have yielded paradoxical results, there is need for more comprehensive research in the field. The phosphorylation of α-synuclein might provide a breakthrough for PD mechanism study and even supply a new therapeutic strategy. The milestone study on the phosphorylation of α-synuclein mainly at Ser129, Ser87, and Tyr125 relating to PD in recent years as well as some clinical application exploration are overviewed. The potential pathways of the phosphorylated α-synuclein related to PD are also summarized. The review may supply more ideas and thinking on this issue for the scientists in related research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Cecarini V, Bonfili L, Cuccioloni M, Keller JN, Bruce-Keller AJ, Eleuteri AM. Effects of Ghrelin on the Proteolytic Pathways of Alzheimer's Disease Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3168-3178. [PMID: 26033219 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone with a role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. It has been recently associated to Alzheimer's disease (AD) for its neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic activity. In the present study, we dissected the effect of ghrelin treatment on the two major intracellular proteolytic pathways, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, in cellular models of AD (namely SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells stably transfected with either the wild-type AβPP gene or the 717 valine-to-glycine AβPP-mutated gene). Ghrelin showed a growth-promoting effect on neuronal cells inducing also time-dependent modifications of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHS-R1) expression. Interestingly, we demonstrated for the first time that ghrelin was able to activate the proteasome in neural cells playing also a role in the interplay between the UPS and autophagy. Our data provide a novel mechanism by which circulating hormones control neural homeostasis through the regulation of proteolytic pathways implicated in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cecarini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cuccioloni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jeffrey N Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Annadora J Bruce-Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
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Inestrosa NC, Ríos JA, Cisternas P, Tapia-Rojas C, Rivera DS, Braidy N, Zolezzi JM, Godoy JA, Carvajal FJ, Ardiles AO, Bozinovic F, Palacios AG, Sachdev PS. Age Progression of Neuropathological Markers in the Brain of the Chilean Rodent Octodon degus, a Natural Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:679-91. [PMID: 25351914 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of age-related dementia worldwide. Several models for AD have been developed to provide information regarding the initial changes that lead to degeneration. Transgenic mouse models recapitulate many, but not all, of the features of AD, most likely because of the high complexity of the pathology. In this context, the validation of a wild-type animal model of AD that mimics the neuropathological and behavioral abnormalities is necessary. In previous studies, we have reported that the Chilean rodent Octodon degus could represent a natural model for AD. In the present work, we further describe the age-related neurodegeneration observed in the O. degus brain. We report some histopathological markers associated with the onset progression of AD, such as glial activation, increase in oxidative stress markers, neuronal apoptosis and the expression of the peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). With these results, we suggest that the O. degus could represent a new model for AD research and a powerful tool in the search for therapeutic strategies against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juvenal A Ríos
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela S Rivera
- Departamento de Ecología and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Carvajal
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro O Ardiles
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ecología and Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián G Palacios
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Neurosychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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HIV-1 and morphine regulation of autophagy in microglia: limited interactions in the context of HIV-1 infection and opioid abuse. J Virol 2014; 89:1024-35. [PMID: 25355898 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02022-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Microglia are the predominant resident central nervous system (CNS) cell type productively infected by HIV-1, and play a key role in the progression of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Moreover, neural dysfunction and progression to HAD are accelerated in opiate drug abusers. In the present study, we examined the role of the autophagy pathway in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 using primary human microglial cells and determined whether opiates converge at this point. Infection of microglia with the HIV-1SF162 macrophage-tropic strain resulted in increased Beclin1 expression, accompanied by an increase of LC3 protein levels and accumulation of LC3 reporter RFP+ GFP+ (yellow) puncta, suggesting that HIV-1 infection triggers autophagosome formation without promoting protein degradation by the lysosome. Conversely, coexposure with HIV-1 and morphine significantly decreased virus-induced Beclin1 expression and autophagosome formation. Exploration of the possible mechanism(s) used by morphine to disrupt the autophagic process unveiled a significant increase in intracellular pH, which coincided with a reduction in the formation of acidic vesicular organelles and in autophagolysosome formation. Small interfering RNA targeting BECN1, a gene critical for autophagosome formation, significantly reduced viral replication and the virus-induced inflammatory responses. Conversely, morphine-enhanced viral replication and inflammatory responses were not affected by gene silencing with siBeclin1, suggesting that the interactive effect of morphine in HIV-1 pathogenesis is mediated through a Beclin1-independent mechanism. These novel findings may have important implications on the connections between autophagy and HIV-1 pathogenesis mediated by microglial cells in opioid-abusing individuals. IMPORTANCE About 50% of individuals infected with HIV-1 will develop some sort of neurocognitive impairment that cannot be prevented nor eradicated by antiretroviral therapy. The neuropathogenesis is mostly due to inflammatory responses by infected microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. Cognitive disorders may also be associated with drugs of abuse. In fact, opioid drug users have an increased risk of developing neurocognitive disorders with increased progression to dementia. Although the mechanism(s) by which opioids exacerbate the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 are not entirely known, it is well accepted that glia are critical to opiate responses. This study gives us new insight into possible autophagic mechanism(s) in microglia that control HIV-1 replication and virus-induced inflammation in the context of opioid abuse and should greatly improve our knowledge in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 resulting from substance abuse to provide a better understanding for the design of candidate antiviral therapies targeting drug-abusing individuals.
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Pathology of frontotemporal dementia with limb girdle muscular dystrophy caused by a DNAJB6 mutation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 127:10-2. [PMID: 25306414 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Caberlotto L, Nguyen TP. A systems biology investigation of neurodegenerative dementia reveals a pivotal role of autophagy. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:65. [PMID: 24908109 PMCID: PMC4077228 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Neurodegenerative dementia comprises chronic and progressive illnesses with major clinical features represented by progressive and permanent loss of cognitive and mental performance, including impairment of memory and brain functions. Many different forms of neurodegenerative dementia exist, but they are all characterized by death of specific subpopulation of neurons and accumulation of proteins in the brain. We incorporated data from OMIM and primary molecular targets of drugs in the different phases of the drug discovery process to try to reveal possible hidden mechanism in neurodegenerative dementia. In the present study, a systems biology approach was used to investigate the molecular connections among seemingly distinct complex diseases with the shared clinical symptoms of dementia that could suggest related disease mechanisms. Results Network analysis was applied to characterize an interaction network of disease proteins and drug targets, revealing a major role of metabolism and, predominantly, of autophagy process in dementia and, particularly, in tauopathies. Different phases of the autophagy molecular pathway appear to be implicated in the individual disease pathophysiology and specific drug targets associated to autophagy modulation could be considered for pharmacological intervention. In particular, in view of their centrality and of the direct association to autophagy proteins in the network, PP2A subunits could be suggested as a suitable molecular target for the development of novel drugs. Conclusion The present systems biology investigation identifies the autophagy pathway as a central dis-regulated process in neurodegenerative dementia with a prevalent involvement in diseases characterized by tau inclusion and indicates the disease-specific molecules in the pathway that could be considered for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caberlotto
- The Microsoft Research, University of Trento Centre for Computational Systems Biology (COSBI), Piazza Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, Italy.
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Tenreiro S, Reimão-Pinto MM, Antas P, Rino J, Wawrzycka D, Macedo D, Rosado-Ramos R, Amen T, Waiss M, Magalhães F, Gomes A, Santos CN, Kaganovich D, Outeiro TF. Phosphorylation modulates clearance of alpha-synuclein inclusions in a yeast model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004302. [PMID: 24810576 PMCID: PMC4014446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is the main component of proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies (LBs), the typical pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. Although aSyn is phosphorylated at low levels under physiological conditions, it is estimated that ∼90% of aSyn in LBs is phosphorylated at S129 (pS129). Nevertheless, the significance of pS129 in the biology of aSyn and in PD pathogenesis is still controversial. Here, we harnessed the power of budding yeast in order to assess the implications of phosphorylation on aSyn cytotoxicity, aggregation and sub-cellular distribution. We found that aSyn is phosphorylated on S129 by endogenous kinases. Interestingly, phosphorylation reduced aSyn toxicity and the percentage of cells with cytosolic inclusions, in comparison to cells expressing mutant forms of aSyn (S129A or S129G) that mimic the unphosphorylated form of aSyn. Using high-resolution 4D imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in live cells, we compared the dynamics of WT and S129A mutant aSyn. While WT aSyn inclusions were very homogeneous, inclusions formed by S129A aSyn were larger and showed FRAP heterogeneity. Upon blockade of aSyn expression, cells were able to clear the inclusions formed by WT aSyn. However, this process was much slower for the inclusions formed by S129A aSyn. Interestingly, whereas the accumulation of WT aSyn led to a marked induction of autophagy, cells expressing the S129A mutant failed to activate this protein quality control pathway. The finding that the phosphorylation state of aSyn on S129 can alter the ability of cells to clear aSyn inclusions provides important insight into the role that this posttranslational modification may have in the pathogenesis of PD and other synucleinopathies, opening novel avenues for investigating the molecular basis of these disorders and for the development of therapeutic strategies. Protein aggregation is a common hallmark in neurodegenerative disorders, but is also associated with phenotypic plasticity in a variety of organisms, including yeasts. Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) forms aggregates that are typical of synucleinopathies, and is phosphorylated at S129, but the significance of phosphorylation in the biology and pathophysiology of the protein is still controversial. Exploring the power of budding yeast, we found phosphorylation reduced aSyn toxicity and inclusion formation. While inclusions formed by WT aSyn were homogeneous, those formed by S129A aSyn were larger and heterogeneous. Interestingly, clearance of aSyn inclusions was reduced in cells expressing S129A aSyn, correlating with deficient autophagy activation. The finding that phosphorylation alters the ability of cells to clear aSyn inclusions provides novel insight into the role phosphorylation may have in synucleinopathies, and suggests posttranslational modifications might constitute switches cells use to control the aggregation and clearance of key proteins, opening novel avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies for these devastating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tenreiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail: (ST); (TFO)
| | - Madalena M. Reimão-Pinto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Antas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Rino
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Donata Wawrzycka
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Diana Macedo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Rosado-Ramos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Triana Amen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meytal Waiss
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Filipa Magalhães
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Gomes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudia N. Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (ST); (TFO)
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Overk CR, Masliah E. Pathogenesis of synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:508-16. [PMID: 24462903 PMCID: PMC3973539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in the past few years in the fight against Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Neuropathological studies in human brains and experimental in vivo and in vitro models support the notion that synapses are affected even at the earliest stages of the neurodegenerative process. The objective of this manuscript is to review some of the mechanisms of synaptic damage in AD and PD. Some lines of evidence support the notion that oligomeric neurotoxic species of amyloid β, α-synuclein, and Tau might contribute to the pathogenesis of synaptic failure at early stages of the diseases. The mechanisms leading to synaptic damage by oligomers might involve dysregulation of glutamate receptors and scaffold molecules that results in alterations in the axonal transport of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria that later on lead to dendritic and spine alterations, axonal dystrophy, and eventually neuronal loss. However, while some studies support a role of oligomers, there is an ongoing debate as to the exact nature of the toxic species. Given the efforts toward earlier clinical and preclinical diagnosis of these disorders, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of synaptic degeneration is crucial toward developing specific biomarkers and new therapies targeting the synaptic apparatus of vulnerable neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassia R Overk
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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Dominy SS, Brown JN, Ryder MI, Gritsenko M, Jacobs JM, Smith RD. Proteomic analysis of saliva in HIV-positive heroin addicts reveals proteins correlated with cognition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89366. [PMID: 24717448 PMCID: PMC3981673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains high despite effective antiretroviral therapies. Multiple etiologies have been proposed over the last several years to account for this phenomenon, including the neurotoxic effects of antiretrovirals and co-morbid substance abuse; however, no underlying molecular mechanism has been identified. Emerging evidence in several fields has linked the gut to brain diseases, but the effect of the gut on the brain during HIV infection has not been explored. Saliva is the most accessible gut biofluid, and is therefore of great scientific interest for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. This study presents a longitudinal, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics study investigating saliva samples taken from 8 HIV-positive (HIV+), 11 −negative (HIV−) heroin addicts. In addition, saliva samples were investigated from 11 HIV−, non-heroin addicted healthy controls. In the HIV+ group, 58 proteins were identified that show significant correlations with cognitive scores, implicating disruption of protein quality control pathways by HIV. Notably, only one protein from the HIV− heroin addict cohort showed a significant correlation with cognitive scores, and no proteins correlated with cognitive scores in the healthy control group. In addition, the majority of correlated proteins have been shown to be associated with exosomes, allowing us to propose that the salivary glands and/or oral epithelium may modulate brain function during HIV infection through the release of discrete packets of proteins in the form of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S. Dominy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (RS)
| | - Joseph N. Brown
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mark I. Ryder
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marina Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jon M. Jacobs
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (RS)
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Gendron TF, Belzil VV, Zhang YJ, Petrucelli L. Mechanisms of toxicity in C9FTLD/ALS. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:359-76. [PMID: 24394885 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion within a non-coding region of the C9ORF72 gene is the most common mutation causative of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Elucidating how this bidirectionally transcribed G4C2·C4G2 expanded repeat causes "C9FTLD/ALS" has since become an important goal of the field. Likely pathogenic mechanisms include toxicity induced by repeat-containing RNAs, and loss of C9orf72 function due to epigenetic changes resulting in decreased C9ORF72 mRNA expression. With regards to the former, sense and antisense transcripts of the expanded repeat aberrantly interact with various RNA-binding proteins and form discrete nuclear structures, termed RNA foci. These foci have the capacity to sequester select RNA-binding proteins, thereby impairing their function. (G4C2)exp and (C4G2)exp transcripts also succumb to an alternative fate: repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation. This unconventional mode of translation, which occurs in the absence of an initiating codon, results in the abnormal production of poly(GA), poly(GP), poly(GR), poly(PR) and poly(PA) peptides, collectively referred to as C9RAN proteins. C9RAN proteins form neuronal inclusions throughout the central nervous system of C9FTLD/ALS patients and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. This review aims to summarize the important findings from studies examining mechanisms of disease in C9FTLD/ALS, and will also highlight some of the many questions in need of further investigation.
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Increased protein aggregation in Zucker diabetic fatty rat brain: identification of key mechanistic targets and the therapeutic application of hydrogen sulfide. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:1. [PMID: 24393531 PMCID: PMC3998068 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-15-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes and particularly high blood glucose levels are implicated in neurodegeneration. One of the hallmarks of neurodegeneration is protein aggregation. We investigated the presence of protein aggregation in the frontal brain of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, an animal model for diabetes. Further, the effect of NaHS in suppressing protein aggregation in cultured brain slices from ZDF was assessed. RESULTS The levels of protein synthesis, protein/gene expression, autophagy and anti-oxidant defense were evaluated in ZDF and control (Lean) brains.Compared to Lean, ZDF brains displayed a significant increase in protein aggregates, p-tau, fibronectin expression and protein glycosylation. Increased phosphorylation of mTOR and S6 ribosomal protein in ZDF indicated higher protein synthesis, while the increase in ubiquitinated proteins and LC3-I in ZDF brains accompanied by lower LC3-II expression and LC3-II/LC3-I levels indicated the blockage of proteolytic pathways. CBS (cystathionine beta synthase) protein and mRNA expression and thiol group levels in ZDF brains were lower compared to Lean. ZDF brains show a higher level of reactive oxygen species. In vitro NaHS treatment normalized proteostasis while counteracting oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate increased protein synthesis and aggregation in the diabetic ZDF rat brain, which was reversible by NaHS treatment.This is the first report on the potential use of NaHS as a novel strategy against protein aggregation in diabetic brain.
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Mocchetti I, Bachis A, Esposito G, Turner SR, Taraballi F, Tasciotti E, Paige M, Avdoshina V. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: a link between accumulation of viral proteins and neuronal degeneration. CURRENT TRENDS IN NEUROLOGY 2014; 8:71-85. [PMID: 26069421 PMCID: PMC4461001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the late stage of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) infection, a subset of individuals develops HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which in its severe form, is characterized by motor and cognitive dysfunction. Dendritic pruning, synaptic abnormalities and neuronal apoptosis are observed in these patients. There are numerous advances in our understanding of HIV interactions with cells of the central nervous system. However, the underlying causes of neurological symptoms and pathological alterations observed in HIV positive subjects are poorly understood. Moreover, little is still known about the molecular mechanisms by which HIV induces synaptic dysfunction and degeneration. HAND resembles other common neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. These neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by accumulation of toxic proteins such as tau and huntingtin, respectively, which promote axonal degeneration by impairing axonal transport. Axonal degeneration precedes neuronal death. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms whereby HIV triggers axonal degeneration has potential implications for developing therapeutic compounds to prevent synaptic failure in HAND. This article highlights and reviews evidence showing that neuronal accumulation of viral proteins promotes axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Mocchetti
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alessia Bachis
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Radiology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott R. Turner
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mikell Paige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Valeriya Avdoshina
- Laboratory of Preclinical Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Yamashima T. Reconsider Alzheimer's disease by the 'calpain-cathepsin hypothesis'--a perspective review. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 105:1-23. [PMID: 23499711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by slowly progressive neuronal death, but its molecular cascade remains elusive for over 100 years. Since accumulation of autophagic vacuoles (also called granulo-vacuolar degenerations) represents one of the pathologic hallmarks of degenerating neurons in AD, a causative connection between autophagy failure and neuronal death should be present. The aim of this perspective review is at considering such underlying mechanism of AD that age-dependent oxidative stresses may affect the autophagic-lysosomal system via carbonylation and cleavage of heat-shock protein 70.1 (Hsp70.1). AD brains exhibit gradual but continual ischemic insults that cause perturbed Ca(2+) homeostasis, calpain activation, amyloid β deposition, and oxidative stresses. Membrane lipids such as linoleic and arachidonic acids are vulnerable to the cumulative oxidative stresses, generating a toxic peroxidation product 'hydroxynonenal' that can carbonylate Hsp70.1. Recent data advocate for dual roles of Hsp70.1 as a molecular chaperone for damaged proteins and a guardian of lysosomal integrity. Accordingly, impairments of lysosomal autophagy and stabilization may be driven by the calpain-mediated cleavage of carbonylated Hsp70.1, and this causes lysosomal permeabilization and/or rupture with the resultant release of the cell degradation enzyme, cathepsins (calpain-cathepsin hypothesis). Here, the author discusses three topics; (1) how age-related decrease in lysosomal and autophagic activities has a causal connection to programmed neuronal necrosis in sporadic AD, (2) how genetic factors such as apolipoprotein E and presenilin 1 can facilitate lysosomal destabilization in the sequential molecular events, and (3) whether a single cascade can simultaneously account for implications of all players previously reported. In conclusion, Alzheimer neuronal death conceivably occurs by the similar 'calpain-hydroxynonenal-Hsp70.1-cathepsin cascade' with ischemic neuronal death. Blockade of calpain and/or extra-lysosomal cathepsins as well as scavenging of hydroxynonenal would become effective AD therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsumori Yamashima
- Department of Restorative Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan.
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The many faces of α-synuclein: from structure and toxicity to therapeutic target. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:38-48. [PMID: 23254192 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1146] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disorders characterized by α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation, Lewy body formation and parkinsonism (and in some cases dementia) are collectively known as Lewy body diseases. The molecular mechanism (or mechanisms) through which α-syn abnormally accumulates and contributes to neurodegeneration in these disorders remains unknown. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge and prevailing hypotheses regarding the conformational, oligomerization and aggregation states of α-syn and their role in regulating α-syn function in health and disease. Understanding the nature of the various α-syn structures, how they are formed and their relative contributions to α-syn-mediated toxicity may inform future studies aiming to develop therapeutic prevention and intervention.
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Fonseca MI, McGuire SO, Counts SE, Tenner AJ. Complement activation fragment C5a receptors, CD88 and C5L2, are associated with neurofibrillary pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:25. [PMID: 23394121 PMCID: PMC3605123 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative dementia characterized by the decline of cognition and the presence of neuropathological changes including neuronal loss, neurofibrillary pathology and extracellular senile plaques. A neuroinflammatory process is also triggered and complement activation has been hypothesized to have a relevant role in this local inflammatory response. C5a, a proinflammatory anaphylatoxin generated after complement activation, exerts its chemotactic and inflammatory functions through the CD88 receptor while the more recently discovered C5L2 receptor has been postulated to have an anti-inflammatory role. Previously, we reported that a CD88 specific antagonist (PMX205) decreased the pathology and improved cognition in transgenic models of AD suggesting that C5a/C5aR interaction has an important role in the progression of the disease. Methods The present study characterizes the expression of the two receptors for C5a in human brain with confirmed post mortem diagnosis of vascular dementia (VD) or AD as well as age matched controls by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis using several antibodies against different epitopes of the human receptors. Results The CD88 and C5L2 antibodies revealed increased expression of both receptors in AD samples as compared to age-matched controls or VD brain tissue by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, using multiple antibodies and distinct cohorts of brain tissue. Immunostaining showed that both the C5L2 and CD88 antibodies similarly labeled abundant neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads and dystrophic neurites associated with plaques in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of AD cases. In contrast, little or no neuronal staining, tangles or dystrophic neurites associated with plaques were observed in control or VD brains. CD88 and C5L2 receptors are associated with both early (AT8) and mature (PHF1) neurofibrillary tangles and can be found either independently or colocalized with each other. Conclusions The observed association of CD88 and C5L2 with neurofibrillary pathology suggests a common altered pathway of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Fonseca
- Dept of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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Fields J, Dumaop W, Rockenstein E, Mante M, Spencer B, Grant I, Ellis R, Letendre S, Patrick C, Adame A, Masliah E. Age-dependent molecular alterations in the autophagy pathway in HIVE patients and in a gp120 tg mouse model: reversal with beclin-1 gene transfer. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:89-101. [PMID: 23341224 PMCID: PMC3567331 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aged (>50 years old) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients are the fastest-growing segment of the HIV-infected population in the USA and despite antiretroviral therapy, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) prevalence has increased or remained the same among this group. Autophagy is an intracellular clearance pathway for aggregated proteins and aged organelles; dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and HAND. Here, we hypothesized that dysregulated autophagy may contribute to aging-related neuropathology in HIV-infected individuals. To explore this possibility, we surveyed autophagy marker levels in postmortem brain samples from a cohort of well-characterized <50 years old (young) and >50 years old (aged) HIV+ and HIV encephalitis (HIVE) patients. Detailed clinical and neuropathological data showed the young and aged HIVE patients had higher viral load, increased neuroinflammation and elevated neurodegeneration; however, aged HIVE postmortem brain tissues showed the most severe neurodegenerative pathology. Interestingly, young HIVE patients displayed an increase in beclin-1, cathepsin-D and light chain (LC)3, but these autophagy markers were reduced in aged HIVE cases compared to age-matched HIV+ donors. Similar alterations in autophagy markers were observed in aged gp120 transgenic (tg) mice; beclin-1 and LC3 were decreased in aged gp120 tg mice while mTor levels were increased. Lentivirus-mediated beclin-1 gene transfer, that is known to activate autophagy pathways, increased beclin-1, LC3, and microtubule-associated protein 2 expression while reducing glial fibrillary acidic protein and Iba1 expression in aged gp120 tg mice. These data indicate differential alterations in the autophagy pathway in young versus aged HIVE patients and that autophagy reactivation may ameliorate the neurodegenerative phenotype in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerel Fields
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Sekigawa A, Fujita M, Sekiyama K, Takamatsu Y, Hatano T, Rockenstein E, La Spada AR, Masliah E, Hashimoto M. Distinct mechanisms of axonal globule formation in mice expressing human wild type α-synuclein or dementia with Lewy bodies-linked P123H β-synuclein. Mol Brain 2012; 5:34. [PMID: 23013868 PMCID: PMC3546907 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Axonopathy is critical in the early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Axonal swellings such as globules and spheroids are a distinct feature of axonopathy and our recent study showed that transgenic (tg) mice expressing DLB-linked P123H β-synuclein (P123H βS) were characterized by P123H βS-immunoreactive axonal swellings (P123H βS-globules). Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate α-synuclein (αS)-immunoreactive axonal swellings (αS-globules) in the brains of tg mice expressing human wild-type αS and to compare them with the globules in P123H βS tg mice. Results In αS tg mice, αS-globules were formed in an age-dependent manner in various brain regions, including the thalamus and basal ganglia. These globules were composed of autophagosome-like membranous structures and were reminiscent of P123H βS-globules in P123H βS tg mice. In the αS-globules, frequent clustering and deformation of mitochondria were observed. These changes were associated with oxidative stress, based on staining of nitrated αS and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). In accord with the absence of mitochondria in the P123H βS-globules, staining of nitrated αS and 4-HNE in these globules was weaker than that for αS-globules. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), the PARK8 of familial PD, was detected exclusively in αS-globules, suggesting a specific role of this molecule in these globules. Conclusions Lysosomal pathology was similarly observed for both αS- and P123H βS-globules, while oxidative stress was associated with the αS-globules, and to a lesser extent with the P123H βS-globules. Other pathologies, such as mitochondrial alteration and LRRK2 accumulation, were exclusively detected for αS-globules. Collectively, both αS- and P123H βS-globules were formed through similar but distinct pathogenic mechanisms. Our findings suggest that synuclein family members might contribute to diverse axonal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Sekigawa
- Division of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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