1
|
Yu S, Lin Y, Yang Y, Jin X, Liao B, Lu D, Huang J. Shared genetic effect of kidney function on bipolar and major depressive disorders: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:60. [PMID: 38858783 PMCID: PMC11165782 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have revealed a significant association between impaired kidney function and certain mental disorders, particularly bipolar disorder (BIP) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the evidence regarding shared genetics and causality is limited due to residual confounding and reverse causation. METHODS In this study, we conducted a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait association study to investigate the genetic overlap between 5 kidney function biomarkers (eGFRcrea, eGFRcys, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum urate, and UACR) and 2 mental disorders (MDD, BIP). Summary-level data of European ancestry were extracted from UK Biobank, Chronic Kidney Disease Genetics Consortium, and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. RESULTS Using LD score regression, we found moderate but significant genetic correlations between kidney function biomarker traits on BIP and MDD. Cross-trait meta-analysis identified 1 to 19 independent significant loci that were found shared among 10 pairs of 5 kidney function biomarkers traits and 2 mental disorders. Among them, 3 novel genes: SUFU, IBSP, and PTPRJ, were also identified in transcriptome-wide association study analysis (TWAS), most of which were observed in the nervous and digestive systems (FDR < 0.05). Pathway analysis showed the immune system could play a role between kidney function biomarkers and mental disorders. Bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis suggested a potential causal relationship of kidney function biomarkers on BIP and MDD. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the study demonstrated that both BIP and MDD shared genetic architecture with kidney function biomarkers, providing new insights into their genetic architectures and suggesting that larger GWASs are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Yu
- Department of Urology, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Lin
- Department of Urology, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Yang
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Banghua Liao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghao Lu
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Urology, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center, Innovation Institute for Integration of Medicine and Engineering, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Health Management Center, General Practice Medical Center and Medical Device Regulatory Research and Evaluation Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pallier PN, Ferrara M, Romagnolo F, Ferretti MT, Soreq H, Cerase A. Chromosomal and environmental contributions to sex differences in the vulnerability to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for therapeutic interventions. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102353. [PMID: 36100191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders affect men and women differently. Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety disorders, depression, meningiomas and late-onset schizophrenia affect women more frequently than men. By contrast, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum condition, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and early-onset schizophrenia are more prevalent in men. Women have been historically under-recruited or excluded from clinical trials, and most basic research uses male rodent cells or animals as disease models, rarely studying both sexes and factoring sex as a potential source of variation, resulting in a poor understanding of the underlying biological reasons for sex and gender differences in the development of such diseases. Putative pathophysiological contributors include hormones and epigenetics regulators but additional biological and non-biological influences may be at play. We review here the evidence for the underpinning role of the sex chromosome complement, X chromosome inactivation, and environmental and epigenetic regulators in sex differences in the vulnerability to brain disease. We conclude that there is a pressing need for a better understanding of the genetic, epigenetic and environmental mechanisms sustaining sex differences in such diseases, which is critical for developing a precision medicine approach based on sex-tailored prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Pallier
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Women's Brain Project (WBP), Switzerland
| | - Francesca Romagnolo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Andrea Cerase
- EMBL-Rome, Via Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy; Blizard Institute, Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, SS12 Abetone e Brennero 4, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kemp JVA, Bernier E, Lebel C, Kopala-Sibley DC. Associations Between Parental Mood and Anxiety Psychopathology and Offspring Brain Structure: A Scoping Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:222-247. [PMID: 35201543 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A family history of mood and anxiety disorders is one of the most well-established risk factors for these disorders in offspring. A family history of these disorders has also been linked to alterations in brain regions involved in cognitive-affective processes broadly, and mood and anxiety disorders specifically. Results from studies of brain structure of children of parents with a history of mood or anxiety disorders (high-risk offspring) have been inconsistent. We followed the PRISMA protocol to conduct a scoping review of the literature linking parental mood and anxiety disorders to offspring brain structure to examine which structures in offspring brains are linked to parental major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety, or bipolar disorder (BD). Studies included were published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2000 and July 2021. Thirty-nine studies were included. Significant associations between parental BD and offspring caudate volume, inferior frontal gyrus thickness, and anterior cingulate cortex thickness were found. Associations were also identified between parental MDD and offspring amygdala and hippocampal volumes, fusiform thickness, and thickness in temporoparietal regions. Few studies have examined associations between parental anxiety and high-risk offspring brain structure; however, one study found associations between parental anxiety symptoms and offspring amygdala structure, and another found similar associations with the hippocampus. The direction of grey matter change across studies was inconsistent, potentially due to the large age ranges for each study and the non-linear development of the brain. Children of parents with MDD and bipolar disorders, or elevated anxiety symptoms, show alterations in a range of brain regions. Results may further efforts to identify children at high risk for affective disorders and may elucidate whether alterations in specific brain regions represent premorbid markers of risk for mood and anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer V A Kemp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Faculty of Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Hospital Teaching Research and Wellness Building, 3280 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Emily Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine Lebel
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel C Kopala-Sibley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang M, Zhao S, Chen Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Xu P, Huang Y, Sun X. Chronic Stress in Bipolar Disorders Across the Different Clinical States: Roles of HPA Axis and Personality. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:1715-1725. [PMID: 35983536 PMCID: PMC9380733 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s372358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic stress has been linked to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD); however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In BD patients, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is associated with stress. This study aimed to examine the relationship between HPA axis activity and BD symptoms in various clinical states, as well as how personality influences the process. METHODS This study investigated the differences in HPA axis activity among four BD states. We enrolled 813 BD patients in an 8-week longitudinal study to examine the relationship between HPA axis activity and symptom trajectories using dynamic temporal warping (DTW) analysis and an unsupervised machine learning technique. Furthermore, using mediation analyses, the relationship between the HPA axis, personality, and BD symptoms was investigated. RESULTS Analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis showed that glucocorticoid cortisol (CORT) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) did not differ significantly among the four clinical states of BD. The DTW integrating clustering analysis revealed that the two clusters were optimal, with cluster 1 characterized by severe manic symptoms, which then improved, and cluster 2, characterized by milder manic severity, which also improved. The two clusters showed different ACTH levels (t = 2.289, p = 0.022), and logistic regression analysis revealed a slight positive association between ACTH levels and cluster 1. Furthermore, the mediation analysis indicated that ACTH influences curative efficacy via conscientiousness (βc =0.103, p=0.001). DISCUSSION In conclusion, we found that a higher level of ACTH is associated with severe manic symptoms, indicating a chronic stress response in BD patients. Additionally, the ACTH levels affect short-term BD curative efficacy via the mediation of conscientiousness, providing a psychotherapeutic strategy direction for BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manxue Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Zhao
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexin Chen
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei Xu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Huang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Sun
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Hormones have a crucial part in the progress and manifestation of a wide variety of different behaviors. The main influence of the neuroendocrine system on behavior is its action on the neurobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and its relationship with the pharmacodynamics of medicines. Of all the neuroendocrine axes, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been the most extensively studied. There is evidence that disturbance in the HPA axis, the primary stress hormone system, could increase treatment resistance and relapse, worsen illness outcome, and cause cognitive deficits. Glucocorticoids mediate their actions in negative feedback binding in two different cytoplasmatic receptors described as mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Different psychopathologies underlying bipolar disorders are supposed to involve persistent dysfunctions in the expression and role of both MR and GR in the hippocampus. We review and analyze the evidence related to the correlation between bipolar disorders and the consequences and impact of stressful life events on the HPA axis, exploring the importance of these findings in bipolar disorders and as potential new targets for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Juruena
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Anthony J Cleare
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin K, Shao R, Wang R, Lu W, Zou W, Chen K, Gao Y, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS, Mansur RB, Zhang L, Yau SY, Su H, Xu G, So KF. Inflammation, brain structure and cognition interrelations among individuals with differential risks for bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:192-199. [PMID: 31614176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-inflammation might impact on clinical manifestations and cognition function via changing the volumes of key brain structures such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in bipolar disorder (BD). In this study, we investigated the interrelations among interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine level, grey matter (GM) volume of the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), and attention function among offspring of parents diagnosed with BD. The offspring were categorized as being either asymptomatic or symptomatic based on whether they manifested pre-defined sub-threshold mood symptoms. We found that the symptomatic offspring showed significantly higher serum levels of IL-6 than the asymptomatic offspring (F(1, 59) = 67.65, p < 0.001). On the brain level, we obtained significant interactive effect of group and IL6 level on the ACC GM (PFWE = 0.017). Specifically, the GM volume of the rostral ACC was negatively associated with the levels of IL-6 in the asymptomatic offspring (PFWE = 0.021), but not the symptomatic offspring (PFWE > 0.05). Mediation analyses revealed that the GM volume of the rostral ACC significantly mediated the negative association between the IL-6 levels and attention performance in the asymptomatic offspring (bootstrapping Confidence Interval (CI) = -6.0432 to -0.0731) but not the symptomatic offspring (bootstrapping CI = -0.3197 to 1.3423). Our data suggest that the asymptomatic and symptomatic bipolar offspring may exhibit different neurocognitive-inflammatory profiles, which could be further validated as viable biosignatures for BD risk and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangguang Lin
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Academician Workstation of Mood and Brain Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Laboratory of Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Robin Shao
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Laboratory of Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Runhua Wang
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Academician Workstation of Mood and Brain Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Weicong Lu
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjin Zou
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Academician Workstation of Mood and Brain Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yanling Gao
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China; Academician Workstation of Mood and Brain Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Academician Workstation of Mood and Brain Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Huanxing Su
- Academician Workstation of Mood and Brain Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- Department of Affective Disorders, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Academician Workstation of Mood and Brain Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hanford LC, Eckstrand K, Manelis A, Hafeman DM, Merranko J, Ladouceur CD, Graur S, McCaffrey A, Monk K, Bonar LK, Hickey MB, Goldstein TR, Goldstein BI, Axelson D, Bebko G, Bertocci MA, Gill MK, Birmaher B, Phillips ML. The impact of familial risk and early life adversity on emotion and reward processing networks in youth at-risk for bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226135. [PMID: 31830059 PMCID: PMC6907842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed risk calculator for bipolar disorder (BD) accounts for clinical and parental psychopathology. Yet, it is understood that both familial predisposition and early life adversity contribute to the development of BD. How the interplay between these two factors influence emotion and reward processing networks in youth at risk for BD remains unclear. In this exploratory analysis, offspring of BD parents performed emotion and reward processing tasks while undergoing a fMRI scan. Risk calculator score was used to assess risk for developing BD in the next 5 years. Environmental risk was tabulated using the Stressful Life Events Schedule (SLES). Emotion and reward processing networks were investigated for genetic and/or environment interactions. Interaction effects were found between risk calculator scores, negative SLES score and activity in right amygdala and bilateral fusiform gyri during the emotion processing task, as well as activity in the fronto-, striatal, and parietal regions during the reward processing task. Our findings are preliminary; however, they support the unique and interactive contributions of both familial and environmental risk factors on emotion and reward processing within OBP. They also identify potential neural targets to guide development of interventions for youth at greatest risk for psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C. Hanford
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristen Eckstrand
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anna Manelis
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Danella M. Hafeman
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John Merranko
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cecile D. Ladouceur
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simona Graur
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alicia McCaffrey
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelly Monk
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. Bonar
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Beth Hickey
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tina R. Goldstein
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Benjamin I. Goldstein
- Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Axelson
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Genna Bebko
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michele A. Bertocci
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Kay Gill
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Boris Birmaher
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary L. Phillips
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pantović-Stefanović M, Petronijević N, Dunjić-Kostić B, Velimirović M, Nikolić T, Jurišić V, Lačković M, Damjanović A, Totić-Poznanović S, Jovanović AA, Ivković M. sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, TNF-α and IL-6 levels in bipolar disorder type I: Acute, longitudinal and therapeutic implications. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 19:S41-S51. [PMID: 27841086 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1259498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), with regard to acute episode characteristics, course of the disorder and treatment. METHODS The study group consisted of 83 patients diagnosed with BD type I. The control group consisted of 73 healthy individuals, matched with the study group according to age, gender and body mass index. The serum levels of sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, TNF-α and IL-6 were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, significantly elevated levels of IL-6 and sICAM-1 and significantly lower levels of TNF-α and sVCAM-1 were identified in acute and remission phases of BD. The acute serum levels of sVCAM-1 were associated with the type and severity of acute mood symptoms as well as with course of illness characteristics. TNF-α was associated with duration of untreated disorder and type of treatment. CONCLUSIONS BD is related to both acute and long-term alterations of immune mediators, including adhesion molecules. The potential immunomodulatory role of pharmacotherapeutic treatment is also to be considered in BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataša Petronijević
- b School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia.,c Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade , Serbia
| | | | - Milica Velimirović
- b School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia.,c Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Tatjana Nikolić
- b School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia.,c Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jurišić
- d School of Medicine, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Maja Lačković
- a Clinic of Psychiatry , Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Damjanović
- a Clinic of Psychiatry , Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Sanja Totić-Poznanović
- a Clinic of Psychiatry , Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Aleksandar A Jovanović
- a Clinic of Psychiatry , Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Maja Ivković
- a Clinic of Psychiatry , Clinical Centre of Serbia , Belgrade , Serbia.,b School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mazer AK, Cleare AJ, Young AH, Juruena MF. Bipolar affective disorder and borderline personality disorder: Differentiation based on the history of early life stress and psychoneuroendocrine measures. Behav Brain Res 2019; 357-358:48-56. [PMID: 29702176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Bipolar Affective Disorder (BD) have clinical characteristics in common which often make their differential diagnosis difficult. The history of early life stress (ELS) may be a differentiating factor between BPD and BD, as well as its association with clinical manifestations and specific neuroendocrine responses in each of these diagnoses. OBJECTIVE Assessing and comparing patients with BD and BPD for factors related to symptomatology, etiopathogenesis and neuroendocrine markers. METHODOLOGY The study sample consisted of 51 women, divided into 3 groups: patients with a clinical diagnosis of BPD (n = 20) and BD (n = 16) and healthy controls (HC, n = 15). Standardized instruments were used for the clinical evaluation, while the history of ELS was quantified with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and classified according to the subtypes: emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. The functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was evaluated by measuring a single plasma cortisol sample. RESULTS Patients with BPD presented with more severe psychiatric symptoms of: anxiety, impulsivity, depression, hopelessness and suicidal ideation than those with BD. The history of ELS was identified as significantly more prevalent and more severe in patients (BPD and BP) than in HC. Emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect also showed differences and were higher in BPD than BD patients. BPD patients had greater severity of ELS overall and in the subtypes of emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect than BD patients. The presence of ELS in patients with BPD and BP showed significant difference with lower cortisol levels when compared to HC. The endocrine evaluation showed no significant differences between the diagnoses of BPD and BD. Cortisol measured in patients with BPD was significantly lower compared to HC in the presence of emotional neglect and physical neglect. A significant negative correlation between the severity of hopelessness vs cortisol; and physical neglect vs cortisol were found in BPD with ELS. The single cortisol sample showed a significant and opposite correlations in the sexual abuse diagnosis-related groups, being a negative correlation in BD and positive in BPD. DISCUSSION Considering the need for a multi-factorial analysis, the differential diagnosis between BPD and BD can be facilitated by the study of psychiatric symptoms, which are more severe in the BPD patients with a history of early life stress. The function of the HPA axis assessed by this cortisol measure suggests differences between BPD and BP with ELS history. CONCLUSION The integrated analysis of psychopathology, ELS and neuroendocrine function may provide useful indicators to differentiate BPD and BD diagnoses. These preliminary data need to be replicated in a more significant sample with improved and multiple assessments of HPA axis activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J Cleare
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Mario F Juruena
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; King's College London, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience & South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Offspring of parents with mood disorders: time for more transgenerational research, screening and preventive intervention for this high-risk population. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018; 31:349-357. [PMID: 29708895 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Offspring of parents with mood disorders (major depressive and bipolar disorder) are at increased risk for developing mood disorders. In this review, an overview regarding the intergenerational transmission of mood disorders, screening, and preventive intervention is given for this vulnerable group. RECENT FINDINGS Offspring of parents with depression have a 40% chance of developing a depression, whereas offspring of parents with bipolar disorder have a 10% chance of developing a bipolar disorder by adulthood. Studies into the intergenerational transmission of mood disorders show that children of parents with mood disorders have increased biological dysregulation and neuropsychosocial impairments. Although there is a clear need for early identification of those at the highest risk, there are few systematic attempts in mental health care to screen children of parents with mood disorders. Lastly, preventive interventions seem to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms of children of parents with depression; however, those effects are small and short-lived. SUMMARY Offspring of parents with mood disorders constitute a vulnerable group at high risk of mood disorders. More research needs to be conducted regarding mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission. Moreover, screening and preventive interventions for these offspring should be systematically evaluated and implemented.
Collapse
|
11
|
Salagre E, Dodd S, Aedo A, Rosa A, Amoretti S, Pinzon J, Reinares M, Berk M, Kapczinski FP, Vieta E, Grande I. Toward Precision Psychiatry in Bipolar Disorder: Staging 2.0. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:641. [PMID: 30555363 PMCID: PMC6282906 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized treatment is defined as choosing the "right treatment for the right person at the right time." Although psychiatry has not yet reached this level of precision, we are on the way thanks to recent technological developments that may aid to detect plausible molecular and genetic markers. At the moment there are some models that are contributing to precision psychiatry through the concept of staging. While staging was initially presented as a way to categorize patients according to clinical presentation, course, and illness severity, current staging models integrate multiple levels of information that can help to define each patient's characteristics, severity, and prognosis in a more precise and individualized way. Moreover, staging might serve as the foundation to create a clinical decision-making algorithm on the basis of the patient's stage. In this review we will summarize the evolution of the bipolar disorder staging model in relation to the new discoveries on the neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, we will discuss how the latest and future progress in psychiatry might transform current staging models into precision staging models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Salagre
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alberto Aedo
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.,Bipolar Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adriane Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program: Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology and Postgraduate Program: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia Amoretti
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Justo Pinzon
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Reinares
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Eduard Vieta
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iria Grande
- Barcelona Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Lausanne-Geneva cohort study of offspring of parents with mood disorders: methodology, findings, current sample characteristics, and perspectives. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:1041-1058. [PMID: 28396906 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies focusing on the offspring of affected parents utilize the well-established familial aggregation of mood disorders as a powerful tool for the identification of risk factors, early clinical manifestations, and prodromes of mood disorders in these offspring. The major goals of the Lausanne-Geneva mood cohort study are to: (1) assess the familial aggregation of bipolar and unipolar mood disorders; (2) prospectively identify risk factors for mood disorders as well as their early signs and prodromes; (3) identify their endophenotypes including cognitive features, alterations in brain structure, HPA-axis dysregulation, and abnormalities of the circadian rhythm of activity. METHODS Probands with bipolar disorders, major depressive disorder, and controls with at least one child aged from 4 to 17.9 years at study intake, their offspring, as well as their spouses are invited to take part in follow-up assessments at predetermined ages of the offspring. Direct semi-structured diagnostic interviews have been used for all participants. Probands, spouses, and adult offspring also undergo neurocognitive testing, anthropomorphic measures and biochemical exams, structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging, as well as objective assessments of physical activity using accelerometers in combination with ecological momentary assessments. RESULTS Currently, our study has up to seven follow-up assessments extending over a period of 20 years. There are 214 probands and 389 offspring with one direct interview before age 18 as well as a second assessment over follow-up. Data on 236 co-parents are also available from whom 55% have been directly interviewed. First publications support the specificity of the familial aggregation of BPD and the strong influence of an early onset of the parental BPD, which amplifies the risk of developing this disorder in offspring. CONCLUSIONS Information from clinical, biological, cognitive, and behavioral measures, based on contemporary knowledge, should further enhance our understanding of mood disorder psychopathology, its consequences, and underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fries GR, Quevedo J, Zeni CP, Kazimi IF, Zunta-Soares G, Spiker DE, Bowden CL, Walss-Bass C, Soares JC. Integrated transcriptome and methylome analysis in youth at high risk for bipolar disorder: a preliminary analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1059. [PMID: 28291257 PMCID: PMC5416675 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
First-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder (BD), particularly their offspring, have a higher risk of developing BD and other mental illnesses than the general population. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this increased risk are still unknown, particularly because most of the studies so far have been conducted in chronically ill adults and not in unaffected youth at high risk. In this preliminary study we analyzed genome-wide expression and methylation levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children and adolescents from three matched groups: BD patients, unaffected offspring of bipolar parents (high risk) and controls (low risk). By integrating gene expression and DNA methylation and comparing the lists of differentially expressed genes and differentially methylated probes between groups, we were able to identify 43 risk genes that discriminate patients and high-risk youth from controls. Pathway analysis showed an enrichment of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway with the genes MED1, HSPA1L, GTF2A1 and TAF15, which might underlie the previously reported role of stress response in the risk for BD in vulnerable populations. Cell-based assays indicate a GR hyporesponsiveness in cells from adult BD patients compared to controls and suggest that these GR-related genes can be modulated by DNA methylation, which poses the theoretical possibility of manipulating their expression as a means to counteract the familial risk presented by those subjects. Although preliminary, our results suggest the utility of peripheral measures in the identification of biomarkers of risk in high-risk populations and further emphasize the potential role of stress and DNA methylation in the risk for BD in youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Fries
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - C P Zeni
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - I F Kazimi
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - G Zunta-Soares
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - D E Spiker
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - C L Bowden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C Walss-Bass
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Road, BBSB 5102A, Houston, TX 77054, USA. E-mail:
| | - J C Soares
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA,Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doucette S, Levy A, Flowerdew G, Horrocks J, Grof P, Ellenbogen M, Duffy A. Early parent-child relationships and risk of mood disorder in a Canadian sample of offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder: findings from a 16-year prospective cohort study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2016; 10:381-9. [PMID: 25356767 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM Exposure to parental bipolar disorder (BD) early in life may increase the risk of developing a mood disorder. However, the impact of early parent-child relationships when a parent is affected and how this impacts an offspring's risk remains unclear. The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between parent-child relationships and risk of mood disorder in offspring of parents with BD and, secondly, to determine the interaction of temperament and life stress on this association. METHODS Two hundred and thirty-three offspring completed annual clinical assessments following Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders (KSADS) format interviews as part of an ongoing Canadian prospective cohort study conducted from 1996 to 2013. Offspring completed measures of early adversity, life stress and temperament. Clinical data from the affected parents were prospectively collected over the first decade of their offspring's life using SADS format interviews. RESULTS Higher perceived neglect from mother and offspring emotionality were significantly associated with the hazard of mood disorder (hazard ratio (HR): 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-1.2 and HR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-3.1, respectively). Duration of exposure to parental BD significantly interacted with offspring emotionality to predict mood disorder (P = 0.01). Further, perceived neglect from mother was associated with offspring high emotionality (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Neglect from mother is a significant early predictor of mood disorder in offspring at familial risk for BD and may increase emotional sensitivity. Psychosocial support and interventions for high-risk families could be beneficial in reducing early adversity, maternal neglect and the risk of subsequent mood disorders in offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Doucette
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Adrian Levy
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gordon Flowerdew
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julie Horrocks
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Grof
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa, Ottawa University Health Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Ellenbogen
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Duffy
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa, Ottawa University Health Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goodday SM, Horrocks J, Keown-Stoneman C, Grof P, Duffy A. Repeated salivary daytime cortisol and onset of mood episodes in offspring of bipolar parents. Int J Bipolar Disord 2016; 4:12. [PMID: 27230036 PMCID: PMC4882311 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-016-0053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in cortisol secretion may differentiate individuals at high compared to low genetic risk for bipolar disorder (BD) and predict the onset or recurrence of mood episodes. The objectives of this study were to determine if salivary cortisol measures are: (1) different in high-risk offspring of parents with BD (HR) compared to control offspring of unaffected parents (C), (2) stable over time, (3) associated with the development of mood episode onset/recurrence, and (4) influenced by comorbid complications. Methods Fifty-three HR and 22 C completed salivary cortisol sampling annually for up to 4 years in conjunction with semi-structured clinical interviews. The cortisol awakening response (CAR), daytime cortisol [area under the curve (AUC)], and evening cortisol (8:00 p.m.) were calculated. Results There were no differences in baseline CAR, AUC and evening cortisol between HR and C (p = 0.38, p = 0.30 and p = 0.84), respectively. CAR, AUC and evening cortisol were stable over yearly assessments in HR, while in Cs, evening cortisol increased over time (p = 0.008), and CAR and AUC remained stable. In HR, AUC and evening cortisol increased the hazard of a new onset mood disorder/recurrence by 2.7 times (p = 0.01), and 3.5 times (p = 0.01), respectively, but this was no longer significant after accounting for multiple comparisons. Conclusions Salivary cortisol is stable over time within HR offspring. However, between individuals, basal salivary cortisol is highly variable. More research is needed, with larger samples of prospectively studied HR youth using a more reliable method of cortisol measurement, to determine the potential role of cortisol in the development of mood disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40345-016-0053-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Goodday
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
| | - Julie Horrocks
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paul Grof
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa, Ottawa University Health Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Duffy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Mood Disorders Centre of Ottawa, Ottawa University Health Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Girshkin L, O'Reilly N, Quidé Y, Teroganova N, Rowland JE, Schofield PR, Green MJ. Diurnal cortisol variation and cortisol response to an MRI stressor in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 67:61-9. [PMID: 26874562 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Markers of HPA axis function, including diurnal cortisol rhythm and cortisol responses to stress or pharmacological manipulation, are increasingly reported as disrupted in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, there has been no direct comparison of cortisol responses to stress in SZ and BD in the same study, and associations between cortisol dysfunction and illness characteristics remain unclear. In this study we used spline embedded linear mixed models to examine cortisol levels of SZ and BD participants at waking, during the first 45min after waking (representing the cortisol awakening response; CAR), during the period of rapid cortisol decline post the awakening response, and in reaction to a stressor (MRI scan), relative to healthy controls (HC). Contrary to expectations, neither SZ nor BD showed differences in waking cortisol levels, CAR, or immediate post-CAR decline compared to HC; however, waking cortisol levels were greater in BD relative to SZ. In response to the MRI stressor, the SZ group showed a significant absence of the expected increase in cortisol responsivity to stress, which was seen in both the BD and HC groups. Clinical factors affecting the CAR differed between SZ and BD. In SZ, higher antipsychotic medication dosage was associated with a steeper incline of the CAR, while greater positive symptom severity was associated with a more blunted CAR, and greater levels of anxiety were associated with the blunted cortisol response to stress. In BD, longer illness duration was associated with a steeper incline in CAR and lower levels of waking cortisol. These results suggest that cortisol responses may normalize with medication (in SZ) and longer illness duration (in BD), in line with findings of aberrant cortisol levels in the early stages of psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Girshkin
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole O'Reilly
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nina Teroganova
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesseca E Rowland
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: The road from similarities and clinical heterogeneity to neurobiological types. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 449:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
18
|
Piguet C, Fodoulian L, Aubry JM, Vuilleumier P, Houenou J. Bipolar disorder: Functional neuroimaging markers in relatives. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:284-96. [PMID: 26321590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural models of anatomical and functional alterations have been proposed for bipolar disorders (BD). However, studies in affected patients do not allow disentangling alterations linked to the liability to BD from those associated with the evolution, medication and comorbidities of BD. Explorations in high risk subjects allow the study of these risk markers. We reported and summarized all functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies focusing on first-degree relatives of BD patients. We found 29 studies reporting neural correlates of working memory (WM), emotional processing, executive functions and resting state in relatives of BD patients, compared to healthy subjects. Overall, the same regions that have been involved in patients, such as the inferior frontal gyrus and limbic areas, seem to be functionally altered in high-risk subjects. We conclude that the same brain regions already implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease such as the amygdala are also associated with the risk of BD. However longitudinal studies are required to understand their implication in the transition to BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Piguet
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
| | - Leon Fodoulian
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Aubry
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Josselin Houenou
- NeuroSpin Neuroimaging Center, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, France; INSERM U955 Team 15 "Translational Psychiatry", Université Paris Est, APHP, CHU Mondor, DHU PePsy, Pôle de Psychiatrie, Créteil, France; FondaMental Foundation, Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boorman E, Romano GF, Russell A, Mondelli V, Pariante CM. Are Mood and Anxiety Disorders Inflammatory Diseases? Psychiatr Ann 2015. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20150501-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Premorbid obesity and metabolic disturbances as promising clinical targets for the prevention and early screening of bipolar disorder. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
21
|
Bipolar disorder: role of immune-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress and tryptophan catabolites. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:8. [PMID: 25620790 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex disorder with a range of presentations. BD is defined by the presentation of symptoms of mania or depression, with classification dependent on patient/family reports and behavioural observations. Recent work has investigated the biological underpinnings of BD, highlighting the role played by increased immune-inflammatory activity, which is readily indicated by changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines or signalling, both centrally and systemically, e.g. increased interleukin-6 trans-signalling. Here, we review the recent data on immune-inflammatory pathways and cytokine changes in BD. Such changes are intimately linked to changes in oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) and neuroregulatory tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both centrally and peripherally. TRYCATs take tryptophan away from serotonin, N-acetylserotonin and melatonin synthesis, driving it down the TRYCAT pathway, predominantly as a result of the pro-inflammatory cytokine induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. This has led to an emerging biological perspective on the aetiology, course and treatment of BD. Such data also better integrates the numerous comorbidities associated with BD, including addiction, cardiovascular disorders and increased reporting of pain. Immune-inflammatory, O&NS and TRYCAT pathways are also likely to be relevant biological underpinnings to the significant decrease in life expectancy in BD.
Collapse
|
22
|
Duffy A. Toward a comprehensive clinical staging model for bipolar disorder: integrating the evidence. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2014; 59:659-66. [PMID: 25702367 PMCID: PMC4304586 DOI: 10.1177/070674371405901208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe key findings relating to the natural history and heterogeneity of bipolar disorder (BD) relevant to the development of a unitary clinical staging model. Currently proposed staging models are briefly discussed, highlighting complementary findings, and a comprehensive staging model of BD is proposed integrating the relevant evidence. METHOD A selective review of key published findings addressing the natural history, heterogeneity, and clinical staging models of BD are discussed. RESULTS The concept of BD has broadened, resulting in an increased spectrum of disorders subsumed under this diagnostic category. Different staging models for BD have been proposed based on the early psychosis literature, studies of patients with established BD, and prospective studies of the offspring of parents with BD. The overarching finding is that there are identifiable sequential clinical phases in the development of BD that differ in important ways between classical episodic and psychotic spectrum subtypes. In addition, in the context of familial risk, early risk syndromes add important predictive value and inform the staging model for BD. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive clinical staging model of BD can be derived from the available evidence and should consider the natural history of BD and the heterogeneity of subtypes. This model will advance both early intervention efforts and neurobiological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duffy
- Campus Alberta Innovates Program Professor in Youth Mental Health, Medical Director Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
McIntyre RS, Cha DS, Jerrell JM, Swardfager W, Kim RD, Costa LG, Baskaran A, Soczynska JK, Woldeyohannes HO, Mansur RB, Brietzke E, Powell AM, Gallaugher A, Kudlow P, Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Alsuwaidan M. Advancing biomarker research: utilizing 'Big Data' approaches for the characterization and prevention of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2014; 16:531-47. [PMID: 24330342 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a strategic framework for the prevention of bipolar disorder (BD) that incorporates a 'Big Data' approach to risk assessment for BD. METHODS Computerized databases (e.g., Pubmed, PsychInfo, and MedlinePlus) were used to access English-language articles published between 1966 and 2012 with the search terms bipolar disorder, prodrome, 'Big Data', and biomarkers cross-referenced with genomics/genetics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotrophic factors, cytokines, cognition, neurocognition, and neuroimaging. Papers were selected from the initial search if the primary outcome(s) of interest was (were) categorized in any of the following domains: (i) 'omics' (e.g., genomics), (ii) molecular, (iii) neuroimaging, and (iv) neurocognitive. RESULTS The current strategic approach to identifying individuals at risk for BD, with an emphasis on phenotypic information and family history, has insufficient predictive validity and is clinically inadequate. The heterogeneous clinical presentation of BD, as well as its pathoetiological complexity, suggests that it is unlikely that a single biomarker (or an exclusive biomarker approach) will sufficiently augment currently inadequate phenotypic-centric prediction models. We propose a 'Big Data'- bioinformatics approach that integrates vast and complex phenotypic, anamnestic, behavioral, family, and personal 'omics' profiling. Bioinformatic processing approaches, utilizing cloud- and grid-enabled computing, are now capable of analyzing data on the order of tera-, peta-, and exabytes, providing hitherto unheard of opportunities to fundamentally revolutionize how psychiatric disorders are predicted, prevented, and treated. High-throughput networks dedicated to research on, and the treatment of, BD, integrating both adult and younger populations, will be essential to sufficiently enroll adequate samples of individuals across the neurodevelopmental trajectory in studies to enable the characterization and prevention of this heterogeneous disorder. CONCLUSIONS Advances in bioinformatics using a 'Big Data' approach provide an opportunity for novel insights regarding the pathoetiology of BD. The coordinated integration of research centers, inclusive of mixed-age populations, is a promising strategic direction for advancing this line of neuropsychiatric research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Inflammatory biomarker profiles of mental disorders and their relation to clinical, social and lifestyle factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:841-9. [PMID: 24789456 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, mental health research has increasingly provided evidence supporting the role of inflammation in pathogenesis, course and treatment of mental disorders. With such a steep incline of research, resulting in a wealth of emerged findings, it has become difficult to follow developments within the field. The present review sets out to present the recent developments and to give an overview of the inflammatory profiles of depression, psychosis and bipolar disorder, as well as variations within these disorders. Moreover, mediating factors such as social environment and childhood experience are discussed, both in terms of their potential in elucidating the complex interface between the inflammation and other closely related biological systems, as well as the possibly confounding impact of various lifestyle factors. Whilst many issues in this fascinating area of research remain to be fully understood and elaborated, all current evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key role in mental disorders and may open up novel avenues for clinical treatment.
Collapse
|
25
|
Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S, Keown-Stoneman C, Grof P, Andreazza A, Young LT. Immunological and neurotrophic markers of risk status and illness development in high-risk youth: understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord 2014; 2:29. [PMID: 26092400 PMCID: PMC4447739 DOI: 10.1186/2194-7511-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a highly heritable illness that onsets in adolescence and young adulthood. We examined gene expression (mRNA) and protein levels of candidate immune and neurotrophic markers in well-characterized offspring of bipolar parents in order to identify reliable indicators of illness risk status and the early clinical stages of illness development. We measured mRNA expression and protein levels in candidate immune (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-δ) and neurotrophic (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)) markers from plasma. High-risk offspring were identified from families in which one parent had confirmed bipolar disorder. Control offspring were identified from families in which neither parent met lifetime criteria for a major psychiatric disorder. All parental Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses were based on Schedule for Affective Disorders - Lifetime Version (SADS-L) interviews and blind consensus review. As part of an ongoing study, all offspring were prospectively assessed using KSADS-PL format interviews and diagnoses confirmed on blind consensus review. High-risk offspring had significantly increased IL-6 (p = 0.050) and BDNF (p = 0.006) protein levels compared to controls. Those high-risk offspring in earlier compared to later clinical stages of illness development had higher IL-6 (p = 0.050) and BDNF (p = 0.045) protein levels. After adjustments, only differences in BDNF protein levels remained significant. There was a moderating effect of the BDNF genotype on both gene expression and protein levels in high-risk compared to control offspring. The BDNF genotype also moderated the association between clinical stage and gene expression levels in high-risk offspring. These findings provide support for detectable differences in candidate immune and neurotrophic markers in individuals at high risk of developing bipolar disorder and for detectable changes over the clinical stages of illness development. These associations appear to be moderated by genetic variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duffy
- Department of Psychiatry and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), University of Calgary, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive, NW, Room 4D6, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Interface of Stress and the HPA Axis in Behavioural Phenotypes of Mental Illness. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 18:13-24. [PMID: 24652609 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function are one of the most consistent biological findings across several mental disorders, but many of the mechanisms underlying this abnormality as well as the potential contribution to behavioural phenotypes remain only partially understood. Interestingly, evidence suggests a U-curve, with dysregulation of the HPA axis towards both hyper- or hypoactivity manifesting as a risk to mental wellbeing. This review will elaborate on both the clinical and molecular role of the neuroendocrine stress system in depressive, psychotic and post-traumatic stress disorders and present some of the most recent findings that have shed light on the complex interface between environmental stressors, molecular mechanisms and clinical presentation. Crucially, plasticity of the HPA axis confers both vulnerability to adverse events, particularly so in early developmental stages, as well as hope for the treatment of mental disorder, as evidenced by changes in HPA functioning associated with remission of symptoms.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Abstract
From a neurobiological perspective there is no such thing as bipolar disorder. Rather, it is almost certainly the case that many somewhat similar, but subtly different, pathological conditions produce a disease state that we currently diagnose as bipolarity. This heterogeneity - reflected in the lack of synergy between our current diagnostic schema and our rapidly advancing scientific understanding of the condition - limits attempts to articulate an integrated perspective on bipolar disorder. However, despite these challenges, scientific findings in recent years are beginning to offer a provisional "unified field theory" of the disease. This theory sees bipolar disorder as a suite of related neurodevelopmental conditions with interconnected functional abnormalities that often appear early in life and worsen over time. In addition to accelerated loss of volume in brain areas known to be essential for mood regulation and cognitive function, consistent findings have emerged at a cellular level, providing evidence that bipolar disorder is reliably associated with dysregulation of glial-neuronal interactions. Among these glial elements are microglia - the brain's primary immune elements, which appear to be overactive in the context of bipolarity. Multiple studies now indicate that inflammation is also increased in the periphery of the body in both the depressive and manic phases of the illness, with at least some return to normality in the euthymic state. These findings are consistent with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which are known to drive inflammatory activation. In summary, the very fact that no single gene, pathway, or brain abnormality is likely to ever account for the condition is itself an extremely important first step in better articulating an integrated perspective on both its ontological status and pathogenesis. Whether this perspective will translate into the discovery of innumerable more homogeneous forms of bipolarity is one of the great questions facing the field and one that is likely to have profound treatment implications, given that fact that such a discovery would greatly increase our ability to individualize - and by extension, enhance - treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Maletic
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine , Columbia, SC , USA
| | - Charles Raison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA ; Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Evans BE, Greaves-Lord K, Euser AS, Franken IHA, Huizink AC. Cortisol levels in children of parents with a substance use disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2109-20. [PMID: 23707476 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children of parents with a substance use disorder (CPSUDs) are at increased risk for the development of substance use disorders later in life, and therefore may manifest vulnerability markers for these disorders at a higher level than children from the general population. Our aim was to examine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity as a potential vulnerability marker in CPSUDs as compared to healthy controls. We further examined whether having experienced more adverse life events (ALEs) accounted for differences in cortisol levels between CPSUDs and controls. METHODS 83 CPSUDs were matched to 83 controls on the basis of age, sex and socioeconomic status. Salivary cortisol was assessed at four time points during a normal day and at six time points during a psychosocial stress procedure, during which perceived stress was also measured. We implemented piecewise multilevel growth curve modeling to examine group differences in diurnal and stress-evoked cortisol levels. RESULTS Diurnal cortisol levels of CPSUDs did not differ from those of controls. Only stress-evoked cortisol levels at onset of the experiment were explained by group status, such that CPSUDs exhibited lower cortisol levels at onset of the stress procedure. CPSUDs reported experiencing significantly more ALEs, yet number of ALEs was not related to cortisol levels. CPSUDs furthermore reported less perceived stress than controls at onset of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS HPA axis dysregulation may be a vulnerability marker for substance use disorders, as CPSUDs show blunted activation in anticipation of stress. These blunted cortisol levels were not the result of having experienced more stressful experiences during their lifetimes, thus might reflect an inborn vulnerability to substance use disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Evans
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Developmental Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mood and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation as a potential endophenotype' in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:284-94. [PMID: 23664567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been commonly recognized that circadian rhythm and sleep/wake cycle are causally involved in bipolar disorder. There has been a paucity of systematic research considering the relations between sleep and mood states in bipolar disorder. The current study examines the possible influences of sleep deprivation on mood states and endocrine functions among first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls. Blood samples were taken at two time points in the consecutive mornings at predeprivation and postdeprivation periods. Participants simultaneously completed the Profiles of Mood States at two time points after giving blood samples. Plasma T3 and TSH levels increased after total sleep deprivation in both groups. Sleep deprivation induced TSH levels were reversely associated with depression-dejection among healthy controls. A paradoxical effect was detected for only the first-degree relatives of the patients that changes in plasma cortisol levels negatively linked to depression-dejection and anger-hostility scores after total sleep deprivation. Plasma DHEA levels became correlated with vigor-activity scores after sleep deprivation among first-degree relatives of bipolar patients. On the contrary, significant associations of depression-dejection, anger-hostility, and confusion-bewilderment with the baseline plasma DHEA levels became statistically trivial in the postdeprivation period. Findings suggested that first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder had completely distinct characteristics with respect to sleep deprivation induced responses in terms of associations between endocrine functions and mood states as compared to individuals whose relatives had no psychiatric problems. Considering the relationships between endocrine functions and mood states among relatives of the patients, it appears like sleep deprivation changes the receptor sensitivity which probably plays a pivotal role on mood outcomes among the first-degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder.
Collapse
|
31
|
Frey BN, Andreazza AC, Houenou J, Jamain S, Goldstein BI, Frye MA, Leboyer M, Berk M, Malhi GS, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Taylor VH, Dodd S, Frangou S, Hall GB, Fernandes BS, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Yatham LN, Kapczinski F, Young LT. Biomarkers in bipolar disorder: a positional paper from the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Biomarkers Task Force. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013; 47:321-32. [PMID: 23411094 DOI: 10.1177/0004867413478217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the etiology of bipolar disorder remains uncertain, multiple studies examining neuroimaging, peripheral markers and genetics have provided important insights into the pathophysiologic processes underlying bipolar disorder. Neuroimaging studies have consistently demonstrated loss of gray matter, as well as altered activation of subcortical, anterior temporal and ventral prefrontal regions in response to emotional stimuli in bipolar disorder. Genetics studies have identified several potential candidate genes associated with increased risk for developing bipolar disorder that involve circadian rhythm, neuronal development and calcium metabolism. Notably, several groups have found decreased levels of neurotrophic factors and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers. Together these findings provide the background for the identification of potential biomarkers for vulnerability, disease expression and to help understand the course of illness and treatment response. In other areas of medicine, validated biomarkers now inform clinical decision-making. Although the findings reviewed herein hold promise, further research involving large collaborative studies is needed to validate these potential biomarkers prior to employing them for clinical purposes. Therefore, in this positional paper from the ISBD-BIONET (biomarkers network from the International Society for Bipolar Disorders), we will discuss our view of biomarkers for these three areas: neuroimaging, peripheral measurements and genetics; and conclude the paper with our position for the next steps in the search for biomarkers for bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|