1
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Yang H, Zhang X, Wang W, Ge Y, Yang Y, Lin T. miR-25-5p in exosomes derived from UVB-induced fibroblasts regulates melanogenesis via TSC2-dominated cellular organelle dysfunction. J Dermatol Sci 2024; 115:75-84. [PMID: 38969533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few reports have confirmed whether exosomes derived from fibroblasts can regulate the process of melanogenesis. We wondered whether exosomes derived from fibroblasts could have a potent regulatory effect on melanogenesis and explored the underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to find the role of fibroblasts in melanocytes and revealed the related mechanisms. METHODS RT-qPCR, Western blot analysis were conducted to measure the RNA and protein expression level of various related genes. miRNA sequencing, mass spectrum analysis and subsequent bioinformatics analysis were employed to find the underlying targets. Zebrafish were employed to measure the melanin synthesis related process in vivo. Furthermore, electron microscopy, ROS measurement and dual-luciferase reporter assay were adopted to investigate the relationship between these processes. RESULTS We found that exosomes derived from human primary dermal fibroblasts were internalized by human primary melanocytes and MNT1 cells and that the melanin content and the expression of melanin synthesis-related proteins TYR and MITF was inhibited by exosomes derived from UVB-induced human primary dermal fibroblasts. The miRNA expression profile in secreted exosomes changed significantly, with miR-25-5p identified as capable of regulating TSC2 expression via the CDS region. The miR-25-5p-TSC2 axis could affect the melanin content through subsequent cellular organelle dysfunction, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and dysregulation of lysosomal cysteine proteases. CONCLUSION We unveiled a novel regulatory role of fibroblasts in melanocytes, facilitated by the secretion of exosomes. miR-25-5p within exosomes plays a pivotal role in regulating melanogenesis via TSC2-induced cellular organelle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedan Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Laser Surgery, Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Cosmetic Laser Surgery, Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhu Wang
- Department of Cosmetic Laser Surgery, Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiping Ge
- Department of Cosmetic Laser Surgery, Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Laser Surgery, Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tong Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Tian Y, Wu Z, Lui H, Zhao J, Kalia S, Seo I, Ou-Yang H, Zeng H. Precise Serial Microregistration Enables Quantitative Microscopy Imaging Tracking of Human Skin Cells In Vivo. Cells 2024; 13:1158. [PMID: 38995009 PMCID: PMC11240548 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We developed an automated microregistration method that enables repeated in vivo skin microscopy imaging of the same tissue microlocation and specific cells over a long period of days and weeks with unprecedented precision. Applying this method in conjunction with an in vivo multimodality multiphoton microscope, the behavior of human skin cells such as cell proliferation, melanin upward migration, blood flow dynamics, and epidermal thickness adaptation can be recorded over time, facilitating quantitative cellular dynamics analysis. We demonstrated the usefulness of this method in a skin biology study by successfully monitoring skin cellular responses for a period of two weeks following an acute exposure to ultraviolet light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxian Tian
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Harvey Lui
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Sunil Kalia
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - InSeok Seo
- Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
| | - Hao Ou-Yang
- Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA
| | - Haishan Zeng
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
- Photomedicine Institute, Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E8, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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3
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Ezekwe N, Pourang A, Lyons AB, Narla S, Atyam A, Zia S, Friedman BJ, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW, Kohli I. Evaluation of the protection of sunscreen products against long wavelength ultraviolet A1 and visible light-induced biological effects. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12937. [PMID: 38069506 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long wavelength ultraviolet-A1 in combination with visible light induces hyperpigmentation, particularly in dark-skin phototypes. This study evaluated the efficacy of four sunscreen formulations in protecting against VL + UVA1 (370-700 nm). METHODS The test products (A-D) were applied to the back of 12 volunteers, then irradiated with 320 J/cm2 VL + UVA1 (3.5% UVA1 [370-400 nm]). Immediately after irradiation, and at Days 1, 7, and 14, erythema and pigmentation were assessed by investigator global assessment (IGA), colorimetry (Δa* and ΔITA) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS)-measured relative dyschromia (area under the curve AUC). Control areas were irradiated without sunscreen. RESULTS Product D, containing titanium dioxide 11%, iron oxides 1%, and antioxidants, provided the highest and most consistent protection. Compared with unprotected irradiated control, it had statistically significantly less erythema on IGA, DRS (Δoxyhemoglobin), and colorimetry (Δa*) at Day 0; less pigmentation on IGA at all time points, on DRS (relative dyschromia) at Days 7 and 14, and on colorimetry (ΔITA) at Day 0. Product B, containing zinc oxide 12% plus organic UV filters, iron oxides 4%, and antioxidants, also showed some efficacy. CONCLUSION Of the sunscreens tested, the tinted products provided better protection against VL + UVA1 than the non-tinted products. Since the product with 1% iron oxides was superior to the product with 4% iron oxides, further studies are needed to evaluate whether iron oxide content correlates with better protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneamaka Ezekwe
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Aunna Pourang
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexis B Lyons
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shanthi Narla
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Amruth Atyam
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shereen Zia
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ben J Friedman
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Iltefat H Hamzavi
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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4
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Cohen L, Brodsky MA, Zubair R, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Sadeghpour M. Cutaneous interaction with visible light: What do we know? J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:560-568. [PMID: 32289393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Visible light has been used therapeutically in dermatology for years for a variety of cosmetic and medical indications, including skin rejuvenation and the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic conditions, among others. Until recently, visible light was thought to be relatively inert compared to its spectral neighbors, ultraviolet and infrared radiation. However, recent literature has described the ability of visible light to cause erythema in light skin and pigmentary changes in individuals with darker skin types. Concern surrounding its potentially damaging cutaneous effects has been raised in both the medical community and social media outlets. In this article, we provide an evidenced-based review describing what is currently known about visible light, focusing on its role in dermatologic diseases including disorders of hyperpigmentation such as melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Raheel Zubair
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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5
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Chiarelli-Neto O, Garcez ML, Pavani C, Martins W, de Abreu Quintela Castro FC, Ambrosio RP, Meotti FC, Baptista MS. Inflammatory stimulus worsens the effects of UV-A exposure on J774 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 239:112647. [PMID: 36634432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
UV-A radiation affects skin homeostasis by promoting oxidative distress. Endogenous photosensitizers in the dermis and epidermis of human skin absorb UV-A radiation forming excited states (singlet and triplet) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) producing oxidized compounds that trigger biological responses. The activation of NF-kB induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and can intensify the generation of ROS. However, there is no studies evaluating the cross talks between inflammatory stimulus and UV-A exposure on the levels of redox misbalance and inflammation. In here, we evaluated the effects of UV-A exposure on J774 macrophage cells previously challenged with LPS in terms of oxidative distress, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and activation of regulated cell death pathways. Our results showed that LPS potentiates the dose-dependent UV-A-induced oxidative distress and cytokine release, in addition to amplifying the regulated (autophagy and apoptosis) and non-regulated (necrosis) mechanisms of cell death, indicating that a previous inflammatory stimulus potentiates UV-A-induced cell damage. We discuss these results in terms of the current-available skin care strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Chiarelli-Neto
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Química IQUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil; Centro Universitário do Espírito Santo-UNESC, Brazil
| | | | - Christiane Pavani
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Uninove, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Waleska Martins
- Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, Stricto-sensu, Kroton, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flavia Carla Meotti
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Química IQUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Química IQUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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von Stebut E, Helbig D. [Anatomical and functional differences of the skin in various ethnic groups]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 74:80-83. [PMID: 36607359 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-05100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Besides the differences in skin and hair color among different ethnic groups, morphological and functional differences in skin and hair have also been demonstrated. The color of skin and hair is determined by two types of melanin, eumelanin (brown to black pigment) and phaeomelanin (red to yellow pigment). In addition to the individual mixture of these pigment types, there are also differences in the melanosome arrangement of Caucasian, Asian, and African skin. Although the epidermis thickness is the same in all people, darker skin has a higher number of stratum corneum layers and a thicker dermis with a higher number of fibroblasts. The hairs of different ethnic groups also vary regarding shape and thickness: they are round in Asians, elliptical in Blacks and intermediate in Whites. Hair diameter is the greatest in Asians, followed by Blacks and is the smallest in Whites, whereas the number of hairs is highest in Whites, followed by that in Asians and Blacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther von Stebut
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Uniklinikum Köln, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland.
| | - Doris Helbig
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Uniklinikum Köln, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland
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7
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Yu Z, Zhang Y. Biological control of melanin biosynthesis pathway on prolific and pleochromatic induction of Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:46. [PMID: 36592230 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a kind of microbial pigment with high yield and variety coloration by regulating the pigment synthesis pathway in this experiment, Lasiodiplodia theobromae was used to induce pigment secretion by prolific inducing factors (tyrosinase, Cu2+, stilbene glycoside) and pleochromatic inducing factors (L-tyrosine, L-cysteine, tricyclazole). The results showed that through single factor and compound culture, the most reasonable inducing formula was 150 ku/L tyrosinase, while tricyclazole at 10 mg/L for 30 days had a maximum color difference of 42.92 NBS with a reddish-brown color in 10 days. The melanin content increased gradually with the extension of culture time, and the pleochromatic inducing group was up to 3.47 mg/mL, higher than that of the prolific inducing group. However, the poor solubility of purified melanin with a diameter of 100-200 nm was observed in conventional solvents. Through effective induction, it is expected that L. theobromae can secrete melanin stably and be widely used in printing, dyeing, electronics, and the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansong Liu
- College of Design and Innovation, Wenzhou Polytechnic, Wenzhou, 325035, China. .,College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yunyun Chen
- College of Design and Innovation, Wenzhou Polytechnic, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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8
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Resende DISP, Jesus A, Sousa Lobo JM, Sousa E, Cruz MT, Cidade H, Almeida IF. Up-to-Date Overview of the Use of Natural Ingredients in Sunscreens. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030372. [PMID: 35337168 PMCID: PMC8949675 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The photoprotective skincare segment is in high demand to meet consumer concerns on UV-induced skin damage, with a recent trend towards sunscreen alternatives with a natural origin. In this study, the use of natural ingredients, either from terrestrial or marine origin, in a panel of 444 sunscreen commercial formulations (2021) was analyzed. Ingredients from terrestrial organisms represent the large majority found in the analyzed sunscreen formulations (48%), whereas marine ingredients are present only in 13% of the analyzed products. A deeper analysis regarding the most prevalent families of ingredients from terrestrial and marine organisms used as top ingredients is also presented, as well as their mechanisms of action. This study provides an up-to-date overview of the sunscreen market regarding the use of natural ingredients, which is of relevance for scientists involved in the development of new sunscreens to identify opportunities for innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I. S. P. Resende
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Jesus
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M. Sousa Lobo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428-689 (E.S.); +351-220-428-621 (I.F.A.)
| | - Maria T. Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (D.I.S.P.R.); (H.C.)
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel F. Almeida
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.J.); (J.M.S.L.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (I.F.A.); Tel.: +351-220-428-689 (E.S.); +351-220-428-621 (I.F.A.)
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9
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[Sunscreens of the future: challenges and opportunities]. Hautarzt 2022; 73:257-265. [PMID: 35258659 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-022-04959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens provide excellent protection against erythema and against chronic damage such as photoaging and skin cancer. Today's challenges concern safety of the products and improved methods for standardizing the evaluation of their efficacy. Other important topics are the further development of sunscreen products, as well as personalization of use. Personalized sun protection based on the phenotype, the genetic profiles and moreover the skin's microbiome - all linked to the identification of certain consumer susceptibility factors - is an exciting new area of research. In particular, the expansion with innovative topical agents such as DNA repair liposomes in improved galenic formulations with UV filters tailored to the skin phototype and new topical antioxidants could in future provide even more comprehensive sun protection. New antioxidants and other agents such as nicotinamide could increase systemic photoprevention. Sustainability will also be an important aspect to protect consumers, but also the environment (i.e. especially marine wildlife) from toxic effects of sunscreens.
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Oxyresveratrol-induced Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway Enhances Ability of Resveratrol to Inhibit UVB-induced Melanin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jd9.0000000000000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Naik PP, Farrukh SN. Influence of Ethnicities and Skin Color Variations in Different Populations: A Review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:65-76. [PMID: 34515229 DOI: 10.1159/000518826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the world scientific tradition, skin color is the primary physical characteristic used to divide humans into groups. Human skin has a wide range of tones and colors, which can be seen in a wide range of demographic populations. Many factors influence the color of people's skin, but the pigment melanin is by far the most important. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes in the skin and is the primary determinant of skin color in people with darker skin. Indeed, >150 genes have now been identified as having a direct or indirect effect on skin color. Vitamin D has recently been discovered to regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in a variety of tissues, including the skin. The mechanisms through which the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (or calcitriol) affects keratinocyte development are numerous and overlap with the mechanisms by which calcium influences keratinocyte differentiation. Ultraviolet (UV) is the most major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer and many other environmental-influenced skin disorders when it is abundant in the environment. Although the UV component of sunlight is known to cause skin damage, few researches have looked at the impact of non-UV solar radiation on skin physiology in terms of inflammation, and there is less information on the role of visible light in pigmentation. SUMMARY The quantity and quality of melanin are regulating by the expression of genes. The enzyme tyrosinase is primarily responsible for the genetic mechanism that controls human skin color. Genetics determines constitutive skin color, which is reinforced by facultative melanogenesis and tanning reactions. High quantities of melanin and melanogenic substances are typically accepted in darker skin to protect against UV radiation-induced molecular damage. Previous research has proposed that skin color variation is caused by a dynamic genetic mechanism, contributing to our understanding of how population demographic history and natural selection shape human genetic and phenotypic diversity. However, the most significant ethnic skin color difference is determined by melanin content. This current review aimed to assess the influence of skin color variations in skin structure and functions as well as difference in dermatological disease patterns. Also, this article reviewed several cases of skin color adaptation in different populations. Key Messages: Skin color impacts the composition and activity. Therefore, the contrast of dermatological ailments between distinct race-related categories is remarkable. Skin color adaptation is a challenging procedure. Refinement of skin color is an age-old craving of humans with ever-evolving drifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyu Parth Naik
- Department of Dermatology, Saudi-German Hospital & Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Nadir Farrukh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adam-Vital Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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12
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Manganelli M, Guida S, Ferretta A, Pellacani G, Porcelli L, Azzariti A, Guida G. Behind the Scene: Exploiting MC1R in Skin Cancer Risk and Prevention. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1093. [PMID: 34356109 PMCID: PMC8305013 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most frequent cancers of the skin in white populations. An increased risk in the development of skin cancers has been associated with the combination of several environmental factors (i.e., ultraviolet exposure) and genetic background, including melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) status. In the last few years, advances in the diagnosis of skin cancers provided a great impact on clinical practice. Despite these advances, NMSCs are still the most common malignancy in humans and melanoma still shows a rising incidence and a poor prognosis when diagnosed at an advanced stage. Efforts are required to underlie the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of melanoma and NMSCs, leading to an optimization of the management of affected patients. The clinical implications of the impact of germline MC1R variants in melanoma and NMSCs' risk, together with the additional risk conferred by somatic mutations in other peculiar genes, as well as the role of MC1R screening in skin cancers' prevention will be addressed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Manganelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
- DMMT-Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Guida
- Department of Surgical-Medical-Dental and Morphological Science with Interest Transplant-Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Dermatology Clinic, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Letizia Porcelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Gabriella Guida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari-“Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.F.)
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13
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Lopez-Gonzalez U, Casey A, J Byrne H. Monitoring the biochemical changes occurring to human keratinocytes exposed to solar radiation by Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000337. [PMID: 33098270 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Solar radiation exposure is recognised to be a significant contributor to the development of skin cancer. Monitoring the simultaneous and consecutive mechanisms of interaction could provide a greater understanding of the process of photocarcinogenesis. This work presents an analysis of the biochemical and morphological changes occurring to immortalised human epithelial keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell cultures exposed to simulated solar radiation (SSR). Cell viability was monitored with the aid of the Alamar Blue assay, morphological examination was done with haematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) and changes to the biochemical constituents (nucleic acids and proteins) as a result of the radiation insult were demonstrated through a combination of Raman microspectroscopy and multivariate analysis of spectral patterns. The spectral results suggest that SSR induces changes to the conformational structure of DNA as an immediate result of the radiation, whereas alteration in the protein signature is mostly seen as a later response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Lopez-Gonzalez
- School of Physics, Nanolab Research Center, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Casey
- School of Physics, Nanolab Research Center, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Yardman-Frank JM, Fisher DE. Skin pigmentation and its control: From ultraviolet radiation to stem cells. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:560-571. [PMID: 33320376 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the light of substantial discoveries in epithelial and hair pigmentation pathophysiology, this review summarizes the current understanding of skin pigmentation mechanisms. Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells, and their key regulating transcription factor is the melanocyte-specific microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (m-MITF). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a unique modulator of skin pigmentation influencing tanning pathways. The delayed tanning pathway occurs as UVB produces keratinocyte DNA damage, causing p53-mediated expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene that is processed to release α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). α-MSH stimulates the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) on melanocytes, leading to m-MITF expression and melanogenesis. POMC cleavage also releases β-endorphin, which creates a neuroendocrine pathway that promotes UV-seeking behaviours. Mutations along the tanning pathway can affect pigmentation and increase the risk of skin malignancies. MC1R variants have received considerable attention, yet the allele is highly polymorphic with varied phenotypes. Vitiligo presents with depigmented skin lesions due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. UVB phototherapy stimulates melanocyte stem cells in the hair bulge to undergo differentiation and upwards migration resulting in perifollicular repigmentation of vitiliginous lesions, which is under sophisticated signalling control. Melanocyte stem cells, normally quiescent, undergo cyclic activation/differentiation and downward migration with the hair cycle, providing pigment to hair follicles. Physiological hair greying results from progressive loss of melanocyte stem cells and can be accelerated by acute stress-induced, sympathetic driven hyperproliferation of the melanocyte stem cells. Ultimately, by reviewing the pathways governing epithelial and follicular pigmentation, numerous areas of future research and potential points of intervention are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Houtzagers LE, Wierenga APA, Ruys AAM, Luyten GPM, Jager MJ. Iris Colour and the Risk of Developing Uveal Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7172. [PMID: 32998469 PMCID: PMC7583924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a global disease which especially occurs in elderly people. Its incidence varies widely between populations, with the highest incidence among Caucasians, and a South-to-North increase in Europe. As northern Europeans often have blond hair and light eyes, we wondered whether iris colour may be a predisposing factor for UM and if so, why. We compared the distribution of iris colour between Dutch UM patients and healthy Dutch controls, using data from the Rotterdam Study (RS), and reviewed the literature regarding iris colour. We describe molecular mechanisms that might explain the observed associations. When comparing a group of Dutch UM patients with controls, we observed that individuals from Caucasian ancestry with a green/hazel iris colour (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.64, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.57-5.14) and individuals with a blue/grey iris colour (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.04-1.82) had a significantly higher crude risk of UM than those with brown eyes. According to the literature, this may be due to a difference in the function of pheomelanin (associated with a light iris colour) and eumelanin (associated with a brown iris colour). The combination of light-induced stress and aging may affect pheomelanin-carrying melanocytes in a different way than eumelanin-carrying melanocytes, increasing the risk of developing a malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; (A.P.A.W.); (A.A.M.R.); (G.P.M.L.)
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16
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Felton SJ, Shin BB, Watson REB, Kift R, Webb AR, Rhodes LE. Photoprotection conferred by low level summer sunlight exposures against pro-inflammatory UVR insult. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:810-818. [PMID: 33856672 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Felton
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - B B Shin
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R E B Watson
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - R Kift
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A R Webb
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - L E Rhodes
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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17
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Krutmann J, Passeron T, Gilaberte Y, Granger C, Leone G, Narda M, Schalka S, Trullas C, Masson P, Lim HW. Photoprotection of the future: challenges and opportunities. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:447-454. [PMID: 31898355 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of sunscreens is an important and essential component of photoprotection. Since their introduction during the first half of the last century, sunscreens have benefited enormously from major technological advances such as the development of novel UV filters; as a result, their efficacy in preventing UV-induced erythema is unequivocal. More recently, however, new challenges have appeared, which have prompted a robust discussion about the safety of sunscreens. These include topics directly related to photoprotection of human skin such as improved/alternative methods for standardization of assessment of the efficacy of sunscreens, but also many others such as photoprotection beyond UV, concerns about human toxicity and ecological safety, the potential of oral photoprotective measures, consequences of innovative galenic formulations. On a first glance, some of these might raise questions and doubts among dermatologists, physicians and the general public about the use sunscreens as a means of photoprotection. This situation has prompted us to critically review such challenges, but also opportunities, based on existing scientific evidence. We conclude by providing our vision about how such challenges can be met best in the future in an attempt to create the ideal sunscreen, which should provide adequate and balanced protection and be easy and safe to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, Université Côte d'Azur. Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France.,Inserm U1065, C3M, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Y Gilaberte
- Dermatology Department, IIS Aragon, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.,University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Granger
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Leone
- San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - M Narda
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Schalka
- Medcin Skin Research Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Trullas
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Masson
- Phi Consulting, Bordeaux, France
| | - H W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Sunscreens in the United States: Current Status and Future Outlook. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:355-379. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Kohli I, Nahhas AF, Braunberger TL, Chaowattanapanit S, Mohammad TF, Nicholson CL, Kollias N, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH. Spectral characteristics of visible light‐induced pigmentation and visible light protection factor. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 35:393-399. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology Henry Ford Hospital Detroit Michigan
| | - Amanda F. Nahhas
- Department of Dermatology Beaumont Hospital-Farmington Hills Farmington Hills Michigan
| | | | - Suteeraporn Chaowattanapanit
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine Srinagarind Hospital Medical School, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Henry W. Lim
- Department of Dermatology Henry Ford Hospital Detroit Michigan
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20
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Lei X, Xu P, Cheng B. Problems and Solutions for Platelet-Rich Plasma in Facial Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2019; 43:457-469. [PMID: 30327852 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-018-1256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been widely applied in orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, burns, and plastic surgery, especially in facial rejuvenation. Research is ongoing into new indications and mechanisms of PRP to promote its wider, safer, and more effective use in the clinic. This article reviews the possible mechanisms of PRP in facial rejuvenation and related research. It is expected that the application of PRP in this field will increase. METHODS The use of PRP in facial rejuvenation was screened using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The relevant articles were searched through Pubmed digest database, SCI full-text database, ScienceDirect full-text database, and the CNKI full-text database. The different effects and limitations of PRP were extracted. RESULTS A total of 108 articles were obtained, including 18 articles researching PRP in cells, 10 articles on animal research using PRP, 16 articles on the clinical study of PRP, 24 articles involving signs of skin aging, and four articles on the limitations of PRP. The remaining articles were related to the preparation of PRP, the introduction of PRP, and other aspects. CONCLUSION Based on in vitro and in vivo research, PRP may play a role in promoting tissue regeneration, oxidative stress and revascularization, which form the theoretical basis for the use of PRP in the clinical treatment of facial rejuvenation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Lei
- The Graduate School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Center of Wound Treatment, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Center of Wound Treatment, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Biao Cheng
- The Graduate School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Center of Wound Treatment, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, China.
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21
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Nahhas AF, Abdel-Malek ZA, Kohli I, Braunberger TL, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH. The potential role of antioxidants in mitigating skin hyperpigmentation resulting from ultraviolet and visible light-induced oxidative stress. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2018; 35:420-428. [PMID: 30198587 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an integral element that influences a variety of biochemical reactions throughout the body and is known to play a notable role in melanogenesis. Exogenous triggers of oxidative stress, such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visible light (VL), lead to pigment formation through somewhat different pathways, but both share a common endpoint-the potential to generate cosmetically undesirable hyperpigmentation. Though organic and inorganic sunscreens are available to protect against the UVR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, coverage is lacking to protect against the VL spectrum. In this manuscript, we review the phases of tanning, pathways of melanogenesis triggered by UVR and VL, and the associated impact of oxidative stress. We also discuss the known intrinsic mechanisms and paracrine regulation of melanocytes that influence their response to UVR. Understanding these mechanisms and their role in UVR-induced hyperpigmentation should potentially lead to identification of useful targets that can be coupled with antioxidant therapy to alleviate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Nahhas
- Department of Dermatology, Beaumont-Farmington Hills, Farmington Hills, Michigan.,Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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22
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Tanaka H, Yamashita Y, Umezawa K, Hirobe T, Ito S, Wakamatsu K. The Pro-Oxidant Activity of Pheomelanin is Significantly Enhanced by UVA Irradiation: Benzothiazole Moieties Are More Reactive than Benzothiazine Moieties. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2889. [PMID: 30249034 PMCID: PMC6213070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally considered that eumelanin (EM) is photoprotective while pheomelanin (PM) is phototoxic. A recent study using a mouse model demonstrated that PM produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause DNA damage and eventually lead to melanomagenesis. A biochemical study showed that PM possesses a pro-oxidant activity. PM consists of benzothiazine (BT) and benzothiazole (BZ) moieties, BT moieties being transformed to BZ moieties by heat or light. In this study, we compared the effects of ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation using synthetic PMs with different BT to BZ ratios and using various coat color mouse hairs. We found that UVA irradiation of BZ-PM increased glutathione (GSH) depletion and generated more H₂O₂ than UVA irradiation of BT-PM. Non-irradiated controls did not exhibit strong pro-oxidant activities. Upon UVA irradiation, yellow mouse hairs oxidized GSH and produced H₂O₂ faster than black or albino mouse hairs. Next, to examine the mechanism of the pro-oxidant activity of BT-PM and BZ-PM, we examined the pro-oxidant activities of 7-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBTCA) and 6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-4-hydroxybenzothiazole (BZ-AA) as BT and BZ monomers, respectively. Their pro-oxidant activities were similar, but a large difference was seen in the effects of ROS scavengers, which suggests that the redox reactions may proceed via singlet oxygen in BZ-AA and via superoxide anions in DHBTCA. These results show that UVA enhances the pro-oxidant activity of PM, in particular BZ-PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Kana Umezawa
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Tomohisa Hirobe
- Laboratory for Cell Culture and Pathology, Shinjuku Skin Clinic, Kawase Building BF1, Shinjuku 3-17-5, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0022, Japan.
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
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23
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Panzella L, Ebato A, Napolitano A, Koike K. The Late Stages of Melanogenesis: Exploring the Chemical Facets and the Application Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1753. [PMID: 29899264 PMCID: PMC6032422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the late stages of melanin biosynthesis involving the oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) have been extensively investigated. Most of the information derived from a biomimetic approach in which the oxidation of melanogenic indoles was carried out under conditions mimicking those occurring in the biological environment. Characterization of the early oligomers allowed for drawing a structural picture of DHI and DHICA melanins, providing also an interpretative basis for the different properties exhibited by these pigments, e.g., the chromophore and the antioxidant ability. The improved knowledge has opened new perspectives toward the exploitation of the unique chemistry of melanins and its precursors in cosmetic and health care applications. A noticeable example is the development of an innovative hair dyeing system that is based on the marked ease of DHI to give rise to black melanin on air oxidation under slightly alkaline conditions. The advantage of this method for a step-wise coverage of gray hair with a natural shade pigmentation on repeated treatment with a DHI-based formulation with respect to traditional dyes is presented. A variant of DHICA melanin combining solubility in water-miscible organic solvents, an intense chromophore in the UltraViolet-A UV-A region, and a marked antioxidant potency was evaluated as an ingredient for cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Atsuko Ebato
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Kenzo Koike
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo 131-8501, Japan.
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Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Sarna T. Photodegradation of Eumelanin and Pheomelanin and Its Pathophysiological Implications. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 94:409-420. [PMID: 28873228 DOI: 10.1111/php.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is photoprotective for pigmented tissues while pheomelanin is phototoxic. In this review, we summarize current understanding of how eumelanin and pheomelanin structures are modified by ultraviolet A (UVA) and also by visible light and how reactive oxygen species participate in those processes. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation was employed to characterize eumelanin and benzothiazole-type pheomelanin, giving pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and thiazole-2,4,5-tricarboxylic acid (TTCA), respectively. Reductive hydrolysis with hydroiodic acid gives 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine (4-AHP) from the benzothiazine moiety of pheomelanin. The results show that the photoaging of eumelanin gives rise to free PTCA (produced by peroxidation in situ) and pyrrole-2,3,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid (PTeCA, produced by cross-linking). The TTCA/4-AHP ratio increases with photoaging, indicating the conversion of benzothiazine to the benzothiazole moiety. Analysis of those markers and their ratios show that both eumelanin and pheomelanin in human retinal pigment epithelium melanosomes undergo extensive structural modifications due to their lifelong exposure to blue light. Using synthetic melanins, we also found that singlet oxygen, in addition to superoxide anions, is photogenerated and quenched upon UVA irradiation. The (patho)physiological significance of those findings is discussed in relation to the tanning process, to melanomagenesis in the skin and to age-related macular degeneration in the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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25
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An inhibitory mechanism of action of a novel syringic-acid derivative on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis. Life Sci 2017; 191:52-58. [PMID: 28993145 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To report the effects of a novel syringic-acid derivative, (R)-ethyl-2-acetamido-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoylthio)propanoate (EABTO), on melanin synthesis and to identify its mechanism of action in B16F1 melanoma cells. METHODS The effects of EABTO on melanin synthesis in B16F1 cells and human epidermal melanocytes and the influence on cell-free tyrosinase activity were evaluated. EABTO-induced cellular signaling cascades were studied by western blotting. KEY FINDINGS EABTO effectively decreased melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner but had no effect on cell-free tyrosinase activity. EABTO significantly decreased the expression of melanogenic enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1), and TRP-2. EABTO decreased the amounts of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), thereby inhibiting expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Moreover, EABTO upregulated phosphorylated ERK. A specific ERK pathway inhibitor, PD98059, reduced EABTO-induced ERK phosphorylation and restored the expression of MITF and melanin content. SIGNIFICANCE EABTO inhibits melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells via suppression of the cAMP-CREB pathway and activation of ERK, thus decreasing expression of MITF and of melanogenic enzymes.
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26
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Leung KS, Chan HF, Leung HH, Galano JM, Oger C, Durand T, Lee JCY. Short-time UVA exposure to human keratinocytes instigated polyunsaturated fatty acid without inducing lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:269-280. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1300885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hok Fung Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ho Hang Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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27
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Ito S, Kikuta M, Koike S, Szewczyk G, Sarna M, Zadlo A, Sarna T, Wakamatsu K. Roles of reactive oxygen species in UVA-induced oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid-melanin as studied by differential spectrophotometric method. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 29:340-51. [PMID: 26920809 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Eumelanin photoprotects pigmented tissues from ultraviolet (UV) damage. However, UVA-induced tanning seems to result from the photooxidation of preexisting melanin and does not contribute to photoprotection. We investigated the mechanism of UVA-induced degradation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA)-melanin taking advantage of its solubility in a neutral buffer and using a differential spectrophotometric method to detect subtle changes in its structure. Our methodology is suitable for examining the effects of various agents that interact with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to determine how ROS is involved in the UVA-induced oxidative modifications. The results show that UVA radiation induces the oxidation of DHICA to indole-5,6-quinone-2-carboxylic acid in eumelanin, which is then cleaved to form a photodegraded, pyrrolic moiety and finally to form free pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid. The possible involvement of superoxide radical and singlet oxygen in the oxidation was suggested. The generation and quenching of singlet oxygen by DHICA-melanin was confirmed by direct measurements of singlet oxygen phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Marina Kikuta
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shota Koike
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Chen TF, Baranoski GVG. Melanosome distribution patterns affecting skin reflectance: Implications for the in vivo estimation of epidermal melanin content. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:4415-8. [PMID: 26737274 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7319374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several techniques employed in the in vivo estimation of epidermal melanin content rely on the assumption that the effects of different distribution patterns of aggregated melanin (clustered within the melanosomes) on skin spectral responses, particularly across the 600-1350 nm range, can be ignored. Accordingly, for all practical purposes, only the non-aggregated (colloidal) form of melanin is taken into account by these techniques. In this paper, however, we demonstrate through predictive computer simulations that these responses are directly influenced by the occurrence of both forms of melanin. Our in silico findings, in turn, indicate that such an assumption may lead to inaccurate estimations of epidermal melanin content.
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29
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Calò R, Visone CM, Marabini L. Thymol and Thymus Vulgaris L. activity against UVA- and UVB-induced damage in NCTC 2544 cell line. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 791:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Friedman B, English JC, Ferris LK. Indoor Tanning, Skin Cancer and the Young Female Patient: A Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2015; 28:275-83. [PMID: 26119073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Young, non-Hispanic white females represent the population most likely to use indoor tanning facilities. This population may be at increased risk of skin cancer as recent meta-analyses support a strong association between cutaneous malignancy and indoor tanning. Public perception of the purported health benefits of indoor tanning may be partially to blame for the popularity of tanning salons as a desire to prepare skin prior to sun exposure is among the most commonly cited motivations for indoor tanning. Improving education and counseling to address misconceptions regarding tanning safety will require the participation of healthcare providers for both physical and psychological screenings as well as for information dissemination. This review presents the association between tanning bed use and skin cancer, biological effects of UV radiation exposure, UV burden associated with tanning devices, public perception of tanning, demographic and psychological profile of indoor tanners, and current legislation regulating tanning bed use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Friedman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joseph C English
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Laura K Ferris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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31
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Visible Light Induces Melanogenesis in Human Skin through a Photoadaptive Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130949. [PMID: 26121474 PMCID: PMC4488093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible light (400–700 nm) lies outside of the spectral range of what photobiologists define as deleterious radiation and as a result few studies have studied the effects of visible light range of wavelengths on skin. This oversight is important considering that during outdoors activities skin is exposed to the full solar spectrum, including visible light, and to multiple exposures at different times and doses. Although the contribution of the UV component of sunlight to skin damage has been established, few studies have examined the effects of non-UV solar radiation on skin physiology in terms of inflammation, and limited information is available regarding the role of visible light on pigmentation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of visible light on the pro-pigmentation pathways and melanin formation in skin. Exposure to visible light in ex-vivo and clinical studies demonstrated an induction of pigmentation in skin by visible light. Results showed that a single exposure to visible light induced very little pigmentation whereas multiple exposures with visible light resulted in darker and sustained pigmentation. These findings have potential implications on the management of photo-aggravated pigmentary disorders, the proper use of sunscreens, and the treatment of depigmented lesions.
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32
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Oh MC, Kim KC, Ko CI, Ahn YS, Hyun JW. Peptides-derived from Scales of Branchiostegus japonicus Inhibit Ultraviolet B-induced Oxidative Damage and Photo-aging in Skin Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2015.25.3.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Coelho SG, Valencia JC, Yin L, Smuda C, Mahns A, Kolbe L, Miller SA, Beer JZ, Zhang G, Tuma PL, Hearing VJ. UV exposure modulates hemidesmosome plasticity, contributing to long-term pigmentation in human skin. J Pathol 2015; 236:17-29. [PMID: 25488118 DOI: 10.1002/path.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human skin colour, ie pigmentation, differs widely among individuals, as do their responses to various types of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and their risks of skin cancer. In some individuals, UV-induced pigmentation persists for months to years in a phenomenon termed long-lasting pigmentation (LLP). It is unclear whether LLP is an indicator of potential risk for skin cancer. LLP seems to have similar features to other forms of hyperpigmentation, eg solar lentigines or age spots, which are clinical markers of photodamage and risk factors for precancerous lesions. To investigate what UV-induced molecular changes may persist in individuals with LLP, clinical specimens from non-sunburn-inducing repeated UV exposures (UVA, UVB or UVA + UVB) at 4 months post-exposure (short-term LLP) were evaluated by microarray analysis and dataset mining. Validated targets were further evaluated in clinical specimens from six healthy individuals (three LLP+ and three LLP-) followed for more than 9 months (long-term LLP) who initially received a single sunburn-inducing UVA + UVB exposure. The results support a UV-induced hyperpigmentation model in which basal keratinocytes have an impaired ability to remove melanin that leads to a compensatory mechanism by neighbouring keratinocytes with increased proliferative capacity to maintain skin homeostasis. The attenuated expression of SOX7 and other hemidesmosomal components (integrin α6β4 and plectin) leads to increased melanosome uptake by keratinocytes and points to a spatial regulation within the epidermis. The reduced density of hemidesmosomes provides supporting evidence for plasticity at the epidermal-dermal junction. Altered hemidesmosome plasticity, and the sustained nature of LLP, may be mediated by the role of SOX7 in basal keratinocytes. The long-term sustained subtle changes detected are modest, but sufficient to create dramatic visual differences in skin colour. These results suggest that the hyperpigmentation phenomenon leading to increased interdigitation develops in order to maintain normal skin homeostasis in individuals with LLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Yun CY, You ST, Kim JH, Chung JH, Han SB, Shin EY, Kim EG. p21-activated kinase 4 critically regulates melanogenesis via activation of the CREB/MITF and β-catenin/MITF pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1385-1394. [PMID: 25560280 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) regulates a wide range of cellular events, including cytoskeletal remodeling, cell growth, and survival. Our previous study identified PAK4 as a key regulator of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) that acts upstream of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a master transcription factor in melanogenesis. We therefore investigated the role of PAK4 in melanogenesis. Melanocytes express both PAK2 and PAK4 isoforms, but only RNA interference knockdown of PAK4 significantly influenced α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Consistent with this result, PAK4 inhibition by PF3758309, a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of PAKs, suppressed not only α-MSH-induced melanogenesis in B16 melanoma and human epithelial melanocyte cells but also UVB-induced melanogenesis in the skin of melanin-possessing hairless mice (HRM-2) in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of PAK4 over several days markedly decreased the levels of CREB, MITF, and tyrosinase in both HRM-2 mice and B16 melanoma cells. Moreover, PAK4 knockdown and inhibition suppressed α-MSH-stimulated β-catenin phosphorylation at serine 675 (S675) but enhanced phosphorylation at S33/37, an indicator for ubiquitination-dependent proteolysis. Together, our results provide evidence that PAK4 promotes α-MSH/UVB-induced melanogenesis via the CREB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and suggest that PAK4 may be a potential therapeutic target in pigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Yong Yun
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Soon-Tae You
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Kim
- R&D Center, Hanbul Cosmetics Co. Ltd, Chungbuk, Korea.
| | - Jin H Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and CBITRC, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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35
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Coelho SG, Yin L, Smuda C, Mahns A, Kolbe L, Hearing VJ. Photobiological implications of melanin photoprotection after UVB-induced tanning of human skin but not UVA-induced tanning. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:210-6. [PMID: 25417821 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive suberythemal UVA and/or UVB exposures were used to generate comparable UV-induced tans in human skin over the course of 2 weeks. To evaluate the potential photoprotective values of those UVA- and/or UVB- induced tans and to avoid the confounding issue of residual UV-induced DNA damage, we waited 1 week before challenging those areas with a 1.5 MED of UVA+UVB after which we measure DNA damage. The results show that the type of UV used to induce skin pigmentation affects the redistribution of melanin in the skin and/or de novo melanin synthesis. The UVA-induced tans failed to even provide a minimal SPF of 1.5, which suggests that producing a tan with UVA-rich sunlamps prior to a holiday or vacation is completely counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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O'Sullivan NA, Tait CP. Tanning bed and nail lamp use and the risk of cutaneous malignancy: A review of the literature. Australas J Dermatol 2014; 55:99-106. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare P Tait
- Dermatology Department; Royal Perth Hospital; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Dermatology Specialist Group; Perth Western Australia Australia
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37
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Yeom GGM, Min S, Kim SY. 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine of Ephedra sinica regulates melanogenesis and inflammation in a UVA-induced melanoma/keratinocytes co-culture system. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 18:262-9. [PMID: 24333010 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is known as a composition of Ephedra sinica and it has been used in the treatment of several disorders such as asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence. It has been reported that TMP inhibits melanoma metastasis and suppression angiogenesis by VEGF. OBJECTIVE The inhibitory activity of melanogenic proteins by TMP was confirmed in UVA-induced melanoma/keratinocyte co-culture system in this paper. METHODS The melanin content, cell viability and cytokines release such as TNFα, IL-1β, IL-8 and GM-CSF were measured by ELISA assay. In addition, TRP1, MITF and MAPK signaling protein expression were also evaluated by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS Decreasing melanogenic factors (TRP1, MITF, and MAPK) and factors (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-8, and GM-CSF) improving skin cancer and inflammation were identified. CONCLUSION It suggests that TMP can serve as a potent candidate for regulation of melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoseon Goya M Yeom
- Skin Science, R&D Center, iPEERES Cosmetics Ltd., 104, Je2gongdan 1-gil, Miyang-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 456-843, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seona Min
- Laboratory of Microbiology, INOMAX, 16, Goji 5-gil, Jeongnam-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 445-962, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- Gachon Univ. of Medicine and Science, 191, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-799 Korea.
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38
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Yuan C, Wang XM, Yang LJ, Wu PL. Tranexamic acid accelerates skin barrier recovery and upregulates occludin in damaged skin. Int J Dermatol 2013; 53:959-65. [PMID: 23967870 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Department of Skin & Cosmetic Research; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Xue-Min Wang
- Department of Skin & Cosmetic Research; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Li-Jie Yang
- Department of Skin & Cosmetic Research; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Pei-Lan Wu
- Department of Skin & Cosmetic Research; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital; Shanghai China
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Sklar LR, Almutawa F, Lim HW, Hamzavi I. Effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on erythema and pigmentation: a review. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:54-64. [PMID: 23111621 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25152c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on cutaneous erythema, immediate pigment darkening, persistent pigment darkening, and delayed tanning are affected by a variety of factors. Some of these factors include the depth of cutaneous penetration of the specific wavelength, the individual skin type, and the absorption spectra of the different chromophores in the skin. UVB is an effective spectrum to induce erythema, which is followed by delayed tanning. UVA induces immediate pigment darkening, persistent pigment darkening, and delayed tanning. At high doses, UVA (primarily UVA2) can also induce erythema in individuals with skin types I-II. Visible light has been shown to induce erythema and a tanning response in dark skin, but not in fair skinned individuals. Infrared radiation produces erythema, which is probably a thermal effect. In this article we reviewed the available literature on the effects of ultraviolet radiation, visible light, and infrared radiation on the skin in regards to erythema and pigmentation. Much remains to be learned on the cutaneous effects of visible light and infrared radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Sklar
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, 3031 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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40
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Xu D, Yuan R, Gu H, Liu T, Tu Y, Yang Z, He L. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the transforming growth factor beta 1/Smads pathway and p53 in actinic keratosis and normal skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:777-86. [PMID: 23632819 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is considered to be essential for the progression of actinic keratosis (AK) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); however, the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. To understand this process, the effects of UV radiation on the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)/Smads pathway and p53 in normal skin and AK were studied. Normal human skin and AK tissues were cultured and divided into the following four groups according to the UV radiation dose: 0 (control group), 5, 10, and 20 J/cm2. The tissues were radiated for four consecutive days; 24 h after radiation, the tissues were collected for investigation. Compared with the control group, greater proliferative inhibition and apoptosis were induced by UV radiation in normal skin than AK. The expression of TGFβ1, Smad7, and p53 was increased in AK and normal skin, while the level of TβRII was decreased. Smad2 was reduced in AK only. The expressions of TβRI, Smad3, and Smad4 were not significantly changed. The results demonstrated that although p53 was induced, suppression of the TGFβ1/Smads pathway by UV radiation might contribute to the progression of AK to SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Research Center of Dermatology of Yunnan Province, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
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41
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Balaraman B, Biesbroeck LK, Lickerman SH, Cornelius LA, Jeffe DB. Practices of unregulated tanning facilities in Missouri: implications for statewide legislation. Pediatrics 2013; 131:415-22. [PMID: 23439910 PMCID: PMC4074666 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of skin cancer has increased in the United States, concomitant with increased UV radiation (UVR) exposure among young adults. We examined whether tanning facilities in Missouri, a state without indoor-tanning regulations, acted in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration's recommendations and consistently imparted information to potential clients about the known risks of UVR. METHODS We conducted a statewide telephone survey of randomly selected tanning facilities in Missouri. Each tanning facility was surveyed twice, in the morning (7 am-3 pm) and evening (3-10 pm), on different days, to determine intrasalon consistency of information provided to potential clients at different times. RESULTS On average, 65% of 243 tanning-facility operators would allow children as young as 10 or 12 years old to use indoor-tanning devices, 80% claimed that indoor tanning would prevent future sunburns, and 43% claimed that there were no risks associated with indoor tanning. Intrasalon inconsistencies involved allowable age of use, and UVR exposure type and duration. Morning tanning-facility employees were more likely to allow consumers to start with maximum exposure times and UV-A-emitting devices (P < .001), whereas evening employees were more likely to allow 10- or 12-year-old children to use indoor-tanning devices (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS Despite increasing evidence that UVR exposure in indoor-tanning devices is associated with skin cancer, ocular damage, and premature photoaging, tanning facilities in Missouri often misinformed consumers regarding these risks and lack of health benefits and inconsistently provided information about the Food and Drug Administration's guidelines for tanning devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brundha Balaraman
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Lauren K. Biesbroeck
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie H. Lickerman
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; and
| | - Lynn A. Cornelius
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Donna B. Jeffe
- Division of Health Behavior Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri;,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Physicians need to be prepared to counsel patients on why and how to protect themselves from damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including the proper use of sunscreens. In this article, we review the interplay between UV radiation, sunscreens and the skin, highlighting current controversies and recommendations surrounding sunscreen use. RECENT FINDINGS An important concept is that excessive UV exposure has long-term damaging effects on the skin beyond the immediate sunburn. Recent discoveries of the role of UVA radiation in skin cancer development have set high standards for broad-spectrum coverage to be met by sunscreens. Current evidence does not support an association between sunscreen use and melanoma, systemic toxicity or vitamin D deficiency. Although sunscreen application is the most common modality for sun protection, many people do not use it correctly. Regular sunscreen use during childhood and adolescence can significantly reduce lifetime incidence of skin cancer; therefore, targeting children in pediatric offices regarding unprotected UV exposure may be a practical approach. SUMMARY Sunscreens continue to be a major method of photoprotection among the public, offering numerous benefits that clearly outweigh potential risks; however, optimizing the use of sunscreens, especially among children and adolescents, remains a major challenge.
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Wakamatsu K, Nakanishi Y, Miyazaki N, Kolbe L, Ito S. UVA-induced oxidative degradation of melanins: fission of indole moiety in eumelanin and conversion to benzothiazole moiety in pheomelanin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:434-45. [PMID: 22551214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin is photoprotective while pheomelanin is phototoxic to pigmented tissues. Ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced tanning seems to result from the photooxidation of pre-existing melanin and contributes no photoprotection. However, data available for melanin biodegradation remain limited. In this study, we first examined photodegradation of eumelanin and pheomelanin in human black hairs and found that the ratio of Free (formed by peroxidation in situ) to Total (after hydrogen peroxide oxidation) pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) increases with hair aging, indicating fission of the dihydroxyindole moiety. In red hair, the ratio of thiazole-2,4,5-tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) to 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine (4-AHP) increases with aging, indicating the conversion from benzothiazine to benzothiazole moiety. These photodegradation of melanins were confirmed by UVA (not UVB) irradiation of melanins from mice and human hairs and synthetic eumelanin and pheomelanin. These results show that both eumelanin and pheomelanin degrade by UVA and that Free/Total PTCA and TTCA/4-AHP ratios serve as sensitive indicators of photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Hirobe T, Wakamatsu K, Ito S. A new mutation of mouse ruby-eye 2, ru2(d)/Hps5(ru2-d) inhibits eumelanin synthesis but stimulates pheomelanin synthesis in melanocytes. Zoolog Sci 2012; 29:652-61. [PMID: 23030338 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.29.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a novel mutation, characterized by light-colored coats and ruby eyes, which occurred spontaneously in mice in our laboratory, exhibited deletion in the Hps5 gene (ru2(d)/Hps5(ru2-d)). To clarify the mechanism of this hypopigmentation, the characteristics of the neonatal development of ru2(d)/ru2(d) melanocytes were investigated in detail with special reference to those of +/+ melanocytes. In ru2(d)/ru2(d) mice, there were fewer epidermal melanocytes than in +/+ mice, whereas there was no difference in numbers of epidermal melanoblasts in +/+ and ru2(d)/ru2(d)mice, both in dorsal and ventral skin. Epidermal melanocytes with increased dopa-melanin deposition and dendritogenesis were greatly increased by injecting L-Tyr subcutaneously into newborn ru2(d)/ru2(d) mice. The eumelanin content in the epidermis and dermis in postnatal ru2(d)/ru2(d) mice was much lower than in +/+ mice, whereas similar pheomelanin content was observed 5.5 or 7.5 days after birth both in dorsal and ventral skins. Moreover, the eumelanin content in the dorsal and ventral hairs in 5-week-old ru2(d)/ru2(d) mice was much lower than in +/+ mice, whereas pheomelanin content was two to four times greater than in +/+ mice. These results suggest that the ru2(d) allele suppresses the differentiation of melanocytes through the inhibition of eumelanin synthesis, but stimulates pheomelanin synthesis in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Risk Reduction Research Program, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Juzeniene A, Moan J. Beneficial effects of UV radiation other than via vitamin D production. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2012; 4:109-17. [PMID: 22928066 PMCID: PMC3427189 DOI: 10.4161/derm.20013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most of the positive effects of solar radiation are mediated via ultraviolet-B (UVB) induced production of vitamin D in skin. However, several other pathways may exist for the action of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on humans as focused on in this review. One is induction of cosmetic tanning (immediate pigment darkening, persistent pigment darkening and delayed tanning). UVB-induced, delayed tanning (increases melanin in skin after several days), acts as a sunscreen. Several human skin diseases, like psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis and localized scleroderma, can be treated with solar radiation (heliotherapy) or artificial UV radiation (phototherapy). UV exposure can suppress the clinical symptoms of multiple sclerosis independently of vitamin D synthesis. Furthermore, UV generates nitric oxide (NO), which may reduce blood pressure and generally improve cardiovascular health. UVA-induced NO may also have antimicrobial effects and furthermore, act as a neurotransmitter. Finally, UV exposure may improve mood through the release of endorphins.
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Maddodi N, Jayanthy A, Setaluri V. Shining light on skin pigmentation: the darker and the brighter side of effects of UV radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1075-82. [PMID: 22404235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The term barrier function as applied to human skin often connotes the physical properties of this organ that provides protection from its surrounding environment. This term does not generally include skin pigmentation. However, skin pigmentation, which is the result of melanin produced in melanocytes residing in the basal layer of the skin and exported to the keratinocytes in the upper layers, serves equally important protective function. Indeed, changes in skin pigmentation are often the most readily recognized indicators of exposure of skin to damaging agents, especially to natural and artificial radiation in the environment. Several recent studies have shed new light on (1) the mechanisms involved in selective effects of subcomponents of UV radiation on human skin pigmentation and (2) the interactive influences between keratinocytes and melanocytes, acting as "epidermal melanin unit," that manifest as changes in skin pigmentation in response to exposure to various forms of radiation. This article provides a concise review of our current understanding of the effects of the nonionizing solar radiation, at cellular and molecular levels, on human skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Maddodi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Mitchell D, Fernandez A. The photobiology of melanocytes modulates the impact of UVA on sunlight-induced melanoma. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:69-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05146f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Moan J, Nielsen KP, Juzeniene A. Immediate pigment darkening: its evolutionary roles may include protection against folate photosensitization. FASEB J 2011; 26:971-5. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Moan
- Department of Radiation BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchNorwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalMontebelloNorway
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation BiologyInstitute for Cancer ResearchNorwegian Radium HospitalOslo University HospitalMontebelloNorway
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UVA phototransduction drives early melanin synthesis in human melanocytes. Curr Biol 2011; 21:1906-11. [PMID: 22055294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of human skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a powerful carcinogen [1] comprising ~95% ultraviolet A (UVA) and ~5% ultraviolet B (UVB) at the Earth's surface, promotes melanin synthesis in epidermal melanocytes [2, 3], which protects skin from DNA damage [4, 5]. UVB causes DNA lesions [6] that lead to transcriptional activation of melanin-producing enzymes, resulting in delayed skin pigmentation within days [7]. In contrast, UVA causes primarily oxidative damage [8] and leads to immediate pigment darkening (IPD) within minutes, via an unknown mechanism [9, 10]. No receptor protein directly mediating phototransduction in skin has been identified. Here we demonstrate that exposure of primary human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) to UVA causes calcium mobilization and early melanin synthesis. Calcium responses were abolished by treatment with G protein or phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors or by depletion of intracellular calcium stores. We show that the visual photopigment rhodopsin [11] is expressed in HEMs and contributes to UVR phototransduction. Upon UVR exposure, significant melanin production was measured within one hour; cellular melanin continued to increase in a retinal- and calcium-dependent manner up to 5-fold after 24 hr. Our findings identify a novel UVA-sensitive signaling pathway in melanocytes that leads to calcium mobilization and melanin synthesis and may underlie the mechanism of IPD in human skin.
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Ito S, Nakanishi Y, Valenzuela RK, Brilliant MH, Kolbe L, Wakamatsu K. Usefulness of alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation to analyze eumelanin and pheomelanin in various tissue samples: application to chemical analysis of human hair melanins. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:605-13. [PMID: 21535429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eumelanin and pheomelanin in tissue samples can be specifically measured as the markers pyrrole-2,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) and 4-amino-3-hydroxyphenylalanine after acidic permanganate oxidation and hydroiodic acid hydrolysis, respectively. Those degradation methods, although widely applied, are not easily performed in most laboratories. To overcome this difficulty, we developed alkaline H(2)O(2) oxidation in 1 M K(2)CO(3) that produces, in addition to the eumelanin marker PTCA, thiazole-2,4,5-tricarboxylic acid (TTCA) and thiazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (TDCA) as markers for pheomelanin and pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) as a marker for 5,6-dihydroxyindole-derived eumelanin. Those four degradation products can be easily separated by HPLC and analyzed with ultraviolet detection. The alkaline H(2)O(2) oxidation method is simple, reproducible and applicable to all pigmented tissues. Its application to characterize eumelanin and pheomelanin in human hair shows that PTCA and TTCA serve as specific markers for eumelanin and pheomelanin, respectively, although some caution is needed regarding the artificial production of TTCA from eumelanic tissue proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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