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Adamu K, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Mohammed H, Deresse G, Zekarias M, Chala W, Gelaye E. Lumpy skin disease virus isolation, experimental infection, and evaluation of disease development in a calf. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20460. [PMID: 39227598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the most economically significant viral diseases of cattle caused by the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), classified as a member of the genus Capripoxvirus and belongs to the family Poxviridae. Nodular skin samples were collected from clinically sick cattle in the districts of Amuru and Wara Jarso Ethiopia to isolate LSD virus. The virus was isolated using primary lamb testis and kidney cells. The isolated LSDV was infected into a healthy calf while maintaining the necessary biosecurity measures to generate skin lesions and to assess disease progression using postmortem examinations. On the fourth day after virus inoculation, the calf developed typical LSD skin nodules with increased rectal temperature, which lasted until the 12th day, when they began to decrease. Viral shedding was detected in nasal, oral, and conjunctival swabs from 6 to 14 days after infection using real-time PCR. Post-mortem tissue specimens tested positive for LSD virus using real-time PCR and virus isolation. This study showed that LSDV were responsible for the LSD outbreaks, and the appearance of typical skin nodules accompanied by fever (> 39.5 °C) defined the virus's virulent status. The experimental infection with the isolated infectious LSDV could serve as a platform for future vaccine evaluation study using an LSDV challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassaye Adamu
- Virology Laboratory, Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Takele Abayneh
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Belayneh Getachew
- Virology Laboratory, Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Hawa Mohammed
- Virology Laboratory, Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mariamawit Zekarias
- Viral Vaccine Production Laboratory, Vaccine Production Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Workisa Chala
- Viral Vaccine Quality Control Laboratory, Quality Control Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Di Giuseppe A, Zenobio V, Dall'Acqua F, Di Sabatino D, Calistri P. Lumpy Skin Disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:261-276. [PMID: 38811129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious non-zoonotic viral disease of cattle. The disease raises great concern due to the recent rapid spread toward free countries and reoccurrence in countries where control and preventive measures had achieved eradication. Deep nodules involving skin, subcutaneous tissue, and occasionally muscles are localized mostly in the head, neck, perineum, genitalia, udder, and limbs. LSD can cause large economic losses mainly because of the decline in milk production and the decrease in hide value, in addition to the ban of movement of animals and animal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Di Giuseppe
- Veterinary Operations Center for Epidemiology, Programming, Information (COVEPI), Istituto Zooprofilattico dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale" or Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Abruzzo and Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy.
| | - Valentina Zenobio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Dall'Acqua
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentaledell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
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You T, Wang M, Zhang H, Wang X, Gao X, Yin X, Sun Y, Wang G, Chen HT, Ren S. Identification of the murine osteoblastic cell MC3T3-E1 as a permissive cell line in response to lumpy skin disease virus. J Virol Methods 2024; 326:114916. [PMID: 38479589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in China. Screening suitable cells for LSDV replication is vital for future research on pathogenic mechanisms and vaccine development. Previous comparative studies have identified that the rodent-derived BHK21 is a highly susceptible cell model to LSDV infection. Using western blot, indirect immune-fluorescence assay, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy methods, this study is the first to identify the murine osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 as a novel permissive cell model for LSDV infection. The establishment of MC3T3-E1 as a suitable infectious cell model enhances our understanding of the species range and cell types of the permissive cells and nonpermissive that support LSDV replication. It is helpful to accelerate future research on the pathogenesis, clinical application, and vaccine development of LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting You
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Gao
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, PR China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Guirong Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Hao-Tai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
| | - Shanhui Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
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Shumilova I, Prutnikov P, Mazloum A, Krotova A, Tenitilov N, Byadovskaya O, Chvala I, Prokhvatilova L, Sprygin A. Subclinical infection caused by a recombinant vaccine-like strain poses high risks of lumpy skin disease virus transmission. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1330657. [PMID: 38628945 PMCID: PMC11019024 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary viral infection, affecting cattle with characteristic manifestations involving multiple body systems. A distinctive characteristic of lumpy skin disease is the subclinical disease manifestation wherein animals have viremia and shed the virus through nasal and ocular discharges, while exhibiting no nodules but enlarged lymph nodes that are easily oversighted by inexperienced vets. Further research on the role of subclinically ill animals in the transmission of LSD virus (LSDV) can contribute to the development of more effective tools to control the disease worldwide. Thus, this study aims to determine the potential role of subclinical infection in virus transmission in a non-vector-borne manner. To achieve this, we inoculated animals with the recombinant vaccine-like strain (RVLS) Udmurtiya/2019 to cause clinical and subclinical LSDV infection. After the disease manifestation, we relocated the subclinically ill animals to a new clean facility followed by the introduction of another five animals to determine the role of RVLS-induced subclinical infection in the virus transmission via direct/indirect contact. After the introduction of the naïve animals to the relocated subclinically ill ones in a shared airspace, two introduced animals contracted the virus (clinically and subclinically), showing symptoms of fever, viremia, and seroconversion in one animal, while three other introduced animals remained healthy and PCR-negative until the end of the study. In general, the findings of this study suggest the importance of considering LSDV subclinical infection as a high-risk condition in disease management and outbreak investigations.
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Di Felice E, Pinoni C, Rossi E, Amatori G, Mancuso E, Iapaolo F, Taraschi A, Di Teodoro G, Di Donato G, Ronchi GF, Mercante MT, Di Ventura M, Morelli D, Monaco F. Susceptibility of Mediterranean Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) following Experimental Infection with Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:466. [PMID: 38543831 PMCID: PMC10974937 DOI: 10.3390/v16030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle and water buffalo characterized by cutaneous nodules, biphasic fever, and lymphadenitis. LSD is endemic in Africa and the Middle East but has spread to different Asian countries in recent years. The disease is well characterized in cattle while little is known about the disease in buffaloes in which no experimental studies have been conducted. Six buffaloes and two cattle were inoculated with an Albanian LSD virus (LSDV) field strain and clinically monitored for 42 days. Only two buffaloes showed fever, skin nodules, and lymphadenitis. All samples collected (blood, swabs, biopsies, and organs) were tested in real-time PCR and were negative. Between day 39 and day 42 after inoculation, anti-LSDV antibodies were detected in three buffaloes by ELISA, but all sera were negative by virus neutralization test (VNT). Cattle showed severe clinical signs, viremia, virus shedding proven by positive real-time PCR results, and seroconversion confirmed by both ELISA and VNT. Clinical findings suggest that susceptibility in buffaloes is limited compared to in cattle once experimentally infected with LSDV. Virological results support the hypothesis of buffalo resistance to LSD and its role as an accidental non-adapted host. This study highlights that the sensitivity of ELISA and VNT may differ between animal species and further studies are needed to investigate the epidemiological role of water buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Felice
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
- Servizio Veterinario Igiene degli Allevamenti e Produzioni Zootecniche, ASL2 Lanciano Vasto Chieti, 66054 Vasto, Italy
| | - Chiara Pinoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Giorgia Amatori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Elisa Mancuso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Iapaolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Angela Taraschi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Guido Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Gaetano Federico Ronchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Mercante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Mauro Di Ventura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.P.); (E.R.); (G.A.); (E.M.); (F.I.); (A.T.); (G.D.T.); (G.F.R.); (M.T.M.); (M.D.V.); (D.M.); (F.M.)
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Sudhakar SB, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Sharma RK, Ahirwar K, Vashist VS, Agarwal S, Sanyal A. Emergence of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection in domestic Himalayan yaks (Bos grunniens) in Himachal Pradesh, India. Arch Virol 2024; 169:51. [PMID: 38374459 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05994-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated and confirmed natural lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection in Himalayan yaks (Bos grunniens) in Himachal Pradesh, India, based on clinical manifestations and results of genome detection, antibody detection, virus isolation, and nucleotide sequencing. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis based on complete GPCR, RPO30, and EEV gene sequences revealed that the LSDV isolates from these yaks and local cattle belonged to LSDV subcluster 1.2.1 rather than the dominant subcluster 1.2.2, which is currently circulating in India, suggesting a separate recent introduction. This is the first report of natural LSDV infection in yaks in India, expanding the known host range of LSDV. Further investigations are needed to assess the impact of LSDV infection in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan Sudhakar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India.
| | - Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
| | - Ram Krishan Sharma
- Veterinary Hospital, Cheog, Theog-171209, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Khusboo Ahirwar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
| | - Vikram S Vashist
- State Veterinary Hospital Complex, Cart Road, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171001, India
| | - Sonam Agarwal
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462 022, India
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Yadav P, Kumar A, Nath SS, Devasurmutt Y, Shashidhar G, Joshi M, Puvar A, Sharma S, Raval J, Pandit R, Chavda P, Nagaraj S, Revanaiah Y, Patil D, Raval SK, Raval J, Kanani A, Thakar F, Kumar N, Reddy GBM, Joshi C, Gulati BR, Tatu U. Unravelling the genomic origins of lumpy skin disease virus in recent outbreaks. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:196. [PMID: 38373902 PMCID: PMC10875885 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus and family Poxviridae. LSDV was endemic in most of Africa, the Middle East and Turkey, but since 2015, several outbreaks have been reported in other countries. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing approach to investigate the origin of the outbreak and understand the genomic landscape of the virus. Our study showed that the LSDV strain of 2022 outbreak exhibited many genetic variations compared to the Reference Neethling strain sequence and the previous field strains. A total of 1819 variations were found in 22 genome sequences, which includes 399 extragenic mutations, 153 insertion frameshift mutations, 234 deletion frameshift mutations, 271 Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 762 silent SNPs. Thirty-eight genes have more than 2 variations per gene, and these genes belong to viral-core proteins, viral binding proteins, replication, and RNA polymerase proteins. We highlight the importance of several SNPs in various genes, which may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of LSDV. Phylogenetic analysis performed on all whole genome sequences of LSDV showed two types of variants in India. One group of the variant with fewer mutations was found to lie closer to the LSDV 2019 strain from Ranchi while the other group clustered with previous Russian outbreaks from 2015. Our study highlights the importance of genomic characterization of viral outbreaks to not only monitor the frequency of mutations but also address its role in pathogenesis of LSDV as the outbreak continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Ankeet Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sujith S Nath
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Yashas Devasurmutt
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Apurvasinh Puvar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Sonal Sharma
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Janvi Raval
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | | | - Priyank Chavda
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Sudeep Nagaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Yogisharadhya Revanaiah
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Deepak Patil
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - S K Raval
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigar Raval
- Kamdhenu University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-NRC on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | | | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Baldev Raj Gulati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Utpal Tatu
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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Sharko FS, Mazloum A, Krotova AO, Byadovskaya OP, Prokhvatilova LB, Chvala IA, Zolotikov UE, Kozlova AD, Krylova AS, Grosfeld EV, Prokopenko AV, Korzhenkov AA, Patrushev MV, Namsaraev ZB, Sprygin AV, Toshchakov SV. Metagenomic profiling of viral and microbial communities from the pox lesions of lumpy skin disease virus and sheeppox virus-infected hosts. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1321202. [PMID: 38420205 PMCID: PMC10899707 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1321202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It has been recognized that capripoxvirus infections have a strong cutaneous tropism with the manifestation of skin lesions in the form of nodules and scabs in the respective hosts, followed by necrosis and sloughing off. Considering that the skin microbiota is a complex community of commensal bacteria, fungi and viruses that are influenced by infections leading to pathological states, there is no evidence on how the skin microbiome is affected during capripoxvirus pathogenesis. Methods In this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to investigate the microbiome in pox lesions from hosts infected with lumpy skin disease virus and sheep pox virus. Results The analysis revealed a high degree of variability in bacterial community structures across affected skin samples, indicating the importance of specific commensal microorganisms colonizing individual hosts. The most common and abundant bacteria found in scab samples were Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Helcococcus ovis and Trueperella pyogenes, irrespective of host. Bacterial reads belonging to the genera Moraxella, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were identified. Discussion This study is the first to investigate capripox virus-associated changes in the skin microbiome using whole-genome metagenomic profiling. The findings will provide a basis for further investigation into capripoxvirus pathogenesis. In addition, this study highlights the challenge of selecting an optimal bioinformatics approach for the analysis of metagenomic data in clinical and veterinary practice. For example, direct classification of reads using a kmer-based algorithm resulted in a significant number of systematic false positives, which may be attributed to the peculiarities of the algorithm and database selection. On the contrary, the process of de novo assembly requires a large number of target reads from the symbiotic microbial community. In this work, the obtained sequencing data were processed by three different approaches, including direct classification of reads based on k-mers, mapping of reads to a marker gene database, and de novo assembly and binning of metagenomic contigs. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and their practicality in veterinary settings are discussed in relation to the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor S. Sharko
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health FGBI ARRIAH, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Ilya A. Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health FGBI ARRIAH, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Erika V. Grosfeld
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, Dolgoprudny, Russia
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Moudgil G, Chadha J, Khullar L, Chhibber S, Harjai K. Lumpy skin disease: Insights into current status and geographical expansion of a transboundary viral disease. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106485. [PMID: 38052279 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary viral disease of livestock animals which was first reported in 1929 in Zambia. Although LSD is a neglected disease of economic importance, it extends a direct impact on the international trade and economy in livestock-dependent countries. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has been endemic in African countries, where several outbreaks have been reported previously. However, the virus has spread rapidly across the Middle East in the past two decades, reaching Russia and, recently, the Asian subcontinent. With unprecedented cluster outbreaks being reported across Asian countries like India, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, LSDV is certainly undergoing an epidemiological shift and expanding its geographical footprint worldwide. Due to high mortality among livestock animals, the recent LSD outbreaks have gained attention from global regulatory authorities and raised serious concerns among epidemiologists and veterinary researchers. Despite networked global surveillance of the disease, recurrent LSD cases pose a threat to the livestock industry. Hence, this review provides recent insights into the LSDV biology by augmenting the latest literature associated with its pathogenesis, transmission, current intervention strategies, and economic implications. The review critically examines the changing epidemiological footprint of LSDV globally, especially in relation to developing countries of the Asian subcontinent. We also speculate the possible reasons contributing to the ongoing LSD outbreaks, including illegal animal trade, climate change, genetic recombination events between wild-type and vaccine strains, reversion of vaccine strains to virulent phenotype, and deficiencies in active monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jatin Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lavanya Khullar
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Kumar N, Barua S, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Kumar A, Verma A, Singh L, Godara B, Chander Y, Kumar G, Riyesh T, Sharma DK, Pathak A, Kumar S, Dedar RK, Mehta V, Gaur M, Bhardwaj B, Vyas V, Chaudhary S, Yadav V, Bhati A, Kaul R, Bashir A, Andrabi A, Yousuf RW, Koul A, Kachhawaha S, Gurav A, Gautam S, Tiwari HA, Munjal VK, Gupta MK, Kumar R, Gulati BR, Misri J, Kumar A, Mohanty AK, Nandi S, Singh KP, Pal Y, Dutt T, Tripathi BN. Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated lumpy skin disease vaccine in India. Virulence 2023; 14:2190647. [PMID: 36919498 PMCID: PMC10038050 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2190647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) was reported for the first time in India in 2019 and since then, it has become endemic. Since a homologous (LSD-virus based) vaccine was not available in the country, goatpox virus (GPV)-based heterologous vaccine was authorized for mass immunization to induce protection against LSD in cattle. This study describes the evaluation of safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a new live-attenuated LSD vaccine developed by using an Indian field strain, isolated in 2019 from cattle. The virus was attenuated by continuous passage (P = 50) in Vero cells. The vaccine (50th LSDV passage in Vero cells, named as Lumpi-ProVacInd) did not induce any local or systemic reaction upon its experimental inoculation in calves (n = 10). At day 30 post-vaccination (pv), the vaccinated animals were shown to develop antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses and exhibited complete protection upon virulent LSDV challenge. A minimum Neethling response (0.018% animals; 5 out of 26,940 animals) of the vaccine was observed in the field trials conducted in 26,940 animals. There was no significant reduction in the milk yield in lactating animals (n = 10108), besides there was no abortion or any other reproductive disorder in the pregnant animals (n = 2889). Sero-conversion was observed in 85.18% animals in the field by day 30 pv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, India
| | - Assim Verma
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Lokender Singh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Bhagraj Godara
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Garvit Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Thachamvally Riyesh
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udaipur, India
| | - Anubha Pathak
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Dedar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Vishal Mehta
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Banswara, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mitesh Gaur
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udaipur, India
| | | | - Vithilesh Vyas
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | - Adrish Bhati
- Livestock Research station, Nohar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Kaul
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anjum Andrabi
- Animal Husbandry Department, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | | | | - Subhash Kachhawaha
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India
| | - Amol Gurav
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, India
| | | | | | | | - Madhurendu K Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
| | | | - Sukdeb Nandi
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Yash Pal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Bhupendra N Tripathi
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
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11
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Manzoor S, Abubakar M, Ul-Rahman A, Syed Z, Ahmad K, Afzal M. Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from recent outbreaks in Pakistan. Arch Virol 2023; 168:297. [PMID: 38007412 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral transboundary disease listed as a notifiable disease by the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH). The first case of this disease was reported in Pakistan in late 2021. Since then, numerous outbreaks have been documented in various regions and provinces across the country. The current study primarily aimed to analyze samples collected during LSD outbreaks in cattle populations in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using partial sequences of the GPCR, p32, and RP030 genes. Collectively, the LSDV strains originating from outbreaks in Pakistan exhibited a noticeable clustering pattern with LSDV strains reported in African, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries, including Egypt, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, India, China, and Thailand. The precise reasons behind the origin of the virus strain and its subsequent spread to Pakistan remain unknown. This underscores the need for further investigations into outbreaks across the country. The findings of the current study can contribute to the establishment of effective disease control strategies, including the implementation of a mass vaccination campaign in disease-endemic countries such as Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Manzoor
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Abubakar
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Department of Pathobiology & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Zainab Syed
- FAO Project, National Agriculture Research Centre premises, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of National Food Security and Research, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- FAO Project, National Agriculture Research Centre premises, Islamabad, Pakistan
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12
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Modethed W, Singhla T, Boonsri K, Pringproa K, Sthitmatee N, Vinitchaikul P, Sansamur C, Kreausukon K, Punyapornwithaya V. Identifying the patterns and sizes of the first lumpy skin disease outbreak clusters in Northern Thailand with a high degree of dairy farm aggregation using spatio-temporal models. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291692. [PMID: 37967138 PMCID: PMC10651038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of the most important notifiable transboundary diseases affecting cattle in many parts of the world. In Thailand, LSD outbreaks in cattle farming areas have been reported in 69 out of 77 provinces, indicating a serious nationwide situation. Understanding the dynamics of spatial and temporal LSD epidemic patterns can provide important information on disease transmission and control. This study aims to identify spatial and temporal clusters in the first LSD outbreaks in dairy farming areas with a high degree of aggregation in Northern Thailand using spatio-temporal models. The data were obtained from an official LSD outbreak investigation conducted between June and August 2021 on dairy farms (n = 202). The outbreak of LSD was confirmed by employing clinical observations and laboratory analysis. The spatio-temporal models including space-time permutation (STP), Poisson, and Bernoulli were applied to the outbreak data with the settings of 10%, 25%, and 50%, respectively, for the maximum reported cluster size (MRCS). Overall, the number of most likely and secondary clusters varied depending on the model and MRCS settings. All MRCS settings in the STP model detected the most likely clusters in the same area and the Poisson models in different areas, with the largest being defined by a 50% MRCS. Although the sizes of the most likely clusters identified by the Bernoulli models were different, they all had the same cluster period. Based on the sizes of the detected clusters, strict LSD insect-vector control should be undertaken within one kilometer of the outbreak farm in areas where no LSD vaccination has been administered. This study determines the sizes and patterns of LSD outbreak clusters in the dairy farming area with a high degree of farm aggregation. The spatio-temporal study models used in this study, along with multiple adjusted MRCS, provide critical epidemiological information. These models also expand the options for assisting livestock authorities in facilitating effective LSD prevention and control programs. By prioritizing areas for resource allocation, these models can help improve the efficiency of such programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wittawat Modethed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Singhla
- Ruminant Clinic, Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittikorn Boonsri
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine and Biological Products, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Paramintra Vinitchaikul
- Ruminant Clinic, Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chalutwan Sansamur
- Akkhararatchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Khwanchai Kreausukon
- Ruminant Clinic, Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Research Center of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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13
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Mazloum A, Van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S, Venter E, Wallace DB, Sprygin A. Lumpy skin disease: history, current understanding and research gaps in the context of recent geographic expansion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266759. [PMID: 38029115 PMCID: PMC10652407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is recognized as a transboundary and emerging disease of cattle, buffaloes and other wild ruminants. Being initially restricted to Africa, and since 1989 the Middle East, the unprecedented recent spread across Eurasia demonstrates how underestimated and neglected this disease is. The initial identification of the causative agent of LSD as a poxvirus called LSD virus, was well as findings on LSDV transmission and epidemiology were pioneered at Onderstepoort, South Africa, from as early as the 1940s by researchers such as Weiss, Haig and Alexander. As more data emerges from an ever-increasing number of epidemiological studies, previously emphasized research gaps are being revisited and discussed. The currently available knowledge is in agreement with the previously described South African research experience that LSDV transmission can occur by multiple routes, including indirect contact, shared water sources and arthropods. The virus population is prone to molecular evolution, generating novel phylogenetically distinct variants resulting from a diverse range of selective pressures, including recombination between field and homologous vaccine strains in cell culture that produce virulent recombinants which pose diagnostic challenges. Host restriction is not limited to livestock, with certain wild ruminants being susceptible, with unknown consequences for the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Estelle Venter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Shumilova I, Sprygin A, Mazloum A, Pronin V, Byadovskaya O, Babiuk S, Donnik I, Chvala I. Comparison of Gross Pathology between Classical and Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1883. [PMID: 37766289 PMCID: PMC10537798 DOI: 10.3390/v15091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology caused by three different isolates of lumpy skin disease virus, classical field cluster 1.2 strain Dagestan/2015, recombinant vaccine-like cluster 2.1 strain Saratov/2017, and cluster 2.2 strain Udmurtiya/2019, in cattle was compared from experimental infections. The infection of cattle was performed using intravenous administration of 2 mL of 105 TCID50/mL of each specific LSDV. Both classical and recombinant forms of LSDV cause pathological changes in the skin and lymph nodes, as well as the trachea and lungs. Due to circulatory disorders in the affected organs, multiple areas of tissue necrosis were observed, which, with the resurgence of secondary microflora, led to the development of purulent inflammation. Observed pathological changes caused by the recombinant vaccine-like strain Udmurtiya/2019 were characterized by a more pronounced manifestation of the pathoanatomical picture compared to the classical field strains Dagestan/2015 and Saratov/2017. Interestingly, Dagestan/2015 and Udmurtiya/2019 caused damage to the lymph nodes, characterized by serous inflammation and focal purulent lymphadenitis caused by purulent microflora. "Saratov/2017" did not cause pathology in the lymph nodes. All LSDVs were virulent and caused pathology, which was not distinguishable between viruses. This data set will serve as the experimentally validated basis for the comparative examination of novel LSDV strains in gross pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shumilova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Valeriy Pronin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Olga Byadovskaya
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y9, Canada;
| | - Irina Donnik
- Federal State Budgetary Educational, Institution of Higher Education, Ural State Agrarian University (FSBEI HE Ural SAU), 620075 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia; (I.S.); (A.M.); (V.P.); (O.B.); (I.C.)
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Hall RN, Torpy JR, Nye R, Zalcman E, Cowled BD. A quantitative risk assessment for the incursion of lumpy skin disease virus into Australia via long-distance windborne dispersal of arthropod vectors. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105990. [PMID: 37597306 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). It is primarily transmitted mechanically by biting insects. LSDV has spread from Africa to the Middle-East, the Balkans, Caucasus, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Asia and India, suggesting that a wide variety of arthropod vectors are capable of mechanical transmission. In 2022, LSD was detected in Indonesia, heightening awareness for Australia's livestock industries. To better understand the risk of LSDV incursion to Australia we undertook a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) looking at windborne dispersal of arthropod vectors, assuming a hypothetical situation where LSD is endemic in south-east Asia and Papua New Guinea. We estimated the risk of LSDV incursion to be low, with a median incursion rate of one incursion every 403 years, based on a model where several infectious insects (i.e. a 'small batch' of 3-5) must bite a single bovine to transmit infection. The incursion risk increases substantially to one incursion every 7-8 years if a bite from a single insect is sufficient for transmission. The risk becomes negligible (one incursion every 20,706 years) if bites from many insects (i.e. a 'large batch' of 30-50 insects) are necessary. Critically, several of our parameter estimates were highly uncertain during sensitivity analyses. Thus, a key outcome of this QRA was to better prioritise surveillance activities and to understand the key research gaps associated with LSDV in the Australasian context. The current literature shows that multiple vectors are required for successful bovine-to-vector transmission of LSDV, suggesting that our estimate of one outbreak every 403 years more accurately represents the risk to Australia; however, the role of single insects in transmission has not yet been evaluated. Similarly, attempts to transmit LSDV between bovines by Culicoides have not been successful, although midges were the highest risk vector category in our model due to the high vector-to-host ratio for midges compared to other vector categories. Our findings provide further insight into the risk of LSD to Australian cattle industries and identify the Tiwi Islands and areas east of Darwin as priority regions for LSDV surveillance, especially between December and March.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn N Hall
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia.
| | - James R Torpy
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Rachel Nye
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Emma Zalcman
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Brendan D Cowled
- Ausvet Pty Ltd, 5 Shuffrey St, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
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16
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Moje N, Bari FD, Urge B, Demissie E. Assessment of Humoral Immune Response in Pre- and Post-Vaccinated Cattle Against Lumpy Skin Disease. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 14:133-143. [PMID: 37576102 PMCID: PMC10422966 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s403127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is viral disease affecting cattle production and productivity in Ethiopia. As a prevention method, vaccinations have been used for a long period with a questionable output due to the existence of LSD outbreaks in vaccinated herds in different parts of Ethiopia. Methods A longitudinal study was performed from October 2019 to April 2020 with the objective of assessing the humoral immune response of cattle with a serum neutralization test (SNT) from different management systems in central Ethiopia. In this study, theserum was collected from 113 cattle (extensive (60/113) and intensive (53/113) management systems) before and after vaccination. Results and Discussion From collected sera, a limited number of cattle had seroconversion before vaccination (7.08%). On the other hand, it is obvious the seroconversion rises post vaccination. Accordingly, seroconversion starts to increase after a week (8.85% at 7 dpv) post-vaccination which proceeds to significantly increase at 30 days post vaccination (dpv) (41.65% (25/60)). Furthermore, the risk factor study before and after vaccination showed intensively managed cattle with significantly higher levels of antibody titer at 7 dpv (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 0.22, 6.2; p = 0.016) and 30 dpv (OR = 3.67; 95% CI = 1.1, 12.29; p = 0.035) compared with that of extensively managed cattle. The other animal-related risk factor that showed a significant difference was breeds and a specific age group ([4½, 7] years) at 15 dpv (OR = 6.69; 95% CI = 2.02, 22.08; p = 0.002) and 30 dpv (OR = 4.24; 95% CI = 1.22, 14.71; p = 0.023); respectively. Conclusion This study showed an overall lower antibody detection across the study, posing a question on the current LSD-vaccine efficacy. Therefore, a circulating strain of LSDV should be cross-checked with the vaccine strain and adaptations should be made from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebyou Moje
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Dawo Bari
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Beksisa Urge
- Holeta and Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centers, EIAR, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ejigayehu Demissie
- Holeta and Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centers, EIAR, Oromia, Ethiopia
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17
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Haegeman A, Sohier C, Mostin L, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, Philips W, De Regge N, De Clercq K. Evidence of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Transmission from Subclinically Infected Cattle by Stomoxys calcitrans. Viruses 2023; 15:1285. [PMID: 37376585 DOI: 10.3390/v15061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a vector-transmitted capripox virus that causes disease in cattle. Stomoxys calcitrans flies are considered to be important vectors as they are able to transmit viruses from cattle with the typical LSDV skin nodules to naive cattle. No conclusive data are, however, available concerning the role of subclinically or preclinically infected cattle in virus transmission. Therefore, an in vivo transmission study with 13 donors, experimentally inoculated with LSDV, and 13 naïve acceptor bulls was performed whereby S. calcitrans flies were fed on either subclinical- or preclinical-infected donor animals. Transmission of LSDV from subclinical donors showing proof of productive virus replication but without formation of skin nodules was demonstrated in two out of five acceptor animals, while no transmission was seen from preclinical donors that developed nodules after Stomoxys calcitrans flies had fed. Interestingly, one of the acceptor animals which became infected developed a subclinical form of the disease. Our results show that subclinical animals can contribute to virus transmission. Therefore, stamping out only clinically diseased LSDV-infected cattle could be insufficient to completely halt the spread and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sohier
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Sciensano, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Van Campe
- Sciensano, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Wannes Philips
- EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Ul-Rahman A, Shahid MF, Iqbal MZ, Channa AA, Rasheed M, Adnan M, Mahmood R, Ishaq HM, Khera HURA, Hussain K, Raza MA. Evaluation of haematological, serum biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease virus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:184. [PMID: 37129711 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a vector-borne viral transboundary disease of cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV). Despite investigations on clinical and outbreak features of LSDV, information on disease pathogenesis and alternative changes in blood parameters are scarce. Keeping this in view, the current study was designed to determine haematological, serum biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters in naturally infected cattle with LSDV during the recent surge of outbreaks in Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 35 blood samples was collected from polymerase chain reaction-confirmed LSDV-infected cattle for assessment of all parameters. The haematological examination of blood samples showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in different variables of erythrogram and leucogram. On the other hand, differences between levels of various serum biochemical parameters with the significant increase in levels of alkaline phosphatase, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and blood urea nitrogen were observed in LSDV naturally infected cattle. Moreover, malondialdehyde levels for lipid peroxidation and nitrate concentration were markedly elevated whereas glutathione S-transferase fluorescent and serum superoxide dismutase enzymes showed a decrease in levels. The current study suggests that alternations in haematological and serum biochemical parameters following LSDV infection stimulate oxidative stress and such findings may be useful for early and rapid diagnosis and improvement in the treatment strategy of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Furqan Shahid
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Livestock & Dairy Development, Government of Punjab, Zarar Shaheed Road Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aijaz Ali Channa
- Department of Theriogenology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Majeeda Rasheed
- Department of Life Sciences, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Provincial Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Livestock & Dairy Development, Government of Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rauf Mahmood
- Quality Control Department, Assir Cooperative Company, Muhayil Assir, 61913, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
| | - Hafeez Ur Rehman Ali Khera
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
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19
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Ma C, Ren S, Afera TB, Yang X, Lin Y, Gao X, Wang F, Qiu X, Wang X, Yin X, Sun Y, Wan X, Chen HT. The comparative study revealed that the hTERT-CSF cell line was the most susceptible cell to the Lumpy skin disease virus infection among eleven cells. J Virol Methods 2023; 317:114745. [PMID: 37121353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in Asia, including China. Improving the propagation of LSDV is important for diagnostics and vaccine production. Our study identified and compared the LSDV susceptibility of eleven standard cells using western blot, indirect immune-fluorescence assay, quantitative PCR, and 50% tissue culture infectious dose. Our finding revealed that the LSDV strain could infect five cell lines and show a cytopathic effect. Furthermore, the hTERT-CSF cell line had the highest level of virus in the five cell models, followed by BHK-21, MDBK, Vero, and hTERT-ST. Hence, hTERT-CSF could be used as a candidate cell line for basic and applied research, clinical application, and LSDV vaccine development, providing a vital reference in LSDV and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China
| | - Shanhui Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.
| | - Tadele Berihun Afera
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yugang Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Fangping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xuerui Wan
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China.
| | - Hao-Tai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China.
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20
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Wolff J, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Cross-Protection of an Inactivated and a Live-Attenuated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine against Sheeppox Virus Infections in Sheep. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040763. [PMID: 37112675 PMCID: PMC10143431 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheeppox virus (SPPV) (genus Capripoxvirus, family Poxviridae) infections are a highly virulent and contagious disease of sheep with a high morbidity and mortality, especially in naïve populations and young animals. For the control of SPPV, homologous and heterologous live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available. In our study, we compared a commercially available live-attenuated lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) vaccine strain (Lumpyvax) with our recently developed inactivated LSDV vaccine candidate regarding their protective efficacy against SPPV in sheep. Both vaccines were proven to be safe in sheep, and neither clinical signs nor viremia could be detected after vaccination and challenge infection. However, the local replication of the challenge virus in the nasal mucosa of previously vaccinated animals was observed. Because of the advantages of an inactivated vaccine and its heterologous protection efficacy against SPPV in sheep, our inactivated LSDV vaccine candidate is a promising additional tool for the prevention and control of SPPV outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Wolff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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21
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Sareyyüpoğlu B, Uzar S, Saraç F, Enül H, Adıay C, Çokçalışkan C, Arslan A, Öztap G, Gülyaz V. Immune response against lumpy skin disease after simultaneous vaccination of cattle with sheep pox and goatpox and foot and mouth disease vaccines. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109726. [PMID: 37054661 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) and Lumpy skin disease (LSD) are contagious viral diseases that cause significant economic damage in the livestock industry of countries. Cattle are vaccinated two times a year with FMD and sheep pox and goat pox vaccines (SGP) within 30-day intervals to combat both diseases in Türkiye. However, vaccinations in different periods increase vaccination costs, labor, and distress on animals. Therefore, it was aimed to determine the effects of simultaneous vaccination of FMD and SGP vaccines on the immunity against LSD and FMD in cattle. For this purpose, animals were divided into 4 groups; SGP vaccinated group (Group 1, n = 10), FMD vaccinated group (Group 2, n = 10), FMD and SGP simultaneously vaccinated group (Group 3, n = 10), and the unvaccinated control group (Group 4, n = 6). Blood samples were collected and analyzed to detect the antibody response against the LSD via Capripoxvirus (CaPV) ELISA and FMD by Virus Neutralisation test (VNT) and Liquid Phase Blocking ELISA (LPBE). A live virus challenge study was performed to determine the immune response against LSD. The mean antibody titers were determined protective levels on 28 days post vaccination (DPV) against FMDV serotypes O and A, respectively. The logarithmic difference of skin lesions was calculated log10 titer > 2.5. LSD genome could not be detected in the blood, eyes, and nose swap samples of the challenged animals on the 15th day via PCR. In conclusion, adequate protective immune response was provided against LSD when the SGP and FMD vaccines were used simultaneously in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serdar Uzar
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Fahriye Saraç
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Hakan Enül
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Cumhur Adıay
- Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | | | | | - Gonca Öztap
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate Food and Control, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Veli Gülyaz
- Harran University Veterinary Faculty Department of Virology, Sanlıurfa, Turkiye
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22
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Datten B, Chaudhary AA, Sharma S, Singh L, Rawat KD, Ashraf MS, Alneghery LM, Aladwani MO, Rudayni HA, Dayal D, Kumar S, Chaubey KK. An Extensive Examination of the Warning Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Available Therapies, and Prognosis for Lumpy Skin Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030604. [PMID: 36992313 PMCID: PMC10058328 DOI: 10.3390/v15030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infects cattle and buffalo and causes lumpy skin disease (LSD). It affects the lymph nodes of the sick animals, causing them to enlarge and appear as lumps (cutaneous nodules) that are 2–5 cm in diameter on their heads, necks, limbs, udders, genitalia, and perinea. A high temperature, a sharp drop in milk supply, discharge from the eyes and nose, salivation, a loss of appetite, depression, damaged hides, and emaciation are further warning signs and symptoms. As per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the incubation period, or the time between an infection and symptoms, is approximately 28 days. Infected animals can transfer the virus by direct contact with the vectors, direct virus secretion from mouth or nose, shared feeding and watering troughs, and even artificial insemination. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) and the FAO both warn that the spread of illnesses could lead to serious economic losses. This illness reduces cow’s milk production because oral ulcers make the animal weak and lead them to lose their appetite. There are many diagnostics available for LSDV. However, very few tests yield accurate findings. The best methods for preventing and controlling the lumpy skin condition include vaccination and movement restrictions. As a specific cure is not available, the only available treatment for this illness is supportive care for cattle. Recently, India has developed a homologous, live-attenuated vaccine, Lumpi-ProVacInd, which is specifically intended to protect animals against the LSD virus. This study’s primary goal is to accumulate data on symptoms, the most accurate method of diagnosis, treatments, and controls to stop infections from spreading as well as to explore future possibilities for the management of LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Datten
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Lokender Singh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Dutta Rawat
- Department of Bio and Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammad Saquib Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Riyadh ELM University, Riyadh 12734, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina M. Alneghery
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak O. Aladwani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ahmad Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deen Dayal
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Life Science, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park-III, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: or (S.K.); (K.K.C.)
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
- Correspondence: or (S.K.); (K.K.C.)
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23
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The genome sequence of lumpy skin disease virus from an outbreak in India suggests a distinct lineage of the virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:81. [PMID: 36740645 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although previously confined to regions within Africa, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infections have caused significantly large outbreaks in several regions of the world in recent years. In 2019, an outbreak of the disease was reported in India with low rates of morbidity and no reported mortality. However, in 2022, an ongoing outbreak of LSDV spanning over seven states in India resulted in the loss of over 80,000 cattle over a period of three months. Here, we report complete genome sequences of six isolates of LSDV collected from affected cattle during an ongoing outbreak of the disease in Rajasthan, India. Analysis of these sequences showed that the genome isolates from the 2022 outbreak have a large number of genetic variations compared to the reference strain and that they form a distinct genetic lineage. This report thus highlights the importance of genome sequencing and surveillance of transboundary infectious agents to track the prevalence and emergence of variants.
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24
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Nandi S, Mahajan S, Mishra R, Nautiyal S, Agrawal RK, Singh M, Biswas SK, Chander V, Singh KP, Sharma GK. LSDV126 gene based molecular assays for specific detection and characterization of emerging Lumpy Skin Disease virus. J Virol Methods 2023; 312:114665. [PMID: 36509247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious and economically important viral disease, which is currently emerging in the Indian subcontinent. LSD is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) under the genus Capripoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. Since its first incursion in India in the year 2019, the virus is rapidly disseminating through different means like direct contact, fomites and mainly by blood-feeding insects. As the disease has never been reported from India or neighbouring countries, there is a lack of planning and preparatory measures in terms of diagnostics and vaccines to control the disease. In the absence of any homologous vaccine, a live attenuated heterologous goat pox vaccine (Uttarkashi strain) is now being widely used in the country for the prevention of LSDV infection. Use of live attenuated goat pox virus vaccine necessitates the availability of an assay which could specifically detect and differentiate LSDV from goat pox virus. In this study, nucleotide sequences of LSDV126 gene encoding extracellular enveloped virus protein of circulating LSDV and goat pox virus were determined and analyzed. Deletion of 27 nt tandem repeats was observed in LSDV in comparison to goat pox and LSDV vaccine viruses. The deletion region was targeted for designing primers specific to LSDV, but not goat pox virus. A novel isothermal polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) was optimized as pen side diagnostic for prompt and sensitive detection of genomic DNA of LSDV. The assay was found to be highly sensitive and specific when compared to the real-time PCR. The assay was found to be specifically detecting only LSDV but not the goat pox virus. The limit of detection was identified as 9 × 10-6 ng of positive DNA. The assay will provide a point of care tool that will be a boon for the successful control of LSD in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukdeb Nandi
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Ragini Mishra
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sushmita Nautiyal
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Ravi Kant Agrawal
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Sanchay K Biswas
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Vishal Chander
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Sharma
- Center for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP 243122, India.
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25
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Duration of Immunity Induced after Vaccination of Cattle with a Live Attenuated or Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010210. [PMID: 36677502 PMCID: PMC9864976 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have proven themselves as an efficient way to control and eradicate lumpy skin disease (LSD). In addition to the safety and efficacy aspects, it is important to know the duration for which the vaccines confer protective immunity, as this impacts the design of an efficient control and eradication program. We evaluated the duration of immunity induced by a live attenuated vaccine (LSDV LAV) and an inactivated vaccine (LSDV Inac), both based on LSDV. Cattle were vaccinated and challenged after 6, 12 and 18 months for LSDV LAV or after 6 and 12 months for the LSDV Inac. The LSDV LAV elicited a strong immune response and protection for up to 18 months, as no clinical signs or viremia could be observed after a viral LSDV challenge in any of the vaccinated animals. A good immune response and protection were similarly seen for the LSDV Inac after 6 months. However, two animals developed clinical signs and viremia when challenged after 12 months. In conclusion, our data support the annual booster vaccination when using the live attenuated vaccine, as recommended by the manufacturer, which could potentially even be prolonged. In contrast, a bi-annual vaccination seems necessary when using the inactivated vaccine.
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26
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Bulatov YA, Sametova ZZ, Turyskeldi SS, Amanova ZT, Shoraeva KA, Kondibaeva ZB, Abitaev RT, Ussembay AK. Biochemical Analysis of the Blood of Cattle after Vaccination with a Heterologous Vaccine for Lumpy Skin Disease. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:346-348. [PMID: 36723742 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the biochemical parameters of the blood of cattle after immunization against lumpy skin disease with a vaccine made from an attenuated heterologous goat pox virus (strain G20-LKV). Blood samples were obtained from animals on days 7, 14, and 21 after vaccination. The vaccine did not affect biochemical parameters of the blood. A slight increase in total protein and AST on day 14 indicates the expected reactions to the stimulation of the immune system after vaccination. The levels of direct and total bilirubin, ALT, urea, glucose, cholesterol, and creatinine in vaccinated animals remained within the physiological limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye A Bulatov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan.
| | - Zh Zh Sametova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Sh S Turyskeldi
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zh T Amanova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - K A Shoraeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zh B Kondibaeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - R T Abitaev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - A K Ussembay
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Guardeiskiy, Republic of Kazakhstan
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27
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Mikhael CA, Abd El Aziz HG, Ali AM. Identification and characterisation of lumpy skin disease virus recently isolated from Giza, Egypt. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2023; 26:53-64. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease, geographically distributed in Africa and now, vigorously spread in the Near East and also in Europe and Asia. It has a significant economic impact on cattle industry in Africa. The aim of this study was isolation and rapid identification of LSD virus circulating in Egypt from clinically suspected cattle based on clinical and molecular basis in a rapid and accurate way. Fifteen representative specimens (skin sitfasts) were collected in 2018 from clinically infected cattle in Giza governorate, Egypt. The virus was isolated on chorioallantoic membrane of specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs and Madin Darby Bovine Kidney tissue culture cells. The isolated virus was identified and confirmed by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Histopathological examination of the lesions showed a pathognomic intracytoplasmic inclusion body in dermal stroma section. The section of dermal layer revealed vasculitis with projection of its endothelial lining. It was concluded that LSD was enzootic in Egypt and still circulating among Egyptian cattle so that LSD virus could be isolated and identified by traditional and molecular diagnostic methodes. Real time PCR assay could be applied for rapid and accurate confirmation of the field isolate of LSD virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Mikhael
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H. G. Abd El Aziz
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A. M. Ali
- Chairman, General Organization of Veterinary Services, Egypt
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Liang Z, Yao K, Wang S, Yin J, Ma X, Yin X, Wang X, Sun Y. Understanding the research advances on lumpy skin disease: A comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1065894. [PMID: 36519172 PMCID: PMC9742232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which can induce cattle with high fever and extensive nodules on the mucosa or the scarfskin, seriously influencing the cattle industry development and international import and export trade. Since 2013, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Russia and Asia. In the past few decades, progress has been made in the study of LSDV. It is mainly transmitted by blood-sucking insects, and various modes of transmission with distinct seasonality. Figuring out how the virus spreads will help eradicate LSDV at its source. In the event of an outbreak, selecting the most effective vaccine to block and eliminate the threat posed by LSDV in a timely manner is the main choice for farmers and authorities. At present, a variety of vaccines for LSDV have been developed. The available vaccine products vary in quality, protection rate, safety and side effects. Early detection of LSDV can help reduce the cost of disease. In addition, because LSDV has a huge genome, it is currently also used as a vaccine carrier, forming a new complex with other viral genes through homologous recombination. The vaccine prepared based on this can have a certain preventive effect on many kinds of diseases. Clinical detection of disease including nucleic acid and antigen level. Each method varies in convenience, accuracy, cost, time and complexity of equipment. This article reviews our current understanding of the mode of transmission of LSDV and advances in vaccine types and detection methods, providing a background for further research into various aspects of LSDV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengji Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaishen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juanbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Badr Y, Noreldin AE, Elewa YHA, Ahmed MS, Inoshima Y, Baker NM, Aamer WN, Abas OM, Nayel M, Rahman MM, Elgendy E, Saleh AG, El-Neweshy MS. Cellular infiltration, cytokines, and histopathology of skin lesions associated with different clinical forms and stages of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease in cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101894. [PMID: 36270050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) caused by the Capripoxvirus LSD virus which infects cattle, leading to a serious disease characterized by fever and the eruption of skin nodules all over the surface of the body. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease is still incomplete, particularly the immunopathological alterations occurring in the skin nodules of infected animals. Therefore, we collected skin nodules from naturally infected cattle with different forms of the disease, both in the early stage of clinical infection and after disease progression. The skin samples were examined both histopathologically and immunohistochemically using a variety of antibodies targeting immune cellular markers and cytokines. As a result, the dermatohistopathology revealed orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, vasculitis, epidermal microvesicles, and cellules claveleuses of Borrel in the early stage of infection, with the severity of the lesions correlating with the severity of the clinical disease. Meanwhile, late-stage samples had epidermal hyperkeratosis as well as dermal lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltrations. The predominant cellular infiltrates in the cutaneous lesions of early-stage LSD samples were interferon (IFN)-γ+ cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes with few macrophage lineage cells. However, in the late-stage samples, numerous Iba-1+ macrophages, with few IFN-γ+ cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, were detected. Our findings indicate that IFN-γ+ cells, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and macrophages play a key role in the immunity against natural LSD virus infection and imply that cutaneous vasculopathy associated with LSD virus infection is an immune-mediated lesion. The current study contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassien Badr
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt; Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nabil M Baker
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Waleed Nabih Aamer
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health research Institute, Damanhour, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Osama M Abas
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Md Matiur Rahman
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Emad Elgendy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa G Saleh
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S El-Neweshy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
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Ul-Rahman A, Niaz N, Raza MA, Mehmood A, Rajpoot SU, Abubakar M, Shabbir MZ. First emergence of lumpy skin disease in cattle in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3150-3152. [PMID: 36256877 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Niaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asif Mehmood
- Veterinary Research Institute, Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saad Ullah Rajpoot
- Disease Surveillance Laboratory, Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Government of Punjab, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abubakar
- National Veterinary Laboratories, Ministry of National Food Security & Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Trinh TBN, Nguyen VT, Nguyen TTH, Mai NTA, Le PN, Lai TNH, Phan TH, Tran DH, Pham NT, Dam VP, Nguyen TL, Ambagala A, Babiuk S, Le VP. Molecular and histopathological characterization of lumpy skin disease in cattle in northern Vietnam during the 2020-2021 outbreaks. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2143-2149. [PMID: 35831756 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a serious emerging infectious disease in cattle caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae. According to the Department of Animal Health, LSD first occurred in Vietnam at the end of October 2020 in Cao Bang and Lang Son provinces. So far, the disease has infected over 63,000 animals, resulting in 9170 deaths occurring in 32 different provinces in northern and central Vietnam. In this study, skin samples from lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)-infected cattle from the northern provinces of Vietnam displaying clinical symptoms including fever (> 40 °C), runny nose, drooling, and skin lesions were used for genetic characterization and histopathology. Genetic analysis of the partial P32 (LSDV074), partial F (LSDV117), complete RPO30 (LSDV035), and complete G-protein-coupled-chemokine-like receptor (GPCR) (LSDV011) genes showed that all Vietnamese LSDV strains belonged to the genus Capripoxvirus and were closely related to LSDV strains isolated in China. Microscopic examination of the skin lesions showed thickening of the epidermal layer of the skin and hair follicles, hyperplasia of sebaceous glands, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and hemorrhages in the mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Van Tam Nguyen
- Research Centre for Plant and Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Tuan Anh Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Nam Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngoc Ha Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Huong Phan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duc Hoan Tran
- Bac Giang Agriculture and Forestry University, Bac Giang, Vietnam
| | | | - Van Phai Dam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lan Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Nesterov A, Mazloum A, Byadovskaya O, Shumilova I, Van Schalkwyk A, Krotova A, Kirpichenko V, Donnik I, Chvala I, Sprygin A. Experimentally controlled study indicates that the naturally occurring recombinant vaccine-like lumpy skin disease strain Udmurtiya/2019, detected during freezing winter in northern latitudes, is transmitted via indirect contact. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1001426. [PMID: 36337212 PMCID: PMC9632959 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) caused by LSD virus (LSDV), is a member of the poxvirus genus Capripoxvirus. It is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) based on its potential for rapid spread and global economic impact. Due to these characteristics, the mode of LSDV transmission has prompted intensive research efforts. Previous experimental studies using the virulent vaccine-derived recombinant LSDV strain Saratov/2017, demonstrated that this strain has the capacity for transmission in a vector-proof environment. This study demonstrated that a second novel recombinant vaccine-derived LSDV strain Udmurtiya/2019, can infect bulls in contact with diseased animals, in the absence of insect vectors. Bulls were housed in an insect proof animal biosafety level 3 facility, where half the animals were inoculated intravenously with the recombinant LSDV (Udmurtiya/2019), whilst the remaining five animals were mock-inoculated but kept in contact with the inoculated group. Both the infected / inoculated group (IN) and uninfected / incontact group (IC), were monitored for 41 days with continuous registration of body temperature, observations for clinical signs and collection of blood samples and nasal swabs for testing of LSDV presence using real-time PCR. Results indicated that cohabitation of animals from both groups was sufficient to transmit the virus from the IN to the IC-group, with the onset of clinical signs including pyrexia (~41°C) and classical LSD nodular skin lesions starting at 10 dpi for the IN group and 16 dpi for the IC-group. Additionally, the presence of LSDV genomes as well as anti-LSDV antibodies were detected in swabs, blood and serum samples from animals belonging to both groups. These results provides additional evidence of LSDV transmission in a controlled environment without direct contact between diseased and healthy animals, yet in the absence of vectors. Based on these observations, the question concerning a hypothetical relation between mutations in the virus genome and its mode of transmission gains more importance and requires additional investigations with direct comparisons between classical and novel recombinant LSDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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Sprygin A, Mazloum A, van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S. Capripoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, and orthopoxviruses: Occurrences of recombination. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:978829. [PMID: 36274700 PMCID: PMC9584655 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.978829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses with several members displaying restricted host ranges. They are genetically stable with low nucleotide mutation rates compared to other viruses, due to the poxviral high-fidelity DNA polymerase. Despite the low accumulation of mutations per replication cycle, poxvirus genomes can recombine with each other to generate genetically rearranged viruses through recombination, a process directly associated with replication and the aforementioned DNA polymerase. Orthopoxvirus replication is intimately tethered to high frequencies of homologous recombination between co-infecting viruses, duplicated sequences of the same virus, and plasmid DNA transfected into poxvirus-infected cells. Unfortunately, the effect of these genomic alterations on the cellular context for all poxviruses across the family Poxviridae remains elusive. However, emerging sequence data on currently circulating and archived poxviruses, such as the genera orthopoxviruses and capripoxviruses, display a wide degree of divergence. This genetic variability cannot be explained by clonality or genetic drift alone, but are probably a result of significant genomic alterations, such as homologous recombination, gene loss and gain, or gene duplications as the major selection forces acting on viral progeny. The objective of this review is to cross-sectionally overview the currently available findings on natural and laboratory observations of recombination in orthopoxviruses, capripoxviruses, and leporipoxviruses, as well as the possible mechanisms involved. Overall, the reviewed available evidence allows us to conclude that the current state of knowledge is limited in terms of the relevance of genetic variations across even a genus of poxviruses as well as fundamental features governing and precipitating intrinsic gene flow and recombination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
- *Correspondence: Alexander Sprygin,
| | - Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Suwankitwat N, Songkasupa T, Boonpornprasert P, Sripipattanakul P, Theerawatanasirikul S, Deemagarn T, Suwannaboon M, Arjkumpa O, Buamithup N, Hongsawat A, Jindajang S, Nipaeng N, Aunpomma D, Molee L, Puangjinda K, Lohlamoh W, Nuansrichay B, Narawongsanont R, Arunvipas P, Lekcharoensuk P. Rapid Spread and Genetic Characterisation of a Recently Emerged Recombinant Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Thailand. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100542. [PMID: 36288155 PMCID: PMC9609959 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV), a member of poxviruses. It had never been found in Thailand before March 2021, but has since spread broadly to various provinces. Regional veterinarians have collected samples from the LSD cattle and submitted them for diagnosis as a part of disease surveillance during the outbreaks. Our study aimed to monitor the distribution of the outbreaks by recording the LSD cases based on clinical signs and laboratory tests up to June 2022, and characterise the causative agent virologically and genetically. Outbreak maps were created to illustrate the rapid temporal distribution of the LSD index cases in each province of Thailand. We detected two distant origins of the outbreaks. LSDV DNA was confirmed in blood, milk, and skin samples collected from sick animals by real-time PCR. LSDV was proven to be the causative virus based on serological, virological, and pathological diagnoses. By genetic analysis, the Thai LSDV is a recombinant virus derived from a vaccine strain previously appearing in China and Vietnam. Its genetic material is a mosaic hybrid genome containing the vaccine virus DNA as the backbone interspersed with DNA fragments of a field strain. Abstract The emergence of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) was first detected in north-eastern Thailand in March 2021. Since then, the abrupt increase of LSD cases was observed throughout the country as outbreaks have spread rapidly to 64 out of a total of 77 provinces within four months. Blood, milk, and nodular skin samples collected from affected animals have been diagnosed by real-time PCR targeting the p32 gene. LSDV was isolated by primary lamb testis (PLT) cells, followed by Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, and confirmed by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of a skin lesion showed inclusion bodies in keratinocytes and skin epithelial cells. Phylogenetic analyses of RPO30 and GPCR genes, and the whole genome revealed that Thai viruses were closely related to the vaccine-derived recombinant LSDV strains found previously in China and Vietnam. Recombination analysis confirmed that the Thai LSDV possesses a mosaic hybrid genome containing the vaccine virus DNA as the backbone and a field strain DNA as the minor donor. This is an inclusive report on the disease distributions, complete diagnoses, and genetic characterisation of LSDV during the first wave of LSD outbreaks in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Minta Suwannaboon
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sirima Jindajang
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nawakarn Nipaeng
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Lower Northeastern Region), Department of Livestock Development, Surin 32000, Thailand
| | - Dilok Aunpomma
- Animal Health Section, The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand
| | - Lamul Molee
- Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Rawint Narawongsanont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pipat Arunvipas
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (P.L.); Tel.: +66-2-942-8436 (P.L.)
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (P.L.); Tel.: +66-2-942-8436 (P.L.)
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Byadovskaya O, Prutnikov P, Shalina K, Babiuk S, Perevozchikova N, Korennoy F, Chvala I, Kononov A, Sprygin A. The changing epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Russia since the first introduction from 2015 to 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2551-e2562. [PMID: 35583857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important transboundary disease affecting cattle, causing large economic losses such as decreased production and trade restrictions. LSD has been a historically neglected disease since it previously caused disease limited to the African continent. Currently, the epidemiology of LSD virus is based on how the disease is transmitted in tropical and sub-tropical climates. The understanding of its epidemiology in hemiboreal climates is not well understood and needs urgent attention to expand the current knowledge. In this study, the epidemiological findings on LSD in Russia over a 6-year period are summarized and discussed. A total of 471 outbreaks were identified spanning over a 9000 km range. The outbreaks of LSD occur primarily in small holder farms (backyard) compared to commercial farms between mid-May through mid-November including weather conditions with snow and freezing temperatures that preclude vector activity. Mortality and morbidity varied across the 6 years ranging from 1.19% to 61.8% and 0% to 50%, respectively, with a tendency to decline from 2015 to 2020. The geographic pattern of spread was assessed by means of directionality, indicating a northward movement from 2015 to 2016, with a consequent East turn in 2017 through Siberia to the Far East by 2020. All cases occurred along the border with Kazakhstan. Mathematical modelling showed that the disease tended to form statistically verified annual spatiotemporal clusters in 2016-2018, whereas in 2019 and 2020 such segregation was not evident. The trend of spread was mainly either from south to north or from south to a north-east direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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Shumilova I, Nesterov A, Byadovskaya O, Prutnikov P, Wallace DB, Mokeeva M, Pronin V, Kononov A, Chvala I, Sprygin A. A Recombinant Vaccine-like Strain of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Causes Low-Level Infection of Cattle through Virus-Inoculated Feed. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080920. [PMID: 36015041 PMCID: PMC9414542 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1989, lumpy skin disease of cattle (LSD) has spread out of Africa via the Middle East northwards and eastwards into Russia, the Far East and South-East Asia. It is now threatening to become a worldwide pandemic, with Australia possibly next in its path. One of the research gaps on the disease concerns its main mode of transmission, most likely via flying insect vectors such as biting flies or mosquitoes. Direct or indirect contact transmission is possible, but appears to be an inefficient route, although there is evidence to support the direct contact route for the newly detected recombinant strains first isolated in Russia. In this study, we used experimental bulls and fed them via virus-inoculated feed to evaluate the indirect contact route. To provide deeper insights, we ran two parallel experiments using the same design to discover differences that involved classical field strain Dagestan/2015 LSDV and recombinant vaccine-like Saratov/2017. Following the attempted indirect contact transmission of the virus from the inoculated feed via the alimentary canal, all bulls in the Dagestan/2015 group remained healthy and did not seroconvert by the end of the experiment, whereas for those in the Saratov/2017 recombinant virus group, of the five bulls fed on virus-inoculated feed, three remained clinically healthy, while two displayed evidence of a mild infection. These results provide support for recombinant virus transmission via the alimentary canal. In addition, of particular note, the negative control in-contact bull in this group exhibited a biphasic fever at days 10 and 20, developed lesions from day 13 onwards, and seroconverted by day 31. Two explanations are feasible here: one is the in-contact animal was somehow able to feed on some of the virus-inoculated bread left over from adjacent animals, but in the case here of the individual troughs being used, that was not likely; the other is the virus was transmitted from the virus-fed animals via an airborne route. Across the infected animals, the virus was detectable in blood from days 18 to 29 and in nasal discharge from days 20 to 42. Post-mortem and histological examinations were also indicative of LSDV infection, supporting further evidence for rapid, in F transmission of this virus. This is the first report of recombinant LSDV strain transmitting via the alimentary mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shumilova
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Alexander Nesterov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Olga Byadovskaya
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Pavel Prutnikov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council–Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Department Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Maria Mokeeva
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Valeriy Pronin
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Kononov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Seerintra T, Saraphol B, Wankaew S, Piratae S. Molecular identification and characterization of Lumpy skin disease virus emergence from cattle in the northeastern part of Thailand. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e73. [PMID: 36038191 PMCID: PMC9523339 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a disease transmitted by direct and indirect contact with infected cattle, is caused by the Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The disease affects cattle herds in Africa, Europe, and Asia. The clinical signs of LSD range from mild to the appearance of nodules and lesions in the skin leading to severe symptoms that are sometimes fatal with significant livestock economic losses. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize LSDV strains in the blood of infected cattle in Thailand based on the GPCR gene and determine the phylogenetic relationship of LSDV Thailand isolates with published sequences available in the database. METHODS In total, the blood samples of 120 cattle were collected from different farms in four provinces in the northeastern part of Thailand, and the occurrence of LSDV was examined by PCR based on the P32 antigen gene. The genetic diversity of LSDV based on the GPCR gene was analyzed. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction assays based on the P32 antigen gene showed that 4.17% (5/120) were positive for LSDV. All positive blood samples were amplified successfully for the GPCR gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LSDV Thailand isolates clustered together with LSDVs from China and Russia. CONCLUSIONS The LSD outbreak in Thailand was confirmed, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to infer the branching pattern of the GPCR gene from the presence of LSDV in Thailand. This is the first report on the molecular characterization of LSDV in cattle in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tossapol Seerintra
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Bhuripit Saraphol
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Sitthichai Wankaew
- Laboratory of Veterinary teaching hospital of Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- One Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
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Mathewos M, Dulo F, Tanga Z, Sombo M. Clinicopathological and molecular studies on cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin diseases in selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:297. [PMID: 35922813 PMCID: PMC9347132 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumpy skin disease is a contagious viral disease of cattle caused by LSDV that results in huge economic losses in the cattle industry. This study characterizes LSDV in cattle through clinicopathological and molecular techniques in selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A crossectional study was conducted from November 2020 to June 2021 using Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Histopathological techniques to confirm LSDV. Result This study revealed that the percentage of positivity of cattle for LSDV was 36.2%. Clinically, cattle infected with LSDV revealed fever (39–41 °C), nodular lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, and lymphadenopathy. Histopathologically, affected tissue revealed ballooning degenerations of the epidermis, infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, vasculitis, and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies. RT-PCR confirmed that DNA extracts from skin biopsies of virus isolates were positive for LSDV. Conclusion The present study confirms that LSDV is widely circulating in cattle of selected districts of the Wolaita zone. Thus, effective control measures through regular vaccination and further confirmation of circulating strains of LSDV through detailed molecular analysis should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
| | - Fistum Dulo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdneh Tanga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Investigation and Diagnostic Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Li L, Qi C, Li J, Nan W, Wang Y, Chang X, Chi T, Gong M, Ha D, De J, Ma L, Wu X. Quantitative real-time PCR detection and analysis of a lumpy skin disease outbreak in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:936581. [PMID: 35958309 PMCID: PMC9362877 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.936581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe disease of bovine characterized by nodules on the skin, mucous membranes, and profuse nasal discharge which causes severe economic losses. In October 2020, an LSD outbreak case was found in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. A total of 1,206 cattle were sold from the same imported animal quarantine field to 36 farms after the quarantine period finished, and over 30 farmers reported symptoms such as skin scabs found in newly arrived cattle shortly after that. A large-scale LSD outbreak investigation was launched after laboratory diagnosis confirmed LSD. The clinical samples of 1,206 cattle from 36 farms, including 1,206 whole blood, 1,206 oral and nose swabs, and 355 scabs, were collected for the qRT-PCR test. The result showed that 51 whole blood samples (4.23%), 580 swab samples (48.09%), and 350 skin scabs (98.59%) were lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) positive, 33 of 36 farms were affected. This study aims to provide a basis for LSD epidemiological traceability, movement control, and measures for prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanxiang Qi
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenlong Nan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Chang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianying Chi
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Gong
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Da Ha
- Xilingol League Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jide De
- Xilingol League Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Inner Mongolia Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaodong Wu
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Wang Y, Zhao L, Yang J, Shi M, Nie F, Liu S, Wang Z, Huang D, Wu H, Li D, Lin H, Li Y. Analysis of vaccine-like lumpy skin disease virus from flies near the western border of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1813-1823. [PMID: 34033246 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating viral disease that occurs in cattle. In China, it was first detected in the Xin-Jiang autonomous region, near the border with Kazakhstan, in August 2019. As there were no new occurrences of LSD in either country following the first detection, the initial introduction of the virus remains unknown. Arthropod vectors were considered as potential vectors. Consequently, to identify the arthropod vectors involved in transmitting LSD virus (LSDV), an insect surveillance campaign was launched at four different sites scattered along the border, and samples from 22 flying insect species were collected and subjected to PCR assays. Following the Agianniotaki LSDV vaccine and Sprygin's general LSDV assays, two kinds of non-biting flies, namely, Musca domestica L and Muscina stabulans, were positive for LSDV. However, all the other insects tested negative. Viral DNA was only detected in wash fluid, implying body surface contamination of the virus. The negative test results suggest that non-biting flies are the dominant insects involved in the observed local epidemic. Three genomic regions encoding RPO30, GPCR, and LW126 were successfully sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The sequences shared high homology with LSDV/Russia/Saratov/2017, a recombinant vaccine-like strain formerly identified in Russia, and clustered with LSDV vaccine strains in phylogenetic trees of RPO30 and LW126. However, the GPCR gene was seen to be solely clustered with LSDV field strains, implying differences in host affinity between these closely related vaccine-like strains. Despite this, there is no direct evidence to support cross-border transmission of the vaccine-like LSDV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of vaccine-like LSDV DNA detection in non-biting flies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Meimei Shi
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuping Nie
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengfen Liu
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengbao Wang
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Yi-Ning Custom, Yining, China
| | - Daochao Huang
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Haikou Custom, Haikou, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chengdu Custom, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingguo Li
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
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High Efficiency of Low Dose Preparations of an Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071029. [PMID: 35891195 PMCID: PMC9319008 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Capripox virus-induced diseases are commonly described as the most serious poxvirus diseases of production animals, as they have a significant impact on national and global economies. Therefore, they are classified as notifiable diseases under the guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Controlling lumpy skin disease viral infections is based on early detection, slaughter of affected herds, and ring vaccinations. Until now, only live attenuated vaccines have been commercially available, which often induce adverse effects in vaccinated animals. Furthermore, their application leads to the loss of the “disease-free” status of the respective country. For these reasons, inactivated vaccines have increasingly generated interest. Since 2016, experimental studies have been published showing the high efficacy of inactivated capripox virus vaccines. In the present study, we examined the minimum protective dose of a BEI-inactivated LSDV-Serbia field strain adjuvanted with a low-molecular-weight copolymer adjuvant. Unexpectedly, even the lowest dose tested, with a virus titer of 104 CCID50 before inactivation, was able to provide complete clinical protection in all vaccinated cattle. Moreover, none of the vaccinated cattle showed viremia or viral shedding, indicating the high efficacy of the prototype vaccine even with a relatively low antigen amount.
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Assessment of heterologous lumpy skin disease vaccine-induced immunity in pregnant cattle vaccinated at different times of gestation period and their influence on maternally derived antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 244:110380. [PMID: 34998109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the cell-mediated and the humoral immune response to Romanian sheep pox vaccine in pregnant cows (n = 12) vaccinated at different times of gestation period and the duration of maternal immunity in calves born to these cows. Evaluation of cellular immunity revealed an increase in lymphocytic proliferation that peaked at 10th day post vaccination (dpv) then gradually decreased. Capripoxvirus-specific antibodies were detected by SNT and ELISA in sera collected from vaccinated dams and also in calves born to these cows. In cows, the antibody titers persisted above the protective level till the seventh month post-vaccination. Passively transferred antibody titers in newly born calves started from the first week after parturition and persisted in a protective level until 2, 3 or 4 months of ages in calves born to cows vaccinated at ≤4th, 4.5:6th, or >6:8th months of pregnancy respectively. Results proved that the average neutralizing antibody titers did not differ between pregnant cows vaccinated at different times of gestation period however, the longevity of maternally derived antibodies depends on the pregnancy stage at which the dam receive vaccine.
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43
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Uzar S, Sarac F, Gulyaz V, Enul H, Yılmaz H, Turan N. Comparison and efficacy of two different sheep pox vaccines prepared from the Bakırköy strain against lumpy skin disease in cattle. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2022; 11:1-11. [PMID: 35223661 PMCID: PMC8844671 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2022.11.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Materials and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Uzar
- Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fahriye Sarac
- Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Veli Gulyaz
- Harran University, Veterinary Faculty, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Hakan Enul
- Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Yılmaz
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Turan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, De Clercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman JA, Antoniou S, Aznar I, Broglia A, Van der Stede Y, Zancanaro G, Roberts HC. Assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Lumpy Skin Disease. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07121. [PMID: 35106095 PMCID: PMC8784982 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA received a mandate from the EC to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures are assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time that measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period was assessed as effective, and based on the transmission kernels available, it was concluded that the protection zone of 20 km radius and the surveillance zone of 50 km radius would comprise > 99% of the transmission from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations provided for each of the assessed scenarios aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to LSD.
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Characterization of a Nigerian Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolate after Experimental Infection of Cattle. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010016. [PMID: 35055963 PMCID: PMC8780012 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), together with sheeppox virus and goatpox virus, belong to the genus Capripoxvirus within the family Poxviridae. Collectively, they are considered the most serious poxvirus diseases of agricultural livestock. Due to their severe clinical course and consequent loss of production, as well as high mortality of naïve small and large ruminant populations, they are known to have a significant impact on the economy and global trade restrictions of affected countries. Therefore, all capripox diseases are classified as notifiable under the guidelines of the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE). Since the 1970s, several outbreaks of LSD have been recorded in Nigeria. Until now, only a little information on the virus strains leading to the reported outbreaks have been published, dealing mainly with the phylogenetic relationship of those strains and the description of field outbreaks. During the present study, we experimentally infected cattle with a low-passage Nigerian LSDV strain isolated from a skin sample of LSD positive cattle in Nigeria in 2018. Clinical, molecular and serological data indicate that this LSDV isolate is highly pathogenic in cattle since it induced a severe clinical course and approximately 33% mortality in naïve Holstein Friesian cattle after experimental infection.
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Amin DM, Shehab G, Emran R, Hassanien RT, Alagmy GN, Hagag NM, Abd-El-Moniem MII, Habashi AR, Ibraheem EM, Shahein MA. Diagnosis of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle using virological, molecular, and immunohistopathological assays. Vet World 2021; 14:2230-2237. [PMID: 34566343 PMCID: PMC8448636 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2230-2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a contagious viral disease that has great economic losses among Egyptian breeding flocks. The present study was designed to compare the results of different diagnostic approaches used for the diagnosis of LSD virus (LSDV). Materials and Methods: A total of 73 skin nodule samples were collected from suspected infected cattle with LSDV from some Egyptian governorates during 2019 and 2020. Trials for virus isolation (VI) and identification on embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) were conducted. Molecular detection, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examination were also conducted. Results: The virus was isolated into ECEs, and 58 samples of 73 were positive and gave a characteristic pock lesion on the chorioallantoic membrane. Twenty-two representative nodular skin specimens of the 58 positive samples were selected to be used for molecular, histopathological, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) diagnosis. Conventional polymerase chain reaction succeeded in detecting LSDV DNA in all tested 22 skin nodule samples. Histological examination of skins of different cases revealed various alterations depending on the stage of infection. IHC was used as a confirmatory test for detecting LSDV antigen in the tissues of the skin nodules of infected cattle using specific anti-LSDV antibodies. Lumpy skin viral antigen was detected within the cytoplasm of the epidermal basal cells layer and prickle cell and within the cytoplasm of the hair follicles’ epithelial outer and inner roots. Conclusion: This study confirmed the prevalence of LSDV infection in different Egyptian governorates during 2019 and 2020. In addition, histopathology and IHC could be potential methods to confirm Lumpy skin disease infection besidesVI and molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawlat M Amin
- Department of Pathology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehan Shehab
- Department of Pathology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rawhya Emran
- Department of Pathology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabab T Hassanien
- Department of Virology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehan N Alagmy
- Department of Pathology Research, Animal Health Research Institute (Zagazig Branch), Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mervat I I Abd-El-Moniem
- Department of Virology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Habashi
- Department of Virology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Essam M Ibraheem
- Department of Pathology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Department of Virology Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 12618 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Bamouh Z, Hamdi J, Fellahi S, Khayi S, Jazouli M, Tadlaoui KO, Fihri OF, Tuppurainen E, Elharrak M. Investigation of Post Vaccination Reactions of Two Live Attenuated Vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease of Cattle. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060621. [PMID: 34201339 PMCID: PMC8226854 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes an economically important disease in cattle. The only method for successful control is early diagnosis and efficient vaccination. Adverse effects of vaccination such as local inflammation at the injection site and localized or generalized skin lesions in some vaccinated animals have been reported with live vaccines. The aim of this work was to compare the safety of two lumpy skin disease (LSD) vaccine strains, Kenyan (Kn) Sheep and Goat Pox (KSGP O-240) and LSDV Neethling (Nt) strain, and to determine the etiology of the post-vaccination (pv) reactions observed in cattle. Experimental cattle were vaccinated under controlled conditions with Nt- and KSGP O-240-based vaccines, using two different doses, and animals were observed for 3 months for any adverse reactions. Three out of 45 cattle vaccinated with LSDV Nt strain (6.7%) and three out of 24 cattle vaccinated with Kn strain (12.5%) presented LSD-like skin nodules, providing evidence that the post-vaccination lesions may not be strain-dependent. Lesions appeared 1–3 weeks after vaccination and were localized in the neck or covering the whole body. Animals recovered after 3 weeks. There is a positive correlation between the vaccine dose and the appearance of skin lesions in vaccinated animals; at the 105 dose, 12% of the animals reacted versus 3.7% at the 104 dose. Both strains induced solid immunity when protection was measured by neutralizing antibody seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bamouh
- MCI Santé Animale, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (J.H.); (M.J.); (K.O.T.); (M.E.)
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P 6202, Rabat 10112, Morocco; (S.F.); (O.F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +212-6621-989-42
| | - Jihane Hamdi
- MCI Santé Animale, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (J.H.); (M.J.); (K.O.T.); (M.E.)
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P 6202, Rabat 10112, Morocco; (S.F.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P 6202, Rabat 10112, Morocco; (S.F.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- CRRA-Rabat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat 10101, Morocco;
| | - Mohammed Jazouli
- MCI Santé Animale, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (J.H.); (M.J.); (K.O.T.); (M.E.)
| | | | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P 6202, Rabat 10112, Morocco; (S.F.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Institut für Internationale Tiergesundheit/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 10 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- MCI Santé Animale, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (J.H.); (M.J.); (K.O.T.); (M.E.)
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Selim A, Manaa E, Khater H. Seroprevalence and risk factors for lumpy skin disease in cattle in Northern Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:350. [PMID: 34105025 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an endemic infectious viral disease of cattle in African and Middle East countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of LSD among cattle in Northern Egypt and assessed the associated risk factors with LSD infection. A total of 1000 sera samples were collected from cattle and examined serologically with commercial ELISA kit. Overall, the true seroprevalence of LSD among cattle in Egypt was 19.5% (n = 180). The true seroprevalence rate was varied significantly between different geographical studied areas, and the highest level was observed in Kafr El-Sheikh (26.7%) and Gharbia (23.7%) governorates. Moreover, the risk of getting LSD infection was increased among Holstein breed (OR = 4.586; 95%CI, 1.83-11.48) and adult cattle (OR = 2.498; 95%CI, 1.17-5.32) during summer season (OR = 7.303, 95%CI: 3.97-13.42). Furthermore, communal grazing (OR = 1.546; 95%CI, 0.91-2.60), communal water points (OR = 3.283; 95%CI, 2.11-5.09), introduction of new animal (OR = 2.216; 95%CI, 1.32-3.71), and contact with other animals (OR = 3.401; 95%CI, 1.62-7.10) were identified as significant risk factors for the occurrence of LSDV infection in cattle. Moreover, the present study revealed that no significant (P > 0.05) association between sex or type of herd and occurrence of LSD infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Eman Manaa
- Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Hanem Khater
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
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Vidanović D, Tešović B, Šekler M, Debeljak Z, Vasković N, Matović K, Koltsov A, Krstevski K, Petrović T, De Leeuw I, Haegeman A. Validation of TaqMan-Based Assays for Specific Detection and Differentiation of Wild-Type and Neethling Vaccine Strains of LSDV. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061234. [PMID: 34204157 PMCID: PMC8229051 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important animal disease with significant health and economic impacts. It is considered a notifiable disease by the OIE. Attenuated strains of LSDV have been successfully used as vaccines (LAV) but can also produce mild or systemic reactions. Vaccination campaigns using LAVs are therefore only viable if accompanying DIVA assays are available. Two DIVA qPCR assays able to distinguish Neethling-based LAVs and wild-type LSDV were developed. Upon validation, both assays were shown to have high sensitivity and specificity with a diagnostic performance comparable to other published DIVA assays. This confirmed their potential as reliable tools to confirm infection in animals during vaccination campaigns based on Neethling vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Vidanović
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia; (B.T.); (M.Š.); (Z.D.); (N.V.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-648247533
| | - Bojana Tešović
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia; (B.T.); (M.Š.); (Z.D.); (N.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Milanko Šekler
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia; (B.T.); (M.Š.); (Z.D.); (N.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Zoran Debeljak
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia; (B.T.); (M.Š.); (Z.D.); (N.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Nikola Vasković
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia; (B.T.); (M.Š.); (Z.D.); (N.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazimir Matović
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Kraljevo, 36000 Kraljevo, Serbia; (B.T.); (M.Š.); (Z.D.); (N.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Andrey Koltsov
- Federal Research Center of Virology and Microbiology, 601125 Pokrov, Russia;
| | - Kiril Krstevski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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50
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Hasib FMY, Islam MS, Das T, Rana EA, Uddin MH, Bayzid M, Nath C, Hossain MA, Masuduzzaman M, Das S, Alim MA. Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1616-1624. [PMID: 33993641 PMCID: PMC8464269 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important viral disease causing significant economic losses in commercial livestock production. In mid‐2019, an outbreak of LSD has been reported in cattle population from different parts of Bangladesh including Chattogram division. A cross‐sectional surveillance study was undertaken from August 2019 to December 2019 to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of LSD in cattle in Chattogram district. Methods A total of 3,327 cattle from 19 commercial farms were examined for the LSD specific skin lesions and associated risk factors. A total of 120 skin biopsies were collected from the suspected animal for the confirmation of the disease using molecular detection and histopathological examination. Partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on selected viral isolates. Results The overall clinical prevalence of LSD in the study population was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.4%–11%) where the highest farm level outbreak frequency was 63.33% (95% CI: 45.51%–78.13%) and the lowest 4.22% (95% CI: 3.39%–5.25%). Crossbred and female cattle showed a significantly higher prevalence of the disease compared to their counterparts. Introduction of new animals in farms was found to be one of the most significant risk factors in the transmission of the disease. All suspected skin biopsies were positive for LSD virus (LSDV) infection with granulomatous and pyogranulomatous dermatitis was revealed on histopathology. Phylogenetic analysis based on the inverted terminal repeat region of the LSDV gene suggested that the locally circulating strain was closely related to the strains isolated from the Middle East and North African countries. Conclusions The data generated in this study would be beneficial to the field veterinarians and animal health decision makers in the country as well as it will aid in taking appropriate measures to prevent further relapse or outbreak of this disease in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farazi Muhammad Yasir Hasib
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sirazul Islam
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Tridip Das
- Poultry Research and Training Centre, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Helal Uddin
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Bayzid
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Chandan Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Masuduzzaman
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Shubhagata Das
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammad Abdul Alim
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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