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Stovickova L, Hansikova H, Hanzalova J, Musova Z, Semjonov V, Stovicek P, Hadzic H, Novotna L, Simcik M, Strnad P, Serbina A, Karamazovova S, Schwabova Paulasova J, Vyhnalek M, Krsek P, Zumrova A. Exploring mitochondrial biomarkers for Friedreich's ataxia: a multifaceted approach. J Neurol 2024; 271:3439-3454. [PMID: 38520521 PMCID: PMC11136723 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an in-depth analysis of mitochondrial enzyme activities in Friedreich's ataxia (FA) patients, focusing on the Electron Transport Chain complexes I, II, and IV, the Krebs Cycle enzyme Citrate Synthase, and Coenzyme Q10 levels. It examines a cohort of 34 FA patients, comparing their mitochondrial enzyme activities and clinical parameters, including disease duration and cardiac markers, with those of 17 healthy controls. The findings reveal marked reductions in complexes II and, specifically, IV, highlighting mitochondrial impairment in FA. Additionally, elevated Neurofilament Light Chain levels and cardiomarkers were observed in FA patients. This research enhances our understanding of FA pathophysiology and suggests potential biomarkers for monitoring disease progression. The study underscores the need for further clinical trials to validate these findings, emphasizing the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in FA assessment and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Stovickova
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague 5, Czech Republic.
- Centre of Hereditary Ataxias, Second Faculty of Medicine, An Official EFACTS Site, a Member of European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Hansikova
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Medical Faculty, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Hanzalova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Musova
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Centre of Hereditary Ataxias, Second Faculty of Medicine, An Official EFACTS Site, a Member of European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Valerij Semjonov
- Department of Paediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Haris Hadzic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Novotna
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Simcik
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Anastaziia Serbina
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Karamazovova
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Centre of Hereditary Ataxias, Second Faculty of Medicine, An Official EFACTS Site, a Member of European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslava Schwabova Paulasova
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Centre of Hereditary Ataxias, Second Faculty of Medicine, An Official EFACTS Site, a Member of European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Centre of Hereditary Ataxias, Second Faculty of Medicine, An Official EFACTS Site, a Member of European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krsek
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zumrova
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 15006, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Centre of Hereditary Ataxias, Second Faculty of Medicine, An Official EFACTS Site, a Member of European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
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Subramony SH, Lynch DL. A Milestone in the Treatment of Ataxias: Approval of Omaveloxolone for Friedreich Ataxia. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:775-777. [PMID: 37219716 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The exciting news about the US FDA approval of omaveloxolone as the first-ever drug to be approved for an inherited ataxia is welcome news for patients and families that deal with this devastating disease as well as for health care providers and investigators with an interest in this and other rare diseases. This event is the culmination of long and fruitful collaboration between patients, their families, clinicians, laboratory researchers, patient advocacy organizations, industry, and regulatory agencies. The process has generated intense discussion about outcome measures, biomarkers, trial design, and the nature of approval process for such diseases. It also has brought hope and enthusiasm for increasingly better therapies for genetic diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Subramony
- Fixel Center for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - D L Lynch
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Pilotto F, Del Bondio A, Puccio H. Hereditary Ataxias: From Bench to Clinic, Where Do We Stand? Cells 2024; 13:319. [PMID: 38391932 PMCID: PMC10886822 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of movement disorders. Within this broad umbrella of diseases, there are both genetics and sporadic forms. The clinical presentation of these conditions can exhibit a diverse range of symptoms across different age groups, spanning from pure cerebellar manifestations to sensory ataxia and multisystemic diseases. Over the last few decades, advancements in our understanding of genetics and molecular pathophysiology related to both dominant and recessive ataxias have propelled the field forward, paving the way for innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing and arresting the progression of these diseases. Nevertheless, the rarity of certain forms of ataxia continues to pose challenges, leading to limited insights into the etiology of the disease and the identification of target pathways. Additionally, the lack of suitable models hampers efforts to comprehensively understand the molecular foundations of disease's pathophysiology and test novel therapeutic interventions. In the following review, we describe the epidemiology, symptomatology, and pathological progression of hereditary ataxia, including both the prevalent and less common forms of these diseases. Furthermore, we illustrate the diverse molecular pathways and therapeutic approaches currently undergoing investigation in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Finally, we address the existing and anticipated challenges within this field, encompassing both basic research and clinical endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pilotto
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Del Bondio
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Institut Neuromyogène, Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, Inserm U1315, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 UMR5261, 69008 Lyon, France
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Pilotto F, Chellapandi DM, Puccio H. Omaveloxolone: a groundbreaking milestone as the first FDA-approved drug for Friedreich ataxia. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:117-125. [PMID: 38272714 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FA) is an inherited autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease (NDD) characterized primarily by progressive sensory and spinocerebellar ataxia associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. FA is due to an intronic GAA repeat expansion within the frataxin gene (FXN) leading to reduced levels of frataxin (FXN) which causes mitochondrial dysfunction, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and altered iron metabolism. To date there is no resolutive cure for FA; however, the FDA has recently approved omaveloxolone - a potent activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) - as the first treatment for FA. We discuss herein the urgency to find a resolutive cure for NDDs that will most probably be achieved via combinatorial therapy targeting multiple disease pathways, and how omavaloxolone serves as an example for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pilotto
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Deepika M Chellapandi
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Puccio
- Institut NeuroMyoGène (INMG), Unité Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Lyon, France.
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De Gaetano F, d’Avanzo N, Mancuso A, De Gaetano A, Paladini G, Caridi F, Venuti V, Paolino D, Ventura CA. Chitosan/Cyclodextrin Nanospheres for Potential Nose-to-Brain Targeting of Idebenone. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101206. [PMID: 36297318 PMCID: PMC9612377 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Idebenone (IDE) is a powerful antioxidant that is potentially active towards cerebral diseases, but its low water solubility and fast first pass metabolism reduce its accumulation in the brain, making it ineffective. In this work, we developed cyclodextrin-based chitosan nanospheres (CS NPs) as potential carriers for nose-to-brain targeting of IDE. Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) was used as a polyanion for chitosan (CS) and as a complexing agent for IDE, permitting its encapsulation into nanospheres (NPs) produced in an aqueous solution. Overloading NPs were obtained by adding the soluble IDE/hydroxypropyl-β-CD (IDE/HP-β-CD) inclusion complex into the CS or SBE-β-CD solutions. We obtained homogeneous CS NPs with a hydrodynamic radius of about 140 nm, positive zeta potential (about +28 mV), and good encapsulation efficiency and drug loading, particularly for overloaded NPs. A biphasic release of IDE, finished within 48 h, was observed from overloaded NPs, whilst non-overloaded CS NPs produced a prolonged release, without a burst effect. In vitro biological studies showed the ability of CS NPs to preserve the antioxidant activity of IDE on U373 culture cells. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated the ability of CS NPs to interact with the excised bovine nasal mucosa, improving the permeation of the drug and potentially favoring its accumulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Gaetano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Nicola d’Avanzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. D’annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Mancuso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena, Via Dei Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paladini
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Caridi
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Valentina Venuti
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Viale Europa s.n.c., I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.A.V.); Tel.: +39-0961-369-4211 (D.P.); +39-090-6766508 (C.A.V.)
| | - Cinzia Anna Ventura
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.A.V.); Tel.: +39-0961-369-4211 (D.P.); +39-090-6766508 (C.A.V.)
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Bellissimo CA, Garibotti MC, Perry CGR. Mitochondrial Stress Responses in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Metabolic Dysfunction or Adaptive Reprogramming? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C718-C730. [PMID: 35816642 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00249.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress may be a secondary contributor to muscle weakness in inherited muscular dystrophies. Duchenne muscular dystrophy has received the majority of attention whereby most discoveries suggest mitochondrial ATP synthesis may be reduced. However, not all studies support this finding. Furthermore, some studies have reported increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and propensity for permeability transition pore formation as an inducer of apoptosis, although divergent findings have also been described. A closer examination of the literature suggests the degree and direction of mitochondrial stress responses may depend on the progression of the disease, the muscle type examined, the mouse model employed with regards to pre-clinical research, the precise metabolic pathways in consideration, and in some cases the in vitro technique used to assess a given mitochondrial bioenergetic function. One intent of this review is to provide careful considerations for future experimental designs to resolve the heterogeneous nature of mitochondrial stress during the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Such considerations have implications for other muscular dystrophies as well which are addressed briefly herein. A renewed perspective of the term 'mitochondrial dysfunction' is presented whereby stress responses might be re-explored in future investigations as direct contributors to myopathy vs an adaptive 'reprogramming' intended to maintain homeostasis in the face of disease stressors themselves. In so doing, the prospective development of mitochondrial enhancement therapies can be driven by advances in perspectives as much as experimental approaches when resolving the precise relationships between mitochondrial remodelling and muscle weakness in Duchenne and, indeed, other muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Bellissimo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Madison C Garibotti
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher G R Perry
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Arslanbaeva L, Tosi G, Ravazzolo M, Simonato M, Tucci FA, Pece S, Cogo P, Santoro MM. UBIAD1 and CoQ10 protect melanoma cells from lipid peroxidation-mediated cell death. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102272. [PMID: 35255427 PMCID: PMC8902599 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer, although it accounts for a minority of all skin cancers. Oxidative stress is involved in all stages of melanomagenesis and cutaneous melanoma can sustain a much higher load of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) than normal tissues. Melanoma cells exploit specific antioxidant machinery to support redox homeostasis. The enzyme UBIA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) is responsible for the biosynthesis of non-mitochondrial CoQ10 and plays an important role as antioxidant enzyme. Whether UBIAD1 is involved in melanoma progression has not been addressed, yet. Here, we provide evidence that UBIAD1 expression is associated with poor overall survival (OS) in human melanoma patients. Furthermore, UBIAD1 and CoQ10 levels are upregulated in melanoma cells with respect to melanocytes. We show that UBIAD1 and plasma membrane CoQ10 sustain melanoma cell survival and proliferation by preventing lipid peroxidation and cell death. Additionally, we show that the NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), responsible for the 2-electron reduction of CoQ10 on plasma membranes, acts downstream of UBIAD1 to support melanoma survival. By showing that the CoQ10-producing enzyme UBIAD1 counteracts oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation events in cutaneous melanoma, this work may open to new therapeutic investigations based on UBIAD1/CoQ10 loss to cure melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaisan Arslanbaeva
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Ravazzolo
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Manuela Simonato
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Cogo
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica "Città della Speranza", Padova, Italy; Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, University Hospital S Maria della Misericordia, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Cancer Metabolism, DiBio, University of Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padua, Italy.
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Xu L, Sun Z, Xing Z, Liu Y, Zhao H, Tang Z, Luo Y, Hao S, Li K. Cur@SF NPs alleviate Friedreich's ataxia in a mouse model through synergistic iron chelation and antioxidation. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:118. [PMID: 35264205 PMCID: PMC8905737 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal iron metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and the derived oxidative damage are the main pathogeneses of Friedrich's ataxia (FRDA), a single-gene inherited recessive neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cerebellar and sensory ataxia. This disease is caused by frataxin (FXN) mutation, which reduces FXN expression and impairs iron sulfur cluster biogenesis. To date, there is no effective therapy to treat this condition. Curcumin is proposed harboring excellent ability to resist oxidative stress through Nrf2 activation and its newly found ability to chelate iron. However, its limitation is its poor water solubility and permeability. Here, we synthesized slow-release nanoparticles (NPs) by loading curcumin (Cur) into silk fibroin (SF) to form NPs with an average size of 150 nm (Cur@SF NPs), which exhibited satisfactory therapeutic effects on the improvement of FRDA manifestation in lymphoblasts (1 μM) derived from FRDA patients and in YG8R mice (150 mg/kg/5 days). Cur@SF NPs not only removed iron from the heart and diminished oxidative stress in general but also potentiate iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, which compensates FXN deficiency to improve the morphology and function of mitochondria. Cur@SF NPs showed a significant advantage in neuron and myocardial function, thereby improving FRDA mouse behavior scores. These data encourage us to propose that Cur@SF NPs are a promising therapeutic compound in the application of FRDA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zichen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhiyao Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Hongting Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhongmin Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Center for Pharmaceutical Intelligent Equipment, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular Noncoding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shuangying Hao
- School of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454003, Henan, China.
| | - Kuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Clementi ME, Pizzoferrato M, Bianchetti G, Brancato A, Sampaolese B, Maulucci G, Tringali G. Cytoprotective Effect of Idebenone through Modulation of the Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway of Apoptosis in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Exposed to Oxidative Stress Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020503. [PMID: 35203712 PMCID: PMC8962354 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Idebenone is a ubiquinone short-chain synthetic analog with antioxidant properties, which is believed to restore mitochondrial ATP synthesis. As such, idebenone is investigated in numerous clinical trials for diseases of mitochondrial aetiology and it is authorized as a drug for the treatment of Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy. Mitochondria of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage associated with cellular senescence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore idebenone’s cytoprotective effect and its underlying mechanism. We used a human-RPE cell line (ARPE-19) exposed to idebenone pre-treatment for 24 h followed by conditions inducing H2O2 oxidative damage for a further 24 h. We found that idebenone: (a) ameliorated H2O2-lowered cell viability in the RPE culture; (b) activated Nrf2 signaling pathway by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation; (c) increased Bcl-2 protein levels, leaving unmodified those of Bax, thereby reducing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; (d) maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) at physiological levels, preserving the functionality of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and counteracting the excessive production of ROS; and (e) reduced mitochondrial cytochrome C-mediated caspase-3 activity. Taken together, our findings show that idebenone protects RPE from oxidative damage by modulating the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, suggesting its possible role in retinal epitheliopathies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)-CNR, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.E.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Michela Pizzoferrato
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giada Bianchetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.M.)
- Biophysics Section, Neuroscience Department, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Brancato
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties of Excellence “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)-CNR, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.E.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (G.M.)
- Biophysics Section, Neuroscience Department, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tringali
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Biophysics Section, Neuroscience Department, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-063-015-4367
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Rauchová H. Coenzyme Q10 effects in neurological diseases. Physiol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.33549//physiolres.934712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a lipophilic substituted benzoquinone, is present in animal and plant cells. It is endogenously synthetized in every cell and involved in a variety of cellular processes. CoQ10 is an obligatory component of the respiratory chain in inner mitochondrial membrane. In addition, the presence of CoQ10 in all cellular membranes and in blood. It is the only endogenous lipid antioxidant. Moreover, it is an essential factor for uncoupling protein and controls the permeability transition pore in mitochondria. It also participates in extramitochondrial electron transport and controls membrane physicochemical properties. CoQ10 effects on gene expression might affect the overall metabolism. Primary changes in the energetic and antioxidant functions can explain its remedial effects. CoQ10 supplementation is safe and well-tolerated, even at high doses. CoQ10 does not cause any serious adverse effects in humans or experimental animals. New preparations of CoQ10 that are less hydrophobic and structural derivatives, like idebenone and MitoQ, are being developed to increase absorption and tissue distribution. The review aims to summarize clinical and experimental effects of CoQ10 supplementations in some neurological diseases such as migraine, Parkinson´s disease, Huntington´s disease, Alzheimer´s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich´s ataxia or multiple sclerosis. Cardiovascular hypertension was included because of its central mechanisms controlling blood pressure in the brainstem rostral ventrolateral medulla and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. In conclusion, it seems reasonable to recommend CoQ10 as adjunct to conventional therapy in some cases. However, sometimes CoQ10 supplementations are more efficient in animal models of diseases than in human patients (e.g. Parkinson´s disease) or rather vague (e.g. Friedreich´s ataxia or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rauchová
- Institute of Physiology Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Brain-Specific Gene Expression and Quantitative Traits Association Analysis for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060658. [PMID: 34201204 PMCID: PMC8229744 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome–wide association studies (TWAS) have identified several genes that are associated with qualitative traits. In this work, we performed TWAS using quantitative traits and predicted gene expressions in six brain subcortical structures in 286 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) samples from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. The six brain subcortical structures were in the limbic region, basal ganglia region, and cerebellum region. We identified 9, 15, and 6 genes that were stably correlated longitudinally with quantitative traits in these three regions, of which 3, 8, and 6 genes have not been reported in previous Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or MCI studies. These genes are potential drug targets for the treatment of early–stage AD. Single–Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis results indicated that cis–expression Quantitative Trait Loci (cis–eQTL) SNPs with gene expression predictive abilities may affect the expression of their corresponding genes by specific binding to transcription factors or by modulating promoter and enhancer activities. Further, baseline structure volumes and cis–eQTL SNPs from correlated genes in each region were used to predict the conversion risk of MCI patients. Our results showed that limbic volumes and cis–eQTL SNPs of correlated genes in the limbic region have effective predictive abilities.
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Pallardó FV, Pagano G, Rodríguez LR, Gonzalez-Cabo P, Lyakhovich A, Trifuoggi M. Friedreich Ataxia: current state-of-the-art, and future prospects for mitochondrial-focused therapies. Transl Res 2021; 229:135-141. [PMID: 32841735 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich's Ataxia is an autosomal recessive genetic disease causing the defective gene product, frataxin. A body of literature has been focused on the attempts to counteract frataxin deficiency and the consequent iron imbalance, in order to mitigate the disease-associated pro-oxidant state and clinical course. The present mini review is aimed at evaluating the basic and clinical reports on the roles and the use of a set of iron chelators, antioxidants and some cofactors involved in the key mitochondrial functions. Extensive literature has focused on the protective roles of iron chelators, coenzyme Q10 and analogs, and vitamin E, altogether with varying outcomes in clinical studies. Other studies have suggested mitoprotective roles for other mitochondrial cofactors, involved in Krebs cycle, such as alpha-lipoic acid and carnitine, involved in acyl transport across the mitochondrial membrane. A body of evidence points to the strong antioxidant properties of these cofactors, and to their potential contribution in mitoprotective strategies in Friedreich's Ataxia clinical evolution. Thus, we suggest the rationale for planning combination strategies based on the 3 mitochondrial cofactors and of some antioxidants and iron binders as mitoprotective cocktails in Friedreich Ataxia patients, calling attention to clinical practitioners of the importance to implement clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico V Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Giovanni Pagano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura R Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics of the "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, Naples, Italy
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13
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Mishra R, Chen BS, Richa P, Yu-Wai-Man P. Wolfram syndrome: new pathophysiological insights and therapeutic strategies. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:26330040211039518. [PMID: 37181110 PMCID: PMC10032446 DOI: 10.1177/26330040211039518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wolfram Syndrome (WS) is an ultra-rare, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by early-onset diabetes mellitus and irreversible loss of vision, secondary to optic nerve degeneration. Visual loss in WS is an important cause of registrable blindness in children and young adults and the pathological hallmark is the preferential loss of retinal ganglion cells within the inner retina. In addition to optic atrophy, affected individuals frequently develop variable combinations of neurological, endocrinological, and psychiatric complications. The majority of patients carry recessive mutations in the WFS1 (4p16.1) gene that encodes for a multimeric transmembrane protein, wolframin, embedded within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). An increasingly recognised subgroup of patients harbor dominant WFS1 mutations that usually cause a milder phenotype, which can be limited to optic atrophy. Wolframin is a ubiquitous protein with high levels of expression in retinal, neuronal, and muscle tissues. It is a multifunctional protein that regulates a host of cellular functions, in particular the dynamic interaction with mitochondria at mitochondria-associated membranes. Wolframin has been implicated in several crucial cellular signaling pathways, including insulin signaling, calcium homeostasis, and the regulation of apoptosis and the ER stress response. There is currently no cure for WS; management remains largely supportive. This review will cover the clinical, genetic, and pathophysiological features of WS, with a specific focus on disease models and the molecular pathways that could serve as potential therapeutic targets. The current landscape of therapeutic options will also be discussed in the context of the latest evidence, including the pipeline for repurposed drugs and gene therapy. Plain language summary Wolfram syndrome - disease mechanisms and treatment options Wolfram syndrome (WS) is an ultra-rare genetic disease that causes diabetes mellitus and progressive loss of vision from early childhood. Vision is affected in WS because of damage to a specialized type of cells in the retina, known as retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which converge at the back of the eye to form the optic nerve. The optic nerve is the fast-conducting cable that transmits visual information from the eye to the vision processing centers within the brain. As RGCs are lost, the optic nerve degenerates and it becomes pale in appearance (optic atrophy). Although diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy are the main features of WS, some patients can develop more severe problems because the brain and other organs, such as the kidneys and the bladder, are also affected. The majority of patients with WS carry spelling mistakes (mutations) in the WFS1 gene, which is located on the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.1). This gene is highly expressed in the eye and in the brain, and it encodes for a protein located within a compartment of the cell known as the endoplasmic reticulum. For reasons that still remain unclear, WFS1 mutations preferentially affect RGCs, accounting for the prominent visual loss in this genetic disorder. There is currently no effective treatment to halt or slow disease progression and management remains supportive, including the provision of visual aids and occupational rehabilitation. Research into WS has been limited by its relative rarity and the inability to get access to eye and brain tissues from affected patients. However, major advances in our understanding of this disease have been made recently by making use of more accessible cells from patients, such as skin cells (fibroblasts), or animal models, such as mice and zebrafish. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which WFS1 mutations affect cells, impairing their function and eventually leading to their premature loss. The possible treatment strategies to block these pathways are also discussed, with a particular focus on drug repurposing (i.e., using drugs that are already approved for other diseases) and gene therapy (i.e., replacing or repairing the defective WFS1 gene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Mishra
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC
Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benson S. Chen
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC
Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Prachi Richa
- Department of Physiology, Development and
Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC
Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University
of Cambridge, ED Adrian Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University
College London, London, UK
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14
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Rodríguez LR, Lapeña T, Calap-Quintana P, Moltó MD, Gonzalez-Cabo P, Navarro Langa JA. Antioxidant Therapies and Oxidative Stress in Friedreich´s Ataxia: The Right Path or Just a Diversion? Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E664. [PMID: 32722309 PMCID: PMC7465446 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich´s ataxia is the commonest autosomal recessive ataxia among population of European descent. Despite the huge advances performed in the last decades, a cure still remains elusive. One of the most studied hallmarks of the disease is the increased production of oxidative stress markers in patients and models. This feature has been the motivation to develop treatments that aim to counteract such boost of free radicals and to enhance the production of antioxidant defenses. In this work, we present and critically review those "antioxidant" drugs that went beyond the disease´s models and were approved for its application in clinical trials. The evaluation of these trials highlights some crucial aspects of the FRDA research. On the one hand, the analysis contributes to elucidate whether oxidative stress plays a central role or whether it is only an epiphenomenon. On the other hand, it comments on some limitations in the current trials that complicate the analysis and interpretation of their outcome. We also include some suggestions that will be interesting to implement in future studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.R.); (T.L.); (P.C.-Q.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Tamara Lapeña
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.R.); (T.L.); (P.C.-Q.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Calap-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.R.); (T.L.); (P.C.-Q.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Moltó
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (L.R.R.); (T.L.); (P.C.-Q.)
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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15
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Martinelli C, Pucci C, Battaglini M, Marino A, Ciofani G. Antioxidants and Nanotechnology: Promises and Limits of Potentially Disruptive Approaches in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901589. [PMID: 31854132 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many central nervous system (CNS) diseases are still incurable and only symptomatic treatments are available. Oxidative stress is suggested to be a common hallmark, being able to cause and exacerbate the neuronal cell dysfunctions at the basis of these pathologies, such as mitochondrial impairments, accumulation of misfolded proteins, cell membrane damages, and apoptosis induction. Several antioxidant compounds are tested as potential countermeasures for CNS disorders, but their efficacy is often hindered by the loss of antioxidant properties due to enzymatic degradation, low bioavailability, poor water solubility, and insufficient blood-brain barrier crossing efficiency. To overcome the limitations of antioxidant molecules, exploitation of nanostructures, either for their delivery or with inherent antioxidant properties, is proposed. In this review, after a brief discussion concerning the role of the blood-brain barrier in the CNS and the involvement of oxidative stress in some neurodegenerative diseases, the most interesting research concerning the use of nano-antioxidants is introduced and discussed, focusing on the synthesis procedures, functionalization strategies, in vitro and in vivo tests, and on recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Martinelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pucci
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The Biorobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Attilio Marino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Kumfu S, Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N. Antioxidant and chelator cocktails to prevent oxidative stress under iron-overload conditions. Pathology 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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18
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Petrillo S, D'Amico J, La Rosa P, Bertini ES, Piemonte F. Targeting NRF2 for the Treatment of Friedreich's Ataxia: A Comparison among Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5211. [PMID: 31640150 PMCID: PMC6829337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 (Nuclear factor Erythroid 2-related Factor 2) signaling is impaired in Friedreich's Ataxia (FRDA), an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive nervous system damage and degeneration of nerve fibers in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. The loss of frataxin in patients results in iron sulfur cluster deficiency and iron accumulation in the mitochondria, making FRDA a fatal and debilitating condition. There are no currently approved therapies for the treatment of FRDA and molecules able to activate NRF2 have the potential to induce clinical benefits in patients. In this study, we compared the efficacy of six redox-active drugs, some already adopted in clinical trials, targeting NRF2 activation and frataxin expression in fibroblasts obtained from skin biopsies of FRDA patients. All of these drugs consistently increased NRF2 expression, but differential profiles of NRF2 downstream genes were activated. The Sulforaphane and N-acetylcysteine were particularly effective on genes involved in preventing inflammation and maintaining glutathione homeostasis, the dimethyl fumarate, omaxevolone, and EPI-743 in counteracting toxic products accumulation, the idebenone in mitochondrial protection. This study may contribute to develop synergic therapies, based on a combination of treatment molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrillo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Jessica D'Amico
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Piergiorgio La Rosa
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Silvio Bertini
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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Clay A, Hearle P, Schadt K, Lynch DR. New developments in pharmacotherapy for Friedreich ataxia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1855-1867. [PMID: 31311349 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1639671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), a rare disease caused by the deficiency of the mitochondrial matrix protein frataxin, affects roughly 1 in 50,000 individuals worldwide. Current and emerging therapies focus on reversing the deleterious effects of such deficiency including mitochondrial augmentation and increasing frataxin levels, providing the possibility of treatment options for this physiologically complex, multisystem disorder. Areas covered: In this review article, the authors discuss the current and prior in vivo and in vitro research studies related to the treatment of FRDA, with a particular interest in future implications of each therapy. Expert opinion: Since the discovery of FXN in 1996, multiple clinical trials have occurred or are currently occurring; at a rapid pace for a rare disease. These trials have been directed at the augmentation of mitochondrial function and/or alleviation of symptoms and are not regarded as potential cures in FRDA. Either a combination of therapies or a drug that replaces or increases the pathologically low levels of frataxin better represent potential cures in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Clay
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Patrick Hearle
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Kim Schadt
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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20
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Boesch S, Indelicato E. Erythropoietin and Friedreich Ataxia: Time for a Reappraisal? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:386. [PMID: 31105516 PMCID: PMC6491891 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a rare neurological disorder due to deficiency of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Frataxin deficiency results in impaired mitochondrial function and iron deposition in affected tissues. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine which was mostly known as a key regulator of erythropoiesis until cumulative evidence showed additional neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. These features offered the rationale for advancement of EPO in clinical trials in different neurological disorders in the past years, including FRDA. Several mechanisms of action of EPO may be beneficial in FRDA. First of all, EPO exposure results in frataxin upregulation in vitro and in vivo. By promoting erythropoiesis, EPO influences iron metabolism and induces shifts in iron pool which may ameliorate conditions of free iron excess and iron accumulation. Furthermore, EPO signaling is crucial for mitochondrial gene activation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Up to date nine clinical trials investigated the effects of EPO and derivatives in FRDA. The majority of these studies had a proof-of-concept design. Considering the natural history of FRDA, all of them were too short in duration and not powered for clinical changes. However, these studies addressed significant issues in the treatment with EPO, such as (1) the challenge of the dose finding, (2) stability of frataxin up-regulation, (3) continuous versus intermittent stimulation with EPO/regimen, or (4) tissue changes after EPO exposure in humans in vivo (muscle biopsy, brain imaging). Despite several clinical trials in the past, no treatment is available for the treatment of FRDA. Current lines of research focus on gene therapy, frataxin replacement strategies and on regulation of key metabolic checkpoints such as NrF2. Due to potential crosstalk with all these mechanisms, interventions on the EPO pathway still represent a valuable research field. The recent development of small EPO mimetics which maintain cytoprotective properties without erythropoietic action may open a new era in EPO research for the treatment of FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Boesch
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Yan A, Liu Z, Song L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wu N, Lin J, Liu Y, Liu Z. Idebenone Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Modulates Microglial Polarization in LPS-Stimulated BV2 Cells and MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:529. [PMID: 30687016 PMCID: PMC6333870 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Idebenone is an antioxidant and a coenzyme Q10 analog that has been used to treat neurodegeneration disease. Some studies show idebenone exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether idebenone can be used to reduce the neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been little studied. Methods: The study investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of idebenone in vitro and in vivo, using cell models of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-simulated BV2 cells and animal models of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD with or without idebenone. To verify how idebenone exerts its effects on the BV2 cell activation and PD model, we performed the mechanistic studies in vitro and in vivo. Results:In vitro study showed that pretreatment with idebenone could attenuate the production of pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells and promoted a phenotypic switch from the M1 state to the M2 state. Mechanistically, idebenone reduced the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway upon LPS stimulation. Furthermore, in vivo experiments confirmed that pretreatment with idebenone could ameliorate MPTP-induced neurodegeneration and modulate microglia phenotypes through inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway in the SN. Conclusion: These results suggest that idebenone ameliorates the neurological deficits related to PD and this effect is partly mediated by inhibiting the neuroinflammation and modulating microglia phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingya Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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22
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Schreiber R, Buchholz B, Kraus A, Schley G, Scholz J, Ousingsawat J, Kunzelmann K. Lipid Peroxidation Drives Renal Cyst Growth In Vitro through Activation of TMEM16A. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:228-242. [PMID: 30606785 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transepithelial chloride- secretion, through the chloride channels cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and TMEM16A (anoctamin 1), drives cyst enlargement in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Polycystic kidneys are hypoxic, and oxidative stress activates TMEM16A. However, mechanisms for channel activation in PKD remain obscure. METHODS Using tissue samples from patients with autosomal dominant PKD, embryonic kidney cultures, and an MDCK in vitro cyst model, we assessed peroxidation of plasma membrane phospholipids in human and mouse polycystic kidneys. We also used electrophysiologic Ussing chamber and patch clamp experiments to analyze activation of TMEM16A and growth of renal cysts. RESULTS Peroxidation of phospholipids in human and mouse kidneys as well as MDCK cysts in vitro is probably due to enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species. Lipid peroxidation correlated with increased cyst volume as shown in renal cultures and MDCK cysts in three-dimensional cultures. Reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation strongly activated TMEM16A, leading to depletion of calcium ion stores and store-operated calcium influx. Activation of TMEM16A- and CFTR-dependent chloride secretion strongly augmented cyst growth. Exposure to scavengers of reactive oxygen species, such as glutathione, coenzyme Q10, or idebenone (a synthetic coenzyme Q10 homolog), as well as inhibition of oxidative lipid damage by ferrostatin-1 largely reduced activation of TMEM16A. Inhibition of TMEM16A reduced proliferation and fluid secretion in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that activation of TMEM16A by lipid peroxidation drives growth of renal cysts. We propose direct inhibition of TMEM16A or inhibition of lipid peroxidation as potentially powerful therapeutic approaches to delay cyst development in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Schreiber
- Department of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
| | - Björn Buchholz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Kraus
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schley
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Scholz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and
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Monnier V, Llorens JV, Navarro JA. Impact of Drosophila Models in the Study and Treatment of Friedreich's Ataxia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1989. [PMID: 29986523 PMCID: PMC6073496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been for over a century the model of choice of several neurobiologists to decipher the formation and development of the nervous system as well as to mirror the pathophysiological conditions of many human neurodegenerative diseases. The rare disease Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is not an exception. Since the isolation of the responsible gene more than two decades ago, the analysis of the fly orthologue has proven to be an excellent avenue to understand the development and progression of the disease, to unravel pivotal mechanisms underpinning the pathology and to identify genes and molecules that might well be either disease biomarkers or promising targets for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we aim to summarize the collection of findings provided by the Drosophila models but also to go one step beyond and propose the implications of these discoveries for the study and cure of this disorder. We will present the physiological, cellular and molecular phenotypes described in the fly, highlighting those that have given insight into the pathology and we will show how the ability of Drosophila to perform genetic and pharmacological screens has provided valuable information that is not easily within reach of other cellular or mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Monnier
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR8251 CNRS, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Jose Vicente Llorens
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Campus of Burjassot, 96100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Navarro
- Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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24
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Higa R, Roberti S, Mazzucco MB, White V, Jawerbaum A. Effect of the antioxidant idebenone on maternal diabetes-induced embryo alterations during early organogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online 2018; 37:397-408. [PMID: 29857987 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Can maternal treatments with idebenone, a structural analogue of coenzyme Q10, prevent alterations on markers of proinflammatory-prooxidant processes, on the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and on the apoptotic rate in embryos from mild diabetic rats? DESIGN A mild diabetic rat model was induced by neonatal-streptozotocin administration (90 mg/kg subcutaneously). Female diabetic rats and controls were mated with healthy males. From day 1 of pregnancy, control and diabetic rats were orally treated with idebenone (100 mg/kg daily). On day 10.5 of gestation, the embryos were explanted and prepared for immunohistochemical studies, for the evaluation of gene expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and for TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUDP nick-end-labelling assay analysis. RESULTS Embryos from mild diabetic rats showed increased levels of nitrated proteins, 4-hydroxynonenal and matrix metalloproteinase 9, which were prevented by idebenone administration. We also found a decreased embryonic expression of cytochrome c oxidase and reduced mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1-α and nuclear respiratory factor-1, both of which were prevented by idebenone administration to the diabetic pregnant rats. Embryos from mild diabetic rats also showed an increased apoptotic rate, which was diminished by idebenone treatment. CONCLUSION Maternal idebenone treatment ameliorates altered parameters related to the prooxidant-proinflammatory environment found in embryos from mild diabetic rats, suggesting a putative treatment to prevent diabetes-induced embryo alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Higa
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sabrina Roberti
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Mazzucco
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica White
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Cherif K, Gérard C, Rousseau J, Ouellet DL, Chapdelaine P, Tremblay JP. Increased Frataxin Expression Induced in Friedreich Ataxia Cells by Platinum TALE-VP64s or Platinum TALE-SunTag. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:19-32. [PMID: 30195758 PMCID: PMC6019861 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frataxin gene (FXN) expression is reduced in Friedreich’s ataxia patients due to an increase in the number of GAA trinucleotides in intron 1. The frataxin protein, encoded by that gene, plays an important role in mitochondria’s iron metabolism. Platinum TALE (plTALE) proteins targeting the regulatory region of the FXN gene, fused with a transcriptional activator (TA) such as VP64 or P300, were used to increase the expression of that gene. Many effectors, plTALEVP64, plTALEp300, and plTALESunTag, targeting 14 sequences of the FXN gene promoter or intron 1 were produced. This permitted selection of 3 plTALEVP64s and 2 plTALESunTag that increased FXN gene expression by up to 19-fold in different Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) primary fibroblasts. Adeno-associated viruses were used to deliver the best effectors to the YG8R mouse model to validate their efficiencies in vivo. Our results showed that these selected plTALEVP64s or plTALESunTag induced transcriptional activity of the endogenous FXN gene as well as expression of the frataxin protein in YG8R mouse heart by 10-fold and in skeletal muscles by up to 35-fold. The aconitase activity was positively modulated by the frataxin level in mitochondria, and it was, thus, increased in vitro and in vivo by the increased frataxin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Cherif
- Centre de Recherche du CHU, Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, l'Université Laval Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Gérard
- Centre de Recherche du CHU, Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, l'Université Laval Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Joël Rousseau
- Centre de Recherche du CHU, Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, l'Université Laval Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique L Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU, Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, l'Université Laval Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Chapdelaine
- Centre de Recherche du CHU, Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, l'Université Laval Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques P Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU, Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine Moléculaire, l'Université Laval Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.
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26
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Edenharter O, Schneuwly S, Navarro JA. Mitofusin-Dependent ER Stress Triggers Glial Dysfunction and Nervous System Degeneration in a Drosophila Model of Friedreich's Ataxia. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:38. [PMID: 29563863 PMCID: PMC5845754 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is the most important recessive ataxia in the Caucasian population. It is caused by a deficit of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Despite its pivotal effect on biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters and mitochondrial energy production, little is known about the influence of frataxin depletion on homeostasis of the cellular mitochondrial network. We have carried out a forward genetic screen to analyze genetic interactions between genes controlling mitochondrial homeostasis and Drosophila frataxin. Our screen has identified silencing of Drosophila mitofusin (Marf) as a suppressor of FRDA phenotypes in glia. Drosophila Marf is known to play crucial roles in mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial degradation and in the interface between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Thus, we have analyzed the effects of frataxin knockdown on mitochondrial morphology, mitophagy and ER function in our fly FRDA model using different histological and molecular markers such as tetramethylrhodamine, ethyl ester (TMRE), mitochondria-targeted GFP (mitoGFP), p62, ATG8a, LAMP1, Xbp1 and BiP/GRP78. Furthermore, we have generated the first Drosophila transgenic line containing the mtRosella construct under the UAS control to study the progression of the mitophagy process in vivo. Our results indicated that frataxin-deficiency had a small impact on mitochondrial morphology but enhanced mitochondrial clearance and altered the ER stress response in Drosophila. Remarkably, we demonstrate that downregulation of Marf suppresses ER stress in frataxin-deficient cells and this is sufficient to improve locomotor dysfunction, brain degeneration and lipid dyshomeostasis in our FRDA model. In agreement, chemical reduction of ER stress by means of two different compounds was sufficient to ameliorate the effects of frataxin deficiency in three different fly FRDA models. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that the protection mediated by Marf knockdown in glia is mainly linked to its role in the mitochondrial-ER tethering and not to mitochondrial dynamics or mitochondrial degradation and that ER stress is a novel and pivotal player in the progression and etiology of FRDA. This work might define a new pathological mechanism in FRDA, linking mitochondrial dysfunction due to frataxin deficiency and mitofusin-mediated ER stress, which might be responsible for characteristic cellular features of the disease and also suggests ER stress as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Edenharter
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schneuwly
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Juan A. Navarro
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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27
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Progress in the treatment of Friedreich ataxia. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2018; 52:129-139. [PMID: 29499876 DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive neurological disorder affecting approximately 1 in 29,000 individuals of European descent. At present, there is no approved pharmacological treatment for this condition however research into treatment of FRDA has advanced considerably over the last two decades since the genetic cause was identified. Current proposed treatment strategies include decreasing oxidative stress, increasing cellular frataxin, improving mitochondrial function as well as modulating frataxin controlled metabolic pathways. Genetic and cell based therapies also hold great promise. Finally, physical therapies are being explored as a means of maximising function in those affected by FRDA.
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28
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Montenegro L, Turnaturi R, Parenti C, Pasquinucci L. Idebenone: Novel Strategies to Improve Its Systemic and Local Efficacy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E87. [PMID: 29401722 PMCID: PMC5853719 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The key role of antioxidants in treating and preventing many systemic and topical diseases is well recognized. One of the most potent antioxidants available for pharmaceutical and cosmetic use is Idebenone (IDE), a synthetic analogue of Coenzyme Q10. Unfortunately, IDE's unfavorable physicochemical properties such as poor water solubility and high lipophilicity impair its bioavailability after oral and topical administration and prevent its parenteral use. In recent decades, many strategies have been proposed to improve IDE effectiveness in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and skin disorders. After a brief description of IDE potential therapeutic applications and its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, this review will focus on the different approaches investigated to overcome IDE drawbacks, such as IDE incorporation into different types of delivery systems (liposomes, cyclodextrins, microemulsions, self-micro-emulsifying drug delivery systems, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles) and IDE chemical modification. The results of these studies will be illustrated with emphasis on the most innovative strategies and their future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Montenegro
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rita Turnaturi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Carmela Parenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Lorella Pasquinucci
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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29
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Li T, Zhang N, Tang S, Tao Z, Zhou X, Sun X, Chen H. Effect of idebenone on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5376-5383. [PMID: 29393352 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell research has continued to benefit from its crossover with chemistry, particularly the investigation of small molecular drugs modulating specific targets to regulate stem cell fate. Idebenone (IDB) is a yellow crystalline powder that is used in the treatment of chronic cerebrovascular diseases. The objective of the present study was to examine whether IDB had an influence on bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) extracted from the bone marrow of Sprague‑Dawley rats. The effects of IDB on cell proliferation, cell cloning and migration were investigated. Cell cycle, apoptosis, DAPI nuclear staining and senescence‑associated β‑galactosidase (SA‑β‑gal) staining were also examined. The results revealed that IDB at suitable concentrations enhanced cell cloning capacity, promoted the proliferation of BMSCs, delayed cellular senescence, and inhibited cell apoptosis and migration. Western blot analysis indicated that IDB increased the expression of B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), signal transducer and activator of transcription‑3, Nanog, octamer‑binding transcription factor 4, E‑cadherin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclinD1 and cyclinD3, and decreased the expression of Bcl‑2‑associated X protein, cleaved caspase‑3, N‑cadherin, vimentin and α‑smooth muscle actin. In conclusion, these experiments confirmed that IDB in low doses had no toxic effect and may exert protective effects on BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Tang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Zehua Tao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohe Zhou
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Sun
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Huabiao Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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30
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Abstract
The cerebellum plays an integral role in the control of limb and ocular movements, balance, and walking. Cerebellar disorders may be classified as sporadic or hereditary with clinical presentation varying with the extent and site of cerebellar damage and extracerebellar signs. Deficits in balance and walking reflect the cerebellum's proposed role in coordination, sensory integration, coordinate transformation, motor learning, and adaptation. Cerebellar dysfunction results in increased postural sway, hypermetric postural responses to perturbations and optokinetic stimuli, and postural responses that are poorly coordinated with volitional movement. Gait variability is characteristic and may arise from a combination of balance impairments, interlimb incoordination, and incoordination between postural activity and leg movement. Intrinsic problems with balance lead to a high prevalence of injurious falls. Evidence for pharmacologic management is limited, although aminopyridines reduce attacks in episodic ataxias and may have a role in improving gait ataxia in other conditions. Intensive exercises targeting balance and coordination lead to improvements in balance and walking but require ongoing training to maintain/maximize any effects. Noninvasive brain stimulation of the cerebellum may become a useful adjunct to therapy in the future. Walking aids, orthoses, specialized footwear and seating may be required for more severe cases of cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F Marsden
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health Professions, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
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31
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Cook A, Giunti P. Friedreich's ataxia: clinical features, pathogenesis and management. Br Med Bull 2017; 124:19-30. [PMID: 29053830 PMCID: PMC5862303 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Friedreich's ataxia is the most common inherited ataxia. SOURCES OF DATA Literature search using PubMed with keywords Friedreich's ataxia together with published papers known to the authors. AREAS OF AGREEMENT The last decade has seen important advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of disease. In particular, the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the disease now offer promising novel therapeutic targets. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY The search for effective disease-modifying agents continues. It remains to be determined whether the most effective approach to treatment lies with increasing frataxin protein levels or addressing the metabolic consequences of the disease, for example with antioxidants. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH Management of Freidreich's ataxia is currently focussed on symptomatic management, delivered by the multidisciplinary team. Phase II clinical trials in agents that address the abberrant silencing of the frataxin gene need to be translated into large placebo-controlled Phase III trials to help establish their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cook
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Ataxia Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - P Giunti
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Ataxia Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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32
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia Bösch
- Neurology Department, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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33
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Higa R, Roberti SL, Capobianco E, Fornes D, White V, Jawerbaum A. Pro-oxidant/pro-inflammatory alterations in the offspring´s heart of mild diabetic rats are regulated by maternal treatments with a mitochondrial antioxidant. Reprod Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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34
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Strawser C, Schadt K, Hauser L, McCormick A, Wells M, Larkindale J, Lin H, Lynch DR. Pharmacological therapeutics in Friedreich ataxia: the present state. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:895-907. [PMID: 28724340 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1356721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a progressive, inherited, neurodegenerative disease for which there is currently no cure or approved treatment. FRDA is caused by deficits in the production and expression of frataxin, a protein found in the mitochondria that is most likely responsible for regulating iron-sulfur cluster enzymes within the cell. A decrease in frataxin causes dysfunction of adenosine triphosphate synthesis, accumulation of mitochondrial iron, and other events leading to downstream cellular dysfunction. Areas covered: Therapeutic development for FRDA currently focuses on improving mitochondrial function and finding ways to increase frataxin expression. Additionally, the authors will review potential approaches aimed at iron modulation and genetic modulation. Finally, gene therapy is progressing rapidly and is being explored as a treatment for FRDA. Expert commentary: The collection of multiple therapeutic approaches provides many possible ways to treat FRDA. Although the mitochondrial approaches are not thought to be curative, as the primary frataxin deficit will remain, they may still produce improvements in quality of life and slowing of progression. Therapies aimed at frataxin restoration are more likely to truly modify the disease, with gene therapy as the best possibility to alter the course of the disease from both a cardiac and neurological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly Schadt
- a Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Lauren Hauser
- a Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | | | - McKenzie Wells
- a Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Jane Larkindale
- a Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Hong Lin
- a Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - David R Lynch
- a Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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35
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Augustyniak J, Lenart J, Zychowicz M, Stepien PP, Buzanska L. Mitochondrial biogenesis and neural differentiation of human iPSC is modulated by idebenone in a developmental stage-dependent manner. Biogerontology 2017. [PMID: 28643190 PMCID: PMC5514205 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idebenone, the synthetic analog of coenzyme Q10 can improve electron transport in mitochondria. Therefore, it is used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive impairments. However, the mechanism of its action on neurodevelopment is still to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that the cellular response of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) to idebenone depends on the stage of neural differentiation. When: neural stem cells (NSC), early neural progenitors (eNP) and advanced neural progenitors (NP) have been studied a significant stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis was observed only at the eNP stage of development. This coexists with the enhancement of cell viability and increase in total cell number. In addition, we report novel idebenone properties in a possible regulation of neural stem cells fate decision: only eNP stage responded with up-regulation of both neuronal (MAP2), astrocytic (GFAP) markers, while at NSC and NP stages significant down-regulation of MAP2 expression was observed, promoting astrocyte differentiation. Thus, idebenone targets specific stages of hiPSC differentiation and may influence the neural stem cell fate decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Augustyniak
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Lenart
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Zychowicz
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - P P Stepien
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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36
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Montenegro L, Modica MN, Salerno L, Panico AM, Crascì L, Puglisi G, Romeo G. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Idebenone Derivative-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060887. [PMID: 28555014 PMCID: PMC6152785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idebenone (IDE) has been proposed for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases involving mitochondria dysfunctions. Unfortunately, to date, IDE therapeutic treatments have not been as successful as expected. To improve IDE efficacy, in this work we describe a two-step approach: (1) synthesis of IDE ester derivatives by covalent linking IDE to other two antioxidants, trolox (IDETRL) and lipoic acid (IDELIP), to obtain a synergic effect; (2) loading of IDE, IDETRL, or IDELIP into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) to improve IDE and its esters’ water solubility while increasing and prolonging their antioxidant activity. IDE and its derivatives loaded SLN showed good physico-chemical and technological properties (spherical shape, mean particle sizes 23–25 nm, single peak in the size distribution, ζ potential values −1.76/−2.89 mV, and good stability at room temperature). In vitro antioxidant activity of these SLN was evaluated in comparison with free drugs by means of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test. IDETRL and IDELIP showed a greater antioxidant activity than IDE and encapsulation of IDE and its derivatives into SLN was able to prolong their antioxidant activity. These results suggest that loading IDETRL and IDELIP into SLN could be a useful strategy to improve IDE efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Montenegro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria N Modica
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Loredana Salerno
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Panico
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Lucia Crascì
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Puglisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Romeo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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37
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Bürk K. Friedreich Ataxia: current status and future prospects. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2017; 4:4. [PMID: 28405347 PMCID: PMC5383992 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-017-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FA) represents the most frequent type of inherited ataxia. Most patients carry homozygous GAA expansions in the first intron of the frataxin gene on chromosome 9. Due to epigenetic alterations, frataxin expression is significantly reduced. Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein. Its deficiency leads to mitochondrial iron overload, defective energy supply and generation of reactive oxygen species. This review gives an overview over clinical and genetic aspects of FA and discusses current concepts of frataxin biogenesis and function as well as new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bürk
- University of Marburg, and Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Klinikstr. 16, 34128 Kassel, Germany
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Wanitchakool P, Ousingsawat J, Sirianant L, Cabrita I, Faria D, Schreiber R, Kunzelmann K. Cellular defects by deletion of ANO10 are due to deregulated local calcium signaling. Cell Signal 2016; 30:41-49. [PMID: 27838374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TMEM16K (ANO10) belongs to a family of ion channels and phospholipid scramblases. Mutations in ANO10 cause neurological and immunological defects, and abrogated ion transport. Here we show that Ano10 knockout in epithelial cells leads to defective ion transport, attenuated volume regulation and deranged Ca2+ signaling. Intestinal epithelial cells from Ano10 null mice are reduced in size and demonstrate an almost abolished spontaneous and TNFα-induced apoptosis. Similar defects were found in mouse peritoneal Ano10 null macrophages and in human THP1 macrophages with reduced ANO10 expression. A cell cycle dependent colocalization of Ano10 with acetylated tubulin, centrioles, and a submembranous tubulin containing compartment was observed in Fisher rat thyroid cells. Axs, the Drosophila ortholog of ANO10 is known for its role in mitotic spindle formation and association with the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca2+ signaling. We therefore propose that mutations in ANO10 cause cellular defects and genetic disorders through deranged local Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Podchanart Wanitchakool
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jiraporn Ousingsawat
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lalida Sirianant
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inês Cabrita
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diana Faria
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Schreiber
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl Kunzelmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Wyller VB, Jacobsen K, Dahl MB, Nilsen H, Proske S, Horter T, Brun H. Interferon gamma may improve cardiac function in Friedreich's ataxia cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:376-8. [PMID: 27404709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Bruun Wyller
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway; Dept. of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Kristine Jacobsen
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; EpiGen Laboratory, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Mai Britt Dahl
- EpiGen Laboratory, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Dept. of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- EpiGen Laboratory, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway; Dept. of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Simone Proske
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Thorsten Horter
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Henrik Brun
- Dept. of Paediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Schlatter J, Bourguignon E, Majoul E, Kabiche S, Balde IB, Cisternino S, Fontan JE. Stability study of oral pediatric idebenone suspensions. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:296-299. [PMID: 27583702 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1231811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adapted forms for administration to infants are limited. The proposed study was performed to propose oral liquid formulations of idebenone in Ora-Plus and either Ora-Sweet or Ora-Sweet SF, Ora-Blend, Ora-Blend SF and Inorpha. Each formulation was stored in 30 ml amber glass bottle at 5 or 25 °C for 90 days. Idebenone contents in these suspensions, determined by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method, remained stable at least 90 days in Inorpha when stored at the two temperatures. In Ora-Blend, the stability was estimated at 14 days and in other suspensions at 20 days at the two temperatures. After 90 days storage, the pH of Ora-Plus and Ora-Sweet or Ora-Sweet SF changed between -0.10 and -0.25 units. For others suspensions, the pH changes were not significant (< -0.09 unit). No change was observed in color, odor or visual microbiology. To conclude, we recommended the use of idebenone in Inorpha vehicle stable for at least 90 days at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Schlatter
- a Service Pharmacie , Hôpital Jean Verdier - APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis , Bondy , France
| | - Elodie Bourguignon
- a Service Pharmacie , Hôpital Jean Verdier - APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis , Bondy , France
| | - Elyes Majoul
- a Service Pharmacie , Hôpital Jean Verdier - APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis , Bondy , France
| | - Sofiane Kabiche
- a Service Pharmacie , Hôpital Jean Verdier - APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis , Bondy , France
| | - Issa-Bella Balde
- a Service Pharmacie , Hôpital Jean Verdier - APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis , Bondy , France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- a Service Pharmacie , Hôpital Jean Verdier - APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis , Bondy , France
| | - Jean-Eudes Fontan
- a Service Pharmacie , Hôpital Jean Verdier - APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis , Bondy , France
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Pharmacological effect of a new idebenone formulation in a model of carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:767-773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lopez Sanchez M, Crowston J, Mackey D, Trounce I. Emerging Mitochondrial Therapeutic Targets in Optic Neuropathies. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:132-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jamal R, Shimogawara R, Yamamoto KI, Ohta N. Anti-trypanosome effects of nutritional supplements and vitamin D3: in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Trop Med Health 2016; 44:26. [PMID: 27579019 PMCID: PMC4989295 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-016-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous publications suggest that nutritional supplements have anti-trypanosome activity in vitro, although apparent efficacy was not noted in vivo. This study was conducted by experimentally infecting mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei to assess the anti-trypanosome activity of various nutritional supplements with the hope of finding possible application in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis. METHODS Activities of nutritional supplements were screened in vitro against bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei. To evaluate selectivity, we used two mammalian cells, Jurkat cells and Vero cells. The IC50 values and selectivity index values were calculated, and supplements with promising efficacy in vitro were selected for further testing in vivo. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 1 × 10(3) T. b. brucei. We observed parameters for disease progression such as parasitemia, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, survivability, and splenomegaly. Morphological profiles after the treatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Vitamin D3 showed anti-trypanosome efficacies both in vitro and in vivo. It seemed to have suppressive effects on parasitemia, and spleen weight was also significantly lower in vitamin D3-treated mice when compared to non-treated control mice. There was, however, no significant prolonged survivability of infected mice treated with vitamin D3. Among green tea extracts, polyphenon-60 and epigallocatechin gallate had suppressive effects against T. b. brucei in vitro, but in vivo efficacies were marginal. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with nutritional supplements, vitamin D3, and polyphenon-60 seemed to have anti-trypanosome activity in vitro and protective activity to some extent in vivo, respectively, although those supplements themselves did not have curable effects. The exact mechanisms of action are not clear, but the significant efficacy in vitro suggested direct effects of supplements against African trypanosome parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripa Jamal
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Rieko Shimogawara
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Ki-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
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Peter S, Manousaridis K, Boesch S, Mennel S. Memantin bei Optikusatrophie in Friedreich-Ataxie. Ophthalmologe 2016; 113:704-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00347-015-0191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a GAA·TTC triplet in the first intron of the FXN gene, encoding the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. Repeat expansion results in transcriptional silencing through an epigenetic mechanism, resulting in significant decreases in frataxin protein in affected individuals. Since the FXN protein coding sequence is unchanged in FRDA, an attractive therapeutic approach for this disease would be to increase transcription of pathogenic alleles with small molecules that target the silencing mechanism. AREAS COVERED We review the evidence that histone postsynthetic modifications and heterochromatin formation are responsible for FXN gene silencing in FRDA, along with efforts to reverse silencing with drugs that target histone modifying enzymes. Chemical and pharmacological properties of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which reverse silencing, together with enzyme target profiles and kinetics of inhibition, are discussed. Two HDAC inhibitors have been studied in human clinical trials and the properties of these compounds are compared and contrasted. Efforts to improve on bioavailability, metabolic stability, and target activity are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION 2-aminobenzamide class I HDAC inhibitors are attractive therapeutic small molecules for FRDA. These molecules increase FXN gene expression in human neuronal cells derived from patient induced pluripotent stem cells, and in two mouse models for the disease, as well as in circulating lymphocytes in patients treated in a phase Ib clinical trial. Medicinal chemistry efforts have identified compounds with improved brain penetration, metabolic stability and efficacy in the human neuronal cell model. A clinical candidate will soon be identified for further human testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Soragni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
| | - Joel M Gottesfeld
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037 USA
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Chen K, Lin G, Haelterman NA, Ho TSY, Li T, Li Z, Duraine L, Graham BH, Jaiswal M, Yamamoto S, Rasband MN, Bellen HJ. Loss of Frataxin induces iron toxicity, sphingolipid synthesis, and Pdk1/Mef2 activation, leading to neurodegeneration. eLife 2016; 5:e16043. [PMID: 27343351 PMCID: PMC4956409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Frataxin (FXN) cause Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a recessive neurodegenerative disorder. Previous studies have proposed that loss of FXN causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which triggers elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to the demise of neurons. Here we describe a ROS independent mechanism that contributes to neurodegeneration in fly FXN mutants. We show that loss of frataxin homolog (fh) in Drosophila leads to iron toxicity, which in turn induces sphingolipid synthesis and ectopically activates 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase-1 (Pdk1) and myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2). Dampening iron toxicity, inhibiting sphingolipid synthesis by Myriocin, or reducing Pdk1 or Mef2 levels, all effectively suppress neurodegeneration in fh mutants. Moreover, increasing dihydrosphingosine activates Mef2 activity through PDK1 in mammalian neuronal cell line suggesting that the mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. Our results indicate that an iron/sphingolipid/Pdk1/Mef2 pathway may play a role in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuchuan Chen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Nele A Haelterman
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Tammy Szu-Yu Ho
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Tongchao Li
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Lita Duraine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Brett H Graham
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Manish Jaiswal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, United States
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, United States
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Bhise V, Dhib-Jalbut S. Further understanding of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: impact on future treatments. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1069-89. [PMID: 27191526 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1191351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The understanding of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has expanded with more research into T-cell subtypes, cytokine contributors, B-cell participation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and more. Treatment options have rapidly expanded with three relatively recent oral therapy alternatives entering the arena. AREAS COVERED In the following review, we discuss current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in MS, how they relate to current treatments, and the impact these findings will have on the future of therapy. Expert commentary: The efficacy of these medications and understanding their mechanisms of actions validates the immunopathogenic mechanisms thought to underlie MS. Further research has exposed new targets, while new promising therapies have shed light on new aspects into the pathophysiology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Bhise
- a Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Pediatrics , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- b Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Neurology , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
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Chiang S, Kovacevic Z, Sahni S, Lane DJR, Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Huang MLH, Richardson DR. Frataxin and the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial iron-loading in Friedreich's ataxia. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:853-70. [PMID: 27129098 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a major site for the metabolism of the transition metal, iron, which is necessary for metabolic processes critical for cell vitality. The enigmatic mitochondrial protein, frataxin, is known to play a significant role in both cellular and mitochondrial iron metabolism due to its iron-binding properties and its involvement in iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) and heme synthesis. The inherited neuro- and cardio-degenerative disease, Friedreich's ataxia (FA), is caused by the deficient expression of frataxin that leads to deleterious alterations in iron metabolism. These changes lead to the accumulation of inorganic iron aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix that are presumed to play a key role in the oxidative damage and subsequent degenerative features of this disease. Furthermore, the concurrent dys-regulation of cellular antioxidant defense, which coincides with frataxin deficiency, exacerbates oxidative stress. Hence, the pathogenesis of FA underscores the importance of the integrated homeostasis of cellular iron metabolism and the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial redox environments. This review focuses on describing the pathogenesis of the disease, the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial iron-loading and the dys-regulation of cellular antioxidant defense due to frataxin deficiency. In turn, current and emerging therapeutic strategies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Chiang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Angelica M Merlot
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael L-H Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia )
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia )
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Gómez-Murcia V, Torrecillas A, de Godos AM, Corbalán-García S, Gómez-Fernández JC. Both idebenone and idebenol are localized near the lipid-water interface of the membrane and increase its fluidity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1071-81. [PMID: 26926421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Idebenone is a synthetic analog of coenzyme Q; both share a quinone moiety but idebenone has a shorter lipophilic tail ending with a hydroxyl group. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments showed that both idebenone and idebenol widened and shifted the phase transition of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to a lower temperature and a phase separation with different concentrations of these molecules was observed. Also small angle X-ray diffraction and wide angle X-ray diffraction revealed that both, idebenone and idebenol, induced laterally separated phases in fluid membranes when included in DPPC membranes. Electronic profiles showed that both forms, idebenone and idebenol, reduced the thickness of the fluid membrane. (2)H NMR measurements showed that the order of the membrane decreased at all temperatures in the presence of idebenone or idebenol, the greatest disorder being observed in the segments of the acyl chains close to the lipid-water interface. (1)H NOESY MAS NMR spectra were obtained using 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine membranes and results pointed to a similar location in the membrane for both forms, with the benzoquinone or benzoquinol rings and their terminal hydroxyl group of the hydrophobic chain located near the lipid/water interface of the phospholipid bilayer and the terminal hydroxyl group of the hydrophobic chain of both compounds located at the lipid/water interface. Taken together, all these different locations might explain the different physiological behavior shown by the idebenone/idebenol compared with the ubiquinone-10/ubiquinol-10 pair in which both compounds are differently localized in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gómez-Murcia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Torrecillas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana M de Godos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Senena Corbalán-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan C Gómez-Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
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Schottlaender LV, Bettencourt C, Kiely AP, Chalasani A, Neergheen V, Holton JL, Hargreaves I, Houlden H. Coenzyme Q10 Levels Are Decreased in the Cerebellum of Multiple-System Atrophy Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149557. [PMID: 26894433 PMCID: PMC4760984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the levels of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in brain tissue of multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients differ from those in elderly controls and in patients with other neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Flash frozen brain tissue of a series of 20 pathologically confirmed MSA patients [9 olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) type, 6 striatonigral degeneration (SND) type, and 5 mixed type] was used for this study. Elderly controls (n = 37) as well as idiopathic Parkinson's disease (n = 7), dementia with Lewy bodies (n = 20), corticobasal degeneration (n = 15) and cerebellar ataxia (n = 18) patients were used as comparison groups. CoQ10 was measured in cerebellar and frontal cortex tissue by high performance liquid chromatography. Results We detected a statistically significant decrease (by 3–5%) in the level of CoQ10 in the cerebellum of MSA cases (P = 0.001), specifically in OPCA (P = 0.001) and mixed cases (P = 0.005), when compared to controls as well as to other neurodegenerative diseases [dementia with Lewy bodies (P<0.001), idiopathic Parkinson's disease (P<0.001), corticobasal degeneration (P<0.001), and cerebellar ataxia (P = 0.001)]. Conclusion Our results suggest that a perturbation in the CoQ10 biosynthetic pathway is associated with the pathogenesis of MSA but the mechanism behind this finding remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia V Schottlaender
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Conceição Bettencourt
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife P Kiely
- Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies and The Queen Square Brain Bank, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Janice L Holton
- Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies and The Queen Square Brain Bank, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- The MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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