1
|
Tung YT, Chen YC, Derr K, Wilson K, Song MJ, Ferrer M. A 3D Bioprinted Human Neurovascular Unit Model of Glioblastoma Tumor Growth. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302831. [PMID: 38394389 PMCID: PMC11176035 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
A 3D bioprinted neurovascular unit (NVU) model is developed to study glioblastoma (GBM) tumor growth in a brain-like microenvironment. The NVU model includes human primary astrocytes, pericytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells, and patient-derived glioblastoma cells (JHH-520) are used for this study. Fluorescence reporters are used with confocal high content imaging to quantitate real-time microvascular network formation and tumor growth. Extensive validation of the NVU-GBM model includes immunostaining for brain relevant cellular markers and extracellular matrix components; single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to establish physiologically relevant transcriptomics changes; and secretion of NVU and GBM-relevant cytokines. The scRNAseq reveals changes in gene expression and cytokines secretion associated with wound healing/angiogenesis, including the appearance of an endothelial mesenchymal transition cell population. The NVU-GBM model is used to test 18 chemotherapeutics and anti-cancer drugs to assess the pharmacological relevance of the model and robustness for high throughput screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Tung
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kristy Derr
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kelli Wilson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Min Jae Song
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alves Abrantes JJP, Veríssimo de Azevedo JC, Fernandes FL, Duarte Almeida V, Custódio De Oliveira LA, Ferreira de Oliveira MT, Galvão De Araújo JM, Lanza DCF, Bezerra FL, Andrade VS, Araújo de Medeiros Fernandes TA, Fernandes JV. Viruses as a potential environmental trigger of type 1 diabetes mellitus (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:81. [PMID: 38628629 PMCID: PMC11019645 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex multifactorial process that involves an intricate network of genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Despite the advances in recent years, some aspects of the mechanisms involved in triggering the disease are still unclear. Infections with certain viruses have been suggested as possible environmental triggers for the autoimmune process that leads to selective and progressive destruction of pancreatic β-cells and insufficiency of insulin production, which is its hallmark. In this review, advances in knowledge and evidence that suggest the participation of certain viruses in the mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are described. It has been accepted that environmental factors, including viruses, can initiate and possibly sustain, accelerate, or slow down the autoimmune process and consequently damage insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Although the role of these agents, especially human enteroviruses, has been exhaustively studied as the most likely triggers of the activation of autoimmunity that destroys pancreatic islets and leads to T1DM, certain doubts remain. Clinical epidemiological and experimental studies in humans and animals provide consistent and increasing evidence that persistent viral infections, especially with human enteroviruses and rotavirus infections, are associated with an increased risk of the disease in individuals genetically predisposed to autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Liberalino Fernandes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rio Grande do Norte State University, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59607-360, Brazil
| | - Valéria Duarte Almeida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rio Grande do Norte State University, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59607-360, Brazil
| | | | | | - Josélio Maria Galvão De Araújo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lima Bezerra
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Vania Sousa Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - José Veríssimo Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lopez-Ortiz AO, Eyo UB. Astrocytes and microglia in the coordination of CNS development and homeostasis. J Neurochem 2023:10.1111/jnc.16006. [PMID: 37985374 PMCID: PMC11102936 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Glia have emerged as important architects of central nervous system (CNS) development and maintenance. While traditionally glial contributions to CNS development and maintenance have been studied independently, there is growing evidence that either suggests or documents that glia may act in coordinated manners to effect developmental patterning and homeostatic functions in the CNS. In this review, we focus on astrocytes, the most abundant glia in the CNS, and microglia, the earliest glia to colonize the CNS highlighting research that documents either suggestive or established coordinated actions by these glial cells in various CNS processes including cell and/or debris clearance, neuronal survival and morphogenesis, synaptic maturation, and circuit function, angio-/vasculogenesis, myelination, and neurotransmission. Some molecular mechanisms underlying these processes that have been identified are also described. Throughout, we categorize the available evidence as either suggestive or established interactions between microglia and astrocytes in the regulation of the respective process and raise possible avenues for further research. We conclude indicating that a better understanding of coordinated astrocyte-microglial interactions in the developing and mature brain holds promise for developing effective therapies for brain pathologies where these processes are perturbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aída Oryza Lopez-Ortiz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bastos V, Pacheco V, Rodrigues ÉDL, Moraes CNS, Nóbile AL, Fonseca DLM, Souza KBS, do Vale FYN, Filgueiras IS, Schimke LF, Giil LM, Moll G, Cabral-Miranda G, Ochs HD, Vasconcelos PFDC, de Melo GD, Bourhy H, Casseb LMN, Cabral-Marques O. Neuroimmunology of rabies: New insights into an ancient disease. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29042. [PMID: 37885152 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient neuroinvasive viral (genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae) disease affecting approximately 59,000 people worldwide. The central nervous system (CNS) is targeted, and rabies has a case fatality rate of almost 100% in humans and animals. Rabies is entirely preventable through proper vaccination, and thus, the highest incidence is typically observed in developing countries, mainly in Africa and Asia. However, there are still cases in European countries and the United States. Recently, demographic, increasing income levels, and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have caused a massive raising in the animal population, enhancing the need for preventive measures (e.g., vaccination, surveillance, and animal control programs), postexposure prophylaxis, and a better understanding of rabies pathophysiology to identify therapeutic targets, since there is no effective treatment after the onset of clinical manifestations. Here, we review the neuroimmune biology and mechanisms of rabies. Its pathogenesis involves a complex and poorly understood modulation of immune and brain functions associated with metabolic, synaptic, and neuronal impairments, resulting in fatal outcomes without significant histopathological lesions in the CNS. In this context, the neuroimmunological and neurochemical aspects of excitatory/inhibitory signaling (e.g., GABA/glutamate crosstalk) are likely related to the clinical manifestations of rabies infection. Uncovering new links between immunopathological mechanisms and neurochemical imbalance will be essential to identify novel potential therapeutic targets to reduce rabies morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Bastos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Physiopathology and Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Pacheco
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Érika D L Rodrigues
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Cássia N S Moraes
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Adriel L Nóbile
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Physiopathology and Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennyson Leandro M Fonseca
- Interunit Postgraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamilla B S Souza
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Y N do Vale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Physiopathology and Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor S Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lasse M Giil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guido Moll
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hans D Ochs
- School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pedro F da Costa Vasconcelos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of the State of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | - Guilherme D de Melo
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Livia M N Casseb
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, PAHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Arboviruses and other Zoonotic Viruses, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Postgraduate Program of Physiopathology and Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation 29, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang B, Su D, Song Y, Li H, Chen C, Liao L, Zhang H, Luo J, Yang M, Zhu G, Ai Z. Yueju volatile oil plays an integral role in the antidepressant effect by up-regulating ERK/AKT-mediated GLT-1 expression to clear glutamate. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105583. [PMID: 37336418 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the volatile oil of Yueju (YJVO) and its constituent herbs induced the detection of 52 compounds in YJVO, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as a small amount of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. 5 of these compounds were found only in the YJVO instead of the volatile oil of its constituent herbs. The anti-depressant effect of YJVO was proved by behavioral tests in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. An acute oral toxicity evaluation determined the LD50 of YJVO was 5.780 mL/kg. Doppler ultrasound and laser speckle imaging have detected that the YJVO could improve depression-related cerebral blood flow. In addition, related neurotransmitters and proteins were analyzed through targeted metabolomics and immunofluorescence. The potential antidepressant mechanisms of YJVO related to significantly decreasing Glu in CUMS mice by up-regulating the ERK/AKT-mediated expression of GLT-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bike Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dan Su
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Changlian Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Liangliang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Jiangxi Guxiang Jinyun Comprehensive Health Industry Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Genhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhifu Ai
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Disease with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of TCM for Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Cognitive Dysfunction, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fontana IC, Souza DG, Souza DO, Gee A, Zimmer ER, Bongarzone S. A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective on Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2330-2346. [PMID: 36787643 PMCID: PMC9969404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) plays a key role in the clearance and recycling of glutamate - the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. EAAT2 loss/dysfunction triggers a cascade of neurodegenerative events, comprising glutamatergic excitotoxicity and neuronal death. Nevertheless, our current knowledge regarding EAAT2 in neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), is restricted to post-mortem analysis of brain tissue and experimental models. Thus, detecting EAAT2 in the living human brain might be crucial to improve diagnosis/therapy for ALS and AD. This perspective article describes the role of EAAT2 in physio/pathological processes and provides a structure-activity relationship of EAAT2-binders, bringing two perspectives: therapy (activators) and diagnosis (molecular imaging tools).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor C Fontana
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Blickagången 16 - Neo floor seventh, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Débora G Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Antony Gee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, sala, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (PPGBioq), and Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGFT), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, sala, 305 Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Porto Alegre, Brazil.,McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Salvatore Bongarzone
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brain Metabolic Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073785. [PMID: 35409145 PMCID: PMC8998942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most energy-consuming organs in the body. Satisfying such energy demand requires compartmentalized, cell-specific metabolic processes, known to be complementary and intimately coupled. Thus, the brain relies on thoroughly orchestrated energy-obtaining agents, processes and molecular features, such as the neurovascular unit, the astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling, and the cellular distribution of energy substrate transporters. Importantly, early features of the aging process are determined by the progressive perturbation of certain processes responsible for adequate brain energy supply, resulting in brain hypometabolism. These age-related brain energy alterations are further worsened during the prodromal stages of neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer's disease (AD), preceding the onset of clinical symptoms, and are anatomically and functionally associated with the loss of cognitive abilities. Here, we focus on concrete neuroenergetic features such as the brain's fueling by glucose and lactate, the transporters and vascular system guaranteeing its supply, and the metabolic interactions between astrocytes and neurons, and on its neurodegenerative-related disruption. We sought to review the principles underlying the metabolic dimension of healthy and AD brains, and suggest that the integration of these concepts in the preventive, diagnostic and treatment strategies for AD is key to improving the precision of these interventions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pintori N, Castelli MP, Miliano C, Simola N, Fadda P, Fattore L, Scherma M, Ennas MG, Mostallino R, Flore G, De Felice M, Sagheddu C, Pistis M, Di Chiara G, De Luca MA. Repeated exposure to JWH-018 induces adaptive changes in the mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic pathways, glial cells alterations, and behavioural correlates. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3476-3497. [PMID: 33837969 PMCID: PMC8457172 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Spice/K2 herbal mixtures, containing synthetic cannabinoids such as JWH‐018, have been marketed as marijuana surrogates since 2004. JWH‐018 has cannabinoid CB1 receptor‐dependent reinforcing properties and acutely increases dopaminergic transmission selectively in the NAc shell. Here, we tested the hypothesis that repeated administration of JWH‐018 (i) modulates behaviour, (ii) affects dopaminergic transmission and its responsiveness to motivational stimuli, and (iii) is associated with a neuroinflammatory phenotype. Experimental Approach Rats were administered with JWH‐018 once a day for 14 consecutive days. We then performed behavioural, electrophysiological, and neurochemical evaluation at multiple time points after drug discontinuation. Key Results Repeated JWH‐018 exposure (i) induced anxious and aversive behaviours, transitory attentional deficits, and withdrawal signs; (ii) decreased spontaneous activity and number of dopamine neurons in the VTA; and (iii) reduced stimulation of dopaminergic transmission in the NAc shell while potentiating that in the NAc core, in response to acute JWH‐018 challenge. Moreover, (iv) we observed a decreased dopamine sensitivity in the NAc shell and core, but not in the mPFC, to a first chocolate exposure; conversely, after a second exposure, dialysate dopamine fully increased in the NAc shell and core but not in the mPFC. Finally, selected dopamine brain areas showed (v) astrogliosis (mPFC, NAc shell and core, VTA), microgliosis (NAc shell and core), and downregulation of CB1 receptors (mPFC, NAc shell and core). Conclusion and Implications Repeated exposure to JWH‐018 may provide a useful model to clarify the detrimental effects of recurring use of Spice/K2 drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pintori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Miliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ennas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rafaela Mostallino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Flore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta De Felice
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Chiara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang X, Zhang X, Ma Y, Wang Z, Huang K, Liu G, Shen K, Zhu G, Wang T, Lv S, Zhang C, Yang H, Liu S. Abnormal Rat Cortical Development Induced by Ventricular Injection of rHMGB1 Mimics the Pathophysiology of Human Cortical Dysplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634405. [PMID: 33748118 PMCID: PMC7969805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical dysplasia (CD) is a common cause of drug-resistant epilepsy. Increasing studies have implicated innate immunity in CD with epilepsy. However, it is unclear whether innate immune factors induce epileptogenic CD. Here, we injected recombinant human high mobility group box 1 (rHMGB1) into embryonic rat ventricles to determine whether rHMGB1 can induce epileptogenic CD with pathophysiological characteristics similar to those of human CD. Compared with controls and 0.1 μg rHMGB1-treated rats, the cortical organization was severely disrupted in the 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats, and microgyria and heterotopia also emerged; additionally, disoriented and deformed neurons were observed in the cortical lesions and heterotopias. Subcortical heterotopia appeared in the white matter and the gray–white junction of the 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats. Moreover, there was decreased number of neurons in layer V–VI and an increased number of astrocytes in layer I and V of the cortical lesions. And the HMGB1 antagonist dexmedetomidine alleviated the changes induced by rHMGB1. Further, we found that TLR4 and NF-κB were increased after rHMGB1 administration. In addition, the excitatory receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1), 2A (NR2A), and 2B (NR2B) immunoreactivity were increased, and immunoreactivity of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) and 2 (EAAT2) were reduced in 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats compared with controls. While there were no differences in the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 (GAD65/67) immunoreactivity between the two groups. These results indicate that the excitation of cortical lesions was significantly increased. Furthermore, electroencephalogram (EEG) showed a shorter latency of seizure onset and a higher incidence of status epilepticus in the 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats; the frequency and amplitude of EEG were higher in the treated rats than controls. Intriguingly, spontaneous electrographic seizure discharges were detected in the 0.2 μg rHMGB1-treated rats after 5 months of age, and spike-wave discharges of approximately 8 Hz were the most significantly increased synchronous propagated waves throughout the general brain cortex. Taken together, these findings indicate that rHMGB1 exposure during pregnancy could contribute to the development of epileptogenic CD, which mimicked some pathophysiological characteristics of human CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanshi Ma
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First People's Hospital, Zhaotong, China
| | - Zhongke Wang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaixuan Huang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guolong Liu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Shen
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqing Lv
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- National Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tao T, Liu M, Chen M, Luo Y, Wang C, Xu T, Jiang Y, Guo Y, Zhang JH. Natural medicine in neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: Challenges and prospective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Healey KL, Kibble S, Bell A, Hodges S, Swartzwelder HS. Effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol on hippocampal expression of glutamate homeostasis and astrocyte-neuronal tethering proteins in male and female rats. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:1908-1921. [PMID: 33217775 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent alcohol drinking is widely recognized as a significant public health problem, and evidence is accumulating that sufficient levels of consumption during this critical period of brain development have an enduring impact on neural and behavioral function. Recent studies have indicated that adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure alters astrocyte function, astrocyte-neuronal interactions, and related synaptic regulation and activity. However, few of those studies have included female animals, and a broader assessment of AIE effects on the proteins mediating astrocyte-mediated glutamate dynamics and synaptic function is needed. We measured synaptic membrane expression of several such proteins in the dorsal and ventral regions of the hippocampal formation (DH, VH) from male and female rats exposed to AIE or adolescent intermittent water. In the DH, AIE caused elevated expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) in both males and females, elevated postsynaptic density 95 expression in females only, and diminished NMDA receptor subunit 2A expression in males only. AIE and sex interactively altered ephrin receptor A4 (EphA4) expression in the DH. In the VH, AIE elevated expression of the cystine/glutamate antiporter and the glutamate aspartate transporter 1 (GLAST) in males only. Compared to males, female animals expressed lower levels of GLT-1 in the DH and greater levels of ephrin receptor B6 (EphB6) in the VH, in the absence of AIE effects. These results support the growing literature indicating that adolescent alcohol exposure produces long-lasting effects on astrocyte function and astrocyte-neuronal interactions. The sex and subregion specificity of these effects have mechanistic implications for our understanding of AIE effects generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kati L Healey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sandra Kibble
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amelia Bell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sierra Hodges
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - H Scott Swartzwelder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nakagawa Y, Yamada S. A novel hypothesis on metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Potential pathogenetic mechanism and therapeutic implications. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173737. [PMID: 33220280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor dysfunctions resulting from the loss of upper (UMNs) and lower (LMNs) motor neurons. While ALS symptoms are coincidental with pathological changes in LMNs and UMNs, the causal relationship between the two is unclear. For example, research on the extra-motor symptoms associated with this condition suggests that an imbalance of metals, including copper, zinc, iron, and manganese, is initially induced in the sensory ganglia due to a malfunction of metal binding proteins and transporters. It is proposed that the resultant metal dyshomeostasis may promote mitochondrial dysfunction in the satellite glial cells of these sensory ganglia, causing sensory neuron disturbances and sensory symptoms. Sensory neuron hyperactivation can result in LMN impairments, while metal dyshomeostasis in spinal cord and brain stem parenchyma induces mitochondrial dysfunction in LMNs and UMNs. These events could prompt intracellular calcium dyshomeostasis, pathological TDP-43 formation, and reactive microglia with neuroinflammation, which in turn activate the apoptosis signaling pathways within the LMNs and UMNs. Our model suggests that the degeneration of LMNs and UMNs is incidental to the metal-induced changes in the spinal cord and brain stem. Over time psychiatric symptoms may appear as the metal dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction affect other brain regions, including the reticular formation, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. It is proposed that metal dyshomeostasis in combination with mitochondrial dysfunction could be the underlying mechanism responsible for the initiation and progression of the pathological changes associated with both the motor and extra-motor symptoms of ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Nakagawa
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Center for Pharma-Food Research (CPFR), Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Integrative Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Blacker CJ, Millischer V, Webb LM, Ho AM, Schalling M, Frye MA, Veldic M. EAAT2 as a Research Target in Bipolar Disorder and Unipolar Depression: A Systematic Review. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 5:44-59. [PMID: 32399469 PMCID: PMC7206595 DOI: 10.1159/000501885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is implicated in the neuropathology of both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is the major glutamate transporter in the mammalian brain, removing glutamate from the synaptic cleft and transporting it into glia for recycling. It is thereby the principal regulator of extracellular glutamate levels and prevents neuronal excitotoxicity. EAAT2 is a promising target for elucidating the mechanisms by which the glutamate-glutamine cycle interacts with neuronal systems in mood disorders. Forty EAAT2 studies (published January 1992-January 2018) were identified via a systematic literature search. The studies demonstrated that chronic stress/steroids were most commonly associated with decreased EAAT2. In rodents, EAAT2 inhibition worsened depressive behaviors. Human EAAT2 expression usually decreased in depression, with some regional brain differences. Fewer data have been collected regarding the roles and regulation of EAAT2 in bipolar disorder. Future directions for research include correlating EAAT2 and glutamate levels in vivo, elucidating genetic variability and epigenetic regulation, clarifying intracellular protein and pharmacologic interactions, and examining EAAT2 in different bipolar mood states. As part of a macromolecular complex within glia, EAAT2 may contribute significantly to intracellular signaling, energy regulation, and cellular homeostasis. An enhanced understanding of this system is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caren J. Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauren M. Webb
- Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ada M.C. Ho
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Martin Schalling
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (MMK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neurogenetics Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark A. Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jia Y, Wang N, Zhang Y, Xue D, Lou H, Liu X. Alteration in the Function and Expression of SLC and ABC Transporters in the Neurovascular Unit in Alzheimer's Disease and the Clinical Significance. Aging Dis 2020; 11:390-404. [PMID: 32257549 PMCID: PMC7069460 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays an important role in maintaining the function of the central nervous system (CNS). Emerging evidence has indicated that the NVU changes function and molecules at the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which initiates multiple pathways of neurodegeneration. Cell types in the NVU have become attractive targets in the interventional treatment of AD. The NVU transportation system contains a variety of proteins involved in compound transport and neurotransmission. Brain transporters can be classified as members of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) families in the NVU. Moreover, the transporters can regulate both endogenous toxins, including amyloid-beta (Aβ) and xenobiotic homeostasis, in the brains of AD patients. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified some transporter gene variants as susceptibility loci for late-onset AD. Therefore, the present study summarizes changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in AD, identifies the location of SLC and ABC transporters in the brain and focuses on major SLC and ABC transporters that contribute to AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Jia
- 1Department of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Na Wang
- 2Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical Science College, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yingbo Zhang
- 3College of Pathology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Di Xue
- 1Department of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Haoming Lou
- 4Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- 1Department of Neuropharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Amyloid Fibril-Induced Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter Disruption Contributes to Complement C1q-Mediated Microglial Pruning of Glutamatergic Synapses. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2290-2300. [PMID: 32008166 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement C1q plays a critical role in microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses and in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently reported that upregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling is associated with increased synaptic C1q production and subsequent microglial phagocytosis of synapses in the rodent models of AD. Here, we explored the role of astrocytic glutamate transporter in the synaptic C1q production and microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses in a rat model of AD. Activation of astrocyte and reduction glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) were noted after bilateral microinjection of amyloid-beta (Aβ1-40) fibrils into the hippocampal CA1 area of rats. Ceftriaxone is a β-lactam antibiotic that upregulates GLT1 expression. Bilateral microinjection of ceftriaxone recovered GLT1 expression, decreased synaptic C1q production, suppressed microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1, and attenuated synaptic and cognitive deficits in rats microinjected with Aβ1-40. In contrast, artificial suppression of GLT1 activity by DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) in naïve rats induced synaptic C1q expression and microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1 area, resulting in synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. These findings demonstrated that impairment of astrocytic glutamate transporter plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Y, Hussein AM, Somasundaram L, Sankar R, Detraux D, Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. microRNAs Regulating Human and Mouse Naïve Pluripotency. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5864. [PMID: 31766734 PMCID: PMC6929104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are ~22bp nucleotide non-coding RNAs that play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Many studies have established that microRNAs are important for cell fate choices, including the naïve to primed pluripotency state transitions, and their intermediate state, the developmentally suspended diapause state in early development. However, the full extent of microRNAs associated with these stage transitions in human and mouse remain under-explored. By meta-analysis of microRNA-seq, RNA-seq, and metabolomics datasets from human and mouse, we found a set of microRNAs, and importantly, their experimentally validated target genes that show consistent changes in naïve to primed transitions (microRNA up, target genes down, or vice versa). The targets of these microRNAs regulate developmental pathways (e.g., the Hedgehog-pathway), primary cilium, and remodeling of metabolic processes (oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid transport) during the transition. Importantly, we identified 115 microRNAs that significantly change in the same direction in naïve to primed transitions in both human and mouse, many of which are novel candidate regulators of pluripotency. Furthermore, we identified 38 microRNAs and 274 target genes that may be involved in diapause, where embryonic development is temporarily suspended prior to implantation to uterus. The upregulated target genes suggest that microRNAs activate stress response in the diapause stage. In conclusion, we provide a comprehensive resource of microRNAs and their target genes involved in naïve to primed transition and in the paused intermediate, the embryonic diapause stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Abdiasis M. Hussein
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Logeshwaran Somasundaram
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rithika Sankar
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Damien Detraux
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julie Mathieu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.M.H.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (D.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Garcia EJ, Arndt DL, Cain ME. Dynamic interactions of ceftriaxone and environmental variables suppress amphetamine seeking. Brain Res 2019; 1712:63-72. [PMID: 30716289 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extrasynaptic glutamate within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a driver of relapse. Cocaine, ethanol, and methamphetamine reduce the expression of cystine-glutamate antiporter (xCT) and primary glial glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) leading to increased extrasynaptic glutamate. Ceftriaxone (CTX) restores xCT and GLT1 expression and effectively suppresses cocaine and ethanol reinstatement, however, the effects of CTX on amphetamine (AMP) reinstatement are not determined. Rodents were reared in an enriched condition (EC), isolated (IC), or standard condition (SC) and trained in AMP self-administration (0.1 mg/kg/infusion). EC, IC, and SC rats received injections of SAL or CTX (200 mg/kg) after daily extinction sessions. Then rats were tested in cue- and AMP-induced reinstatement tests. We hypothesized that EC rearing would reduce reinstatement by altering GLT1 or xCT expression in the NAc and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In Experiment 2, pair-housed rats received once-daily AMP (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) or SAL for eight days followed by once-daily CTX (200 mg/kg i.p.) or SAL injections for 10 days. CTX treatment reduced cue-induced drug seeking in EC rats but not IC or SC rats. In an AMP-induced reinstatement test, CTX reduced AMP-induced drug seeking in EC and SC rats, but not IC rats. Western blot analyses revealed that AMP self-administration and non-contingent repeated AMP exposure did not downregulate GLT1 or xCT in the NAc or mPFC. Therefore, the ability for EC housing to reduce amphetamine seeking may work through other mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Garcia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States.
| | - David L Arndt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States
| | - Mary E Cain
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5302, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Analysis of membrane transport mechanisms of endogenous substrates using chromatographic techniques. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4495. [PMID: 30661254 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are expressed in various bodily tissues and play essential roles in the homeostasis of endogenous substances and the absortion, distribution and/or excretion of xenobiotics. For transporter assays, radioisotope-labeled compounds have been mainly used. However, commercially available radioisotope-labeled compounds are limited in number and relatively expensive. Chromatographic analyses such as high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorptiometry and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry have also been applied for transport assays. To elucidate the transport properties of endogenous substrates, although there is no difficulty in performing assays using radioisotope-labeled probes, the endogenous background and the metabolism of the compound after its translocation across cell membranes must be considered when the intact compound is assayed. In this review, the current state of knowledge about the transport of endogenous substrates via membrane transporters as determined by chromatographic techniques is summarized. Chromatographic techniques have contributed to our understanding of the transport of endogenous substances including amino acids, catecholamines, bile acids, prostanoids and uremic toxins via membrane transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cao P, Zhang J, Huang Y, Fang Y, Lyu J, Shen Y. The age-related changes and differences in energy metabolism and glutamate-glutamine recycling in the d-gal-induced and naturally occurring senescent astrocytes in vitro. Exp Gerontol 2019; 118:9-18. [PMID: 30610899 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we successfully established a d-galactose (d-gal)-induced astrocyte aging model in vitro. However, whether the changes in the aged astrocytes induced by d-gal are similar to those occurred in naturally are unknown. Therefore, in current study, we simultaneously established d-gal-induced and naturally aged astrocyte aging models in vitro to explore the age-related changes and to compare the differences in these two astrocyte aging models. The Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer was used to examine the mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis activities of the young and senescent astrocytes. The results showed that the mitochondrial ATP-linked oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) were decreased markedly both in the d-gal-induced and naturally occurring senescent astrocytes. The basal glycolysis activity was increased in the naturally occurring senescent astrocytes, whereas it was decreased in the d-gal-induced senescent astrocytes. Western blot analysis showed that isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (IDH3), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) were markedly decreased both in these two aging models, whereas the iron‑sulfur cluster assembly enzyme (ISCU) was up-regulated in the naturally occurring senescent astrocytes but was down-regulated in the d-gal-induced senescent astrocytes. The expression levels of glial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), glutamine synthetase (GS) and γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2 (GABABR2) were also markedly decreased in these two aging models. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was to be inactivated both in the d-gal-induced and naturally occurring senescent astrocytes. These results indicate that the age-related changes in d-gal-induced senescent astrocytes are not fully consistent with those in naturally occurring senescent astrocytes, and it may be not suitable to use d-gal-induced senescent astrocytes to replace the naturally occurring senescent astrocytes to explore the aging mechanisms under some circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Yuyan Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Yujia Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Yao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim R, Healey KL, Sepulveda-Orengo MT, Reissner KJ. Astroglial correlates of neuropsychiatric disease: From astrocytopathy to astrogliosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:126-146. [PMID: 28989099 PMCID: PMC5889368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Complex roles for astrocytes in health and disease continue to emerge, highlighting this class of cells as integral to function and dysfunction of the nervous system. In particular, escalating evidence strongly implicates a range of changes in astrocyte structure and function associated with neuropsychiatric diseases including major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and addiction. These changes can range from astrocytopathy, degeneration, and loss of function, to astrogliosis and hypertrophy, and can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Evidence from the literature indicates a myriad of changes observed in astrocytes from both human postmortem studies as well as preclinical animal models, including changes in expression of glial fibrillary protein, as well as changes in astrocyte morphology and astrocyte-mediated regulation of synaptic function. In this review, we seek to provide a comprehensive assessment of these findings and consequently evidence for common themes regarding adaptations in astrocytes associated with neuropsychiatric disease. While results are mixed across conditions and models, general findings indicate decreased astrocyte cellular features and gene expression in depression, chronic stress and anxiety, but increased inflammation in schizophrenia. Changes also vary widely in response to different drugs of abuse, with evidence reflective of features of astrocytopathy to astrogliosis, varying across drug classes, route of administration and length of withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CB 3270, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kati L Healey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CB 3270, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Marian T Sepulveda-Orengo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CB 3270, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kathryn J Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CB 3270, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States..
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Higher ambient synaptic glutamate at inhibitory versus excitatory neurons differentially impacts NMDA receptor activity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4000. [PMID: 30275542 PMCID: PMC6167324 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective disruption of synaptic drive to inhibitory neurons could contribute to the pathophysiology of various brain disorders. We have previously identified a GluN2A-selective positive allosteric modulator, GNE-8324, that selectively enhances N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated synaptic responses in inhibitory but not excitatory neurons. Here, we demonstrate that differences in NMDAR subunit composition do not underlie this selective potentiation. Rather, a higher ambient glutamate level in the synaptic cleft of excitatory synapses on inhibitory neurons is a key factor. We show that increasing expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) eliminates GNE-8324 potentiation in inhibitory neurons, while decreasing GLT-1 activity enables potentiation in excitatory neurons. Our results reveal an unsuspected difference between excitatory synapses onto different neuronal types, and a more prominent activation of synaptic NMDARs by ambient glutamate in inhibitory than excitatory neurons. This difference has implications for tonic NMDAR activity/signaling and the selective modulation of inhibitory neuron activity to treat brain disorders. Inhibitory interneurons play important roles in brain circuits and in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, the authors show that excitatory synapses onto interneurons vs. excitatory neurons differ in their ambient synaptic glutamate level, a finding with important implications for selective pharmacological targeting of inhibitory neuron NMDA receptors.
Collapse
|
22
|
Johnson J, Pajarillo E, Karki P, Kim J, Son DS, Aschner M, Lee E. Valproic acid attenuates manganese-induced reduction in expression of GLT-1 and GLAST with concomitant changes in murine dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2018; 67:112-120. [PMID: 29778792 PMCID: PMC6441963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated levels of manganese (Mn) causes manganism, a neurological disorder with similar characteristics to those of Parkinson's disease (PD). Valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic, is known to inhibit histone deacetylases and exert neuroprotective effects in many experimental models of neurological disorders. In the present study, we investigated if VPA attenuated Mn-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and the possible mechanisms involved in VPA's neuroprotection, focusing on modulation of astrocytic glutamate transporters (glutamate aspartate transporter, GLAST and glutamate transporter 1, GLT-1) and histone acetylation in H4 astrocyte culture and mouse models. The results showed that VPA increased promoter activity, mRNA/protein levels of GLAST/GLT-1 and glutamate uptake, and reversed Mn-reduced GLAST/GLT-1 in in vitro astrocyte cultures. VPA also attenuated Mn-induced reduction of GLAST and GLT-1 mRNA/protein levels in midbrain and striatal regions of the mouse brain when VPA (200 mg/kg, i.p., daily, 21 d) was administered 30 min prior to Mn exposure (30 mg/kg, intranasal instillation, daily, 21 d). Importantly, VPA attenuated Mn-induced dopaminergic neuronal damage by reversing Mn-induced decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA/protein levels in the nigrostriatal regions. VPA also reversed Mn-induced reduction of histone acetylation in astrocytes as well as mouse brain tissue. Taken together, VPA exerts attenuation against Mn-induced decrease of astrocytic glutamate transporters parallel with reversing Mn-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity and Mn-reduced histone acetylation. Our findings suggest that VPA could serve as a potential neuroprotectant against Mn neurotoxicity as well as other neurodegenerative diseases associated with excitotoxicity and impaired astrocytic glutamate transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, United States
| | - Edward Pajarillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32301, United States
| | - Pratap Karki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32301, United States
| | - Judong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32301, United States
| | - Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States
| | - Eunsook Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32301, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dienel GA, Behar KL, Rothman DL. Cellular Origin of [ 18F]FDG-PET Imaging Signals During Ceftriaxone-Stimulated Glutamate Uptake: Astrocytes and Neurons. Neuroscientist 2017; 24:316-328. [PMID: 29276856 DOI: 10.1177/1073858417749375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ceftriaxone stimulates astrocytic uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, and it is used to treat glutamatergic excitotoxicity that becomes manifest during many brain diseases. Ceftriaxone-stimulated glutamate transport was reported to drive signals underlying [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomographic ([18F]FDG-PET) metabolic images of brain glucose utilization and interpreted as supportive of the notion of lactate shuttling from astrocytes to neurons. This study draws attention to critical roles of astrocytes in the energetics and imaging of brain activity, but the results are provocative because (1) the method does not have cellular resolution or provide information about downstream pathways of glucose metabolism, (2) neuronal and astrocytic [18F]FDG uptake were not separately measured, and (3) strong evidence against lactate shuttling was not discussed. Evaluation of potential metabolic responses to ceftriaxone suggests lack of astrocytic specificity and significant contributions by pre- and postsynaptic neuronal compartments. Indeed, astrocytic glycolysis may not make a strong contribution to the [18F]FDG-PET signal because partial or complete oxidation of one glutamate molecule on its uptake generates enough ATP to fuel uptake of 3 to 10 more glutamate molecules, diminishing reliance on glycolysis. The influence of ceftriaxone on energetics of glutamate-glutamine cycling must be determined in astrocytes and neurons to elucidate its roles in excitotoxicity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Dienel
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,2 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- 4 Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Umeda K, Tanaka S, Ihara F, Yamagishi J, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa Y. Transcriptional profiling of Toll-like receptor 2-deficient primary murine brain cells during Toxoplasma gondii infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187703. [PMID: 29136637 PMCID: PMC5685635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is capable of persisting in the brain, although it is efficiently eliminated by cellular immune responses in most other sites. While Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) reportedly plays important roles in protective immunity against the parasite, the relationship between neurological disorders induced by T. gondii infection and TLR2 function in the brain remains controversial with many unknowns. In this study, primary cultured astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and peritoneal macrophages obtained from wild-type and TLR2-deficient mice were exposed to T. gondii tachyzoites. To characterize TLR2-dependent functional pathways activated in response to T. gondii infection, gene expression of different cell types was profiled by RNA sequencing. RESULTS During T. gondii infection, a total of 611, 777, 385, and 1105 genes were upregulated in astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and macrophages, respectively, while 163, 1207, 158, and 1274 genes were downregulated, respectively, in a TLR2-dependent manner. Overrepresented Gene Ontology (GO) terms for TLR2-dependently upregulated genes were associated with immune and stress responses in astrocytes, immune responses and developmental processes in microglia, metabolic processes and immune responses in neurons, and metabolic processes and gene expression in macrophages. Overrepresented GO terms for downregulated genes included ion transport and behavior in astrocytes, cell cycle and cell division in microglia, metabolic processes in neurons, and response to stimulus, signaling and cell motility in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first transcriptomic study of TLR2 function across different cell types during T. gondii infection. Results of RNA-sequencing demonstrated roles for TLR2 varied by cell type during T. gondii infection. Our findings facilitate understanding of the detailed relationship between TLR2 and T. gondii infection, and elucidate mechanisms underlying neurological changes during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Umeda
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sachi Tanaka
- Division of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Ihara
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
O'Donovan SM, Sullivan CR, McCullumsmith RE. The role of glutamate transporters in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:32. [PMID: 28935880 PMCID: PMC5608761 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered glutamate transporter expression is a common feature of many neuropsychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia. Excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) are responsible for the reuptake of glutamate, preventing non-physiological spillover from the synapse. Postmortem studies have revealed significant dysregulation of EAAT expression in various brain regions at the cellular and subcellular level. Recent animal studies have also demonstrated a role for glutamate spillover as a mechanism of disease. In this review, we describe current evidence for the role of glutamate transporters in regulating synaptic plasticity and transmission. In neuropsychiatric conditions, EAAT splice variant expression is altered. There are changes in the localization of the transporters and disruption of the metabolic and structural protein network that supports EAAT activity. This results in aberrant neuroplasticity and excitatory signaling, contributing to the symptoms associated with neuropsychiatric disease. Understanding the complex functions of glutamate transporters will clarify the relevance of their role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinead M O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
| | - Courtney R Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aldana BI, Zhang Y, Lihme MF, Bak LK, Nielsen JE, Holst B, Hyttel P, Freude KK, Waagepetersen HS. Characterization of energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in cortical glutamatergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: A novel approach to study metabolism in human neurons. Neurochem Int 2017; 106:48-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
27
|
The role of system Xc - in methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:254-265. [PMID: 28457879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate antiporter (system Xc-, Sxc) transports cystine into cell in exchange for glutamate. Since xCT is a specific subunit of Sxc, we employed xCT knockout mice and investigated whether this antiporter affected methamphetamine (MA)-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. MA treatment significantly increased striatal oxidative burdens in wild type mice. xCT inhibitor [i.e., S-4-carboxy-phenylglycine (CPG), sulfasalazine] or an xCT knockout significantly protected against these oxidative burdens. MA-induced increases in Iba-1 expression and Iba-1-labeled microglial immunoreactivity (Iba-1-IR) were significantly attenuated by CPG or sulfasalazine administration or xCT knockout. CPG or sulfasalazine significantly attenuated MA-induced TUNEL-positive cell populations in the striatum of Taconic ICR mice. The decrease in excitatory amino acid transporter-2 (or glutamate transporter-1) expression and increase in glutamate release were attenuated by CPG, sulfasalazine or xCT knockout. In addition, CPG, sulfasalazine or xCT knockout significantly protected against dopaminergic loss (i.e., decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase expression and immunoreactivity, and an increase in dopamine turnover rate) induced by MA. However, CPG, sulfasalazine or xCT knockout did not significantly affect the impaired glutathione system [i.e., decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] induced by MA. Our results suggest that Sxc mediates MA-induced neurotoxicity via facilitating oxidative stress, microgliosis, proapoptosis, and glutamate-related toxicity.
Collapse
|
28
|
Astrocytic transporters in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem J 2017; 474:333-355. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a fundamental role in maintaining the health and function of the central nervous system. Increasing evidence indicates that astrocytes undergo both cellular and molecular changes at an early stage in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). These changes may reflect a change from a neuroprotective to a neurotoxic phenotype. Given the lack of current disease-modifying therapies for AD, astrocytes have become an interesting and viable target for therapeutic intervention. The astrocyte transport system covers a diverse array of proteins involved in metabolic support, neurotransmission and synaptic architecture. Therefore, specific targeting of individual transporter families has the potential to suppress neurodegeneration, a characteristic hallmark of AD. A small number of the 400 transporter superfamilies are expressed in astrocytes, with evidence highlighting a fraction of these are implicated in AD. Here, we review the current evidence for six astrocytic transporter subfamilies involved in AD, as reported in both animal and human studies. This review confirms that astrocytes are indeed a viable target, highlights the complexities of studying astrocytes and provides future directives to exploit the potential of astrocytes in tackling AD.
Collapse
|
29
|
Ning LN, Zhang T, Chu J, Qu N, Lin L, Fang YY, Shi Y, Zeng P, Cai EL, Wang XM, Wang Q, Lu YM, Zhou XW, Zhang Q, Tian Q. Gender-Related Hippocampal Proteomics Study from Young Rats After Chronic Unpredicted Mild Stress Exposure. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:835-850. [PMID: 28064424 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical data have shown women are more susceptible to depression. This study was performed to identify differentially regulated proteins from hippocampus in chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS)-exposed male and female young rats. After 7 weeks of CUMS, depressed male (M-D) and female rats (F-D) and unstressed male (M-C) and female controls (F-C) were studied. By proteomics analysis, 74 differential proteins in F-C/M-C, 79 in F-D/M-D, 77 in F-D/F-C, and 32 in M-D/M-C were found. Further, the synapse-related proteins, cytoskeleton protein tau, and stress-related kinases in hippocampus were assayed by Western blotting. F-C rats were found to have lower levels of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) and mGluR2 and higher levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B (NR2B), synapsin1, total tau, and dephosphorylated tau than M-C rats. Both F-D and M-D rats had lower levels of glutamate transporter SLC1α2, mGluR1, and mGluR2, and higher levels of total tau and phosphorylated tau than their controls. Compared with their controls, M-D rats had lower NR1 and higher NR2B, and F-D rats had lower NR2A, NR2B, PSD95, and synapsin1. F-C rats had higher JNK and lower phosphorylation levels of ERK at Thr202/Thr204, JNK at Thr183/Thr185, and GSK-3β at Ser9 than M-C ones. Both M-D and F-D rats had decreased phosphorylation of ERK at Thr202/Thr204 and GSK-3β at Ser9, and increased JNK phosphorylation at Thr183/Thr185 compared with their controls. All these data illustrate the biochemical complexity behind the genders, and may also aid in the development of more accurate treatment strategies for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Na Ning
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Jiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Na Qu
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Affiliated Mental Health Centre, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ying-Yan Fang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Er-Li Cai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - You-Ming Lu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Department of Neurology, Liyuan Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China.
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Institute for Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Reemst K, Noctor SC, Lucassen PJ, Hol EM. The Indispensable Roles of Microglia and Astrocytes during Brain Development. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:566. [PMID: 27877121 PMCID: PMC5099170 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia are essential for brain functioning during development and in the adult brain. Here, we discuss the various roles of both microglia and astrocytes, and their interactions during brain development. Although both cells are fundamentally different in origin and function, they often affect the same developmental processes such as neuro-/gliogenesis, angiogenesis, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning. Due to their important instructive roles in these processes, dysfunction of microglia or astrocytes during brain development could contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders and potentially even late-onset neuropathology. A better understanding of the origin, differentiation process and developmental functions of microglia and astrocytes will help to fully appreciate their role both in the developing as well as in the adult brain, in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis MIND InstituteSacramento, CA, USA
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wright DJ, Gray LJ, Finkelstein DI, Crouch PJ, Pow D, Pang TY, Li S, Smith ZM, Francis PS, Renoir T, Hannan AJ. N-acetylcysteine modulates glutamatergic dysfunction and depressive behavior in Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2923-2933. [PMID: 27179791 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders and Huntington's disease (HD), in which depression is the most common psychiatric symptom. Synaptic glutamate homeostasis is regulated by cystine-dependent glutamate transporters, including GLT-1 and system xc- In HD, the enzyme regulating cysteine (and subsequently cystine) production, cystathionine-γ-lygase, has recently been shown to be lowered. The aim of the present study was to establish whether cysteine supplementation, using N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could ameliorate glutamate pathology through the cystine-dependent transporters, system xc- and GLT-1. We demonstrate that the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of HD has lower basal levels of cystine, and showed depressive-like behaviors in the forced-swim test. Administration of NAC reversed these behaviors. This effect was blocked by co-administration of the system xc- and GLT-1 inhibitors CPG and DHK, showing that glutamate transporter activity was required for the antidepressant effects of NAC. NAC was also able to specifically increase glutamate in HD mice, in a glutamate transporter-dependent manner. These in vivo changes reflect changes in glutamate transporter protein in HD mice and human HD post-mortem tissue. Furthermore, NAC was able to rescue changes in key glutamate receptor proteins related to excitotoxicity in HD, including NMDAR2B. Thus, we have shown that baseline reductions in cysteine underlie glutamatergic dysfunction and depressive-like behavior in HD and these changes can be rescued by treatment with NAC. These findings have implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches for depressive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Wright
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Laura J Gray
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia, .,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David Pow
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Terence Y Pang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zoe M Smith
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Pde, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Glucose, Lactate, β-Hydroxybutyrate, Acetate, GABA, and Succinate as Substrates for Synthesis of Glutamate and GABA in the Glutamine-Glutamate/GABA Cycle. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 13:9-42. [PMID: 27885625 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The glutamine-glutamate/GABA cycle is an astrocytic-neuronal pathway transferring precursors for transmitter glutamate and GABA from astrocytes to neurons. In addition, the cycle carries released transmitter back to astrocytes, where a minor fraction (~25 %) is degraded (requiring a similar amount of resynthesis) and the remainder returned to the neurons for reuse. The flux in the cycle is intense, amounting to the same value as neuronal glucose utilization rate or 75-80 % of total cortical glucose consumption. This glucose:glutamate ratio is reduced when high amounts of β-hydroxybutyrate are present, but β-hydroxybutyrate can at most replace 60 % of glucose during awake brain function. The cycle is initiated by α-ketoglutarate production in astrocytes and its conversion via glutamate to glutamine which is released. A crucial reaction in the cycle is metabolism of glutamine after its accumulation in neurons. In glutamatergic neurons all generated glutamate enters the mitochondria and its exit to the cytosol occurs in a process resembling the malate-aspartate shuttle and therefore requiring concomitant pyruvate metabolism. In GABAergic neurons one half enters the mitochondria, whereas the other one half is released directly from the cytosol. A revised concept is proposed for the synthesis and metabolism of vesicular and nonvesicular GABA. It includes the well-established neuronal GABA reuptake, its metabolism, and use for resynthesis of vesicular GABA. In contrast, mitochondrial glutamate is by transamination to α-ketoglutarate and subsequent retransamination to releasable glutamate essential for the transaminations occurring during metabolism of accumulated GABA and subsequent resynthesis of vesicular GABA.
Collapse
|
33
|
Expression of Glutamate and Glutamine Transporter Proteins in Neurovascular Unit Cells In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:614-6. [PMID: 26459476 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine transporter protein SLC1A5 and glutamate transporter protein EAAT2 responsible for cell-cell communication and energetic coupling were studied using in vitro model of multicellular neurovascular unit consisting of astrocytes, neurons, and endotheliocytes under standard conditions and during chemical hypoxia in vitro. Hypoxic damage to the neurovascular unit cells increased the number of SLC1A5-expressing cells and reduced the number of EAAT2-expressing astrocytes. Metabolic uncoupling in the neurovascular unit cells under hypoxic conditions resulted from abnormal expression of glutamine and glutamate transporter proteins, which is indicative of impaired glutamine and glutamate transport.
Collapse
|
34
|
Modification of Astrocyte Metabolism as an Approach to the Treatment of Epilepsy: Triheptanoin and Acetyl-l-Carnitine. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:86-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1728-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
35
|
Yang ZB, Luo XJ, Ren KD, Peng JJ, Tan B, Liu B, Lou Z, Xiong XM, Zhang XJ, Ren X, Peng J. Beneficial effect of magnesium lithospermate B on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats involves the regulation of miR-107/glutamate transporter 1 pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 766:91-8. [PMID: 26420356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies uncovered that glutamate accumulation following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) was related to the dysfunction of miR-107/glutamate transporter-1(GLT-1) pathway and magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) possesses the pharmacological activity of anti-excitotoxicity. This study aims to explore whether MLB is able to protect rat brain from excitatory neurotoxicity during I/R by modulating miR-107/GLT-1 pathway. Rats were subjected to 2h of cerebral ischemia following by 24h of reperfusion to establish an I/R injury model, which showed an increase in neurological deficit score, infarct volume and cellular apoptosis concomitant with glutamate accumulation, miR-107 elevation and GLT-1 down-regulation. Administration of MLB reduced I/R-induced cerebral injury accompanied by a reverse in glutamate accumulation, miR-107 and GLT-1 expression. Next, we examined the association of MLB with miR-107/GLT-1 pathway in a nerve cell hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury model. H/R treatment increased the nerve cells apoptosis concomitant with glutamate accumulation and miR-107 elevation, and suppressed GLT-1 expression, mimicking our in vivo findings. All these effects were reversed in the presence of MLB, confirming a strong correlation between MLB and miR-107/GLT-1 pathway. Based on these observations, we conclude that MLB is able to protect the rat brain from excitatory neurotoxicity during I/R through the regulation of miR-107/GLT-1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Bao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Kai-Di Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jing-Jie Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Department of Pharmacology, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xian Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Takahashi K, Foster JB, Lin CLG. Glutamate transporter EAAT2: regulation, function, and potential as a therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3489-506. [PMID: 26033496 PMCID: PMC11113985 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is primarily responsible for clearance of extracellular glutamate to prevent neuronal excitotoxicity and hyperexcitability. EAAT2 plays a critical role in regulation of synaptic activity and plasticity. In addition, EAAT2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many central nervous system disorders. In this review, we summarize current understanding of EAAT2, including structure, pharmacology, physiology, and functions, as well as disease relevancy, such as in stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorder, and addiction. A large number of studies have demonstrated that up-regulation of EAAT2 protein provides significant beneficial effects in many disease models suggesting EAAT2 activation is a promising therapeutic approach. Several EAAT2 activators have been identified. Further understanding of EAAT2 regulatory mechanisms could improve development of drug-like compounds that spatiotemporally regulate EAAT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kou Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Joshua B. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Chien-Liang Glenn Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xiao KQ, Xiao M, Meng L, Du XY, Hu J, Gao BF, Yu WQ, Wang XJ, Ban YL. Effect of subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia on glutamate transporter GLAST and GLT-1 expressions in rabbits. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:565-8. [PMID: 26276289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia on glutamate transporter glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) and GLT-1 expressions in rabbits, and to investigate the effect of peripheral nerve anesthesia on the morphology and function of the spinal cord. METHODS Twenty healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group and control group; with 10 rabbits in each group. For spinal nerve anesthesia, 5 g/L of bupivacaine was used in the experimental group, and sterile saline was used in the control group. After 30 min of cardiac perfusion, GLAST and GLT-1 protein expression in spinal neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS GLAST and GLT-1 protein-positive cells increased in neurons in the experimental group, compared with the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS After subarachnoid nerve block anesthesia, rabbit glutamate transporter GLAST and GLT-1 expression is increased; and spinal cord nerve cell function is inhibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qing Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China.
| | - Mei Xiao
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Third People's Hospital of Pingdu City, Qingdao, Shandong 266753, China
| | - Li Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Bao-Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China
| | - Xin-Jie Wang
- Shandong Province Chest Hospital, Department of Respiratory Diseases of Jinan City, Shandong 250 013, China
| | - Yan-Lin Ban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University in Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Conditional deletion of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 reveals that astrocytic GLT-1 protects against fatal epilepsy while neuronal GLT-1 contributes significantly to glutamate uptake into synaptosomes. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5187-201. [PMID: 25834045 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4255-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
GLT-1 (EAAT2; slc1a2) is the major glutamate transporter in the brain, and is predominantly expressed in astrocytes, but at lower levels also in excitatory terminals. We generated a conditional GLT-1 knock-out mouse to uncover cell-type-specific functional roles of GLT-1. Inactivation of the GLT-1 gene was achieved in either neurons or astrocytes by expression of synapsin-Cre or inducible human GFAP-CreERT2. Elimination of GLT-1 from astrocytes resulted in loss of ∼80% of GLT-1 protein and of glutamate uptake activity that could be solubilized and reconstituted in liposomes. This loss was accompanied by excess mortality, lower body weight, and seizures suggesting that astrocytic GLT-1 is of major importance. However, there was only a small (15%) reduction that did not reach significance of glutamate uptake into crude forebrain synaptosomes. In contrast, when GLT-1 was deleted in neurons, both the GLT-1 protein and glutamate uptake activity that could be solubilized and reconstituted in liposomes were virtually unaffected. These mice showed normal survival, weight gain, and no seizures. However, the synaptosomal glutamate uptake capacity (Vmax) was reduced significantly (40%). In conclusion, astrocytic GLT-1 performs critical functions required for normal weight gain, resistance to epilepsy, and survival. However, the contribution of astrocytic GLT-1 to glutamate uptake into synaptosomes is less than expected, and the contribution of neuronal GLT-1 to synaptosomal glutamate uptake is greater than expected based on their relative protein expression. These results have important implications for the interpretation of the many previous studies assessing glutamate uptake capacity by measuring synaptosomal uptake.
Collapse
|
39
|
Šerý O, Sultana N, Kashem MA, Pow DV, Balcar VJ. GLAST But Not Least--Distribution, Function, Genetics and Epigenetics of L-Glutamate Transport in Brain--Focus on GLAST/EAAT1. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2461-72. [PMID: 25972039 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synaptically released L-glutamate, the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, is removed from extracellular space by fast and efficient transport mediated by several transporters; the most abundant ones are EAAT1/GLAST and EAAT2/GLT1. The review first summarizes their location, functions and basic characteristics. We then look at genetics and epigenetics of EAAT1/GLAST and EAAT2/GLT1 and perform in silico analyses of their promoter regions. There is one CpG island in SLC1A2 (EAAT2/GLT1) gene and none in SLC1A3 (EAAT1/GLAST) suggesting that DNA methylation is not the most important epigenetic mechanism regulating EAAT1/GLAST levels in brain. There are targets for specific miRNA in SLC1A2 (EAAT2/GLT1) gene. We also note that while defects in EAAT2/GLT1 have been associated with various pathological states including chronic neurodegenerative diseases, very little is known on possible contributions of defective or dysfunctional EAAT1/GLAST to any specific brain disease. Finally, we review evidence of EAAT1/GLAST involvement in mechanisms of brain response to alcoholism and present some preliminary data showing that ethanol, at concentrations which may be reached following heavy drinking, can have an effect on the distribution of EAAT1/GLAST in cultured astrocytes; the effect is blocked by baclofen, a GABA-B receptor agonist and a drug potentially useful in the treatment of alcoholism. We argue that more research effort should be focused on EAAT1/GLAST, particularly in relation to alcoholism and drug addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nilufa Sultana
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Mohammed Abul Kashem
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David V Pow
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Vladimir J Balcar
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hadera MG, Eloqayli H, Jaradat S, Nehlig A, Sonnewald U. Astrocyte-neuronal interactions in epileptogenesis. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1157-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mussie Ghezu Hadera
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| | - Haytham Eloqayli
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Medicine; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center; Jordan University of Science and Technology; Irbid Jordan
| | - Astrid Nehlig
- INSERM U1129 "Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity"; Paris, France; Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- CEA, Gif sur Yvette; France
| | - Ursula Sonnewald
- Department of Neuroscience; Faculty of Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Trondheim Norway
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M, Hertz L. Why are astrocytes important? Neurochem Res 2014; 40:389-401. [PMID: 25113122 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, which populate the grey and white mater of the brain and the spinal cord are highly heterogeneous in their morphology and function. These cells are primarily responsible for homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). Most central synapses are surrounded by exceedingly thin astroglial perisynaptic processes, which act as "astroglial cradle" critical for genesis, maturation and maintenance of synaptic connectivity. The perisynaptic glial processes are densely packed with numerous transporters, which provide for homeostasis of ions and neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, for local metabolic support and for release of astroglial derived scavengers of reactive oxygen species. Through perivascular processes astrocytes contribute to blood-brain barrier and form "glymphatic" drainage system of the CNS. Furthermore astrocytes are indispensible for glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyrate-ergic synaptic transmission being the supplier of neurotransmitters precursor glutamine via an astrocytic/neuronal cycle. Pathogenesis of many neurological disorders, including neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases is defined by loss of homeostatic function (astroglial asthenia) or remodelling of astroglial homoeostatic capabilities. Astroglial cells further contribute to neuropathologies through mounting complex defensive programme generally known as reactive astrogliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kempson SA, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. The betaine/GABA transporter and betaine: roles in brain, kidney, and liver. Front Physiol 2014; 5:159. [PMID: 24795654 PMCID: PMC4006062 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological roles of the betaine/GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) are still being debated. BGT1 is a member of the solute carrier family 6 (the neurotransmitter, sodium symporter transporter family) and mediates cellular uptake of betaine and GABA in a sodium- and chloride-dependent process. Most of the studies of BGT1 concern its function and regulation in the kidney medulla where its role is best understood. The conditions here are hostile due to hyperosmolarity and significant concentrations of NH4Cl and urea. To withstand the hyperosmolarity, cells trigger osmotic adaptation, involving concentration of a transcriptional factor TonEBP/NFAT5 in the nucleus, and accumulate betaine and other osmolytes. Data from renal cells in culture, primarily MDCK, revealed that transcriptional regulation of BGT1 by TonEBP/NFAT5 is relatively slow. To allow more acute control of the abundance of BGT1 protein in the plasma membrane, there is also post-translation regulation of BGT1 protein trafficking which is dependent on intracellular calcium and ATP. Further, betaine may be important in liver metabolism as a methyl donor. In fact, in the mouse the liver is the organ with the highest content of BGT1. Hepatocytes express high levels of both BGT1 and the only enzyme that can metabolize betaine, namely betaine:homocysteine –S-methyltransferase (BHMT1). The BHMT1 enzyme removes a methyl group from betaine and transfers it to homocysteine, a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Finally, BGT1 has been proposed to play a role in controlling brain excitability and thereby represents a target for anticonvulsive drug development. The latter hypothesis is controversial due to very low expression levels of BGT1 relative to other GABA transporters in brain, and also the primary location of BGT1 at the surface of the brain in the leptomeninges. These issues are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Kempson
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels C Danbolt
- Department of Anatomy, Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rauen T, Tanui R, Grewer C. Structural and functional dynamics of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAAT). AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2014.3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|