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Zhu Y, Li SY, Zhang LJ, Lei B, Wang YC, Wang Z. Neuroprotection of the P2X7 receptor antagonist A740003 on retinal ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma. Neuroreport 2024:00001756-990000000-00266. [PMID: 38973496 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the neuroprotective effects of the P2X7 receptor antagonist A740003 on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in chronic intraocular hypertension (COH) experimental glaucoma mouse model. Bioinformatics was used to analyze the glaucoma-related genes. Western blot, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and immunofluorescence staining techniques were employed to explore the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of A740003 on RGCs in COH retinas. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cell apoptosis were highly related to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. In COH retinas, intraocular pressure elevation significantly increased the levels of translocator protein, a marker of microglial activation, which could be reversed by intravitreal preinjection of A740003. A740003 also suppressed the increased mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β and tumor necrosis factor α in COH retinas. In addition, although the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and IL-10 were kept unchanged in COH retinas, administration of A740003 could increase their levels. The mRNA and protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were increased in COH retinas, which could be partially reversed by A740003, while the levels of Bcl-2 kept unchanged in COH retinas with or without the injections of A740003. Furthermore, A740003 partially attenuated the reduction in the numbers of Brn-3a-positive RGCs in COH mice. A740003 could provide neuroprotective roles on RGCs by inhibiting the microglia activation, attenuating the retinal inflammatory response, reducing the apoptosis of RGCs, and enhancing the survival of RGCs in COH experimental glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Lu-Jia Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Bo Lei
- Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong-Chen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai
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Campagno KE, Lu W, Sripinun P, Albalawi F, Cenaj A, Mitchell CH. Retinal microglial cells increase expression and release of IL-1β when exposed to ATP. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.600617. [PMID: 38979240 PMCID: PMC11230250 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.600617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytokine IL-1β is an early component of inflammatory cascades, with both priming and activation steps required before IL-1β release. Here, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) for ATP was shown to both prime and release IL-1β from retinal microglial cells. Isolated retinal microglial cells increased expression of Il1b when stimulated with endogenous receptor agonist extracellular ATP; ATP also rapidly downregulated expression of microglial markers Tmem119 and Cd206. Changes to all three genes were reduced by specific P2X7R antagonist A839977, implicating the P2X7R. Microglial cells expressed the P2X7R on ramifications and responded to receptor agonist BzATP with robust and rapid rises in intracellular Ca 2+ . BzATP increased expression of IL-1β protein colocalizing with CX3CR1-GFP in retinal wholemounts consistent with microglial cells. ATP also triggered release of IL-1β from isolated retinal microglia into the bath; release was inhibited by A839977 and induced by BzATP, supporting a role for the P2X7R in release as well as priming. The IL-1β release triggered by ATP was substantially greater from microglial cells compared to astrocytes from the optic nerve head region. Il1b expression was increased by a transient rise in intraocular pressure and Il1b levels remained elevated 10 days after a single IOP elevation. In summary, this study suggests the P2X7 receptor can both prime IL-1β levels in microglial cells and trigger its release. The P2Y12R was previously identified as a chemoattractant for retinal microglia, suggesting the recruitment of the cells towards the source of released extracellular ATP could position microglia for P2X7R receptor, enabling both priming and release of IL-1β.
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Sripinun P, See LP, Nikonov S, Chavali VRM, Vrathasha V, He J, O'Brien JM, Xia J, Lu W, Mitchell CH. Piezo1 and Piezo2 channels in retinal ganglion cells and the impact of Piezo1 stimulation on light-dependent neural activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.599602. [PMID: 38979351 PMCID: PMC11230181 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.599602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Piezo channels are associated with neuropathology in diseases like traumatic brain injury and glaucoma, but pathways linking tissue stretch to aberrant neural signaling remain unclear. The present study demonstrates that Piezo1 activation increases action potential frequency in response to light and the spontaneous dark signal from mouse retinal explants. Piezo1 stimulation was sufficient to increase cytoplasmic Ca 2+ in soma and neurites, while stretch increased spiking activity in current clamp recordings from of isolated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Axon-marker beta-tubulin III colocalized with both Piezo1 and Piezo2 protein in the mouse optic nerve head, while RGC nuclear marker BRN3A colocalized with Piezo channels in the soma. Piezo1 was also present on GFAP-positive regions in the optic nerve head and colocalized with glutamine synthetase in the nerve fiber layer, suggesting expression in optic nerve head astrocytes and Müller glia end feet, respectively. Human RGCs from induced pluripotent stem cells also expressed Piezo1 and Piezo2 in soma and axons, while staining patterns in rats resembled those in mice. mRNA message for Piezo1 was greatest in the RPE/choroid tissue, while Piezo2 levels were highest in the optic nerve, with both channels also expressed in the retina. Increased expression of Piezo1 and Piezo2 occurred both 1 and 10 days after a single stretch in vivo; this increase suggests a potential role in rising sensitivity to repeated nerve stretch. In summary, Piezo1 and Piezo2 were detected in the soma and axons of RGCs, and stimulation affected the light-dependent output of RGCs. The rise in RGCs excitability induced by Piezo stimulation may have parallels to the early disease progression in models of glaucoma and other retinal degenerations. Highlights Activation of Piezo1 excites retinal ganglion cells, paralleling the early neurodegenerative progression in glaucoma mouse models and retinal degeneration.Piezo1 and Piezo2 were expressed in axons and soma of retinal ganglion cells in mice, rats, and human iPSC-RGCs.Functional assays confirmed Piezo1 in soma and neurites of neurons. Sustained elevation of Piezo1 and Piezo2 occurred after a single transient stretch may enhance damage from repeated traumatic nerve injury. Abstract Figure
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Liang S. Role of T cell-induced autoimmune response in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:241. [PMID: 38904796 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-03224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to elucidate the role of T cell-induced autoimmune responses in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, focusing on the immunological changes contributing to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage. METHODS A comprehensive review of recent studies examining immunological mechanisms in glaucoma was conducted. This included analyses of T cell interactions, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and resultant autoimmune responses. Key findings from experimental models and clinical observations were synthesized to present a coherent understanding of immune dynamics in glaucoma. RESULTS Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease marked by optic nerve atrophy and irreversible vision loss due to RGC damage. The disease is etiologically heterogeneous, with multiple risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms. Recent research highlights the dual immunomodulatory role of T cells in immune protection and injury. T cells, pre-sensitized by bacterial HSPs, can cross-react with endogenous HSPs in RGCs under stress, leading to autoimmune damage. Elevated levels of HSP autoantibodies and abnormal T cell activity have been observed in glaucoma patients, indicating a significant autoimmune component in disease progression. CONCLUSIONS T cell-induced autoimmune responses are crucial in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, contributing to RGC degeneration beyond the effects of elevated intraocular pressure. Understanding these immunological mechanisms is vital for developing targeted neuroprotective therapies for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liang
- The Red Bird Program, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Zhu C, Cheng Y, Tang Y, Wu H, Liu Z. Changes of aqueous humor cytokine profiles of patients with high intraocular pressure after PPV for retinal detachment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13044. [PMID: 38844441 PMCID: PMC11156964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
High intraocular pressure (IOP) is one of the early complications after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), which may cause glaucoma and poor visual prognosis secondary to surgery. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is one of the complications of retinal detachment (RD) and is the main reason for the poor prognosis, which is related to different kinds of cytokines. It's essential for the basic mechanism to analyze the relative aqueous humor cytokine profiles with IOP after PPV for RD. In this study, we have collected the aqueous humor of 16 patients and qualified 27 cytokines using Luminex and compared biomarkers with the high IOP group and the normal group. As a result, the concentrations of VEGF, IL-6, FGF2, and G-CSF upregulated significantly (P < 0.05), while VEGFR2 downregulated significantly (P < 0.05) in the high IOP group. IL-6 was positively correlated with high IOP (r = 0.561, P = 0.041). Meanwhile, the concentrations of IL-6 (r = 0.543, P = 0.03), IL-5 (r = 0.576, P = 0.019), IL-15 (r = 0.614, P = 0.011), IL-4 (r = 0.517, P = 0.04), ICAM-1 (r = 0.611, P = 0.012), and G-CSF (r = 0.636, P = 0.008) were significantly associated with preoperative PVR classification, and the aqueous humor levels of IL-4 (r = 0.567, P = 0.022), HGF (r = 0.701, P = 0.005), and MCP-1 (r = 0.565, P = 0.035) are significant relative to laser points. Hence, cytokines might potentially be the therapeutic target of high IOP after PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhu
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Zaoxia Liu
- Eye Center of Second Hospital, Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China.
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See LP, Sripinun P, Lu W, Li J, Alboloushi N, Alvarez-Periel E, Lee SM, Karabucak B, Wang S, Jordan Sciutto KL, Theken KN, Mitchell CH. Increased Purinergic Signaling in Human Dental Pulps With Inflammatory Pain is Sex-Dependent. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:1039-1058. [PMID: 37956743 PMCID: PMC11129867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced understanding of neurotransmitter systems contributing to pain transmission aids in drug development, while the identification of biological variables like age and sex helps in the development of personalized pain management and effective clinical trial design. This study identified enhanced expression of purinergic signaling components specifically in painful inflammation, with levels increased more in women as compared to men. Inflammatory dental pain is common and potentially debilitating; as inflammation of the dental pulp can occur with or without pain, it provides a powerful model to examine distinct pain pathways in humans. In control tissues, P2X3 and P2X2 receptors colocalized with PGP9.5-positive nerves. Expression of the ecto-nucleotidase NTPDase1 (CD39) increased with exposure to extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), implying CD39 acted as a marker for sustained elevation of extracellular ATP. Both immunohistochemistry and immunoblots showed P2X2, P2X3, and CD39 increased in symptomatic pulpitis, suggesting receptors and the ATP agonist were elevated in patients with increased pain. The increased expression of P2X3 and CD39 was more frequently observed in women than men. In summary, this study identifies CD39 as a marker for chronic elevation of extracellular ATP in fixed human tissue. It supports a role for increased purinergic signaling in humans with inflammatory dental pain and suggests the contribution of purines shows sexual dimorphism. This highlights the potential for P2X antagonists to treat pain in humans and stresses the need to consider sex in clinical trials that target pain and purinergic pathways. PERSPECTIVE: This article demonstrates an elevation of ATP-marker CD39 and of ATP receptors P2X2 and P2X3 with inflammatory pain and suggests the rise is greater in women. This highlights the potential for P2X antagonists to treat pain and stresses the consideration of sexual dimorphism in studies of purines and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily P. See
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Puttipong Sripinun
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wennan Lu
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Naela Alboloushi
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Su-Min Lee
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bekir Karabucak
- Department of Endodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Steven Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Katherine N. Theken
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Departments of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Hariani HN, Ghosh AK, Rosen SM, Tso HY, Kessinger C, Zhang C, Jones WK, Sappington RM, Mitchell CH, Stubbs EB, Rao VR, Kaja S. Lysyl oxidase like-1 deficiency in optic nerve head astrocytes elicits reactive astrocytosis and alters functional effects of astrocyte derived exosomes. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109813. [PMID: 38331016 PMCID: PMC10962968 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial progressive ocular pathology that manifests clinically with damage to the optic nerve (ON) and the retina, ultimately leading to blindness. The optic nerve head (ONH) shows the earliest signs of glaucoma pathology, and therefore, is an attractive target for drug discovery. The goal of this study was to elucidate the effects of reactive astrocytosis on the elastin metabolism pathway in primary rat optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHA), the primary glial cell type in the unmyelinated ONH. Following exposure to static equibiaxial mechanical strain, we observed prototypic molecular and biochemical signatures of reactive astrocytosis that were associated with a decrease in lysyl oxidase like 1 (Loxl1) expression and a concomitant decrease in elastin (Eln) gene expression. We subsequently investigated the role of Loxl1 in reactive astrocytosis by generating primary rat ONHA cultures with ∼50% decreased Loxl1 expression. Our results suggest that reduced Loxl1 expression is sufficient to elicit molecular signatures of elastinopathy in ONHA. Astrocyte derived exosomes (ADE) significantly increased the length of primary neurites of primary neurons in vitro. In contrast, ADE from Loxl1-deficient ONHA were deficient of trophic effects on neurite outgrowth in vitro, positing that Loxl1 dysfunction and the ensuing impaired elastin synthesis during reactive astrocytosis in the ONH may contribute to impaired neuron-glia signaling in glaucoma. Our data support a role of dysregulated Loxl1 function in eliciting reactive astrocytosis in glaucoma subtypes associated with increased IOP, even in the absence of genetic polymorphisms in LOXL1 typically associated with exfoliation glaucoma. This suggests the need for a paradigm shift toward considering lysyl oxidase activity and elastin metabolism and signaling as contributors to an altered secretome of the ONH that may lead to the progression of glaucomatous changes. Future research is needed to investigate cargo of exosomes in the context of reactive astrocytosis and identify the pathways leading to the observed transcriptome changes during reactive astrocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh N Hariani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Anita K Ghosh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Sasha M Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Department of Radiology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Huen-Yee Tso
- Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cassidy Kessinger
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Chongyu Zhang
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - W Keith Jones
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA; Translational Eye and Vision Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Evan B Stubbs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Vidhya R Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Simon Kaja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA.
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Spurlock M, An W, Reshetnikova G, Wen R, Wang H, Braha M, Solis G, Kurtenbach S, Galindez OJ, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Chou TH, Porciatti V, Shestopalov VI. The Inflammasome-Dependent Dysfunction and Death of Retinal Ganglion Cells after Repetitive Intraocular Pressure Spikes. Cells 2023; 12:2626. [PMID: 37998361 PMCID: PMC10670000 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction and selective loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a known cause of vision loss in glaucoma and other neuropathies, where ocular hypertension (OHT) is the major risk factor. We investigated the impact of transient non-ischemic OHT spikes (spOHT) on RGC function and viability in vivo to identify cellular pathways linking low-grade repetitive mechanical stress to RGC pathology. We found that repetitive spOHT had an unexpectedly high impact on intraocular homeostasis and RGC viability, while exposure to steady OHT (stOHT) of a similar intensity and duration failed to induce pathology. The repetitive spOHT induced the rapid activation of the inflammasome, marked by the upregulation of NLRP1, NLRP3, AIM2, caspases -1, -3/7, -8, and Gasdermin D (GSDMD), and the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and other cytokines into the vitreous. Similar effects were also detected after 5 weeks of exposure to chronic OHT in an induced glaucoma model. The onset of these immune responses in both spOHT and glaucoma models preceded a 50% deficit in pattern electroretinogram (PERG) amplitude and a significant loss of RGCs 7 days post-injury. The inactivation of inflammasome complexes in Nlrp1-/-, Casp1-/-, and GsdmD-/- knockout animals significantly suppressed the spOHT-induced inflammatory response and protected RGCs. Our results demonstrate that mechanical stress produced by acute repetitive spOHT or chronic OHT is mechanistically linked to inflammasome activation, which leads to RGC dysfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Spurlock
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Weijun An
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Galina Reshetnikova
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Rong Wen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Hua Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Michelle Braha
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Gabriela Solis
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Stefan Kurtenbach
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Orlando J. Galindez
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Tsung-Han Chou
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Valery I. Shestopalov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (M.S.); (W.A.); (G.R.); (R.W.); (H.W.); (M.B.); (G.S.); (S.K.); (V.P.)
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Vultaggio-Poma V, Sanz JM, Amico A, Violi A, Ghisellini S, Pizzicotti S, Passaro A, Papi A, Libanore M, Di Virgilio F, Giuliani AL. The shed P2X7 receptor is an index of adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1182454. [PMID: 37215142 PMCID: PMC10196164 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1182454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathophysiology of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is incompletely known. A robust inflammatory response caused by viral replication is a main cause of the acute lung and multiorgan injury observed in critical patients. Inflammasomes are likely players in COVID-19 pathogenesis. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), a plasma membrane ATP-gated ion channel, is a main activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, of the ensuing release of inflammatory cytokines and of cell death by pyroptosis. The P2X7R has been implicated in COVID-19-dependent hyperinflammation and in the associated multiorgan damage. Shed P2X7R (sP2X7R) and shed NLRP3 (sNLRP3) have been detected in plasma and other body fluids, especially during infection and inflammation. Methods Blood samples from 96 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection with various degrees of disease severity were tested at the time of diagnosis at hospital admission. Standard haematological parameters and IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, sP2X7R and sNLRP3 levels were measured, compared to reference values, statistically validated, and correlated to clinical outcome. Results Most COVID-19 patients included in this study had lymphopenia, eosinopenia, neutrophilia, increased inflammatory and coagulation indexes, and augmented sNLRP3, IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Blood concentration of sP2X7R was also increased, and significantly positively correlated with lymphopenia, procalcitonin (PCT), IL-10, and alanine transaminase (ALT). Patients with increased sP2X7R levels at diagnosis also showed fever and respiratory symptoms, were more often transferred to Pneumology division, required mechanical ventilation, and had a higher likelihood to die during hospitalization. Conclusion Blood sP2X7R was elevated in the early phases of COVID-19 and predicted an adverse clinical outcome. It is suggested that sP2X7R might be a useful marker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juana Maria Sanz
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutic and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Amico
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Violi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Ghisellini
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Pizzicotti
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, St. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, St. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Libanore
- Infectious Diseases Unit, St. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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10
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Chiarini A, Gui L, Viviani C, Armato U, Dal Prà I. NLRP3 Inflammasome’s Activation in Acute and Chronic Brain Diseases—An Update on Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives with Respect to Other Inflammasomes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11040999. [PMID: 37189617 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly prevalent acute and chronic human brain diseases are scourges for the elderly. Besides the lack of therapies, these ailments share a neuroinflammation that is triggered/sustained by different innate immunity-related protein oligomers called inflammasomes. Relevant neuroinflammation players such as microglia/monocytes typically exhibit a strong NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Hence the idea that NLRP3 suppression might solve neurodegenerative ailments. Here we review the recent Literature about this topic. First, we update conditions and mechanisms, including RNAs, extracellular vesicles/exosomes, endogenous compounds, and ethnic/pharmacological agents/extracts regulating NLRP3 function. Second, we pinpoint NLRP3-activating mechanisms and known NLRP3 inhibition effects in acute (ischemia, stroke, hemorrhage), chronic (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, MS, ALS), and virus-induced (Zika, SARS-CoV-2, and others) human brain diseases. The available data show that (i) disease-specific divergent mechanisms activate the (mainly animal) brains NLRP3; (ii) no evidence proves that NLRP3 inhibition modifies human brain diseases (yet ad hoc trials are ongoing); and (iii) no findings exclude that concurrently activated other-than-NLRP3 inflammasomes might functionally replace the inhibited NLRP3. Finally, we highlight that among the causes of the persistent lack of therapies are the species difference problem in disease models and a preference for symptomatic over etiologic therapeutic approaches. Therefore, we posit that human neural cell-based disease models could drive etiological, pathogenetic, and therapeutic advances, including NLRP3’s and other inflammasomes’ regulation, while minimizing failure risks in candidate drug trials.
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11
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Liu L, Dai L, Xu D, Wang Y, Bai L, Chen X, Li M, Yang S, Tang Y. Astrocyte secretes IL-6 to modulate PSD-95 palmitoylation in basolateral amygdala and depression-like behaviors induced by peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 104:139-154. [PMID: 35636613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in basolateral amygdala (BLA) constitutes a critical pathogenic mechanism underlying the depression-like behaviors induced by chronic pain. Astrocytes serve as an important supporting cell modulating glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Here, we found that peripheral spared nerve injury (SNI) induced astrocyte activation to release IL-6 in BLA. Inhibition of astrocyte activity attenuated SNI-induced IL-6 overexpression and depression-like behaviors. Moreover, SNI enhanced the abundance of DHHC2 in synaptosome and DHHC3 in Golgi apparatus, promoted PSD-95 palmitoylation, and increased the recruitment of GluR1 and NR2B at synapses. Suppression of IL-6 or PSD-95 palmitoylation attenuated the synaptic accumulation of GluR1 and NR2B in BLA and improved depression-like behaviors induced by SNI. Furthermore, IL-6 downstream PI3K increased the expression of DHHC3 in Golgi apparatus and facilitated the interaction of palmitoylated PSD-95 with GluR1 and NR2B at synapses. These findings collectively suggested that SNI activated astrocyte to release IL-6 in BLA, which promoted PSD-95 palmitoylation and enhanced the synaptic trafficking of GluR1 and NR2B, and subsequently mediated the depression-like behaviors induced by nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Luqi Dai
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Yinchan Wang
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Lin Bai
- Core Facility of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Animal Experimental Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Mengzhou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China; West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuying Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China; Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and Department of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610093, China.
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12
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Hua SQ, Hu JL, Zou FL, Liu JP, Luo HL, Hu DX, Wu LD, Zhang WJ. P2X7 receptor in inflammation and pain. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:199-209. [PMID: 35850190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Different studies have confirmed P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammatory mediators play a key role in the development of pain. P2X7 receptor activation can induce the development of pain by mediating the release of inflammatory mediators. In view of the fact that P2X7 receptor is expressed in the nervous system and immune system, it is closely related to the stability and maintenance of the nervous system function. ATP activates P2X7 receptor, opens non-selective cation channels, activates multiple intracellular signaling, releases multiple inflammatory cytokines, and induces pain. At present, the role of P2X7 receptor in inflammatory response and pain has been widely recognized and affirmed. Therefore, in this paper, we discussed the pathological mechanism of P2X7 receptor-mediated inflammation and pain, focused on the internal relationship between P2X7 receptor and pain. Moreover, we also described the effects of some antagonists on pain relief by inhibiting the activities of P2X7 receptor. Thus, targeting to inhibit activation of P2X7 receptor is expected to become another potential target for the relief of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Qi Hua
- Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jia-Ling Hu
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fei-Long Zou
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Ji-Peng Liu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Liang Luo
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Li-Dong Wu
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang City 343000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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13
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Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Alleviate Facial Pain in Rats with Trigeminal Neuralgia by Inhibiting the Expression of P2X7 Receptor. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060706. [PMID: 35741592 PMCID: PMC9220883 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a common facial neuropathic pain that is mainly characterized by spontaneous or induced needling or electric shock pain in the innervation area of the trigeminal nerve. It is also referred to as “the cancer that never dies”. The olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) is a special glial cell in the nervous system that has a strong supportive function in nerve regeneration. Cell transplantation therapy is a useful treatment modality that we believe can be applied in TN management. In this study, OECs were transplanted into the ligation site of the infraorbital nerve of rats. We found that after the OEC transplantation, mechanical pain threshold in the face of the rats was significantly increased. Western blotting, immunofluorescence assay, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed on the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of model rats. The results revealed a decrease in the expression of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in the trigeminal ganglia. Our findings show that OEC transplantation has a good therapeutic effect on TN in rats, and that can reduce the expression of P2X7R in trigeminal ganglia. Therefore, we think that OEC transplantation may be a suitable treatment for TN.
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14
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Zhao M, Li S, Matsubara JA. Targeting Pyroptotic Cell Death Pathways in Retinal Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:802063. [PMID: 35047535 PMCID: PMC8763245 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.802063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a gasdermin-mediated, pro-inflammatory form of cell death distinct from apoptosis. In recent years, increasing attention has shifted toward pyroptosis as more studies demonstrate its involvement in diverse inflammatory disease states, including retinal diseases. This review discusses how currently known pyroptotic cell death pathways have been implicated in models of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. We also identify potential future therapeutic strategies for these retinopathies that target drivers of pyroptotic cell death. Presently, the drivers of pyroptosis that have been studied the most in retinal cells are the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, caspase-1, and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Targeting these proteins may help us develop new drug therapies, or supplement existing therapies, in the treatment of retinal diseases. As novel mechanisms of pyroptosis come to light, including those involving other inflammatory caspases and members of the gasdermin protein family, more targets for pyroptosis-mediated therapies in retinal disease can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye Care Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye Care Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye Care Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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15
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Shao X, Wang C, Wang C, Han L, Han Y, Nižetić D, Zhang Y, Han L. Mechanical Stress Induces a Transient Suppression of Cytokine Secretion in Astrocytes Assessed at the Single-Cell Level with a High-Throughput Microfluidic Chip. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100698. [PMID: 34549544 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain cells are constantly subjected to mechanical signals. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which display immunoreactivity and have been suggested as an emerging disease focus in the recent years. However, how mechanical signals regulate astrocyte immunoreactivity, and the cytokine release in particular, remains to be fully characterized. Here, human neural stem cells are used to induce astrocytes, from which the release of 15 types of cytokines are screened, and nine of them are detected using a protein microfluidic chip. When a gentle compressive force is applied, altered cell morphology and reinforced cytoskeleton are observed. The force induces a transient suppression of cytokine secretions including IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-8 in the early astrocytes. Further, using a multiplexed single-cell culture and protein detection microfluidic chip, the mechanical effects at a single-cell level are analyzed, which validates a concerted downregulation by force on IL-6 and MCP-1 secretions in the cells releasing both factors. This work demonstrates an original attempt of employing the protein detection microfluidic chips in the assessment of mechanical regulation on the brain cells at a single-cell resolution, offering novel approach and unique insights for the understanding of the CNS immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
- Suzhou Research Institute Shandong University Suzhou 215123 China
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 308232
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Lei Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Yunrui Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Dean Nižetić
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore 308232
- The Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine Queen Mary University of London London E1 2AT UK
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology Shandong University Qingdao 266237 China
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16
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Campagno KE, Lu W, Jassim AH, Albalawi F, Cenaj A, Tso HY, Clark SP, Sripinun P, Gómez NM, Mitchell CH. Rapid morphologic changes to microglial cells and upregulation of mixed microglial activation state markers induced by P2X7 receptor stimulation and increased intraocular pressure. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:217. [PMID: 34544431 PMCID: PMC8454080 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of endogenous signals that lead to microglial activation is a key step in understanding neuroinflammatory cascades. As ATP release accompanies mechanical strain to neural tissue, and as the P2X7 receptor for ATP is expressed on microglial cells, we examined the morphological and molecular consequences of P2X7 receptor stimulation in vivo and in vitro and investigated the contribution of the P2X7 receptor in a model of increased intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS In vivo experiments involved intravitreal injections and both transient and sustained elevation of IOP. In vitro experiments were performed on isolated mouse retinal and brain microglial cells. Morphological changes were quantified in vivo using Sholl analysis. Expression of mRNA for M1- and M2-like genes was determined with qPCR. The luciferin/luciferase assay quantified retinal ATP release while fura-2 indicated cytoplasmic calcium. Microglial migration was monitored with a Boyden chamber. RESULTS Sholl analysis of Iba1-stained cells showed retraction of microglial ramifications 1 day after injection of P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP into mouse retinae. Mean branch length of ramifications also decreased, while cell body size and expression of Nos2, Tnfa, Arg1, and Chil3 mRNA increased. BzATP induced similar morphological changes in ex vivo tissue isolated from Cx3CR1+/GFP mice, suggesting recruitment of external cells was unnecessary. Immunohistochemistry suggested primary microglial cultures expressed the P2X7 receptor, while functional expression was demonstrated with Ca2+ elevation by BzATP and block by specific antagonist A839977. BzATP induced process retraction and cell body enlargement within minutes in isolated microglial cells and increased Nos2 and Arg1. While ATP increased microglial migration, this required the P2Y12 receptor and not P2X7 receptor. Transient elevation of IOP led to microglial process retraction, cell body enlargement, and gene upregulation paralleling changes observed with BzATP injection, in addition to retinal ATP release. Pressure-dependent changes were reduced in P2X7-/- mice. Death of retinal ganglion cells accompanied increased IOP in C57Bl/6J, but not P2X7-/- mice, and neuronal loss showed some association with microglial activation. CONCLUSIONS P2X7 receptor stimulation induced rapid morphological activation of microglial cells, including process retraction and cell body enlargement, and upregulation of markers linked to both M1- and M2-type activation. Parallel responses accompanied IOP elevation, suggesting ATP release and P2X7 receptor stimulation influence the early microglial response to increased pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Campagno
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wennan Lu
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Assraa Hassan Jassim
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Farraj Albalawi
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aurora Cenaj
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Huen-Yee Tso
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sophia P Clark
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Puttipong Sripinun
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Néstor Más Gómez
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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17
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Immune Responses in the Glaucomatous Retina: Regulation and Dynamics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081973. [PMID: 34440742 PMCID: PMC8391899 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease resulting in progressive vision loss due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and death. Early events in the pathobiology of the disease include oxidative, metabolic, or mechanical stress that acts upon RGC, causing these to rapidly release danger signals, including extracellular ATP, resulting in micro- and macroglial activation and neuroinflammation. Danger signaling also leads to the formation of inflammasomes in the retina that enable maturation of proinflammatory cytokines such IL-1β and IL-18. Chronic neuroinflammation can have directly damaging effects on RGC, but it also creates a proinflammatory environment and compromises the immune privilege of the retina. In particular, continuous synthesis of proinflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL-1β, and anaphylatoxins weakens the blood–retina barrier and recruits or activates T-cells. Recent data have demonstrated that adaptive immune responses strongly exacerbate RGC loss in animal models of the disease as T-cells appear to target heat shock proteins displayed on the surface of stressed RGC to cause their apoptotic death. It is possible that dysregulation of these immune responses contributes to the continued loss of RGC in some patients.
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18
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Magni L, Bouazzi R, Heredero Olmedilla H, Petersen PSS, Tozzi M, Novak I. The P2X7 Receptor Stimulates IL-6 Release from Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Tocilizumab Prevents Activation of STAT3 in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081928. [PMID: 34440697 PMCID: PMC8391419 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are important pancreatic fibrogenic cells that interact with pancreatic cancer cells to promote the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In the tumor microenvironment (TME), several factors such as cytokines and nucleotides contribute to this interplay. Our aim was to investigate whether there is an interaction between IL-6 and nucleotide signaling, in particular, that mediated by the ATP-sensing P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Using human cell lines of PSCs and cancer cells, as well as primary PSCs from mice, we show that ATP is released from both PSCs and cancer cells in response to mechanical and metabolic cues that may occur in the TME, and thus activate the P2X7R. Functional studies using P2X7R agonists and inhibitors show that the receptor is involved in PSC proliferation, collagen secretion and IL-6 secretion and it promotes cancer cell migration in a human PSC-cancer cell co-culture. Moreover, conditioned media from P2X7R-stimulated PSCs activated the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in cancer cells. The monoclonal antibody inhibiting the IL-6 receptor, Tocilizumab, inhibited this signaling. In conclusion, we show an important mechanism between PSC-cancer cell interaction involving ATP and IL-6, activating P2X7 and IL-6 receptors, respectively, both potential therapeutic targets in PDAC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/physiopathology
- Cell Communication
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Pancreatic Stellate Cells/metabolism
- Pancreatic Stellate Cells/physiology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
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19
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Jassim AH, Inman DM, Mitchell CH. Crosstalk Between Dysfunctional Mitochondria and Inflammation in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:699623. [PMID: 34366851 PMCID: PMC8334009 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive inflammatory responses are both sufficient to induce pathology in age-dependent neurodegenerations. However, emerging evidence indicates crosstalk between damaged mitochondrial and inflammatory signaling can exacerbate issues in chronic neurodegenerations. This review discusses evidence for the interaction between mitochondrial damage and inflammation, with a focus on glaucomatous neurodegeneration, and proposes that positive feedback resulting from this crosstalk drives pathology. Mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbates inflammatory signaling in multiple ways. Damaged mitochondrial DNA is a damage-associated molecular pattern, which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome; priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the resulting liberation of IL-1β and IL-18 via the gasdermin D pore, is a major pathway to enhance inflammatory responses. The rise in reactive oxygen species induced by mitochondrial damage also activates inflammatory pathways, while blockage of Complex enzymes is sufficient to increase inflammatory signaling. Impaired mitophagy contributes to inflammation as the inability to turnover mitochondria in a timely manner increases levels of ROS and damaged mtDNA, with the latter likely to stimulate the cGAS-STING pathway to increase interferon signaling. Mitochondrial associated ER membrane contacts and the mitochondria-associated adaptor molecule MAVS can activate NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. In addition to dysfunctional mitochondria increasing inflammation, the corollary also occurs, with inflammation reducing mitochondrial function and ATP production; the resulting downward spiral accelerates degeneration. Evidence from several preclinical models including the DBA/2J mouse, microbead injection and transient elevation of IOP, in addition to patient data, implicates both mitochondrial damage and inflammation in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The pressure-dependent hypoxia and the resulting metabolic vulnerability is associated with mitochondrial damage and IL-1β release. Links between mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation can occur in retinal ganglion cells, microglia cells and astrocytes. In summary, crosstalk between damaged mitochondria and increased inflammatory signaling enhances pathology in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, with implications for other complex age-dependent neurodegenerations like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assraa Hassan Jassim
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Denise M. Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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20
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Engel T, Smith J, Alves M. Targeting Neuroinflammation via Purinergic P2 Receptors for Disease Modification in Drug-Refractory Epilepsy. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3367-3392. [PMID: 34305404 PMCID: PMC8298823 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s287740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of epilepsy remains a clinical challenge, with >30% of patients not responding to current antiseizure drugs (ASDs). Moreover, currently available ASDs are merely symptomatic without altering significantly the progression of the disease. Inflammation is increasingly recognized as playing an important role during the generation of hyperexcitable networks in the brain. Accordingly, the suppression of chronic inflammation has been suggested as a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent epileptogenesis and to treat drug-refractory epilepsy. As a consequence, a strong focus of ongoing research is identification of the mechanisms that contribute to sustained inflammation in the brain during epilepsy and whether these can be targeted. ATP is released in response to several pathological stimuli, including increased neuronal activity within the central nervous system, where it functions as a neuro- and gliotransmitter. Once released, ATP activates purinergic P2 receptors, which are divided into metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X receptors, driving inflammatory processes. Evidence from experimental models and patients demonstrates widespread expression changes of both P2Y and P2X receptors during epilepsy, and critically, drugs targeting both receptor subtypes, in particular the P2Y1 and P2X7 subtypes, have been shown to possess both anticonvulsive and antiepileptic potential. This review provides a detailed summary of the current evidence suggesting ATP-gated receptors as novel drug targets for epilepsy and discusses how P2 receptor–driven inflammation may contribute to the generation of seizures and the development of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
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21
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P2X7 receptor in multifaceted cellular signalling and its relevance as a potential therapeutic target in different diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174235. [PMID: 34097884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P2X7 receptor, a purinergic receptor family member, is abundantly expressed on many cells, including immune, muscle, bone, neuron, and glia. It acts as an ATP-activated cation channel that permits the influx of Ca2+, Na+ and efflux of K+ ions. The P2X7 receptor plays crucial roles in many physiological processes including cytokine and chemokine secretion, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, cellular growth and differentiation, locomotion, wound healing, transcription factors activation, cell death and T-lymphocyte survival. Past studies have demonstrated the up-regulation and direct association of this receptor in many pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, diabetics, arthritis, tuberculosis (TB) and inflammatory diseases. Hence, targeting this receptor is considered a worthwhile approach to lessen the afflictions associated with the disorders mentioned above by understanding the receptor architecture and downstream signalling processes. Here, in the present review, we have dissected the structural and functional aspects of the P2X7 receptor, emphasizing its role in various diseased conditions. This information will provide in-depth knowledge about the receptor and help to develop apt curative methodologies for the betterment of humanity in the coming years.
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22
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Campagno KE, Mitchell CH. The P2X 7 Receptor in Microglial Cells Modulates the Endolysosomal Axis, Autophagy, and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:645244. [PMID: 33790743 PMCID: PMC8005553 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.645244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells regulate neural homeostasis by coordinating both immune responses and clearance of debris, and the P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP plays a central role in both functions. The P2X7 receptor is primarily known in microglial cells for its immune signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. However, the receptor also affects the clearance of extracellular and intracellular debris through modifications of lysosomal function, phagocytosis, and autophagy. In the absence of an agonist, the P2X7 receptor acts as a scavenger receptor to phagocytose material. Transient receptor stimulation induces autophagy and increases LC3-II levels, likely through calcium-dependent phosphorylation of AMPK, and activates microglia to an M1 or mixed M1/M2 state. We show an increased expression of Nos2 and Tnfa and a decreased expression of Chil3 (YM1) from primary cultures of brain microglia exposed to high levels of ATP. Sustained stimulation can reduce lysosomal function in microglia by increasing lysosomal pH and slowing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. P2X7 receptor stimulation can also cause lysosomal leakage, and the subsequent rise in cytoplasmic cathepsin B activates the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β maturation and release. Support for P2X7 receptor activation of the inflammasome following lysosomal leakage comes from data on primary microglia showing IL-1β release following receptor stimulation is inhibited by cathepsin B blocker CA-074. This pathway bridges endolysosomal and inflammatory roles and may provide a key mechanism for the increased inflammation found in age-dependent neurodegenerations characterized by excessive lysosomal accumulations. Regardless of whether the inflammasome is activated via this lysosomal leakage or the better-known K+-efflux pathway, the inflammatory impact of P2X7 receptor stimulation is balanced between the autophagic reduction of inflammasome components and their increase following P2X7-mediated priming. In summary, the P2X7 receptor modulates clearance of extracellular debris by microglial cells and mediates lysosomal damage that can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. A better understanding of how the P2X7 receptor alters phagocytosis, lysosomal health, inflammation, and autophagy can lead to therapies that balance the inflammatory and clearance roles of microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Campagno
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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23
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Chen YH, Lin RR, Tao QQ. The role of P2X7R in neuroinflammation and implications in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2021; 271:119187. [PMID: 33577858 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is set to rise in prevalence as the global trends in population aging. The extracellular deposition of amyloid protein (Aβ) and the intracellular formation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain have been recognized as the two core pathologies of AD. Over the past decades, the presence of neuroinflammation in the brain has been documented as the third core pathology of AD. In recent years, emerging evidence demonstrated that the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) serves a critical role in microglia responses and neuroinflammation. Besides, targeting P2X7R by genetic or pharmacological strategies attenuates the symptoms and pathological changes of AD models, and P2X7R has been recognized as a promising therapeutic target for AD. In this review, we summarized the recent evidence concerning the roles of P2X7R in neuroinflammation and implications in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-He Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Rong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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24
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Shao X, Guha S, Lu W, Campagno KE, Beckel JM, Mills JA, Yang W, Mitchell CH. Polarized Cytokine Release Triggered by P2X7 Receptor from Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells Dependent on Calcium Influx. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122537. [PMID: 33255431 PMCID: PMC7760537 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release from non-inflammatory cells is a key step in innate immunity, and agonists triggering cytokine release are central in coordinating responses. P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) stimulation by extracellular ATP is best known to active the NLRP3 inflammasome and release IL-1β, but stimulation also leads to release of other cytokines. As cytokine signaling by retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells is implicated in retinal neurodegeneration, the role of P2X7R in release of cytokine IL-6 from RPE cells was investigated. P2X7R stimulation triggered IL-6 release from primary mouse RPE, human iPS-RPE and human ARPE-19 cells. IL-6 release was polarized, with predominant rise across apical membranes. IL-6 release was inhibited by P2X7R antagonists A438079, A839977, and AZ10606120, but not the NRTI lamivudine (3TC), P2X1R antagonist NF279, or P2Y1R antagonist MRS2179. P2X7R-mediated IL-6 release required extracellular Ca2+ and was blocked by Ca2+ chelator BAPTA. IL-6 release and Ca2+ elevation occurred rapidly, consistent with vesicular IL-6 staining in unstimulated cells. P2X7R stimulation did not trigger IL-1β release in these unprimed cells. P2X7R-mediated IL-6 release was enhanced in RPE cells from the ABCA4−/− mouse model of retinal degeneration. In summary, P2X7R stimulation triggers rapid Ca2+-dependent IL-6 release across the apical membrane of RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Shao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.G.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Sonia Guha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.G.); (J.M.B.)
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wennan Lu
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.L.); (K.E.C.)
| | - Keith E. Campagno
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.L.); (K.E.C.)
| | - Jonathan M. Beckel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.G.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jason A. Mills
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology and Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics (CAROT), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenli Yang
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (S.G.); (J.M.B.)
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (W.L.); (K.E.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-573-2176
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25
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Effects of Hericium erinaceus Mycelium Extracts on the Functional Activity of Purinoceptors and Neuropathic Pain in Mice with L5 Spinal Nerve Ligation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2890194. [PMID: 32508945 PMCID: PMC7244964 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2890194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a serious clinical problem that is difficult to treat. Purinoceptors (P2Rs) transduce pain perception from the peripheral to the central nervous system and play an important role in the transmission of neuropathic pain signals. We previously found that the crude extracts of Hericium erinaceus mycelium (HE-CE) inhibited P2R-mediated signaling in cells and reduced heat-induced pain in mice. The present study explored the effects of HE-CE on neuropathic pain. We used adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a P2R agonist to generate Ca2+ signaling and neuronal damage in a cell line. We also established a neuropathic mouse model of L5 spinal nerve ligation (L5-SNL) to examine neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation. Neuropathic pain was recorded using the von Frey test. Neuroinflammation was evaluated based on immunohistofluorescence observation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in astrocytes, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule1 (iba1) levels in microglia, and IL-6 levels in plasma. The results show that HE-CE and erinacine-S, but not erinacine-A, totally counteracted Ca2+ signaling and cytotoxic effects upon P2R stimulation by ATP in human osteosarcoma HOS cells and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, respectively. SNL induced a decrease in the withdrawal pressure of the ipsilateral hind paw, indicating neuropathic pain. It also raised the GFAP level in astrocytes, the iba1 level in microglia, and the IL-6 level in plasma, indicating neuroinflammation. HE-CE significantly counteracted the SNL-induced decrease in withdrawal pressure, illustrating that it could relieve neuropathic pain. It also reduced SNL-induced increases in astrocyte GFAP levels, microglial iba1 levels, and plasma IL-6 levels, suggesting that HE-CE reduces neuroinflammation. Erinacine-S relieved neuropathic pain better than HE-CE. The present study demonstrated that HE inhibits P2R and, thus, that it can relieve neuropathic pain and neuroinflammation.
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26
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Munoz FM, Patel PA, Gao X, Mei Y, Xia J, Gilels S, Hu H. Reactive oxygen species play a role in P2X7 receptor-mediated IL-6 production in spinal astrocytes. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:97-107. [PMID: 32146607 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes mediate a remarkable variety of cellular functions, including gliotransmitter release. Under pathological conditions, high concentrations of the purinergic receptor agonist adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are released into the extracellular space leading to the activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor, which in turn can initiate signaling cascades. It is well-established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase in macrophages and microglia following P2X7 receptor activation. However, direct evidence that activation of P2X7 receptor leads to ROS production in astrocytes is lacking to date. While it is known that P2X7R activation induces cytokine production, the mechanism involved in this process is unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that P2X7 receptor activation induced ROS production in spinal astrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. We also found that P2X7R-mediated ROS production is at least partially through NADPH oxidase. In addition, our ELISA data show that P2X7R-induced IL-6 release was dependent on NADPH oxidase-mediated production of ROS. Collectively, these results reveal that activation of the P2X7 receptor on spinal astrocytes increases ROS production through NADPH oxidase, subsequently leading to IL-6 release. Our results reveal a role of ROS in the P2X7 signaling pathway in mouse spinal cord astrocytes and may indicate a potential mechanism for the astrocytic P2X7 receptor in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Munoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Priya A Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yixiao Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 S. Orange Ave., Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jingsheng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sofia Gilels
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 S. Orange Ave., Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 S. Orange Ave., Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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27
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Ni CM, Sun HP, Xu X, Ling BY, Jin H, Zhang YQ, Zhao ZQ, Cao H, Xu L. Spinal P2X7R contributes to streptozotocin-induced mechanical allodynia in mice. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:155-165. [PMID: 32115912 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a diabetes mellitus complication. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying PDN are still poorly understood. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays a pivotal role in non-diabetic neuropathic pain, but little is known about its effects on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced peripheral neuropathy. Here, we explored whether spinal cord P2X7R was correlated with the generation of mechanical allodynia (MA) in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic neuropathy in mice. MA was assessed by measuring paw withdrawal thresholds and western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze the protein expression levels and localization of P2X7R. STZ-induced mice expressed increased P2X7R in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord during MA. Mice injected intrathecally with a selective antagonist of P2X7R and P2X7R knockout (KO) mice both presented attenuated progression of MA. Double-immunofluorescent labeling demonstrated that P2X7R-positive cells were mostly co-expressed with Iba1 (a microglia marker). Our results suggest that P2X7R plays an important role in the development of MA and could be used as a cellular target for treating PDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ming Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - He-Ping Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Kunshan First People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Bing-Yu Ling
- Department of Emergency, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
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28
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Oral administration of the iron chelator deferiprone protects against loss of retinal ganglion cells in a mouse model of glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107961. [PMID: 32045598 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative process affecting the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the optic nerve. Oxidative stress has been implicated in glaucoma pathogenesis, and iron is a potent generator of oxidative stress. The oral iron chelator deferiprone (DFP) is protective against retinal degenerations associated with oxidative stress. To test whether DFP could be protective in glaucoma, we used microbead injections to induce elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in a cohort of 3-month old C57BL/6J mice. One eye of each animal was injected with magnetic microbeads resulting in ocular hypertension for >7 weeks while the fellow eye was injected with saline and served as a normotensive internal control. While half of the cohort received oral DFP (1 mg/ml in the drinking water), the other half did not and served as controls. After 8 weeks, Brn3a immunolabeling of flat-mounted retinas was used for manual RGC quantification. Axon counts were obtained from thin sections of optic nerves using the AxonJ plugin for ImageJ. DFP administration was protective against RGC and optic nerve loss in the setting of elevated IOP. These results suggest that iron chelation by DFP may provide glaucoma neuroprotection.
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29
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Medrano MP, Pisera-Fuster A, Bernabeu RO, Faillace MP. P2X7 and A 2A receptor endogenous activation protects against neuronal death caused by CoCl 2 -induced photoreceptor toxicity in the zebrafish retina. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2000-2020. [PMID: 31997350 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Injured retinas in mammals do not regenerate and heal with loss of function. The adult retina of zebrafish self-repairs after damage by activating cell-intrinsic mechanisms, which are regulated by extrinsic signal interactions. Among relevant regulatory extrinsic systems, purinergic signaling regulates progenitor proliferation during retinogenesis and regeneration and glia proliferation in proliferative retinopathies. ATP-activated P2X7 (P2RX7) and adenosine (P1R) receptors are involved in the progression of almost all retinopathies leading to blindness. Here, we examined P2RX7 and P1R participation in the retina regenerative response induced by photoreceptor damage caused by a specific dose of CoCl2 . First, we found that treatment of uninjured retinas with a potent agonist of P2RX7 (BzATP) provoked photoreceptor damage and mitotic activation of multipotent progenitors. In CoCl2 -injured retinas, blockade of endogenous extracellular ATP activity on P2RX7 caused further neurodegeneration, Müller cell gliosis, progenitor proliferation, and microglia reactivity. P2RX7 inhibition in injured retinas also increased the expression of lin28a and tnfα genes, which are related to multipotent progenitor proliferation. Levels of hif1α, vegf3r, and vegfaa mRNA were enhanced by blockade of P2RX7 immediately after injury, indicating hypoxic like damage and endothelial cell growth and proliferation. Complete depletion of extracellular nucleotides with an apyrase treatment strongly potentiated cell death and progenitor proliferation induced with CoCl2 . Blockade of adenosine P1 and A2A receptors (A2A R) had deleterious effects and deregulated normal timing for progenitor and precursor cell proliferation following photoreceptor damage. ATP via P2RX7 and adenosine via A2A R are survival extracellular signals key for retina regeneration in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías P Medrano
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay) UBA y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonella Pisera-Fuster
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay) UBA y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ramón O Bernabeu
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay) UBA y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Faillace
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay) UBA y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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30
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Sun Q, Xue S, Guan H, Ji M. Activation of P2X7R- NLRP3 pathway in Retinal microglia contribute to Retinal Ganglion Cells death in chronic ocular hypertension (COH). Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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31
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Yang J, Ma C, Zhang M. High glucose inhibits osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of MC3T3‑E1 cells by regulating P2X7. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:5084-5090. [PMID: 31702818 PMCID: PMC6854521 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus adversely affects human bones and increases the risk of developing osteoporosis. In the present study, treatment with 30 mmol/l glucose was used to establish a high glucose (HG) cell model in vitro. Plasmids were used to overexpress the P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7) gene. Brilliant blue G and (4‑benzoyl‑benzoyl)‑ATP were used as a P2X7 antagonist and agonist, respectively. Proliferation of osteogenic MC3T3‑E1 cells and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were determined using MTT and colorimetric assays, respectively. Alizarin Red S was used to assess calcification of MC3T3‑E1 cells. Western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR were performed to determine protein and mRNA expression levels. The results demonstrated that HG inhibited MC3T3‑E1 cell proliferation and P2X7 expression, reduced calcification, and downregulated the expression levels of ALP and osteocalcin (Ocn) in MC3T3‑E1 cells. Overexpression of P2X7 in HG conditions increased calcification and proliferation, and upregulated the levels of ALP and Ocn in MC3T3‑E1 cells. Inhibition of P2X7 downregulated the expressions of ALP and Ocn in MC3T3‑E1 cells under HG conditions. Therefore, the present results indicated that HG caused damage to osteogenic MC3T3‑E1 cells. Thus, P2X7 may be a regulatory factor that may be used to counteract the effects of HG on osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Cao Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
| | - Maoshu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, P.R. China
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32
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Li QC, Liang Y, Su ZB. Prophylactic treatment with MSC-derived exosomes attenuates traumatic acute lung injury in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1107-L1117. [PMID: 30892077 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00391.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is a potential strategy in the pretreatment of traumatic acute lung injury (ALI), a disease that causes inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate whether MSC-exosomal microRNA-124-3p (miR-124-3p) affects traumatic ALI. Initially, a traumatic ALI rat model was established using the weight-drop method. Then, exosomes were obtained from MSCs of Sprague-Dawley rats, which were injected into the traumatic ALI rats. We found that miR-124-3p was abundantly-expressed in MSCs-derived exosomes and could directly target purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 7 (P2X7), which was overexpressed in traumatic ALI rats. After that, a loss- and gain-of-function study was performed in MSCs and traumatic ALI rats to investigate the role of miR-124-3p and P2X7 in traumatic ALI. MSC-derived exosomal miR-124-3p or silenced P2X7 was observed to increase the survival rate of traumatic ALI rats and enhance the glutathione/superoxide dismutase activity in their lung tissues. However, the wet/dry weight of lung tissues, activity of methylenedioxyamphetamine and H2O2, and levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-8) were reduced. Similarly, the numbers of total cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were also reduced when treated with exosomal miR-124-3p or silenced P2X7. In conclusion, the results provide evidence that miR-124-3p transferred by MSC-derived exosomes inhibited P2X7 expression, thus improving oxidative stress injury and suppressing inflammatory response in traumatic ALI, highlighting a potential pretreatment for traumatic ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Chun Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Liang
- Center of Physical Examination, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Bo Su
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Pronin A, Pham D, An W, Dvoriantchikova G, Reshetnikova G, Qiao J, Kozhekbaeva Z, Reiser AE, Slepak VZ, Shestopalov VI. Inflammasome Activation Induces Pyroptosis in the Retina Exposed to Ocular Hypertension Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:36. [PMID: 30930743 PMCID: PMC6425693 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress and hypoxia during episodes of ocular hypertension (OHT) trigger glial activation and neuroinflammation in the retina. Glial activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, complement, and other danger factors was shown to facilitate injury and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that send visual information to the brain. However, cellular events linking neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity remain poorly characterized. Several pro-inflammatory and danger signaling pathways, including P2X7 receptors and Pannexin1 (Panx1) channels, are known to activate inflammasome caspases that proteolytically activate gasdermin D channel-formation to export IL-1 cytokines and/or induce pyroptosis. In this work, we used molecular and genetic approaches to map and characterize inflammasome complexes and detect pyroptosis in the OHT-injured retina. Acute activation of distinct inflammasome complexes containing NLRP1, NLRP3 and Aim2 sensor proteins was detected in RGCs, retinal astrocytes and Muller glia of the OHT-challenged retina. Inflammasome-mediated activation of caspases-1 and release of mature IL-1β were detected within 6 h and peaked at 12–24 h after OHT injury. These coincided with the induction of pyroptotic pore protein gasdermin D in neurons and glia in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). The OHT-induced release of cytokines and RGC death were significantly decreased in the retinas of Casp1−/−Casp4(11)del, Panx1−/− and in Wild-type (WT) mice treated with the Panx1 inhibitor probenecid. Our results showed a complex spatio-temporal pattern of innate immune responses in the retina. Furthermore, they indicate an active contribution of neuronal NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasomes and the pro-pyroptotic gasdermin D pathway to pathophysiology of the OHT injury. These results support the feasibility of inflammasome modulation for neuroprotection in OHT-injured retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Pronin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dien Pham
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Weijun An
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Galina Dvoriantchikova
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Galina Reshetnikova
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jianzhong Qiao
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Zhanna Kozhekbaeva
- Department of Medicine, The Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ashlyn E Reiser
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
| | - Vladlen Z Slepak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Valery I Shestopalov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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34
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Charoenpong H, Osathanon T, Pavasant P, Limjeerajarus N, Keawprachum B, Limjeerajarus CN, Cheewinthamrongrod V, Palaga T, Lertchirakarn V, Ritprajak P. Mechanical stress induced S100A7 expression in human dental pulp cells to augment osteoclast differentiation. Oral Dis 2019; 25:812-821. [PMID: 30614184 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mechanical injury of dental pulp leads to root resorption by osteoclasts/odontoclasts. S100 proteins have been demonstrated to be involved in inflammatory processes and bone remodeling. This study aimed to investigate the effect of mechanical stress on S100A7 expression by human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and the effect of S100A7 proteins on osteoclast differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolated HDPCs were stimulated with compressive loading (2 and 6 hr), or shear loading (2, 6, and 16 hr). S100 mRNA expression and S100A7 protein levels were determined by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Osteoclast differentiation was analyzed using primary human monocytes. The differentiation and activity of osteoclasts were examined by TRAcP staining and dentine resorption. In addition, the expression of S100A7 was analyzed in pulp tissues obtained from orthodontically treated teeth. RESULTS Compressive and shear mechanical stress significantly upregulated both mRNA and protein level of S100A7. Dental pulp tissues from orthodontically treated teeth exhibited higher S100A7mRNA levels compared to non-treated control teeth. S100A7 promoted osteoclast differentiation by primary human monocytes. Moreover, S100A7 significantly enhanced dentine resorption by these cells. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical stress induced expression of S100A7 by human dental pulp cells and this may promote root resorption by inducing osteoclast differentiation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hataichanok Charoenpong
- Graduate Program in Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Excellence Center in Regenerative Dentistry and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Excellence Center in Regenerative Dentistry and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nuttapol Limjeerajarus
- Research Center for Advanced Energy Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonrit Keawprachum
- Research Center for Advanced Energy Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Thai-Nichi Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalida N Limjeerajarus
- Excellence Center in Regenerative Dentistry and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veera Lertchirakarn
- Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Oral Biology Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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35
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Ventura ALM, Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Mitchell CH, Faillace MP. Purinergic signaling in the retina: From development to disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 151:92-108. [PMID: 30458250 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinal injuries and diseases are major causes of human disability involving vision impairment by the progressive and permanent loss of retinal neurons. During development, assembly of this tissue entails a successive and overlapping, signal-regulated engagement of complex events that include proliferation of progenitors, neurogenesis, cell death, neurochemical differentiation and synaptogenesis. During retinal damage, several of these events are re-activated with both protective and detrimental consequences. Purines and pyrimidines, along with their metabolites are emerging as important molecules regulating both retinal development and the tissue's responses to damage. The present review provides an overview of the purinergic signaling in the developing and injured retina. Recent findings on the presence of vesicular and channel-mediated ATP release by retinal and retinal pigment epithelial cells, adenosine synthesis and release, expression of receptors and intracellular signaling pathways activated by purinergic signaling in retinal cells are reported. The pathways by which purinergic receptors modulate retinal cell proliferation, migration and death of retinal cells during development and injury are summarized. The contribution of nucleotides to the self-repair of the injured zebrafish retina is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucia Marques Ventura
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Program, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ophthalmology, and Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Maria Paula Faillace
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Prof. Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO-Houssay), Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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36
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Lu W, Gómez NM, Lim JC, Guha S, O'Brien-Jenkins A, Coffey EE, Campagno KE, McCaughey SA, Laties AM, Carlsson LG, Mitchell CH. The P2Y 12 Receptor Antagonist Ticagrelor Reduces Lysosomal pH and Autofluorescence in Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells From the ABCA4 -/- Mouse Model of Retinal Degeneration. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:242. [PMID: 29725296 PMCID: PMC5917064 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of partially degraded lipid waste in lysosomal-related organelles may contribute to pathology in many aging diseases. The presence of these lipofuscin granules is particularly evident in the autofluorescent lysosome-associated organelles of the retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, and may be related to early stages of age-related macular degeneration. While lysosomal enzymes degrade material optimally at acidic pH levels, lysosomal pH is elevated in RPE cells from the ABCA4-/- mouse model of Stargardt's disease, an early onset retinal degeneration. Lowering lysosomal pH through cAMP-dependent pathways decreases accumulation of autofluorescent material in RPE cells in vitro, but identification of an appropriate receptor is crucial for manipulating this pathway in vivo. As the P2Y12 receptor for ADP is coupled to the inhibitory Gi protein, we asked whether blocking the P2Y12 receptor with ticagrelor could restore lysosomal acidity and reduce autofluorescence in compromised RPE cells from ABCA4-/- mice. Oral delivery of ticagrelor giving rise to clinically relevant exposure lowered lysosomal pH in these RPE cells. Ticagrelor also partially reduced autofluorescence in the RPE cells of ABCA4-/- mice. In vitro studies in ARPE-19 cells using more specific antagonists AR-C69931 and AR-C66096 confirmed the importance of the P2Y12 receptor for lowering lysosomal pH and reducing autofluorescence. These observations identify P2Y12 receptor blockade as a potential target to lower lysosomal pH and clear lysosomal waste in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wennan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Néstor M Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jason C Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sonia Guha
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ann O'Brien-Jenkins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Erin E Coffey
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Keith E Campagno
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stuart A McCaughey
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alan M Laties
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Leif G Carlsson
- Department of Bioscience Heart Failure, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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37
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Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Naaldijk Y, Sardá-Arroyo L, Gonçalves MCB, Corrêa-Velloso J, Pillat MM, de Souza HDN, Ulrich H. Purinergic Receptors in Neurological Diseases With Motor Symptoms: Targets for Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:325. [PMID: 29692728 PMCID: PMC5902708 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since proving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as a neurotransmitter in neuron/glia interactions, the purinergic system has been more intensely studied within the scope of the central nervous system. In neurological disorders with associated motor symptoms, including Parkinson's disease (PD), motor neuron diseases (MND), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's Disease (HD), restless leg syndrome (RLS), and ataxias, alterations in purinergic receptor expression and activity have been noted, indicating a potential role for this system in disease etiology and progression. In neurodegenerative conditions, neural cell death provokes extensive ATP release and alters calcium signaling through purinergic receptor modulation. Consequently, neuroinflammatory responses, excitotoxicity and apoptosis are directly or indirectly induced. This review analyzes currently available data, which suggests involvement of the purinergic system in neuro-associated motor dysfunctions and underlying mechanisms. Possible targets for pharmacological interventions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Sardá-Arroyo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C. B. Gonçalves
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Corrêa-Velloso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Micheli M. Pillat
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Héllio D. N. de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Wei L, Syed Mortadza SA, Yan J, Zhang L, Wang L, Yin Y, Li C, Chalon S, Emond P, Belzung C, Li D, Lu C, Roger S, Jiang LH. ATP-activated P2X7 receptor in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and as an emerging target for the development of novel antidepressant therapeutics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:192-205. [PMID: 29453990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are a group of psychiatric conditions that represent leading global disease burdens. Increasing evidence from clinical and preclinical studies supports that innate immune system dysfunction plays an important part in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. P2X7 receptor, belonging to the ligand-gated ion channel P2X subfamily of purinergic P2 receptors for extracellular ATP, is highly expressed in immune cells including microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and has a vital role in mediating innate immune response. The P2X7 receptor is also important in neuron-glia signalling in the CNS. The gene encoding human P2X7 receptor is located in a locus of susceptibility to mood disorders. In this review, we will discuss the recent progress in understanding the role of the P2X7 receptor in the pathogenesis and development of mood disorders and in discovering CNS-penetrable P2X7 antagonists for potential uses in in vivo imaging to monitor brain inflammation and antidepressant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Wei
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sharifah A Syed Mortadza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jing Yan
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Yaling Yin
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Chaokun Li
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Sylvie Chalon
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- Inserm UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | | | - Dongliang Li
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; Key Laboratory for the Brain Research of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China
| | - Sebastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université de Tours, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris Cedex 05, France.
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39
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Bucolo C, Platania CBM, Drago F, Bonfiglio V, Reibaldi M, Avitabile T, Uva M. Novel Therapeutics in Glaucoma Management. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:978-992. [PMID: 28925883 PMCID: PMC6120119 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170915142727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell death and alterations of visual field. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered the main risk factor of glaucoma, even though other factors cannot be ruled out, such as epigenetic mechanisms. OBJECTIVE An overview of the ultimate promising experimental drugs to manage glaucoma has been provided. RESULTS In particular, we have focused on purinergic ligands, KATP channel activators, gases (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide), non-glucocorticoid steroidal compounds, neurotrophic factors, PI3K/Akt activators, citicoline, histone deacetylase inhibitors, cannabinoids, dopamine and serotonin receptors ligands, small interference RNA, and Rho kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS The review has been also endowed of a brief chapter on last reports about potential neuroprotective benefits of anti-glaucoma drugs already present in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bucolo
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; Tel: +39 095 4781196;
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40
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Albalawi F, Lu W, Beckel JM, Lim JC, McCaughey SA, Mitchell CH. The P2X7 Receptor Primes IL-1β and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Astrocytes Exposed to Mechanical Strain. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:227. [PMID: 28848393 PMCID: PMC5550720 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a key role in many neural pathologies, with localized signaling from the non-immune cells making critical contributions. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an important component of innate immune signaling and can link neural insult to chronic inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome requires two stages to contribute: priming and activation. The priming stage involves upregulation of inflammasome components while the activation stage results in the assembly and activation of the inflammasome complex. The priming step can be rate limiting and can connect insult to chronic inflammation, but our knowledge of the signals that regulate NLRP3 inflammasome priming in sterile inflammation is limited. This study examined the link between mechanical strain and inflammasome priming in neural systems. Transient non-ischemic elevation of intraocular pressure increased mRNA for inflammasome components IL-1β, NLRP3, ASC, and CASP1 in rat and mouse retinas. The elevation was greater 1 day after the insult, with the rise in IL-1β most pronounced. The P2X7 receptor was implicated in the mechanosensitive priming of IL-1β mRNA in vivo, as the antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) blocked the increased expression, the agonist BzATP mimicked the pressure-dependent rise in IL-1β, and the rise was absent in P2X7 knockout mice. In vitro measurements from optic nerve head astrocytes demonstrated an increased expression of IL-1β following stretch or swelling. This increase in IL-1β was eliminated by degradation of extracellular ATP with apyrase, or by the block of pannexin hemichannels with carbenoxolone, probenecid, or 10panx1 peptide. The rise in IL-1β expression was also blocked by P2X7 receptor antagonists BBG, A839977 or A740003. The rise in IL-1β was prevented by blocking transcription factor NFκB with Bay 11-7082, while the swelling-dependent fall in NFκB inhibitor IκB-α was reduced by A839977 and in P2X7 knockout mice. In summary, mechanical trauma to the retina primed NLRP3 inflammasome components, but only if there was ATP release through pannexin hemichannels, and autostimulation of the P2X7 receptor. As the P2X7 receptor can also trigger stage two of inflammasome assembly and activation, the P2X7 receptor may have a central role in linking mechanical strain to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farraj Albalawi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States.,Department of Orthodontics, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | - Wennan Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | - Jonathan M Beckel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh University, PittsburghPA, United States
| | - Jason C Lim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | - Stuart A McCaughey
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, PhiladelphiaPA, United States
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