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Increase in serum Interleukin-10 does not alleviate pro-inflammatory MCP-1 production in obese pregnancies. Cytokine 2018; 108:67-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Totsch SK, Quinn TL, Strath LJ, McMeekin LJ, Cowell RM, Gower BA, Sorge RE. The impact of the Standard American Diet in rats: Effects on behavior, physiology and recovery from inflammatory injury. Scand J Pain 2017; 17:316-324. [PMID: 28927908 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity is a significant health concern in the Western world and the presence of comorbid conditions suggests an interaction. The overlapping distributions of chronic pain populations and obesity suggests that an interaction may exist. Poor quality diet (high carbohydrates, saturated fats, omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids) can lead to increased adiposity which can activate immune cells independent of the activating effect of the diet components themselves. This dual action can contribute to chronic inflammation that may alter susceptibility to chronic pain and prolong recovery from injury. However, traditional examinations of diet focus on high-fat diets that often contain a single source of fat, that is not reflective of an American diet. Thus, we examined the impact of a novel human-relevant (high-carbohydrate) American diet on measures of pain and inflammation in rats, as well as the effect on recovery and immune cell activation. METHODS We developed a novel, human-relevant Standard American Diet (SAD) to better model the kilocalorie levels and nutrient sources in an American population. Male and female rats were fed the SAD over the course of 20 weeks prior to persistent inflammatory pain induction with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Mechanical and thermal sensitivity were measured weekly. Spontaneous pain, open field locomotion and blood glucose levels were measured during diet consumption. Body composition was assessed at 20 weeks. Following full recovery from CFA-induced hypersensitivity, blood was analyzed for inflammatory mediators and spinal cords were immunohistochemically processed for microglial markers. RESULTS Chronic consumption of the SAD increased fat mass, decreased lean mass and reduce bone mineral density. SAD-fed rats had increased leptin levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood serum. Following CFA administration, mechanical sensitivity was assessed and recovery was delayed significantly in SAD-fed animals. Sex differences in the impact of the SAD were also observed. The SAD increased body weight and common T-cell related inflammatory mediators in female, but not male, animals. In males, the SAD had a greater effect on bone mineral density and body composition. Long-term consumption of the SAD resulted in elevated microglial staining in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, but no sex differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the negative effects of an American diet on physiology, behavior and recovery from injury. SAD consumption elevated pro-inflammatory mediators and increased microglial activation in the spinal cord. While there were sex differences in weight gain and inflammation, both sexes showed prolonged recovery from injury. IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that poor quality diet may increase susceptibility to chronic pain due to persistent peripheral and central immune system activation. Furthermore, consumption of a diet that is high in carbohydrates and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid is likely to lead to protracted recovery following trauma or surgical procedures. These data suggest that recovery of a number of patients eating a poor quality diet may be expedited with a change in diet to one that is healthier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie K Totsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tammie L Quinn
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Larissa J Strath
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Barbara A Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert E Sorge
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Csanova A, Hlavacova N, Hasiec M, Pokusa M, Prokopova B, Jezova D. β 3-Adrenergic receptors, adipokines and neuroendocrine activation during stress induced by repeated immune challenge in male and female rats. Stress 2017; 20:294-302. [PMID: 28412873 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1320387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main hypothesis of the study is that stress associated with repeated immune challenge has an impact on β3-adrenergic receptor gene expression in the brain. Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with increasing doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for five consecutive days. LPS treatment was associated with body weight loss and increased anxiety-like behavior. In LPS-treated animals of both sexes, β3-receptor gene expression was increased in the prefrontal cortex but not the hippocampus. LPS treatment decreased β3-receptor gene expression in white adipose tissue with higher values in males compared to females. In the adipose tissue, LPS reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, leptin and adiponectin gene expression, but increased interleukin-6 expression, irrespective of sex. Repeated immune challenge resulted in increased concentrations of plasma aldosterone and corticosterone with higher values of corticosterone in females compared to males. Concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in plasma were unaffected by LPS, while DHEA levels in the frontal cortex were lower in the LPS-treated animals compared to the controls. Thus, changes of DHEA levels in the brain take place irrespective of the changes of this neurosteroid in plasma. We have provided the first evidence on stress-induced increase in β3-adrenergic receptor gene expression in the brain. Greater reduction of β3-adrenergic receptor expression in the adipose tissue and of the body weight gain by repeated immune challenge in male than in female rats suggests sex differences in the role of β3-adrenergic receptors in the metabolic functions. LPS-induced changes in adipose tissue regulatory factors and hormone concentrations might be important for coping with chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnesa Csanova
- a Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology , Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Natasa Hlavacova
- a Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology , Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Malgorzata Hasiec
- b The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences , Jablonna , Poland
| | - Michal Pokusa
- a Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology , Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Prokopova
- a Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology , Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
- c Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Daniela Jezova
- a Laboratory of Pharmacological Neuroendocrinology , Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovak Republic
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Rummel C, Bredehöft J, Damm J, Schweighöfer H, Peek V, Harden LM. Obesity Impacts Fever and Sickness Behavior During Acute Systemic Inflammation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 31:117-30. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00049.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is reaching dramatic proportions in humans and is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cognitive alterations, and a higher mortality during infection and inflammation. The focus of the present review is on the influence of obesity on the presentation of fever, sickness behavior, and inflammatory responses during acute systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rummel
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Janne Bredehöft
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Jelena Damm
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Hanna Schweighöfer
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Verena Peek
- Department of Veterinary-Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Lois M Harden
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Dudele A, Fischer CW, Elfving B, Wegener G, Wang T, Lund S. Chronic exposure to low doses of lipopolysaccharide and high-fat feeding increases body mass without affecting glucose tolerance in female rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12584. [PMID: 26537342 PMCID: PMC4673625 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related inflammation may have a causal role in the development of diabetes and insulin resistance, and studies using animal models of chronic experimental endotoxemia have shown the link. However, many studies use only males, and much less is known about the role of obesity-related inflammation in females. Therefore, we addressed how experimentally induced chronic inflammation affects body mass, energy intake, and glucose metabolism in female rats. Adult female Sprague Dawley rats were instrumented with slow release pellets that delivered a constant daily dose of 53 or 207 μg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per rat for 60 days. Control rats were instrumented with vehicle pellets. Due to inflammatory nature of high-fat diet (HFD) half of the rats received HFD (60% of calories from lard), while the other half remained on control diet to detect possible interactions between two modes of induced inflammation. Our results showed that chronic LPS administration increased female rat body mass and calorie intake in a dose-dependent manner, and that HFD further exacerbated these effects. Despite these effects, no effects of LPS and HFD were evident on female rat glucose metabolism. Only LPS elevated expression of inflammatory markers in the hypothalamus. To conclude, female rats respond to experimentally induced chronic inflammation by increasing body mass, but do not develop glucose intolerance in the given period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete Dudele
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christina W Fischer
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Betina Elfving
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sten Lund
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Jasoni CL, Sanders TR, Kim DW. Do all roads lead to Rome? The role of neuro-immune interactions before birth in the programming of offspring obesity. Front Neurosci 2015; 8:455. [PMID: 25691854 PMCID: PMC4315034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the nervous system can be powerfully modulated by the immune system. Although traditionally considered to be quite separate, neuro-immune interactions are increasingly recognized as critical for both normal and pathological nervous system function in the adult. However, a growing body of information supports a critical role for neuro-immune interactions before birth, particularly in the prenatal programming of later-life neurobehavioral disease risk. This review will focus on maternal obesity, as it represents an environment of pathological immune system function during pregnancy that elevates offspring neurobehavioral disease risk. We will first delineate the normal role of the immune system during pregnancy, including the role of the placenta as both a barrier and relayer of inflammatory information between the maternal and fetal environments. This will be followed by the current exciting findings of how immuno-modulatory molecules may elevate offspring risk of neurobehavioral disease by altering brain development and, consequently, later life function. Finally, by drawing parallels with pregnancy complications other than obesity, we will suggest that aberrant immune activation, irrespective of its origin, may lead to neuro-immune interactions that otherwise would not exist in the developing brain. These interactions could conceivably derail normal brain development and/or later life function, and thereby elevate risk for obesity and other neurobehavioral disorders later in the offspring's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Jasoni
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tessa R Sanders
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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Hale MW, Spencer SJ, Conti B, Jasoni CL, Kent S, Radler ME, Reyes TM, Sominsky L. Diet, behavior and immunity across the lifespan. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 58:46-62. [PMID: 25524877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that perinatal events can set an organism on a life-long trajectory for either health or disease, resilience or risk. One early life variable that has proven critical for optimal development is the nutritional environment in which the organism develops. Extensive research has documented the effects of both undernutrition and overnutrition, with strong links evident for an increased risk for obesity and metabolic disorders, as well as adverse mental health outcomes. Recent work has highlighted a critical role of the immune system, in linking diet with long term health and behavioral outcomes. The present review will summarize the recent literature regarding the interactions of diet, immunity, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Hale
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bruno Conti
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine L Jasoni
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Morgan E Radler
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Teresa M Reyes
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luba Sominsky
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Effects of ovariectomy on the inflammatory responses of female rats to the central injection of lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Pohl J, Woodside B, Luheshi GN. Leptin modulates the late fever response to LPS in diet-induced obese animals. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 42:41-7. [PMID: 25108212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an important modulator of both inflammation and energy homeostasis, making it a key interface between the inflammatory response to pathogenic stimuli and the energy status of the host. In previous studies we demonstrated that sickness responses to systemic immune challenge, including fever, are significantly exacerbated in diet induced obese animals. To investigate whether this exacerbation is functionally linked to the obesity associated increase in circulating levels of leptin, a species-specific leptin antiserum (LAS) was used to neutralize endogenous leptin in diet-induced obese adult male Wistar rats treated with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100μg/kg). LAS significantly reduced the magnitude of the later phases of the fever response, and attenuated the circulating levels of IL-6, IL-1ra and bioactivity of leptin in the obese animals. In addition, the antiserum significantly attenuated the hypothalamic expression of IL-1ß, IκBα, COX2, SOCS3 and IL-6 in both lean and obese rats 10h after the LPS injection and NF-IL6 in the hypothalamus of obese rats only. The relatively late rise in brain IL-6 suggested a role in mediating the extended fever response in obese animals and we tested this by neutralizing brain IL-6 using an IL6-AS injected intracerebroventricularly (4μl, icv). The IL6-AS significantly but transiently (between 9h and 12h post LPS) reduced the late fever response of obese rats. These results demonstrate that leptin plays an important part in modulating the late portion of the fever response to LPS, likely through the induction of hypothalamic IL-6 in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pohl
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioural Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Giamal N Luheshi
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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10
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Gereltsetseg G, Munkhzaya M, Tungalagsurv A, Murakami M, Yamasaki M, Yamamoto Y, Kuwahara A, Kato T, Yasui T, Irahara M. Site-specific changes in cytokine response to septic dose of lipopolysaccharide in ovariectomized female rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2014; 37:721-727. [PMID: 24923901 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immune response is altered according to hormonal and metabolic status. Obesity increases the inflammatory and fever response, whereas loss of gonadal steroid decreases behavioral response to immune stress. However, the immune systems of ovariectomized animals exhibiting obesity and gonadal steroid deficiency, particularly under septic conditions, have not been fully examined. In the present study, we evaluated the ovariectomy-induced changes of central and peripheral immune responses to life-threatening septic stimulus. METHODS AND RESULTS Ovariectomized rats showed heavier body weight and lighter uterine weight when compared with gonadally intact rats. Fever response to septic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ovariectomized rats was less evident when compared with that in gonadally intact rats. In addition, under LPS-injected septic conditions, hypothalamic gene levels of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and serum protein levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in ovariectomized rats were lower than those in gonadally intact rats. On the other hand, IL-6 levels in visceral fat under septic conditions were higher in ovariectomized rats than in gonadally intact rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ovariectomy-induced site-specific changes in cytokine response under septic conditions. As hypothalamic, but not peripheral, pro-inflammatory cytokines are directly involved in the fever response, the attenuation of fever response observed in ovariectomized rats may be caused by a reduction in central cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - T Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - G Gereltsetseg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - M Munkhzaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - A Tungalagsurv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - M Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - M Yamasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - A Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - T Kato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - T Yasui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - M Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-Cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Sanders TR, Kim DW, Glendining KA, Jasoni CL. Maternal obesity and IL-6 lead to aberrant developmental gene expression and deregulated neurite growth in the fetal arcuate nucleus. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2566-77. [PMID: 24773340 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity during pregnancy increases the risk of obesity in the offspring. Several observations have pointed to a causative role for the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, but whether it is present in the fetal circulation and how it acts on the developing fetus are unclear. We first observed that postnatal day 0 offspring from obese mothers had significantly reduced neuropeptide Y (NPY) innervation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) compared with that for offspring of normal-weight controls. Thus, the growth of NPY neurites from the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was impaired in the fetal brain by maternal obesity. The neurite growth regulator, Netrin-1, was expressed in the ARC and PVN and along the pathway between the two at gestational day (GD) 17.5 in normal animals, making it likely to be involved in the development of NPY ARC-PVN projections. In addition, the expression of Dcc and Unc5d, receptors for Netrin-1, were altered in the GD17.5 ARC in obese but not normal weight pregnancies. Thus, this important developmental pathway is perturbed by maternal obesity and may explain the defect in NPY innervation of the PVN that occurs in fetuses developing in obese mothers. To investigate whether IL-6 may play a role in these developmental changes, we found first that IL-6 was significantly elevated in the fetal and maternal circulation in pregnancies of obese mice compared with those of normal-weight mice. In addition, treatment of GD17.5 ARC tissue with IL-6 in vitro significantly reduced ARC neurite outgrowth and altered developmental gene expression similar to maternal obesity in vivo. These findings demonstrate that maternal obesity may alter the way in which fetal ARC NPY neurons respond to key developmental signals that regulate normal prenatal neural connectivity and suggest a causative role for elevated IL-6 in these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa R Sanders
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Gravida: National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Kinouchi R, Gereltsetseg G, Murakami M, Munkhzaya M, Altankhuu T, Kuwahara A, Yasui T, Irahara M. Changes in central and peripheral inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide in ovariectomized female rats. Cytokine 2014; 65:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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