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Wang H, Hou Y, Chen J, Yang X, Wang Y. The Association between Discrepancies in Parental Emotional Expressivity, Adolescent Loneliness and Depression: A Multi-Informant Study Using Response Surface Analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2024:10.1007/s10964-024-02033-3. [PMID: 38864953 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-024-02033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Incongruent perceptions of parental emotional expressivity between parents and adolescents may signify relational challenges, potentially impacting adolescents' socioemotional adjustment. Direct evidence is still lacking and father-adolescent discrepancies are overlooked. This study employed a multi-informant design to investigate whether both mother-adolescent and father-adolescent discrepancies in perceptions of parental expressivity are related to adolescents' mental well-being, specifically focusing on loneliness and depression. Analyzing data from 681 families (mean age of adolescents = 15.5 years old, 51.2% girls, 40% only-children) in China revealed that adolescents tended to perceive paternal and maternal emotional expressivity more negatively than their parents, particularly fathers. Polynomial regression and response surface analysis showed significant links between parent-adolescent congruence and incongruence and adolescent loneliness. (In)Congruence between adolescents and mothers or fathers predicted later adolescent depression, mediated by adolescent loneliness and varied by the dimension of emotional expressivity. These findings provide insights into the roles of mothers' and fathers' emotional expressivity in shaping children's mental well-being during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, The Third People's Hospital of Maoming, Maoming, China
| | - Yiran Hou
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Xueling Yang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - You Wang
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Psychiatric Disorders, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Guangzhou, China.
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Mpofu E, Zhan RF, Yin C, Brock K. Qualities of Older Adults' Family and Friendship Relationships and Their Association with Life Satisfaction. Geriatrics (Basel) 2024; 9:49. [PMID: 38667516 PMCID: PMC11050695 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics9020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While family and friendship relationship qualities are associated with life satisfaction, evidence on how these types of relationships interact to contribute to older adults' life satisfaction is sparse. This study examined how family and friendship relationship qualities may be supportive of (compensatory) or conflict with (competing) older adults' life satisfaction. We adopted a cross-sectional design to analyze data from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 1178, females = 54.8%, mean age = 67.9 years, SD = 9.3 years) to examine compensatory (as in social support) and competing (as in social strain) qualities of family and friendship social relationships and their association with life satisfaction in older adults. For greater explanatory power, we also controlled for life satisfaction by sociodemographic variables of age, gender, education, self-reported general health, physical health and activity, depression, and personality traits. Our findings indicate that the spouse/partner support relationship contributes to older adults' life satisfaction overall and is associated with greater social support and less social strain. Friendship support is associated with improved life satisfaction for older adults reporting spouse/partner strain. Relationship support for the life satisfaction of older adults should consider their need for social support from their social network while minimizing the risk of social strain from adversarial relationships in life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Mpofu
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Services, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311456, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (R.-F.Z.); (C.Y.); (K.B.)
- School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Educational Psychology and Inclusive Education, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Rong-Fang Zhan
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Services, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311456, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (R.-F.Z.); (C.Y.); (K.B.)
| | - Cheng Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Services, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311456, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (R.-F.Z.); (C.Y.); (K.B.)
| | - Kaye Brock
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Services, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311456, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (R.-F.Z.); (C.Y.); (K.B.)
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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Shi J, Zhang D, Liu X. Intergenerational Caregiving Patterns and Cognitive Health among the Sandwich Generation Within Four-Generation Families. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2024:914150241235088. [PMID: 38436083 DOI: 10.1177/00914150241235088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate whether generational differences in intergenerational caregiving patterns (caring for parents only, caring for grandchildren only, and caring for parents and grandchildren simultaneously) are associated with cognitive health disparities among the sandwich generation within four-generation families, drawing upon the theories of intergenerational solidarity and intergenerational stake. Moreover, this study seeks to identify mediators that help explain these disparities. A nationally representative sample of 8,065 respondents was drawn from the 2011 and 2018 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The findings reveal that the sandwich generation caring for grandchildren only, as well as those caring for grandchildren and parents simultaneously, exhibit better cognitive health. However, caregiving for parents only is not significantly related to their cognitive health. This study identifies the inability to reduce depressive symptoms as a mediator explaining the insignificant association between caregiving for parents only and the cognitive health of the sandwich generation. The findings underscore the importance of offering support to the sandwich generation within four-generation families to enhance their cognitive health. Moreover, it is imperative to distinguish between different intergenerational caregiving patterns based on generational differences among the sandwich generation, with a specific emphasis on allocating public resources aimed at promoting cognitive health for those engaged in caring for parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Shi
- Department of Social Security, School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China
| | - Denghao Zhang
- School of Marxism, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Webster NJ, Antonucci TC, Ajrouch KJ. Linked lives and convoys of social relations. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2022; 54:100502. [PMID: 36651615 PMCID: PMC9849781 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We consider linked lives through the Convoy Model of Social Relations to illustrate their complexity, consequences, and development across contexts. To illustrate how the Convoy Model lens provides a unique opportunity to examine the multidimensional and dynamic character of linked lives across time and space, we analyze twenty-three years of longitudinal data from the Social Relations Study (SRS). The SRS is a regionally representative Detroit-area sample (N=1,498) with three waves (1992; 2005; 2015) of data from community dwelling people age 13 to 93. We present three illustrative examples of linked lives: 1) the influence of earlier life social network characteristics (size and closeness) on later life health outcomes; 2) the influence of social position (race and education) on relationship quality with spouse/partner and child over time; and 3) the influence of transitioning from working to retirement on network structure (size and geographic proximity). Findings illustrate linked lives through multiple instances of social relationships and as influenced by various contexts. Further, the consequences of linked lives for mental health are consistent across the life course while influence on physical health is variable. The Convoy Model presents key concepts to situate the ways in which linked lives form and function at various levels and across multiple contexts to have far reaching effects on life outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Webster
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
| | - Toni C Antonucci
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kristine J Ajrouch
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA; Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Criminology, Eastern Michigan University, 900 Oakwood St, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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Emotion Regulation in Emerging Adults: Do Parenting And Parents’ Own Emotion Regulation Matter? JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-022-09427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kincaid R, Rurka M, Suitor JJ, Gilligan M, Pillemer K, Mohebbi L, Mundell N. Prodigal Children: Why Older Mothers Favor Their Once-Deviant Adult Children. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:1325-1335. [PMID: 33912909 PMCID: PMC9255942 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Past research suggests that adult children who reform their deviant behaviors (i.e., problems with drugs/alcohol or the law) are more likely to become favored by their mothers, yet the reasons underlying this phenomenon are unclear. This study employs a longitudinal, qualitative approach to explore why adult children's behavioral reforms shape changes in maternal favoritism. METHOD Analyses are based on qualitative interview data collected at 2 points 7 years apart from older mothers regarding their adult children in 20 families. Each of these families had a "prodigal child"-a child for whom desistance from deviant behaviors between the 2 waves was accompanied by newfound maternal favoritism. RESULTS Findings revealed 2 conditions under which mothers came to favor reformed deviants over their siblings. First, this occurred when adult children's behavioral reformations were accompanied by mothers' perceptions of these children as having grown more family-oriented. Second, this occurred when mothers came to see reformed deviants as exhibiting a stronger need and appreciation for maternal support, relative to their siblings. DISCUSSION Mothers' perceptions of children's behavioral reformations as being accompanied by greater dedication to family or reflecting a need for their mothers' support offer 2 explanations for why previously deviant adult children may become mothers' favored offspring. These findings contribute to a growing body of scholarship on the complexity of intergenerational relations by shedding new light on changing patterns of favoritism in families with a history of parental disappointment, conflict, and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly Kincaid
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Marissa Rurka
- Department of Sociology and Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - J Jill Suitor
- Department of Sociology and Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Megan Gilligan
- Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Karl Pillemer
- Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Liam Mohebbi
- John Marshall Law School, Arlington Heights, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas Mundell
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
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Chen J, Zhou X. Within-family patterns of intergenerational emotional closeness and psychological well-being of older parents in China. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:711-719. [PMID: 31928065 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1711867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: There may be a substantial difference in the intergenerational emotional closeness among offspring in a multi-child family, both regarding the overall level as well as the extent to which older parents differentiate emotional closeness between their children. This study addressed different within-family patterns based on the average level and differentiation of older parent-child emotional closeness. It also examined the associations between these distinct patterns and the psychological well-being of older parents in China.Method: We derived a final sample of 4247 older parents (aged 60+) with 14,461 children from the baseline wave (2010) of the China Family Panel Studies. A latent profile analysis was applied to classify within-family patterns based on two indicators: within-family mean level and differentiation of parent-child emotional closeness among offspring. Ordered logistic regression and ordinary least square (OLS) regression were used to investigate the associations between these patterns and older adults' life satisfaction and depression, respectively.Results: Two family patterns of parent-child emotional closeness were identified: tight-knit (91.50%) and highly ambivalent (8.50%). Compared with the former, older parents having highly ambivalent relationships across multiple offspring tended to have lower life satisfaction and higher levels of depression.Conclusion: This study highlighted the importance of capturing different within-family dynamics of intergenerational emotional closeness in Chinese families. It also pointed out the negative effects of collective ambivalence for older adults' psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Department of Social Work, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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8
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Providing instrumental support to older parents of multi-child families in China: are there different within-family patterns? AGEING & SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x21000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOlder parents in China rely heavily on their adult children for instrumental assistance. In different multi-child families, multiple offspring may co-operate in providing instrumental support to older parents in distinct ways in terms of how much support they provide on average and how much differentiation exists between them when they provide such support within a family. We aimed to identify different within-family patterns in relation to multiple offspring's instrumental support to an older parent in Chinese multi-child families, and to investigate potential predictors for different within-family patterns. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (2016), we had a working sample of 5,790 older adults aged 60+ (mean = 68.54, standard deviation = 6.60). We employed latent profile analysis (LPA) to classify within-family patterns and multinomial logistic regression to investigate predictors. Our findings identified three within-family patterns: dissociated (59.10%), highly differentiated (29.60%) and united-filial (11.30%). Older parents in the highly differentiated families tended to be older, mothers, divorced/widowed and to have poorer physical health compared to their counterparts in the dissociated families. In contrast, the composition characteristics of multiple adult children played more important roles in determining the united-filial within-family pattern. The united-filial families were more likely to have fewer adult children, at least one adult daughter and at least one co-residing adult child.
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van Houdt K, Kalmijn M, Ivanova K. Perceptions of Closeness in Adult Parent-Child Dyads: Asymmetry in the Context of Family Complexity. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:2219-2229. [PMID: 32777051 PMCID: PMC7751165 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multi-actor data show that parents' and adult children's evaluations of their relation do not necessarily match. We studied disagreement in parent- and child-reported closeness, comparing parent-child dyads involving separated parents, non-separated parents, and stepparents to shed new light on today's diverse landscape of adult parent-child relations. METHOD Using data from the Parents and Children in the Netherlands (OKiN) survey, we analyzed closeness in parent-child dyads (N = 4,602) comparing (step)parents' and their adult children's (aged 25-45) reports. To distinguish directional disagreement (i.e., differences in child- and parent-reported means) from nondirectional disagreement (i.e., the association between child- and parent-reported measures), while accounting for absolute levels of closeness, we estimated log-linear models. RESULTS All types of parents tend to report higher levels of closeness than their children. Whereas parental overreport is more prevalent among biological father-child dyads than among biological mother-child dyads, we found no differences between biological dyads and stepdyads. The association between children's and parents' reports is higher among dyads involving stepmothers or married mothers than among those involving separated mothers and (step)fathers. DISCUSSION The intergenerational stake (i.e., parental overreport) is not unique to biological parent-child relations. Instead, patterns of disagreement seem most strongly stratified by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten van Houdt
- Department of Sociology/ICS, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Kalmijn
- Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Katya Ivanova
- Department of Sociology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
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Fingerman KL, Huo M, Birditt KS. Mothers, Fathers, Daughters, and Sons: Gender Differences in Adults' Intergenerational Ties. JOURNAL OF FAMILY ISSUES 2020; 41:1597-1625. [PMID: 38239383 PMCID: PMC10795962 DOI: 10.1177/0192513x19894369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Women are more involved in family ties than men, but these differences may vary across generations as gender roles have shifted. We know little about gender patterns across generations in the same family, however. To address this gap, midlife men and women aged 40-60 (n = 633) from the Family Exchanges Study reported on relationships with each aging parent and each grown child. Mothers were more involved (e.g., more frequent contact, greater positive and negative relationship qualities, and more frequent support exchanges) than fathers in both generations, with parental gender differences stronger in the older generation. Offspring gender differences were generally consistent across generations, with daughters more involved by phone in emotional forms of support, and in negative relationship quality; these gender differences were stronger in the younger generation than the older ones. We discuss pervasive gender differences that favor mothers, as well as shifts in gender differences across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Meng Huo
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kira S. Birditt
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wang H, Kim K, Burr JA, Birditt KS, Fingerman KL. Middle-aged adults' daily sleep and worries about aging parents and adult children. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2020; 34:621-629. [PMID: 32052985 PMCID: PMC10409606 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental health behavior that has profound implications for an individual's well-being. Worry has been recognized as a major cause of sleep problems, but it remains unclear how middle-aged adults' worries about their adult children and aging parents are associated with their sleep on a daily basis. Middle-aged adults (N = 191; Mage = 55.93) were interviewed for 7 consecutive days (Nday = 1,261). Participants reported on the time they went to bed, the time they woke up, and the quality of sleep on each interview day. Daily interviews also assessed participants' worries about each adult child (n = 454) and each aging parent (n = 253). Multilevel models showed that middle-aged adults' prior day's worries about adult children were associated with poorer sleep quality that night. After they experienced a good night's sleep, middle-aged adults were less likely to worry about their parents. Findings suggest a daily link between worries about family members and sleep among middle-aged adults. Worries about family members are associated with poorer sleep quality at night; poorer sleep quality is related to an increased risk of worrying about family members on the subsequent day. Our findings suggest the development and implementation of interventions to promote sleep health in multigenerational families is warranted. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Kim K, Birditt KS, Zarit SH, Fingerman KL. Typology of parent-child ties within families: Associations with psychological well-being. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2020; 34:448-458. [PMID: 31599601 PMCID: PMC7145731 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Middle-aged adults often have relationships with multiple family members (e.g., children and parents). The constellation of parent-child relationships within families may have implications for individuals' psychological well-being. This study created typologies of parent-child ties by combining multiple dimensions of relationships and examined the extent to which middle-aged adults showed variability across typologies of parent-child ties within multigenerational families. Using 2,252 parent-child ties across three generations from 633 middle-aged adults, this study identified typologies of parent-child ties based on 5 indicators (i.e., contact, downward and upward support, and positive and negative relationship qualities), and examined the associations of specific typologies of parent-child ties as well as within-family variability in typologies with middle-aged adults' psychological well-being. This study found 7 types of parent-child ties as distinct combinations of contact, support exchanges, and relationship quality. Within-family variability in these types was associated with more depressive symptoms, and having types characterized by conflicted ties was associated with more depressive symptoms and lower life satisfaction. Middle-aged adults seem to be happiest when they are able to maintain homogeneous, harmonious patterns of relationships with their parents and grown children. Findings were discussed with regard to factors that also may predict greater variability in family relationship patterns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Gerontology, John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125-3393
| | - Kira S. Birditt
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104-2321
| | - Steven H. Zarit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Karen L. Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712–1248
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Mastrotheodoros S, Van der Graaff J, Deković M, Meeus WHJ, Branje SJT. Coming Closer in Adolescence: Convergence in Mother, Father, and Adolescent Reports of Parenting. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:846-862. [PMID: 29921030 PMCID: PMC6899895 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parent-child relationships change during adolescence. Furthermore, parents and adolescents perceive parenting differently. We examined the changes in perceptions of parental practices in fathers, mothers, and adolescents during adolescence. Furthermore, we investigated if fathers', mothers', and adolescents' perceptions converge during adolescence. Following 497 families across six waves (ages 13-18), we investigated the development of parental support and behavioral control using mother and father self-reports, and adolescent reports for mothers and fathers. We found curvilinear decrease for support and control. Parent-adolescent convergence emerged over the 6 years: those with higher intercepts had a steeper decrease, whereas correlations among parent and adolescent reports increased. This multi-informant study sheds light on the development of parent-adolescent convergence on perceptions of parenting.
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Fuentecilla JL, Liu Y, Huo M, Kim K, Birditt KS, Zarit SH, Fingerman KL. Midlife Adults' Daily Support to Children and Parents: Implications for Diurnal Cortisol. J Aging Health 2019; 32:926-936. [PMID: 31328606 DOI: 10.1177/0898264319863994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We examined whether providing daily support to generations above and below has a differential impact on midlife adults' diurnal cortisol. Method: Midlife adults (N = 151) from the Family Exchanges Study Wave 2 reported daily practical support, emotional support, and advice to adult children and aging parents and collected saliva samples four times a day for 4 days. Results: Midlife adults experienced steeper cortisol awakening responses and steeper declines in cortisol (favorable cortisol functioning) on days when they provided support to children. Yet, they experienced higher overall cortisol levels (unfavorable cortisol functioning) on days when they provided support to aging parents. Discussion: Providing daily support to children may be rewarding to midlife adults, but support to parents may be associated with physiological stress. Findings advance understanding of midlife adults' helping behaviors to multiple generations and carry implications for older adults' well-being by encouraging effective support strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yin Liu
- Utah State University, Logan, USA
| | - Meng Huo
- The University of Texas at Austin, USA
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15
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Kim Y, Kim K, Boerner K, Birditt KS, Zarit SH, Fingerman KL. Recent Parental Death and Relationship Qualities Between Midlife Adults and Their Grown Children. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2019; 81:616-630. [PMID: 38463137 PMCID: PMC10923572 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective The death of a parent is considered a normative event in midlife, but little is known about how this loss could affect the relationship between bereaved middle-aged adults and their grown children. Background Family systems theory postulates that the death of a family member can have a significant impact on the individual and other family members. The death of a parent is one of the most common types of loss in adulthood, which may signal a final transition into adulthood. The death of an older parent may lead to a reevaluation of one's own relationships with grown children. Method By using prospective data from the two waves of the Family Exchanges Study, the authors examined middle-aged adults' experience of recent parental death and its impact on relationship qualities (i.e., negative, positive, ambivalent) with each of their grown children. Results When compared with the nonbereaved, bereaved participants who experienced the death of the last living parent reported increased positive relationship qualities with grown children. Among the bereaved participants, having more positive memories of the deceased parent was associated with decreased ambivalent relationship qualities with grown children. Conclusion The findings suggest that the death of an older parent is a significant turning point in the life course and highlights the role of positive reflection in the context of intergenerational ties.
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Suitor JJ, Gilligan M, Rurka M, Peng S, Meyer J, Pillemer K. Accuracy of Adult Children's Perceptions of Mothers' Caregiver Preferences. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2019; 59:528-537. [PMID: 29868889 PMCID: PMC6524474 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gny064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Most older mothers have strong preferences regarding which offspring will serve as their future caregivers, and violation of these preferences has been found to have consequences for mothers' psychological well-being. However, no study has examined the accuracy of adult children's perceptions of their mothers' caregiver preferences. In this article, we compare mothers' stated preferences for particular caregivers with their adult children's perceptions of their mothers' preferences. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were collected from 675 adult children and their mothers nested within 285 families as part of the Within-Family Differences Study. RESULTS Only 44.6% of adult children accurately reported their mothers' preferences for particular offspring as caregivers. Consistent with our hypotheses, accuracy was higher when mothers and children shared values regarding filial piety, and lower when children were parents, had poor health, and lived further away. Surprisingly, primary caregivers were substantially less likely to accurately report mothers' caregiver preferences than were noncaregivers. This counterintuitive pattern can be explained by the finding that most mothers were cared for by children whom they did not prefer and may have therefore been reluctant to share their preferences with those caregivers. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Given the negative psychological consequences for mothers whose caregiver preferences are violated, the high level of inaccuracy found among adult children has important implications when mothers face serious health events. These findings underscore the need for intervention efforts to encourage practitioners and clinicians to collect information directly from mothers regarding preferences for particular offspring as caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jill Suitor
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Megan Gilligan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Marissa Rurka
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Siyun Peng
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jordan Meyer
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Karl Pillemer
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Birditt KS, Polenick CA, Van Bolt O, Kim K, Zarit SH, Fingerman KL. Conflict Strategies in the Parent-Adult Child Tie: Generation Differences and Implications for Well-Being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:232-241. [PMID: 28510726 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Irritations often arise in intergenerational ties. Middle-aged individuals report that their relationships with adult children are more important and more negative than ties with aging parents. However, it is unclear whether midlife individuals use different interpersonal conflict strategies with adult children compared to aging parents, and whether the strategies used have implications for psychological well-being. Method This study examined middle-aged individuals' reports of conflict strategies with their adult children and their aging parents and their own depressive symptoms. Participants were from the Family Exchanges Study; middle-aged adults (N = 365, ages 45 to 66 years) reported on the conflict strategies used with each of their adult children and their aging parents. Results Models revealed that middle-aged individuals use more active strategies (e.g., discussing problems) with their adult children than their aging parents. In contrast, individuals used more passive strategies (e.g., avoidance) with aging parents than adult children. Further, passive strategies used with adult children are associated with greater depressive symptoms. Discussion Findings are consistent with the intraindividual stake hypothesis and imply that conflict strategies used with adult children may be more consequential for psychological well-being than those used with aging parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira S Birditt
- Life Course Development Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Olga Van Bolt
- Life Course Development Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - Steven H Zarit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Karen L Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
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18
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Solomon DN, Hansen L, Baggs JG. It's All About the Relationship: Cognitively Intact Mother-Daughter Care Dyads in Hospice at Home. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2018; 58:625-634. [PMID: 28329822 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study Adult daughters providing care to aging, ill mothers comprise the most prevalent caregiving dyad. Little is known, however, regarding relationship quality and its impact on care in these dyads, particularly in the context of cognitively intact patients at end of life in hospice. This interpretive descriptive work privileges voices of terminally ill mothers and care-partnering daughters in the home hospice context. Specific aims were to describe and interpret how mothers and daughters: (a) perceive relationship quality and (b) perceive how relationships have developed over time through health, chronic illness, and hospice. Design and Methods Semistructured interviews were used to explore interdependent perceptions of relationship quality in 10 terminally-ill mother-adult daughter care dyads. A novel method of qualitative dyadic analysis was developed to analyze dyads in close parallel at both individual/descriptive and dyadic/interpretive levels, staying true to qualitative rigor. Results A relationship quality spectrum emerged, from Close Friendship to Doing My Duty dyads. Women in Close Friendships revealed concordant narratives and emotionally satisfying relationships; women in neutral or troubled relationships revealed discordant relational stories. In these latter dyads, mothers reported more positive narratives; daughters spoke of relational problems. Implications This work suggests deeper exploration of mother-daughter dyads within the hospice context and interventions at both individual and dyadic levels to serve relational needs of the dying and their families. The qualitative dyadic approach also offers utility for relational investigations of any dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane N Solomon
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Private Psychiatry Practice, Oregon, Portland
| | - Lissi Hansen
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Judith G Baggs
- School of Nursing, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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19
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Seidel AJ, Yorgason JB, Polenick CA, Zarit SH, Fingerman KL. Are You Sleeping? Dyadic Associations of Support, Stress, and Worries Regarding Adult Children on Sleep. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2018; 58:341-352. [PMID: 28329807 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the study Sleep is a key factor in maintaining positive health and well-being throughout life. Although the negative outcomes of sleep problems are becoming better understood, less is known about how intergenerational relationships might affect sleep. Thus, this investigation examines the dyadic associations of support for, stress over, and worrying about adult children on sleep quality for husbands and wives. Design and Methods The sample included 186 heterosexual married couples drawn from the Family Exchanges Study. To account for nonindependence in the dyadic data and explore questions of mutual influence, we used actor-partner interdependence models. Results Husbands' and wives' reports of supporting their adult child and husbands' worry were associated with husbands' sleep quality. Conversely, wives' stress about supporting their adult child was associated with wives' sleep quality. Findings suggest that relationships with adult children have different associations for sleep quality among middle-aged husbands and wives. Implications Our findings have implications for health-related research with couples and families and for providers who work with individuals struggling with sleep problems. Assisting aging parents to be aware of and manage ways that stress, support, and concern for adult children relate to their sleep may benefit them in multifaceted ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber J Seidel
- PA Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | | | - Courtney A Polenick
- PA Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Steven H Zarit
- PA Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Karen L Fingerman
- Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
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20
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Fingerman KL, Huo M, Graham JL, Kim K, Birditt KS. A Family Affair: Family Typologies of Problems and Midlife Well-Being. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2018; 58:1054-1064. [PMID: 29029169 PMCID: PMC6215460 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnx131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Midlife adults are a "pivot" generation, responding to parents' and grown children's problems. Yet, some midlife adults may have families where multiple members suffer sorrows, whereas other midlife adults may have families with few problems. This study examined: (a) typologies of problems across generations and (b) associations between profiles of problems and midlife adults' well-being. Research Design and Methods Midlife adults (N = 633) reported their own, each parent's (n = 868), and grown child's (n = 1,785) physical (e.g., injury, cancer), psychological (e.g., anxiety, addiction), and lifestyle problems (e.g., divorce, job loss), and parents' functional disabilities. Midlife adults reported their own depressive symptoms. Results Latent profile analysis revealed four family typologies: (a) lowest problems across generations (n = 364), (b) offspring and midlife adult moderate problems, parent high physical problems and disability (n = 165), (c) offspring and parent moderate problems (n = 90), and (d) offspring highest problems (n = 14). Midlife adults in the lowest problems group (Profile a) reported higher income and fewer depressive symptoms than midlife adults in the other groups. Discussion and Implications Midlife adults cope with challenges when grown children or parents suffer problems, and their well-being may suffer as a result. In this study, regardless of the profile, higher problems in either generation were associated with more depressive symptoms for midlife adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Meng Huo
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jamie L Graham
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - Kira S Birditt
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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21
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Kalmijn M. The Effects of Ageing on Intergenerational Support Exchange: A New Look at the Hypothesis of Flow Reversal. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POPULATION-REVUE EUROPEENNE DE DEMOGRAPHIE 2018; 35:263-284. [PMID: 31105499 PMCID: PMC6497680 DOI: 10.1007/s10680-018-9472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There has been debate about whether the flow of intergenerational support reverses as parents age. One view is that in western countries, parents remain ‘net donors’ to children, even in very old age. Such a conclusion coincides with notions of parental altruism and would be in contrast to notions of exchange and reciprocity over the life course. This paper examines the thesis of flow reversal in a new way: it uses prospective longitudinal data, it combines data from samples of ageing parents and samples of adult children, it develops a way to create measures of balance from frequency items on support exchange, and it combines objective measures of support exchange with subjective perceptions of symmetry. The focus is limited to support that involves time and effort. The support that parents give to children declines with age, the support they receive increases, and at around age 75–76, parents become ‘net receivers’. The decline in downward support is stronger than the increase in upward support, suggesting that declining parental opportunities to give plays an important role in the flow reversal. In sum, the analyses provide evidence for what we can call delayed and parent-driven flow reversal. Evidence for flow reversal is stronger in the sample of adult children, pointing to the limitations of sampling ageing parents. Finally, there is correspondence between objective measures of support exchange and perceptions of symmetry, although on the whole, few parents regard themselves as ‘net receivers’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Kalmijn
- 1Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,2Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI), The Hague, The Netherlands
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22
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Gilligan M, Karraker A, Jasper A. Linked Lives and Cumulative Inequality: A Multigenerational Family Life Course Framework. JOURNAL OF FAMILY THEORY & REVIEW 2018; 10:111-125. [PMID: 30034068 PMCID: PMC6051726 DOI: 10.1111/jftr.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Growing social and economic inequalities in the United States have been accompanied by shifts in family structure. Social and demographic changes may make multigenerational family ties (e.g., between grandparents, parents, and children) an even more important contributor than ever in perpetuating inequality. The family life course framework, which considers how dimensions of individual (age), sociohistorical (period, cohort), and processual (generation) time intersect, provides a useful structure for thinking about how multigenerational families matter for inequality today. We integrate these dimensions of time with the ideas of linked lives and cumulative inequality to propose ways in which advantage and disadvantage are transmitted and grow across multiple generations. In particular, we propose an integrative model of linked lives and cumulative inequality that extends the family life course framework into a multigenerational perspective. We conclude by identifying data sources and methodologies useful for family scholars interested in pursuing a multigenerational family approach to inequality.
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Suitor JJ, Gilligan M, Pillemer K, Fingerman KL, Kim K, Silverstein M, Bengtson VL. Applying Within-Family Differences Approaches to Enhance Understanding of the Complexity of Intergenerational Relations. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2017; 73:40-53. [PMID: 28549186 PMCID: PMC5926990 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The role of family relationships in the lives of older adults has received substantial attention in recent decades. Scholars have increasingly looked beyond simple models of family relations to approaches that recognize the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of these ties. One of the most exciting conceptual and methodological developments is the application of within-family differences approaches. In this paper, we focus on the ways in which such within-family approaches can extend the understanding of patterns and consequences of intergenerational ties in adulthood. Method Following a review of the conceptual underpinnings of within-family differences approaches, we provide empirical illustrations of these approaches from three projects conducted in the United States: the Family Exchanges Study (FES), the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG), and the Within-Family Differences Study (WFDS). Results Analyses from the FES, LSOG, and WFDS reveal differences in the consequences of patterns of intergenerational relations found when using within-family compared to between-family approaches. In particular, these analyses demonstrate considerable variation within families that shapes patterns and consequences of parent-adult child ties that is masked when such variations are not taken into account. Discussion Within-family differences approaches have been shown to shed new light on intergenerational relations. Despite the value of within-family designs, their use may be limited by the higher investment of finances and time required to implement such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jill Suitor
- Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Megan Gilligan
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames
| | - Karl Pillemer
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Karen L Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston
| | - Merril Silverstein
- Department of Sociology, Syracuse University, New York
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Syracuse University, New York
| | - Vern L Bengtson
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Abstract
The period of young adulthood has transformed dramatically over the past few decades. Today, scholars refer to "emerging adulthood" and "transitions to adulthood" to describe adults in their 20s. Prolonged youth has brought concomitant prolonged parenthood. This article addresses 3 areas of change in parent/child ties, increased (a) contact between generations, (b) support from parents to grown children as well as coresidence and (c) affection between the generations. We apply the Multidimensional Intergenerational Support Model (MISM) to explain these changes, considering societal (e.g., economic, technological), cultural, family demographic (e.g., fertility, stepparenting), relationship, and psychological (normative beliefs, affection) factors. Several theoretical perspectives (e.g., life course theory, family systems theory) suggest that these changes may have implications for the midlife parents' well-being. For example, parents may incur deleterious effects from (a) grown children's problems or (b) their own normative beliefs that offspring should be independent. Parents may benefit via opportunities for generativity with young adult offspring. Furthermore, current patterns may affect future parental aging. As parents incur declines of late life, they may be able to turn to caregivers with whom they have intimate bonds. Alternately, parents may be less able to obtain such care due to demographic changes involving grown children raising their own children later or who have never fully launched. It is important to consider shifts in the nature of young adulthood to prepare for midlife parents' future aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin
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25
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Hank K, Salzburger V, Silverstein M. Intergenerational transmission of parent-child relationship quality: Evidence from a multi-actor survey. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2017; 67:129-137. [PMID: 28888280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intergenerational transmission is a long-standing interest of social science research. However, little attention has been devoted to the study of transmission of relationship quality between several generations of family members. Exploiting multigenerational multi-actor data from the German Family Panel (pairfam), we estimate multilevel models to investigate whether, in three-generation families, relationship quality between the middle generation and the oldest (that is, grandparent) generation predicts relationship quality between the youngest generation of adolescent children and the middle generation. Our results reveal evidence of intergenerational transmission of emotional closeness, conflict, and ambivalence. Transmission was more consistently observed when emanating from ties to grandfathers than from ties to grandmothers. A hypothesis concerning differences in the strength of transmission between East Germany and West Germany found no support. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations and perspectives for future research.
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Birditt KS, Manalel JA, Kim K, Zarit SH, Fingerman KL. Daily interactions with aging parents and adult children: Associations with negative affect and diurnal cortisol. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2017; 31:699-709. [PMID: 28368203 PMCID: PMC5608619 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Midlife adults report greater investment in their children than in their parents, and these ties have important implications for well-being. To date, little research has addressed daily experiences in these ties. The present study examines daily experiences (negative and positive) with aging parents and adult children and their associations with daily negative affect and diurnal cortisol rhythms. Participants were middle-aged adults (N = 156; 56% women) from Wave 2 of the Family Exchanges Study, conducted in 2013, who completed a 7-day daily diary study, which included assessments of daily negative and positive social encounters and negative affect, and 4 days of saliva collection, which was collected 3 times a day (upon waking, 30 min after waking, and at bedtime) and assayed for cortisol. Multilevel models revealed that individuals were more likely to have contact with adult children than with parents but more likely to have negative experiences (negative interactions, avoidance, negative thoughts) with parents than with adult children. Nevertheless, contact and negative experiences with adult children were more consistently associated with negative affect and daily cortisol patterns than were interactions with parents. Findings are consistent with the intergenerational stake hypothesis, which suggests that individuals have a greater stake in their children than in their parents. Indeed, negative experiences with adult children may be more salient because tensions with adult children occur less frequently than do tensions with parents. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira S. Birditt
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Jasmine A. Manalel
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Kyungmin Kim
- Department of Gerontology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Steven H. Zarit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Karen L. Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Chang ES, Lee B. Parenting goals and perceived shared and non-shared agency among kirogi mothers of a youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2016.1245149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Esther S. Chang
- Social Behavioral Sciences, Soka University of America, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Education and Social Work, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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