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Cordovil R, Mercê C, Branco M, Lopes F, Catela D, Hasanen E, Laukkanen A, Tortella P, Fumagalli G, Sá C, Jidovtseff B, Zeuwts L, De Meester A, Bardid F, Fujikawa R, Veldman S, Zlatar S, Estevan I. Learning to Cycle: A Cross-Cultural and Cross-Generational Comparison. Front Public Health 2022; 10:861390. [PMID: 35570950 PMCID: PMC9096157 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.861390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Learning to cycle is an important milestone for children, but the popularity of cycling and the environmental factors that promote the development and practice of this foundational movement skill vary among cultures and across time. This present study aimed to investigate if country of residence and the generation in which a person was born influence the age at which people learn to cycle. Methods Data were collected through an online survey between November 2019 and December 2020. For this study, a total of 9,589 responses were obtained for adults (self-report) and children (parental report) living in 10 countries (Portugal, Italy, Brazil, Finland, Spain, Belgium, United Kingdom, Mexico, Croatia, and the Netherlands). Participants were grouped according to their year of birth with 20-year periods approximately corresponding to 3 generations: 1960-79 (generation X; n = 2,214); 1980-99 (generation Y; n = 3,994); 2000-2019 (generation Z; n = 3,381). Results A two-way ANOVA showed a significant effect of country, F (9,8628) = 90.17, p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.086, and generation, F (2,8628) = 47.21, p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.122, on the age at which individuals learn to cycle. Countries with the lowest learning age were the Netherlands, Finland and Belgium and countries with the highest learning age were Brazil and Mexico. Furthermore, the age at which one learns to cycle has decreased across generations. There was also a significant country x generation interaction effect on learning age, F (18,8628) = 2.90, p < 0.001; however, this effect was negligible ( η p 2 = 0.006). Conclusions These findings support the socio-ecological perspective that learning to cycle is a process affected by both proximal and distal influences, including individual, environment and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cordovil
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Mercê
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Atividade Física e Saúde, Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Marco Branco
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Atividade Física e Saúde, Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Frederico Lopes
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Catela
- Centro de Investigação em Qualidade de Vida, Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Elina Hasanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arto Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Patrizia Tortella
- Department of Art, Music and Movement, Faculty of Education, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Center for Research on Motor Development in Infancy, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Sá
- Departamento de Ciências Do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Boris Jidovtseff
- Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health and Education, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Linus Zeuwts
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An De Meester
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Farid Bardid
- School of Education, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Fujikawa
- Real Centro Universitario Escorial Maria Cristina, Madrid College of Chiropractic, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sanne Veldman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Health Behaviour and Chronic Diseases and Methodology, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Isaac Estevan
- AFIPS Research Group, RIIDASS Network, Department of Teaching of Music, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Pan X, Zhao L, Luo J, Li Y, Zhang L, Wu T, Smith M, Dai S, Jia P. Access to bike lanes and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 1:e13042. [PMID: 32419305 PMCID: PMC7988585 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lack of bike lane access has been a proven risk factor for childhood obesity due to its role in discouraging healthy lifestyles. However, there has not been a systematic review of this important association in the existing literature. This study aims to fill this gap. A literature search was conducted in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published from 1 January 2019 onwards that examined the association between bike lane access and weight-related behaviours and outcomes among children aged <18 years. A total of 21 studies were included in this systematic review. Among them, most of the studies showed that bike lane access was significantly associated with children and adolescents' physical activity (PA), whereas only two studies showed a negative association. Meta-analysis also supported these findings and showed that bike lane access was significantly associated with children and adolescents' PA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-1.81). Additionally, we reviewed how bike lane characteristics and microenvironment variables such as children and adolescents' choice of bicycle travel mode, the degree of separation of cycle path, cycle path unevenness, and street maintenance were associated with adolescents' preferences and intention to cycle. This systematic review and meta-analysis strongly suggests that bike lane access is associated with children and adolescents' PA. Nonetheless, it was difficult to draw a conclusion on the association between bike lane access and weight-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfeng Pan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public HealthCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE)Hong KongChina
| | - Li Zhao
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE)Hong KongChina
- Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Research Center for Healthy City DevelopmentSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public HealthCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE)Hong KongChina
| | - Yinhao Li
- Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lin Zhang
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE)Hong KongChina
- Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Victorian Comprehensive Cancer CentreThe University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tong Wu
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE)Hong KongChina
- Research Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Melody Smith
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE)Hong KongChina
- School of NursingThe University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Shaoqing Dai
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE)Hong KongChina
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo‐InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
| | - Peng Jia
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE)Hong KongChina
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo‐InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
- Faculty of Geo‐information Science and Earth ObservationUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
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Cain KL, Salmon J, Conway TL, Cerin E, Hinckson E, Mitáš J, Schipperijn J, Frank LD, Anjana RM, Barnett A, Dygrýn J, Islam MZ, Molina-García J, Moran M, Wan Muda WAM, Oyeyemi AL, Reis R, Santos MP, Schmidt T, Schofield GM, Timperio A, Van Dyck D, Sallis JF. International Physical Activity and Built Environment Study of adolescents: IPEN Adolescent design, protocol and measures. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046636. [PMID: 33462102 PMCID: PMC7813342 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Only international studies can provide the full variability of built environments and accurately estimate effect sizes of relations between contrasting environments and health-related outcomes. The aims of the International Physical Activity and Environment Study of Adolescents (IPEN Adolescent) are to estimate the strength, shape and generalisability of associations of the community environment (geographic information systems (GIS)-based and self-reported) with physical activity and sedentary behaviour (accelerometer-measured and self-reported) and weight status (normal/overweight/obese). METHODS AND ANALYSIS The IPEN Adolescent observational, cross-sectional, multicountry study involves recruiting adolescent participants (ages 11-19 years) and one parent/guardian from neighbourhoods selected to ensure wide variations in walkability and socioeconomic status using common protocols and measures. Fifteen geographically, economically and culturally diverse countries, from six continents, participated: Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hong Kong SAR, India, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Portugal, Spain and USA. Countries provided survey and accelerometer data (15 countries), GIS data (11), global positioning system data (10), and pedestrian environment audit data (8). A sample of n=6950 (52.6% female; mean age=14.5, SD=1.7) adolescents provided survey data, n=4852 had 4 or more 8+ hours valid days of accelerometer data, and n=5473 had GIS measures. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by waist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers and self-reports, and body mass index was used to categorise weight status. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was received from each study site's Institutional Review Board for their in-country studies. Informed assent by adolescents and consent by parents was obtained for all participants. No personally identifiable information was transferred to the IPEN coordinating centre for pooled datasets. Results will be communicated through standard scientific channels and findings used to advance the science of environmental correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and weight status, with the ultimate goal to stimulate and guide actions to create more activity-supportive environments internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Cain
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry L Conway
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Erica Hinckson
- School of Sport & Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Josef Mitáš
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Olomoucký, Czech Republic
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lawrence D Frank
- Urban Design 4 Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Anthony Barnett
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Dygrýn
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Olomoucký, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed Zakiul Islam
- Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh
| | - Javier Molina-García
- AFIPS research group, Department of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression Teaching, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mika Moran
- Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Adewale L Oyeyemi
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Rodrigo Reis
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School at Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Graduate Program in Urban Management, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tanja Schmidt
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grant M Schofield
- School of Sport & Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James F Sallis
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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A Conceptual Framework for Modelling Safe Walking and Cycling Routes to High Schools. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093318. [PMID: 32397592 PMCID: PMC7246540 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Active transport to or from school presents an opportunity for adolescents to engage in daily physical activity. Multiple factors influence whether adolescents actively travel to/from school. Creating safe walking and cycling routes to school is a promising strategy to increase rates of active transport. This article presents a comprehensive conceptual framework for modelling safe walking and cycling routes to high schools. The framework has been developed based on several existing relevant frameworks including (a) ecological models, (b) the “Five Es” (engineering, education, enforcement, encouragement, and evaluation) framework of transport planning, and (c) a travel mode choice framework for school travel. The framework identifies built environment features (land use mix, pedestrian/cycling infrastructure, neighbourhood aesthetics, and accessibility to local facilities) and traffic safety factors (traffic volume and speed, safe road crossings, and quality of path surface) to be considered when modelling safe walking/cycling routes to high schools. Future research should test this framework using real-world data in different geographical settings and with a combination of tools for the assessment of both macro-scale and micro-scale built environment features. To be effective, the modelling and creation of safe routes to high schools should be complemented by other interventions, including education, enforcement, and encouragement in order to minimise safety concerns and promote active transport.
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Molina-García J, García-Massó X, Estevan I, Queralt A. Built Environment, Psychosocial Factors and Active Commuting to School in Adolescents: Clustering a Self-Organizing Map Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 16:E83. [PMID: 30597975 PMCID: PMC6339221 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the built environment and certain psychosocial factors are related to adolescents' active commuting to and from school (ACS), their interrelationships have not been explored in depth. This study describes these interrelationships and behavioral profiles via a self-organizing map (SOM) analysis. The sample comprised 465 adolescents from the IPEN (International Physical Activity and the Environment Network) Adolescent study in Valencia, Spain. ACS, barriers to ACS, physical self-efficacy, social support and sociodemographics were measured by questionnaire. Street-network distance to school, net residential density and street intersection density were calculated from the Geographic Information System. The clustering of the SOM outcomes resulted in eight areas or clusters. The clusters which correspond to the lowest and highest ACS levels were then explored in depth. The lowest ACS levels presented interactions between the less supportive built environments (i.e., low levels of residential density and street connectivity in the neighborhood and greater distances to school) and unfavorable psychosocial variables (i.e., low values of physical self-efficacy and medium social support for ACS) and good access to private motorized transport at home. The adolescents with the lowest ACS values exhibited high ACS environment/safety and planning/psychosocial barrier values. Future interventions should be designed to encourage ACS and change multiple levels of influence, such as individual, psychosocial and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Molina-García
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
- HUMAG research group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Isaac Estevan
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Queralt
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig, s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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