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Weidinger AK, Hartmann K, Barutzki D, Truyen U, Abd El Wahed A, Zablotski Y, Bergmann M. Antibody response after feline panleukopenia virus vaccination in kittens with and without intestinal parasites. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X241264731. [PMID: 39212546 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x241264731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccinations should only be given to healthy cats, and deworming before vaccination is generally recommended; however, so far, no study has investigated the influence of intestinal parasitic infection on the immune response in kittens. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the antibody response to feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) vaccination in kittens with and without intestinal parasites. METHODS Overall, 74 healthy kittens were included. Of these, 17 had intestinal parasites (12/17 Toxocara cati, 6/17 Cystoisospora felis, 1/17 Capillaria species). Both kittens with and without (n = 57) parasites received two primary kitten vaccinations with modified live FPV vaccines in a 4-week interval starting at the age of 8-12 weeks. Anti-FPV antibodies were determined at the beginning of the study (week 0) and at week 8 (4 weeks after the second vaccination) by haemagglutination inhibition. A ⩾four-fold titre increase (week 8 vs week 0) was defined as a response to vaccination. Comparison of the immune response in the kittens with and without intestinal parasites was performed using Pearson's χ2 test. RESULTS Pre-vaccination antibodies were present in 4/17 (23.5%) kittens with intestinal parasites and in 24/57 (42.1%) without parasites. A ⩾four-fold titre increase was seen in 13/17 (76.5%) kittens with parasites compared with 32/57 (56.1%) kittens without parasites. There was neither a significant difference in pre-vaccination antibodies (P = 0.17), nor in vaccination response (P = 0.13) between kittens with and without parasites. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results indicate that asymptomatic intestinal infections with endoparasites do not interfere with the immune response to kitten vaccination series. Parasitic infection (at least with T cati, C felis and Capillaria species) is therefore not a reason to postpone important vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dieter Barutzki
- Veterinary Laboratory Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Ad Y, Halperin IM, Olstad EC, Gershwin LJ, Sullivan L, Reagan KL. Clinical assessment of a point-of-care assay to determine protective vaccinal antibody titers to canine viral diseases. Vet J 2023; 298-299:106017. [PMID: 37524148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Guidelines recommend that dogs are vaccinated for canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine adenovirus (CAV) every 3 years. Alternatively, their antibody titers are measured and vaccines given when titers fall below a protective threshold. In this study, a point-of-care (POC) assay was compared to hemagglutination inhibition (for CPV) and virus neutralization (for CAV and CDV) assays to predict the need for revaccination Ninety-two dogs presented for vaccination were enrolled. The POC assay indicated protective titers against CDV in 79/80, CPV in 89/90, and CAV in 91/91 dogs with reference standard antibody measurements that were over a protective threshold. The sensitivity of the POC assay for to detect protective concentrations of CDV antibodies was 99% (95% confidence interval [CI 95%], 93.3-99.9%). Ten dogs were falsely considered protected against CDV by the POC assay with a specificity of 17% (CI 95%, 3.0-44.8%). The sensitivity of the POC assay for protective concentrations of CPV titers was 99% (CI 95%, 93.9-99.9%). The sensitivity of the POC assay to detect protective concentrations of CAV antibodies was 100% (CI 95%, 95.9-100%). Only classifying high-positive CDV and CPV titers on the POC assay as protective improved assay specificity to 100%, but sensitivity decreased to 51% and 76% respectively. This POC assay had a high sensitivity for the detection of protective antibody titers; however, some dogs were falsely categorized as protected, especially for CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ad
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - I M Halperin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - E C Olstad
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - L J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - L Sullivan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - K L Reagan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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Prakash Rao VC, Ramakrishnaiah S, Isloor S, Doddamane R, Lakshman D, Maralavadi MSSR, Bhat A, Chandrashekar B, Natesan K, Kondabattula G, Hegde NR. Assessment of Immune Responses to Rabies Vaccination in Free-Ranging Dogs in Bengaluru, India. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050888. [PMID: 37242992 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal encephalomyelitis mainly transmitted to humans and other animals by rabid dog bites. Hence, vaccination programs are being instituted for the control of rabies in dogs. Though stray dogs have been vaccinated for years under various programs initiated for control of the disease, the effectiveness of these programs can be ascertained only by assessing the immunity of these dogs. With this in view, a study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the ongoing mass dog vaccination (MDV) program by the Bengaluru City Municipal Corporation, Bengaluru, India. Whole blood and serum samples (n = 260) from vaccinated stray dogs in 26 wards of 8 corporation zones were tested by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) as well as an in-house quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) for a humoral response and by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISA for a cellular response. As determined by the cut-off value of 0.5 IU/mL of serum, 71% and 87% of the samples from vaccinated dogs revealed adequate levels of antibodies presumed to confer protection by RFFIT and iELISA, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the iELISA were 100% and 63.3%, respectively. The IFN-γ ELISA revealed adequate cellular response in 50% of the samples. The quantitative iELISA was found to be useful in large-scale seromonitoring of MDV programs to aid in the elimination of dog-mediated rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Chavan Prakash Rao
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Sharada Ramakrishnaiah
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Rathnamma Doddamane
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | - Dilip Lakshman
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - Avinash Bhat
- Trouw Nutrition India Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad 500032, India
| | | | - Krithiga Natesan
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KarnatakaVeterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - Nagendra R Hegde
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India
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O’Neill DG, Gunn-Moore D, Sorrell S, McAuslan H, Church DB, Pegram C, Brodbelt DC. Commonly diagnosed disorders in domestic cats in the UK and their associations with sex and age. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231155016. [PMID: 36852509 PMCID: PMC10812063 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231155016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to generate a robust evidence base on the prevalence of common disorders in cats and develop a deeper understanding of disorder associations with sex and age that could offer important opportunities for targeted veterinary care to improve feline health and welfare. METHODS A random sample of 18,249 cats was obtained from 1,255,130 cats under primary care during 2019 within VetCompass, an epidemiological research programme based on anonymised primary care veterinary clinical records. All disorders recorded during 2019 were extracted and reported, and associations with sex and age were examined. RESULTS The most prevalent disorders were periodontal disease (n = 2780 [15.2%], 95% confidence interval [CI] 14.72-15.76), obesity (n = 2114 [11.6%], 95% CI 11.12-12.06) and dental disease (n = 1502 [8.2%], 95% CI 7.84-8.64). Compared with male cats, females had an increased prevalence of poor quality of life, postoperative complications and hyperthyroidism, among others. Male cats had a higher prevalence of periodontal disease, road traffic accident (RTA) and obesity. Younger cats (<8 years) had an increased prevalence of cat bite abscess, flea infestation and RTA, while older cats (⩾8 years) had increased prevalence of lameness, cystitis and dental disease, among others. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that the veterinary profession needs to engage more effectively in informing owners on common preventable disorders (ie, obesity and dental disease). This new information can contribute to more targeted health surveillance and more effective veterinary interventions to promote improved health and welfare in pet cats. Large-scale collection and analysis of anonymised veterinary clinical records offer an important clinical resource for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O’Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Harriet McAuslan
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Camilla Pegram
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
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Du X, Goffin E, Gillard L, Machiels B, Gillet L. A Single Oral Immunization with Replication-Competent Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine Induces a Neutralizing Antibody Response in Mice against Canine Distemper Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:1847. [PMID: 36146652 PMCID: PMC9501072 DOI: 10.3390/v14091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a fatal and highly contagious pathogen of multiple carnivores. While injectable vaccines are very effective in protecting domestic animals, their use in the wild is unrealistic. Alternative vaccines are therefore needed. Adenovirus (AdV) vectors are popular vaccine vectors due to their capacity to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses against the antigens they carry. In parallel, vaccines based on live human AdV-4 and -7 have been used in U.S. army for several decades as replicative oral vaccines against respiratory infection with the same viruses. Based on these observations, the use of oral administration of replication competent AdV-vectored vaccines has emerged as a promising tool especially for wildlife vaccination. Developing this type of vaccine is not easy, however, given the high host specificity of AdVs and their very low replication in non-target species. To overcome this problem, the feasibility of this approach was tested using mouse adenovirus 1 (MAV-1) in mice as vaccine vectors. First, different vaccine vectors expressing the entire or part H or F proteins of CDV were constructed. These different strains were then used as oral vaccines in BALB/c mice and the immune response to CDV was evaluated. Only the strain expressing the full length CDV H protein generated a detectable and neutralizing immune response to CDV. Secondly, using this strain, we were able to show that although this type of vaccine is sensitive to pre-existing immunity to the vector, a second oral administration of the same vaccine is able to boost the immune response against CDV. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using replicating AdVs as oral vaccine vectors to immunize against CDV in wildlife carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Gillet
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, ULiège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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6
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Dowgray N, Pinchbeck G, Eyre K, Biourge V, Comerford E, German AJ. Aging in Cats: Owner Observations and Clinical Finding in 206 Mature Cats at Enrolment to the Cat Prospective Aging and Welfare Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859041. [PMID: 35445099 PMCID: PMC9014291 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two hundred and six cats, aged between 7 and 10 years, from the North-west of the UK, were enrolled in a cat aging and welfare study to determine the frequency of age-related conditions and associations with husbandry, owner observations of physical appearance, activity and behavior. This is the largest study to date of mature cats that includes data from an owner questionnaire and clinical examinations. At enrolment, owners frequently reported physical changes (53%), behavioral changes (47%), changes to eating patterns (41%), and activity changes (40%) in their mature cats. On physical examination, 45% cats were in overweight condition and 12% were obese. A heart murmur was detected in 29% cats, whilst indirect systolic blood pressure (SBP) was >160 mmHg in 5% cats. Dental disease was present in 54% cats and was associated with a matted hair coat (P = 0.01), increased sleeping (P = 0.02), absence of gray hairs (P = 0.03), and increased irritability to other pets (P = 0.04). Abnormalities were evident in 58% of cats that allowed an orthopedic examination (OE) to be performed. These cats were older than cats with a normal OE (P = 0.01), and abnormal OE findings were associated with a matted coat (P = 0.03) and increased grooming (P = 0.04). Aazotaemia was present in 10% cats, and this was associated with cats being observed to “sniff their food and then walk away” (P = 0.04). Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 3% cats, who were older (P = 0.02), had a leaner BCS (P = 0.02) and lesser blood creatinine concentrations (P = 0.01). Hyperthyroid cats were also more likely to have increased liver enzyme activity and increased SBP (P = <0.001) compared with non-hyperthyroid cats. Of the 176 cats where all clinical assessments were conducted, only 12% had no evidence of any disease. Clinical abnormalities are commonly identified when thorough, clinical assessments are performed in mature pet cats visiting primary care practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dowgray
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,International Cat Care, Tisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly Eyre
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eithne Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Balboni A, Mazzotta E, Boniotti MB, Bertasio C, Bellinati L, Lucchese L, Battilani M, Ceglie L, Marchione S, Esposito G, Natale A. Outbreak of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serogroup Sejroe Infection in Kennel: The Role of Dogs as Sentinel in Specific Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3906. [PMID: 35409589 PMCID: PMC8997430 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Kennels may represent high-risk environments for the diffusion of Leptospira infection in dogs and consequently a threat to public health. This study describes an outbreak of Leptospira infection in a kennel in Italy in 2020, both with clinically ill and asymptomatic dogs. Fifty-nine dogs, including three ill dogs, were tested for Leptospira spp. infection by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and real-time qPCR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis was used to genotype the identified leptospires. Thirty of the fifty-nine (50.9%) dogs had MAT titer and/or molecular positivity indicative of Leptospira infection. Twenty-two of the fifty-nine (37.3%) dogs exhibited seropositivity against at least one serovar belonging to the Sejroe serogroup, and MLST analysis identified L. borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe (Leptospira ST155) as responsible for the outbreak. Up to now, Sejroe serogroup infection was sporadically reported in dogs. The extension of the MAT antigen panel to several serovars belonging to the serogroup Sejroe could be useful in the diagnosis of canine leptospirosis. Dogs may serve as sentinel of leptospires in specific environments, and surveillance of Leptospira infection in kennels is strongly recommended even when the correct vaccine prophylaxis is administered, because the vaccines currently available are not able to protect from all of the serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Elisa Mazzotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (L.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (M.B.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (M.B.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Laura Bellinati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (L.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Laura Lucchese
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (L.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Mara Battilani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Letizia Ceglie
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (L.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Marchione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (L.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Giulio Esposito
- Unità Operativa Complessa Veterinaria A e C Sanità Animale e Igiene degli Allevamenti e delle Produzioni Zootecniche, Azienda USL di Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (E.M.); (L.B.); (L.L.); (L.C.); (S.M.)
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Rahman SA, Khor KH, Khairani-Bejo S, Lau SF, Mazlan M, Roslan A, Goh SH. Detection and characterization of Leptospira spp. in dogs diagnosed with kidney and/or liver disease in Selangor, Malaysia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:834-843. [PMID: 34148436 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211024575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. A wide range of symptoms have been described in humans; the disease in dogs is commonly associated with kidney and/or liver disease. In Malaysia, information about the common serovars infecting dogs is limited. Therefore, we investigated the occurrences of leptospirosis in 124 pet dogs diagnosed with kidney and/or liver disease. Blood, urine, abdominal effusion, and/or kidney and liver were collected from the dogs. Based on microscopic agglutination testing, 53 of 124 (42.7%) dogs were seropositive for leptospiral exposure. Sera were frequently positive to serovars Bataviae (n = 12), Javanica (n = 10), and Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 10). Direct detection using PCR showed that 42 of 124 (33.9%) of the whole blood and 36 of 113 (31.9%) urine samples were positive for pathogenic Leptospira spp. By PCR, 2 of 23 (9.1%) kidney and 2 of 23 (9.1%) liver were positive for pathogenic Leptospira spp. Abdominal effusion from 4 dogs were PCR-positive for pathogenic Leptospira spp. The species detected were L. interrogans, L. borgpetersenii, L. kirschneri, and L. kmetyi by partial 16S rRNA sequencing. We further identified and characterized 11 Leptospira spp. isolates from 8 dogs as serovars Bataviae, Javanica, and Australis. The mortality rate of the Leptospira-infected dogs was high (18 of 53; 34%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri A Rahman
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kuan H Khor
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Khairani-Bejo
- Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng F Lau
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azri Roslan
- Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soon H Goh
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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9
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Xia L, Luo G, Wu M, Wang L, Zhang N, Wu C, Yin Y. Self-assembled raccoon dog parvovirus VP2 protein confers immunity against RDPV disease in raccoon dogs: in vitro and in vivo studies. Virol J 2021; 18:79. [PMID: 33858464 PMCID: PMC8047598 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raccoon dog parvovirus (RDPV) causes acute infectious diseases in raccoon dogs and may cause death in severe cases. The current treatment strategy relies on the extensive usage of classical inactivated vaccine which is marred by large doses, short immunization cycles and safety concerns. METHODS The present study aimed at optimization of RDPV VP2 gene, subcloning the gene into plasmid pET30a, and its subsequent transfer to Escherichia coli with trigger factor 16 for co-expression. The protein thus expressed was purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic chromatography, and endotoxin extraction procedures. VLPs were examined by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and the efficacy of VLPs vaccine was tested in vivo. RESULTS Results indicated that RDPV VP2 protein could be expressed soluble. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering results indicated that RDPV VP2 self-assembled into VLPs. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers elicited by Al(OH)3 adjuvanted RDPV VLPs were comparable with RDPV inactivated vaccines, and the viral loads in the blood of the struck raccoon dogs were greatly reduced. Hematoxylin and eosin and Immunohistochemical results indicated that RDPV VLPs vaccine could protect raccoon dogs against RDPV infections. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that RDPV VLPs can become a potential vaccine candidate for RDPV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linya Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guoliang Luo
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of CAAS, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Mingjie Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Congmei Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China.
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10
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Dall'Ara P, Lauzi S, Filipe J, Caseri R, Beccaglia M, Desario C, Cavalli A, Aiudi GG, Buonavoglia C, Decaro N. Discrepancy Between In-clinic and Haemagglutination-Inhibition Tests in Detecting Maternally-Derived Antibodies Against Canine Parvovirus in Puppies. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:630809. [PMID: 33732742 PMCID: PMC7959788 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most common causes of mortality in puppies worldwide. Protection against CPV infection is based on vaccination, but maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) can interfere with vaccination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of an in-clinic ELISA test to assess the CPV MDA in unvaccinated puppies and CPV antibodies in bitches, comparing the results with the gold standard haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Serum samples of 136 unvaccinated puppies were tested, along with sera of 16 vaccinated bitches. Five unvaccinated puppies were retested after vaccination. Both assays showed that the 16 vaccinated bitches had protective antibody levels against CPV. Conversely, significant discrepancies were observed for the MDA titers in unvaccinated puppies. Protective MDA titers were observed in 91.9% puppies using HI and in 40.4% by the in-clinic ELISA test, and only the latter one showed a decrease of MDA titers and percentages of protected puppies after the first weeks of age. Vaccination of five puppies with high HI and low in-clinic ELISA MDA titers resulted in seroconversion. Our results confirm the reliability of the in-clinic ELISA test in determining protective antibodies against CPV in adult dogs. Our findings also suggest that the in-clinic ELISA test kit may also be a useful tool to detect and quantify CPV MDA, thus allowing prediction of the best time to vaccinate puppies and reduction of the rate of vaccination failures due to interference by maternally-derived antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Roberta Caseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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11
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Bergmann M, Freisl M, Zablotski Y, Speck S, Truyen U, Hartmann K. Antibody Response to Canine Adenovirus-2 Virus Vaccination in Healthy Adult Dogs. Viruses 2020; 12:E1198. [PMID: 33096809 PMCID: PMC7589706 DOI: 10.3390/v12101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Re-vaccination against canine adenovirus (CAV) is performed in ≤3-year-intervals but their necessity is unknown. The study determined anti-CAV antibodies within 28 days of re-vaccination and factors associated with the absence of antibodies and vaccination response. METHODS Ninety-seven healthy adult dogs (last vaccination ≥12 months) were re-vaccinated with a modified live CAV-2 vaccine. Anti-CAV antibodies were measured before vaccination (day 0), and after re-vaccination (day 7, 28) by virus neutralization. A ≥4-fold titer increase was defined as vaccination response. Fisher's exact test and multivariate regression analysis were performed to determine factors associated with the absence of antibodies and vaccination response. RESULTS Totally, 87% of dogs (90/97; 95% CI: 85.61-96.70) had anti-CAV antibodies (≥10) before re-vaccination. Vaccination response was observed in 6% of dogs (6/97; 95% CI: 2.60-13.11). Time since last vaccination (>3-5 years, OR = 9.375, p = 0.020; >5 years, OR= 25.000, p = 0.006) was associated with a lack of antibodies. Dogs from urban areas were more likely to respond to vaccination (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION Many dogs had anti-CAV pre-vaccination antibodies, even those with an incomplete vaccination series. Most dogs did not respond to re-vaccination. Based on this study, dogs should be re-vaccinated every 3 years or antibodies should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Monika Freisl
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Stephanie Speck
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.S.); (U.T.)
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.F.); (Y.Z.); (K.H.)
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12
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Antibody Response to Canine Parvovirus Vaccination in Dogs with Hyperadrenocorticism Treated with Trilostane. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030547. [PMID: 32961758 PMCID: PMC7563131 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown how dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) respond to vaccination. This study measured antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) in dogs with HAC treated with trilostane before and after CPV vaccination, and compared the immune response to that from healthy dogs. Eleven dogs with HAC, and healthy age-matched control dogs (n = 31) received a modified-live CPV vaccine. Antibodies were determined on days 0, 7, and 28 by hemagglutination inhibition. Univariate analysis was used to compare the immune response of dogs with HAC and healthy dogs. Pre-vaccination antibodies (≥10) were detected in 100% of dogs with HAC (11/11; 95% CI: 70.0–100) and in 93.5% of healthy dogs (29/31; 95% CI: 78.3–99.2). No ≥4-fold increase in antibody titer was observed in dogs with HAC while in 22.6% of healthy dogs, a ≥4-fold titer increase was observed (7/31; 95% CI: 11.1–40.1). Mild vaccine-associated adverse events (VAAEs) were detected in 54.5% of dogs with HAC (6/11; 95% CI: 28.0–78.8) and in 29.0% of healthy dogs (9/31; 95% CI: 15.9–46.8). There was neither a significant difference in presence of pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 1.000), or response to vaccination (p = 0.161), nor in the occurrence of VAAEs (p = 0.158). Immune function of dogs with HAC treated with trilostane seems comparable to that of healthy dogs.
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13
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Stone A. An ounce of prevention: individualized vaccination guidelines to help keep our feline patients healthy. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:811. [PMID: 32845228 PMCID: PMC11135664 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20948323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
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14
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Decaro N, Buonavoglia C, Barrs VR. Canine parvovirus vaccination and immunisation failures: Are we far from disease eradication? Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108760. [PMID: 32768213 PMCID: PMC7295477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update on CPV vaccine types and vaccination protocols. The design of CPV prevention strategies and vaccination programs with a goal of herd immunity has been hampered by deficiencies of studies that model companion animal viral infections and inform an understanding of the basic reproduction number. However, the most important issue in eradication of CPV disease is represented by immunisation failures including: i) the presence of interfering titres of maternally-derived antibodies; ii) the presence of non-responders; and iii) possible reversion to virulence. In contrast, the role of the CPV variants in immunisation failures is widely debated. Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
| | - C Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - V R Barrs
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Infectious Diseases & Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Kwan E, Carrai M, Lanave G, Hill J, Parry K, Kelman M, Meers J, Decaro N, Beatty JA, Martella V, Barrs VR. Analysis of canine parvoviruses circulating in Australia reveals predominance of variant 2b and identifies feline parvovirus-like mutations in the capsid proteins. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:656-666. [PMID: 32657506 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a major enteric pathogen of dogs worldwide that emerged in the late 1970s from a feline parvovirus (FPV)-like ancestral virus. Shortly after its emergence, variant CPVs acquired amino acid (aa) mutations in key capsid residues, associated with biological and/or antigenic changes. This study aimed to identify and analyse CPV variants and their capsid mutations amongst Australian dogs, to gain insights into the evolution of CPV in Australia and to investigate relationships between the disease and vaccination status of dogs from which viruses were detected. CPV VP2 sequences were amplified from 79 faecal samples collected from dogs with parvoviral enteritis at 20 veterinary practices in five Australian states. The median age at diagnosis was 4 months (range 1-96 months). Only 3.7% of dogs with vaccination histories had completed recommended vaccination schedules, while 49% were incompletely vaccinated and 47.2% were unvaccinated. For the first time, CPV-2b has emerged as the dominant antigenic CPV variant circulating in dogs with parvoviral enteritis in Australia, comprising 54.4% of viruses, while CPV-2a and CPV-2 comprised 43.1% and 2.5%, respectively. The antigenic variant CPV-2c was not identified. Analysis of translated VP2 sequences revealed a vast repertoire of amino acid (aa) mutations. Several Australian CPV strains displayed signatures in the VP2 protein typical of Asian CPVs, suggesting possible introduction of CPV strains from Asia, and/or CPV circulation between Asia and Australia. Canine parvoviruses were identified containing aa residues typical of FPV at key capsid (VP2) positions, representing reverse mutations or residual mutations retained from CPV-2 during adaptation from an FPV-like ancestor, suggesting that evolutionary intermediates between CPV-2 and FPV are circulating in the field. Similarly, intermediates between CPV-2a-like viruses and CPV-2 were also identified. These findings help inform a better understanding of the evolution of CPV in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kwan
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Maura Carrai
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | | | | | - Mark Kelman
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Julia A Beatty
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano (Bari), Italy
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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16
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Teixeira AIP, Silva DM, de Freitas LRS, Romero GAS. A cross-sectional approach including dog owner characteristics as predictors of visceral leishmaniasis infection in dogs. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e190349. [PMID: 32348406 PMCID: PMC7184770 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is relevant for human and animal public health. Several factors have been associated with the risk of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs. However, dog owner characteristics have been rarely explored. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence and to identify the associated factors for VL infection including dog owners characteristics. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted including dogs from an endemic canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) region in the Federal District, Brazil. The infection was detected using parasitological, serological, and molecular methods. The associated factors were identified through Poisson regression modelling. FINDINGS The prevalence of infection was 26.25% [95% confidence interval (CI): 20.05 to 33.57]. The associated factors were: short coat prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.33 (95% CI: 1.02 to 5.22); presence of backyard with predominance of soil and/or vegetation PR = 4.15 (95% CI: 1.35 to 12.77); and highest gross family income score PR = 2.03 (95% CI: 1.16 to 3.54). MAIN CONCLUSION This is the first study that relates higher socioeconomic status of dog owners as an independent factor associated with higher prevalence of VL infection, along with other strongly associated factors related to receptive environment for phlebotomines. Our findings strengthen the need for exploration of the biological and behavioural bases linking dog owner characteristics to the risk of canine infection in prospective cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debora Marcolino Silva
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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17
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Decaro N, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Challenge studies for registration of canine core vaccines: is it time to update the European Pharmacopeia? Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108659. [PMID: 32402341 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy.
| | - G Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - C Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Strada Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, BA, Italy
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18
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Hiebl A, Auer A, Bagrinovschi G, Stejskal M, Hirt R, Rümenapf HT, Tichy A, Künzel F. Detection of selected viral pathogens in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease in Austria. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:594-600. [PMID: 31301071 PMCID: PMC6852529 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus type 2, canine distemper virus, canine respiratory coronavirus and influenza virus A infections in: (1) privately‐owned or, (2) kennelled dogs showing signs consistent with canine infectious respiratory disease and, (3) clinically healthy dogs in Vienna, Austria. Materials and Methods Prospectively, nasal and tonsillar swabs from 214 dogs affected with infectious respiratory disease, and 50 healthy control dogs were tested for nucleic acids specific to the various viral infections. Concurrent bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 31 dogs with chronic respiratory disease was investigated for the same viral pathogens. Additionally, anti‐canine respiratory coronavirus antibody concentrations were measured in paired blood samples from 30 acutely diseased dogs. Results Canine respiratory coronavirus (7.5%) and canine parainfluenza virus (6.5%) were the most commonly detected viruses in samples from the upper airways of dogs with respiratory infections. Serological results showed a significant seroconversion in response to coronavirus in 50% of the examined cases. None of the samples was positive for influenza virus A‐specific nucleic acid. Canine coronavirus‐specific nucleic acid was detected in 4.0% of healthy dogs. Clinical Significance Canine coronavirus should be considered as a clinically relevant cause of infectious respiratory disease in crowded dog populations. For sample collection, the nasal mucosa can be recommended as the favoured site. Analysis of paired serum samples aids verification of canine coronavirus infection in respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hiebl
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - A Auer
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - G Bagrinovschi
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - M Stejskal
- Kleintierklinik Breitensee Wien, Vienna, 1140, Austria
| | - R Hirt
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - H T Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - A Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - F Künzel
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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19
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Dendoncker PA, Moons C, Sarrazin S, Diederich C, Thiry E, de Keuster T, Dewulf J. Biosecurity and management practices in different dog breeding systems have considerable margin for improvements. Vet Rec 2018; 183:381. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Alexandre Dendoncker
- Laboratory for Ethology, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke East-Flanders Belgium
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan Belgium
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit (IVRU), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Christel Moons
- Laboratory for Ethology, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke East-Flanders Belgium
| | - Steven Sarrazin
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan Belgium
| | - Claire Diederich
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit (IVRU), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Virology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Tiny de Keuster
- Laboratory for Ethology, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke East-Flanders Belgium
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan Belgium
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20
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Belshaw Z, Robinson NJ, Dean RS, Brennan ML. Motivators and barriers for dog and cat owners and veterinary surgeons in the United Kingdom to using preventative medicines. Prev Vet Med 2018; 154:95-101. [PMID: 29685450 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Routine use of preventative medicines is advocated as part of responsible dog and cat ownership. However, it has been suggested that the number of owners in the United Kingdom (UK) using preventative medicines to protect their pets is in decline. The aim of this novel study was to use a qualitative methodology to explore the attitudes of pet owners and veterinary surgeons in the UK to using preventative medicine products in dogs and cats. Preventative medicine was defined as "a drug or any other preparation used to prevent disease, illness or injury." Semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone with owners and veterinary surgeons who had recently participated in a preventative healthcare consultation. Thematic analysis of transcribed recordings of these interviews identified four themes. This paper reports the theme related to motivators and barriers to using preventative medicines. Owners' understanding varied widely about the importance of preventative medicines for pets, as did their confidence in the safety of prescription products. A good relationship with their veterinary surgeon or practice, seeing adverts on the television about specific diseases, advice from a breeder and having personally seen infected animals appeared to be motivators for owners to use preventative medicines. Concern about adverse events and uncertainty about the necessity of using preventative medicines were barriers. Owners who trusted their veterinary surgeons to advise them on preventative medicine products described little use of alternative information sources when making preventative medicine choices. However, owners who preferred to do their own research described reading online opinions, particular in relation to the safety of preventative medicines, which they found confusing. In contrast, veterinary surgeons described broad confidence in the safety and efficacy of prescription preventative medicines and described protection of pet health as a strong motivator for their use. Several expressed some concern about being seen to "sell" products, which may present a barrier to their advocacy. Veterinary surgeons were unsure about owners' level of understanding of the necessity of preventative medicines, particularly in relation to vaccinations, and few recalled instigating conversations with owners about product safety. Owner uncertainties about preventative medicine products may not be adequately addressed in the consulting room. This first qualitative study to investigate dog and cat preventative medicines suggests strategies are needed to increase discussion between pet owners and veterinary surgeons in the UK about the necessity, safety, efficacy and cost of preventative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Belshaw
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Robinson
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD United Kingdom
| | - Rachel S Dean
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD United Kingdom
| | - Marnie L Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, LE12 5RD United Kingdom.
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21
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McGreevy P, Thomson P, Dhand NK, Raubenheimer D, Masters S, Mansfield CS, Baldwin T, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Rand J, Hill P, Peaston A, Gilkerson J, Combs M, Raidal S, Irwin P, Irons P, Squires R, Brodbelt D, Hammond J. VetCompass Australia: A National Big Data Collection System for Veterinary Science. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:E74. [PMID: 28954419 PMCID: PMC5664033 DOI: 10.3390/ani7100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
VetCompass Australia is veterinary medical records-based research coordinated with the global VetCompass endeavor to maximize its quality and effectiveness for Australian companion animals (cats, dogs, and horses). Bringing together all seven Australian veterinary schools, it is the first nationwide surveillance system collating clinical records on companion-animal diseases and treatments. VetCompass data service collects and aggregates real-time, clinical records for researchers to interrogate, delivering sustainable and cost-effective access to data from hundreds of veterinary practitioners nationwide. Analysis of these clinical records will reveal geographical and temporal trends in the prevalence of inherited and acquired diseases, identify frequently prescribed treatments, revolutionize clinical auditing, help the veterinary profession to rank research priorities, and assure evidence-based companion-animal curricula in veterinary schools. VetCompass Australia will progress in three phases: (1) roll-out of the VetCompass platform to harvest Australian veterinary clinical record data; (2) development and enrichment of the coding (data-presentation) platform; and (3) creation of a world-first, real-time surveillance interface with natural language processing (NLP) technology. The first of these three phases is described in the current article. Advances in the collection and sharing of records from numerous practices will enable veterinary professionals to deliver a vastly improved level of care for companion animals that will improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Peter Thomson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Sophie Masters
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Caroline S Mansfield
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Timothy Baldwin
- School of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhaes
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - Jacquie Rand
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Peter Hill
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - Anne Peaston
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - James Gilkerson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Martin Combs
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Shane Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Peter Irwin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Peter Irons
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Richard Squires
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - David Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Jeremy Hammond
- Information and Communications Technology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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22
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Decaro N, Mari V, Larocca V, Losurdo M, Lanave G, Lucente MS, Corrente M, Catella C, Bo S, Elia G, Torre G, Grandolfo E, Martella V, Buonavoglia C. Molecular surveillance of traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:21-25. [PMID: 27527760 PMCID: PMC7131703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A molecular survey for CIRD agents was conducted during years 2011–2013. Canine parainfluenza virus was the most frequently detected pathogens. The emerging pathogens canine respiratory coronavirus, Mycoplasma cynos and canine pneumovirus were sporadically detected. Most severe forms of respiratory disease were observed in dogs infected with M. cynos alone or in combination with either CRCoV or M. canis. CIRD vaccines should be updated to include emerging pathogens.
A molecular survey for traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) was conducted in Italy between 2011 and 2013 on a total of 138 dogs, including 78 early acute clinically ill CIRD animals, 22 non-clinical but exposed to clinically ill CIRD dogs and 38 CIRD convalescent dogs. The results showed that canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) was the most commonly detected CIRD pathogen, followed by canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), Bordetella bronchiseptica, Mycoplasma cynos, Mycoplasma canis and canine pneumovirus (CnPnV). Some classical CIRD agents, such as canine adenoviruses, canine distemper virus and canid herpesvirus 1, were not detected at all, as were not other emerging respiratory viruses (canine influenza virus, canine hepacivirus) and bacteria (Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus). Most severe forms of respiratory disease were observed in the presence of CPIV, CRCoV and M. cynos alone or in combination with other pathogens, whereas single CnPnV or M. canis infections were detected in dogs with no or very mild respiratory signs. Interestingly, only the association of M. cynos (alone or in combination with either CRCoV or M. canis) with severe clinical forms was statistically significant. The study, while confirming CPIV as the main responsible for CIRD occurrence, highlights the increasing role of recently discovered viruses, such as CRCoV and CnPnV, for which effective vaccines are not available in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy.
| | - Viviana Mari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Vittorio Larocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Losurdo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | | | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Elia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | | | - Erika Grandolfo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
| | - Canio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano Bari, Italy
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23
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Morters MK, McNabb S, Horton DL, Fooks AR, Schoeman JP, Whay HR, Wood JLN, Cleaveland S. Effective vaccination against rabies in puppies in rabies endemic regions. Vet Rec 2015; 177:150. [PMID: 26109286 PMCID: PMC4552936 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In rabies endemic regions, a proportionally higher incidence of rabies is often reported in dogs younger than 12 months of age, which includes puppies less than 3 months of age; this presents a serious risk to public health. The higher incidence of rabies in young dogs may be the effect of low vaccination coverage in this age class, partly as a result of the perception that immature immune systems and maternal antibodies inhibit seroconversion to rabies vaccine in puppies less than three months of age. Therefore, to test this perception, the authors report the virus neutralising antibody titres from 27 dogs that were vaccinated with high quality, inactivated rabies vaccine aged three months of age and under as part of larger serological studies undertaken in Gauteng Province, South Africa, and the Serengeti District, Tanzania. All of these dogs seroconverted to a single dose of vaccine with no adverse reactions reported and with postvaccinal peak titres ranging from 2.0 IU/ml to 90.5 IU/ml. In light of these results, and the risk of human beings contracting rabies from close contact with puppies, the authors recommend that all dogs in rabies endemic regions, including those less than three months of age, are vaccinated with high quality, inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Morters
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S McNabb
- The Neighbourhood Vet, East Dulwich, London, UK
| | - D L Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - A R Fooks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK; and Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - H R Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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