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Sun Y, Yang Z, Zhang C, Xia J, Li Y, Liu X, Sun L, Tan S. Indole-3-propionic acid regulates lateral root development by targeting auxin signaling in Arabidopsis. iScience 2024; 27:110363. [PMID: 39071891 PMCID: PMC11278081 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) is known to be a microbe-derived compound with a similar structure to the phytohormone auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA). Previous studies reported that IPA exhibited auxin-like bioactivities in plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not totally understood. Here, we revealed that IPA modulated lateral root (LR) development via auxin signaling in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic analysis indicated that deficiency of the TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA-ARF auxin signaling pathway abolished the effects of IPA on regulating LR development. Further biochemical, transcriptomic profiling and cell biological analyses revealed that IPA directly bound to the TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA coreceptor complex and thus activated downstream gene expression. Therefore, our work revealed that IPA is a potential signaling molecule that modulates plant growth and development by targeting the TIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA-mediated auxin signaling pathway, providing potential insights into root growth regulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhisen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Caoli Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jing Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yawen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Linfeng Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shutang Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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2
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Zeng H, He K, He Q, Xu L, Zhang W, Lu X, Tang Y, Zhu X, Yin J, He M, Chen X, Li W. Exogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid Suppresses Rice Infection of Magnaporthe oryzae by Affecting Plant Resistance and Fungal Growth. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1050-1056. [PMID: 38709298 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0365-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Auxin is an important phytohormone that regulates diverse biologic processes, including plant growth and immunity. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), known as one of the main forms of auxin, is able to activate plant immunity. However, it is unknown whether IAA enhances plant resistance and/or suppresses the growth of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we found that IAA could induce expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes to enhance disease resistance and could control the development of blast disease through inhibiting M. oryzae infection. Exogenous IAA suppressed mycelial growth and delayed spore germination by inhibiting fungal endogenous IAA biosynthesis and impairing redox homeostasis, respectively. When applied to a field test, two IAA analogues, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, can effectively control rice blast disease. Our study advances the understanding of IAA in controlling rice blast disease through suppressing pathogen growth and enhancing plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Kaiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yongyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junjie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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3
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Cohen JD, Strader LC. An auxin research odyssey: 1989-2023. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1410-1428. [PMID: 38382088 PMCID: PMC11062468 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is at times called the master regulator of plant processes and has been shown to be a central player in embryo development, the establishment of the polar axis, early aspects of seedling growth, as well as growth and organ formation during later stages of plant development. The Plant Cell has been key, since the inception of the journal, to developing an understanding of auxin biology. Auxin-regulated plant growth control is accomplished by both changes in the levels of active hormones and the sensitivity of plant tissues to these concentration changes. In this historical review, we chart auxin research as it has progressed in key areas and highlight the role The Plant Cell played in these scientific developments. We focus on understanding auxin-responsive genes, transcription factors, reporter constructs, perception, and signal transduction processes. Auxin metabolism is discussed from the development of tryptophan auxotrophic mutants, the molecular biology of conjugate formation and hydrolysis, indole-3-butyric acid metabolism and transport, and key steps in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. This progress leads to an expectation of a more comprehensive understanding of the systems biology of auxin and the spatial and temporal regulation of cellular growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D Cohen
- Department of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27008, USA
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4
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Tan C, Li S, Song J, Zheng X, Zheng H, Xu W, Wan C, Zhang T, Bian Q, Men S. 3,4-Dichlorophenylacetic acid acts as an auxin analog and induces beneficial effects in various crops. Commun Biol 2024; 7:161. [PMID: 38332111 PMCID: PMC10853179 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Auxins and their analogs are widely used to promote root growth, flower and fruit development, and yield in crops. The action characteristics and application scope of various auxins are different. To overcome the limitations of existing auxins, expand the scope of applications, and reduce side effects, it is necessary to screen new auxin analogs. Here, we identified 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid (Dcaa) as having auxin-like activity and acting through the auxin signaling pathway in plants. At the physiological level, Dcaa promotes the elongation of oat coleoptile segments, the generation of adventitious roots, and the growth of crop roots. At the molecular level, Dcaa induces the expression of auxin-responsive genes and acts through auxin receptors. Molecular docking results showed that Dcaa can bind to auxin receptors, among which TIR1 has the highest binding activity. Application of Dcaa at the root tip of the DR5:GUS auxin-responsive reporter induces GUS expression in the root hair zone, which requires the PIN2 auxin efflux carrier. Dcaa also inhibits the endocytosis of PIN proteins like other auxins. These results provide a basis for the application of Dcaa in agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Suxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianfu Zheng
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weichang Xu
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cui Wan
- Zhengzhou ZhengShi Chemical Co., Ltd, 450000, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Bian
- National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China.
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5
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Karami O, de Jong H, Somovilla VJ, Villanueva Acosta B, Sugiarta AB, Ham M, Khadem A, Wennekes T, Offringa R. Structure-activity relationship of 2,4-D correlates auxinic activity with the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1355-1369. [PMID: 37647363 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a synthetic analogue of the plant hormone auxin that is commonly used in many in vitro plant regeneration systems, such as somatic embryogenesis (SE). Its effectiveness in inducing SE, compared to the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), has been attributed to the stress triggered by this compound rather than its auxinic activity. However, this hypothesis has never been thoroughly tested. Here we used a library of forty 2,4-D analogues to test the structure-activity relationship with respect to the capacity to induce SE and auxinic activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Four analogues induced SE as effectively as 2,4-D and 13 analogues induced SE but were less effective. Based on root growth inhibition and auxin response reporter expression, the 2,4-D analogues were classified into different groups, ranging from very active to not active auxin analogues. A halogen at the 4-position of the aromatic ring was important for auxinic activity, whereas a halogen at the 3-position resulted in reduced activity. Moreover, a small substitution at the carboxylate chain was tolerated, as was extending the carboxylate chain with an even number of carbons. The auxinic activity of most 2,4-D analogues was consistent with their simulated TIR1-Aux/IAA coreceptor binding characteristics. A strong correlation was observed between SE induction efficiency and auxinic activity, which is in line with our observation that 2,4-D-induced SE and stress both require TIR1/AFB auxin co-receptor function. Our data indicate that the stress-related effects triggered by 2,4-D and considered important for SE induction are downstream of auxin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Karami
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hanna de Jong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor J Somovilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villanueva Acosta
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Aldo Bryan Sugiarta
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marvin Ham
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Azadeh Khadem
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, Netherlands
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6
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Devi LL, Pandey A, Gupta S, Singh AP. The interplay of auxin and brassinosteroid signaling tunes root growth under low and different nitrogen forms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1757-1773. [PMID: 35377445 PMCID: PMC9237728 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated signaling activity of auxin and brassinosteroids (BRs) is critical for optimal plant growth and development. Nutrient-derived signals regulate root growth by modulating the levels and spatial distribution of growth hormones to optimize nutrient uptake and assimilation. However, the effect of the interaction of these two hormones and their signaling on root plasticity during low and differential availability of nitrogen (N) forms (NH4+/NO3-) remains elusive. We demonstrate that root elongation under low N (LN) is an outcome of the interdependent activity of auxin and BR signaling pathways in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). LN promotes root elongation by increasing BR-induced auxin transport activity in the roots. Increased nuclear auxin signaling and its transport efficiency have a distinct impact on root elongation under LN conditions. High auxin levels reversibly inhibit BR signaling via BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR1. Using the tissue-specific approach, we show that BR signaling from root vasculature (stele) tissues is sufficient to promote cell elongation and, hence, root growth under LN condition. Further, we show that N form-defined root growth attenuation or enhancement depends on the fine balance of BR and auxin signaling activity. NH4+ as a sole N source represses BR signaling and response, which in turn inhibits auxin response and transport, whereas NO3- promotes root elongation in a BR signaling-dependent manner. In this study, we demonstrate the interplay of auxin and BR-derived signals, which are critical for root growth in a heterogeneous N environment and appear essential for root N foraging response and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anshika Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shreya Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
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7
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Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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8
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Wang R, Himschoot E, Grenzi M, Chen J, Safi A, Krebs M, Schumacher K, Nowack MK, Van Damme D, De Smet I, Geelen D, Beeckman T, Friml J, Costa A, Vanneste S. Auxin analog-induced Ca2+ signaling is independent of inhibition of endosomal aggregation in Arabidopsis roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2308-2319. [PMID: 35085386 PMCID: PMC7612644 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about the role of auxin in plant development derives from exogenous manipulations of auxin distribution and signaling, using inhibitors, auxins, and auxin analogs. In this context, synthetic auxin analogs, such as 1-naphthalene acetic acid (1-NAA), are often favored over the endogenous auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), in part due to their higher stability. While such auxin analogs have proven instrumental in revealing the various faces of auxin, they display in some cases bioactivities distinct from IAA. Here, we focused on the effect of auxin analogs on the accumulation of PIN proteins in brefeldin A-sensitive endosomal aggregations (BFA bodies), and correlation with the ability to elicit Ca2+ responses. For a set of commonly used auxin analogs, we evaluated if auxin analog-induced Ca2+ signaling inhibits PIN accumulation. Not all auxin analogs elicited a Ca2+ response, and their differential ability to elicit Ca2+ responses correlated partially with their ability to inhibit BFA-body formation. However, in tir1/afb and cngc14, 1-NAA-induced Ca2+ signaling was strongly impaired, yet 1-NAA still could inhibit PIN accumulation in BFA bodies. This demonstrates that TIR1/AFB-CNGC14-dependent Ca2+ signaling does not inhibit BFA body formation in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wang
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellie Himschoot
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jian Chen
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alaeddine Safi
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Plant Developmental Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniёl Van Damme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ive De Smet
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- Ghent University, Department of Plants and Crops, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Plants and Crops, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
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9
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Schroeder MM, Gomez MY, McLain N, Gachomo EW. Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 Alters Arabidopsis thaliana Root Architecture via Regulation of Auxin Efflux Transporters PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:215-229. [PMID: 34941379 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-21-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial rhizobacteria can stimulate changes in plant root development. Although root system growth is mediated by multiple factors, the regulated distribution of the phytohormone auxin within root tissues plays a principal role. Auxin transport facilitators help to generate the auxin gradients and maxima that determine root structure. Here, we show that the plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterial strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3 influences specific auxin efflux transporters to alter Arabidopsis thaliana root morphology. Gene expression profiling of host transcripts in control and B. japonicum-inoculated roots of the wild-type A. thaliana accession Col-0 confirmed upregulation of PIN2, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 with B. japonicum and identified genes potentially contributing to a diverse array of auxin-related responses. Cocultivation of the bacterium with loss-of-function auxin efflux transport mutants revealed that B. japonicum requires PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 to increase lateral root development and utilizes PIN2 to reduce primary root length. Accelerated lateral root primordia production due to B. japonicum was not observed in single pin3, pin7, or abcb19 mutants, suggesting independent roles for PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB19 during the plant-microbe interaction. Our work demonstrates B. japonicum's influence over host transcriptional reprogramming during plant interaction with this beneficial microbe and the subsequent alterations to root system architecture.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes M Schroeder
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Y Gomez
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Nathan McLain
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
| | - Emma W Gachomo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A
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10
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Abstract
Auxin regulates the transcription of auxin-responsive genes by the TIR1/AFBs-Aux/IAA-ARF signaling pathway, and in this way facilitates plant growth and development. However, rapid, nontranscriptional responses to auxin that cannot be explained by this pathway have been reported. In this review, we focus on several examples of rapid auxin responses: (1) the triggering of changes in plasma membrane potential in various plant species and tissues, (2) inhibition of root growth, which also correlates with membrane potential changes, cytosolic Ca2+ spikes, and a rise of apoplastic pH, (3) the influence on endomembrane trafficking of PIN proteins and other membrane cargoes, and (4) activation of ROPs (Rho of plants) and their downstream effectors such as the cytoskeleton or vesicle trafficking. In most cases, the signaling pathway triggering the response is poorly understood. A role for the TIR1/AFBs in rapid root growth regulation is emerging, as well as the involvement of transmembrane kinases (TMKs) in the activation of ROPs. We discuss similarities and differences among these rapid responses and focus on their physiological significance, which remains an enigma in most cases.
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11
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Narasimhan M, Gallei M, Tan S, Johnson A, Verstraeten I, Li L, Rodriguez L, Han H, Himschoot E, Wang R, Vanneste S, Sánchez-Simarro J, Aniento F, Adamowski M, Friml J. Systematic analysis of specific and nonspecific auxin effects on endocytosis and trafficking. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1122-1142. [PMID: 33734402 PMCID: PMC8195513 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin and its directional transport through tissues are intensively studied. However, a mechanistic understanding of auxin-mediated feedback on endocytosis and polar distribution of PIN auxin transporters remains limited due to contradictory observations and interpretations. Here, we used state-of-the-art methods to reexamine the auxin effects on PIN endocytic trafficking. We used high auxin concentrations or longer treatments versus lower concentrations and shorter treatments of natural indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) auxins to distinguish between specific and nonspecific effects. Longer treatments of both auxins interfere with Brefeldin A-mediated intracellular PIN2 accumulation and also with general aggregation of endomembrane compartments. NAA treatment decreased the internalization of the endocytic tracer dye, FM4-64; however, NAA treatment also affected the number, distribution, and compartment identity of the early endosome/trans-Golgi network, rendering the FM4-64 endocytic assays at high NAA concentrations unreliable. To circumvent these nonspecific effects of NAA and IAA affecting the endomembrane system, we opted for alternative approaches visualizing the endocytic events directly at the plasma membrane (PM). Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we saw no significant effects of IAA or NAA treatments on the incidence and dynamics of clathrin foci, implying that these treatments do not affect the overall endocytosis rate. However, both NAA and IAA at low concentrations rapidly and specifically promoted endocytosis of photo-converted PIN2 from the PM. These analyses identify a specific effect of NAA and IAA on PIN2 endocytosis, thus, contributing to its polarity maintenance and furthermore illustrate that high auxin levels have nonspecific effects on trafficking and endomembrane compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Gallei
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Inge Verstraeten
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Lanxin Li
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Lesia Rodriguez
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Huibin Han
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Ellie Himschoot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ren Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Judit Sánchez-Simarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Maciek Adamowski
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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12
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Oosterbeek M, Lozano-Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A. Sedentary Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Alter Auxin Homeostasis via Multiple Strategies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668548. [PMID: 34122488 PMCID: PMC8193132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasites such as cyst and root-knot nematodes infect many important food crops and are major agro-economical pests worldwide. These plant-parasitic nematodes exploit endogenous molecular and physiological pathways in the roots of their host to establish unique feeding structures. These structures function as highly active transfer cells and metabolic sinks and are essential for the parasites' growth and reproduction. Plant hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are a fundamental component in the formation of these feeding complexes. However, their underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms are still elusive despite recent advances in the field. This review presents a comprehensive overview of known functions of various auxins in plant-parasitic nematode infection sites, based on a systematic analysis of current literature. We evaluate multiple aspects involved in auxin homeostasis in plants, including anabolism, catabolism, transport, and signalling. From these analyses, a picture emerges that plant-parasitic nematodes have evolved multiple strategies to manipulate auxin homeostasis to establish a successful parasitic relationship with their host. Additionally, there appears to be a potential role for auxins other than IAA in plant-parasitic nematode infections that might be of interest to be further elucidated.
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13
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Abstract
Molecular genetic and structural studies have revealed the mechanisms of fundamental components of key auxin regulatory pathways consisting of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling. Chemical biology methods applied in auxin research have been greatly expanded through the understanding of auxin regulatory pathways. Many small-molecule modulators of auxin metabolism, transport, and signaling have been generated on the basis of the outcomes of genetic and structural studies on auxin regulatory pathways. These chemical modulators are now widely used as essential tools for dissecting auxin biology in diverse plants. This review covers the structures, primary targets, modes of action, and applications of chemical tools in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City 700-0005, Japan
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14
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Vosolsobě S, Skokan R, Petrášek J. The evolutionary origins of auxin transport: what we know and what we need to know. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3287-3295. [PMID: 32246155 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Auxin, represented by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), has for a long time been studied mainly with respect to the development of land plants, and recent evidence confirms that canonical nuclear auxin signaling is a land plant apomorphy. Increasing sequential and physiological data show that the presence of auxin transport machinery pre-dates the emergence of canonical signaling. In this review, we summarize the present state of knowledge regarding the origins of auxin transport in the green lineage (Viridiplantae), integrating both data from wet lab experiments and sequence evidence on the presence of PIN-FORMED (PIN), PIN-LIKES (PILS), and AUXIN RESISTANT 1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX1/LAX) homologs. We discuss a high divergence of auxin carrier homologs among algal lineages and emphasize the urgent need for the establishment of good molecular biology models from within the streptophyte green algae. We further postulate and discuss two hypotheses for the ancestral role of auxin in the green lineage. First, auxin was present as a by-product of cell metabolism and the evolution of its transport was stimulated by the need for IAA sequestration and cell detoxification. Second, auxin was primarily a signaling compound, possibly of bacterial origin, and its activity in the pre-plant green algae was a consequence of long-term co-existence with bacteria in shared ecological consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Skokan
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, Rozvojová, Czech Republic
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15
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Lin WJ, Ho HC, Chu SC, Chou JY. Effects of auxin derivatives on phenotypic plasticity and stress tolerance in five species of the green alga Desmodesmus (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). PeerJ 2020; 8:e8623. [PMID: 32195045 PMCID: PMC7067201 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Green microalgae of the genus Desmodesmus are characterized by a high degree of phenotypic plasticity (i.e. colony morphology), allowing them to be truly cosmopolitan and withstand environmental fluctuations. This flexibility enables Desmodesmus to produce a phenotype–environment match across a range of environments broader compared to algae with more fixed phenotypes. Indoles and their derivatives are a well-known crucial class of heterocyclic compounds and are widespread in different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most common, naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class. IAA may behave as a signaling molecule in microorganisms, and the physiological cues of IAA may also trigger phenotypic plasticity responses in Desmodesmus. In this study, we demonstrated that the changes in colonial morphs (cells per coenobium) of five species of the green alga Desmodesmus were specific to IAA but not to the chemically more stable synthetic auxins, naphthalene-1-acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Moreover, inhibitors of auxin biosynthesis and polar auxin transport inhibited cell division. Notably, different algal species (even different intraspecific strains) exhibited phenotypic plasticity different to that correlated to IAA. Thus, the plasticity involving individual-level heterogeneity in morphological characteristics may be crucial for microalgae to adapt to changing or novel conditions, and IAA treatment potentially increases the tolerance of Desmodesmus algae to several stress conditions. In summary, our results provide circumstantial evidence for the hypothesized role of IAA as a diffusible signal in the communication between the microalga and microorganisms. This information is crucial for elucidation of the role of plant hormones in plankton ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jiun Lin
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chen Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chang Chu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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16
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Gallei M, Luschnig C, Friml J. Auxin signalling in growth: Schrödinger's cat out of the bag. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:43-49. [PMID: 31760231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin acts as an amazingly versatile coordinator of plant growth and development. With its morphogen-like properties, auxin controls sites and timing of differentiation and/or growth responses both, in quantitative and qualitative terms. Specificity in the auxin response depends largely on distinct modes of signal transmission, by which individual cells perceive and convert auxin signals into a remarkable diversity of responses. The best understood, or so-called canonical mechanism of auxin perception ultimately results in variable adjustments of the cellular transcriptome, via a short, nuclear signal transduction pathway. Additional findings that accumulated over decades implied that an additional, presumably, cell surface-based auxin perception mechanism mediates very rapid cellular responses and decisively contributes to the cell's overall hormonal response. Recent investigations into both, nuclear and cell surface auxin signalling challenged this assumed partition of roles for different auxin signalling pathways and revealed an unexpected complexity in transcriptional and non-transcriptional cellular responses mediated by auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Gallei
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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17
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Lin C, Sauter M. Polar Auxin Transport Determines Adventitious Root Emergence and Growth in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:444. [PMID: 31024605 PMCID: PMC6465631 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is a severe limitation for crop production worldwide. Unlike other crop plants, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is well adapted to partial submergence rendering it a suitable crop plant to understand flooding tolerance. Formation of adventitious roots (ARs), that support or replace the main root system, is a characteristic response to flooding. In rice, AR emergence is induced by ethylene and in the dark where roots grow upward. We used the synthetic auxins 2,4-D and α-NAA, and the auxin transport inhibitor naphthylphtalamic acid (NPA) to study emergence, growth rate and growth angle of ARs. While α-NAA had no effect, NPA and 2,4-D reduced the root elongation rate and the angle with a stronger effect on root angle in the dark than in the light. Furthermore, NPA delayed emergence of AR primordia suggesting that efflux carrier-mediated auxin transport is required for all aspects of directed AR growth. Expression analysis using OsPIN:GUS reporter lines revealed that OsPIN1b and OsPIN1c promoters were active in the stele and root cap in accord with their predicted role in acropetal auxin transport. OsPIN2 was expressed at the root tip and was reduced in the presence of NPA. Auxin activity, detected with DR5:VENUS, increased in primordia following growth induction. By contrast, auxin activity was high in epidermal cells above primordia and declined following growth induction suggesting that auxin levels are antagonistically regulated in AR primordia and in epidermal cells above AR primordia suggesting that auxin signaling contributes to the coordinated processes of epidermal cell death and AR emergence.
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18
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New fluorescently labeled auxins exhibit promising anti-auxin activity. N Biotechnol 2019; 48:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Paponov IA, Friz T, Budnyk V, Teale W, Wüst F, Paponov M, Al-Babili S, Palme K. Natural Auxin Does Not Inhibit Brefeldin A Induced PIN1 and PIN2 Internalization in Root Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:574. [PMID: 31143194 PMCID: PMC6521567 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The vesicle trafficking inhibitor Brefeldin A (BFA) changes the localization of plasma membrane localized PINs, proteins that function as polar auxin efflux carriers, by inducing their accumulation within cells. Pretreatment with the synthetic auxin 1-NAA reduces this BFA-induced PIN internalization, suggesting that auxinic compounds inhibit the endocytosis of PIN proteins. However, the most important natural auxin, IAA, did not substantially inhibit PIN internalization unless a supplementary antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), was also included in the incubation medium. We asked whether the relatively small inhibition caused by IAA alone could be explained by its instability in the incubation solution or whether IAA might interact with BHT to inhibit endocytosis. Analysis of the IAA concentration in the incubation solution and of DR5 reporter activity in the roots showed that IAA is both stable and active in the medium. Therefore, IAA degradation was not able to explain the inability of IAA to inhibit endocytosis. Furthermore, when applied in the absence of auxin, BHT caused a strong increase in the rate of PIN1 internalization and a weaker increase in the rate of PIN2 internalization. These increases were unaffected by the simultaneous application of IAA, further indicating that endocytosis is not inhibited by the natural auxin IAA under physiologically relevant conditions. Endocytosis was inhibited at the same rate with 2-NAA, an inactive auxin analog, as was observed with 1-NAA and more strongly than with natural auxins, supporting the idea that this inhibition is not auxin specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Paponov
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Food Production and Society, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Ivan A. Paponov,
| | - Tatyana Friz
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vadym Budnyk
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - William Teale
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Wüst
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Paponov
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II/Botany, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Klaus Palme,
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20
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Vilasboa J, Da Costa CT, Fett-Neto AG. Rooting of eucalypt cuttings as a problem-solving oriented model in plant biology. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 146:85-97. [PMID: 30557533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Species of Eucalyptus are some of the most planted trees in the world, providing fiber, cellulose, energy, and wood for construction and furniture in renewable fashion, with the added advantage of fixing large amounts of atmospheric carbon. The efficiency of eucalypts in forestry relies mostly on the clonal propagation of selected genotypes both as pure species and interspecific hybrids. The formation of new roots from cambium tissues at the base of cuttings, referred to as adventitious rooting (AR), is essential for accomplishing clonal propagation successfully. AR is a highly complex, multi-level regulated developmental process, affected by a number of endogenous and environmental factors. In several cases, highly desirable genotypes from an industrial point of view carry along the undesirable trait of difficulty-to-root (recalcitrance). Understanding the bases of this phenotype is needed to identify ways to overcome recalcitrance and allow efficient clonal propagation. Herein, an overview of the state-of-the-art on the basis of AR recalcitrance in eucalypts addressed at various levels of regulation (transcript, protein, metabolite and phenotype), and OMICs techniques is presented. In addition, a focus is also provided on the gaps that need to be filled in order to advance in this strategic biological problem for global forestry industry relying on eucalypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnatan Vilasboa
- Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Cibele Tesser Da Costa
- Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
- Center for Biotechnology and Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), P.O. Box 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
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21
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Glanc M, Fendrych M, Friml J. Mechanistic framework for cell-intrinsic re-establishment of PIN2 polarity after cell division. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:1082-1088. [PMID: 30518833 PMCID: PMC6394824 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity, manifested by the localization of proteins to distinct polar plasma membrane domains, is a key prerequisite of multicellular life. In plants, PIN auxin transporters are prominent polarity markers crucial for a plethora of developmental processes. Cell polarity mechanisms in plants are distinct from other eukaryotes and still largely elusive. In particular, how the cell polarities are propagated and maintained following cell division remains unknown. Plant cytokinesis is orchestrated by the cell plate-a transient centrifugally growing endomembrane compartment ultimately forming the cross wall1. Trafficking of polar membrane proteins is typically redirected to the cell plate, and these will consequently have opposite polarity in at least one of the daughter cells2-5. Here, we provide mechanistic insights into post-cytokinetic re-establishment of cell polarity as manifested by the apical, polar localization of PIN2. We show that the apical domain is defined in a cell-intrinsic manner and that re-establishment of PIN2 localization to this domain requires de novo protein secretion and endocytosis, but not basal-to-apical transcytosis. Furthermore, we identify a PINOID-related kinase WAG1, which phosphorylates PIN2 in vitro6 and is transcriptionally upregulated specifically in dividing cells, as a crucial regulator of post-cytokinetic PIN2 polarity re-establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matouš Glanc
- IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Relative Contribution of PIN-Containing Secretory Vesicles and Plasma Membrane PINs to the Directed Auxin Transport: Theoretical Estimation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113566. [PMID: 30424546 PMCID: PMC6274947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intercellular transport of auxin is driven by PIN-formed (PIN) auxin efflux carriers. PINs are localized at the plasma membrane (PM) and on constitutively recycling endomembrane vesicles. Therefore, PINs can mediate auxin transport either by direct translocation across the PM or by pumping auxin into secretory vesicles (SVs), leading to its secretory release upon fusion with the PM. Which of these two mechanisms dominates is a matter of debate. Here, we addressed the issue with a mathematical modeling approach. We demonstrate that the efficiency of secretory transport depends on SV size, half-life of PINs on the PM, pH, exocytosis frequency and PIN density. 3D structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was used to determine PIN density on the PM. Combining this data with published values of the other parameters, we show that the transport activity of PINs in SVs would have to be at least 1000× greater than on the PM in order to produce a comparable macroscopic auxin transport. If both transport mechanisms operated simultaneously and PINs were equally active on SVs and PM, the contribution of secretion to the total auxin flux would be negligible. In conclusion, while secretory vesicle-mediated transport of auxin is an intriguing and theoretically possible model, it is unlikely to be a major mechanism of auxin transport in planta.
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23
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Advances in Understanding the Mechanism of Action of the Auxin Permease AUX1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113391. [PMID: 30380696 PMCID: PMC6275028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In over 40 years of research on the cellular uptake of auxin it is somewhat chastening that we have elaborated so little on the original kinetic descriptions of auxin uptake by plant cells made by Rubery and Sheldrake in 1974. Every aspect of that seminal work has been investigated in detail, and the uptake activity they measured is now known to be attributed to the AUX1/LAX family of permeases. Recent pharmacological studies have defined the substrate specificity of AUX1, biochemical studies have evaluated its permeability to auxin in plant cell membranes, and rigourous kinetic studies have confirmed the affinity of AUX1 for IAA and synthetic auxins. Advances in genome sequencing have provided a rich resource for informatic analysis of the ancestry of AUX1 and the LAX proteins and, along with models of topology, suggest mechanistic links to families of eukaryotic proton co-transporters for which crystal structures have been presented. The insights gained from all the accumulated research reflect the brilliance of Rubery and Sheldrake’s early work, but recent biochemical analyses are starting to advance further our understanding of this vitally important family of auxin transport proteins.
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24
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Li W, Li H, Xu P, Xie Z, Ye Y, Li L, Li D, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhao Y. Identification of Auxin Activity Like 1, a chemical with weak functions in auxin signaling pathway. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:275-287. [PMID: 30311174 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic auxin AAL1 with new structure was identified. Different from known auxins, it has weak effects. By AAL1, we found specific amino acids could restore the effects of auxin with similar structure. Auxin, one of the most important phytohormones, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development and environmental response. Although many critical regulators have been identified in auxin signaling pathway, some factors, especially those with weak fine-tuning roles, are still yet to be discovered. Through chemical genetic screenings, we identified a small molecule, Auxin Activity Like 1 (AAL1), which can effectively inhibit dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Genetic screening identified AAL1 resistant mutants are also hyposensitive to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). AAL1 resistant mutants such as shy2-3c and ecr1-2 are well characterized as mutants in auxin signaling pathway. Genetic studies showed that AAL1 functions through auxin receptor Transport Inhibitor Response1 (TIR1) and its functions depend on auxin influx and efflux carriers. Compared with known auxins, AAL1 exhibits relatively weak effects on plant growth, with 20 µM and 50 µM IC50 (half growth inhibition chemical concentration) in root and hypocotyl growth respectively. Interestingly, we found the inhibitory effects of AAL1 and IAA could be partially restored by tyrosine and tryptophan respectively, suggesting some amino acids can also affect auxin signaling pathway in a moderate manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AAL1 acts through auxin signaling pathway, and AAL1, as a weak auxin activity analog, provides us a tool to study weak genetic interactions in auxin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haimin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yajin Ye
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingting Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Deqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 68 Wenchang Road, Yunnan, 650000, China.
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Torii KU, Hagihara S, Uchida N, Takahashi K. Harnessing synthetic chemistry to probe and hijack auxin signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:417-424. [PMID: 30088268 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 417 I. Introduction 417 II. Auxin analogs 1: Plant growth regulators 418 III. Auxin analogs 2: Molecular genetics and chemical biology 418 IV. Auxin analogs 3: Structure-guided chemical design 418 V. Auxin analogs 4: Synthetic orthogonal auxin-TIR1 pair 420 VI. Conclusions and future perspectives 422 Acknowledgements 422 References 423 SUMMARY: Plant biologists have been fascinated by auxin - a small chemical hormone so simple in structure yet so powerful - which regulates virtually every aspect of plant growth, development and behavior. Synthetic chemistry has played a major role in unraveling the physiological effects of auxin and the application of synthetic analogs has had a dramatic effect on tissue culture, horticulture and the agriculture of economically relevant plant species. Chemical genetics of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, has helped to elucidate the nuclear auxin signaling pathway mediated by the receptor, TIR1, and opened the door to structure-guided, rational designs of auxin agonists and antagonists. Further improvement and tuning of such analogs has been achieved through derivatization and screening. Finally, by harnessing synthetic chemistry and receptor engineering, an orthogonal auxin-TIR1 pair has been created and developed, enabling spatiotemporal control of auxin perception and response. This synergism of chemistry, biology and engineering sparks new ideas and directions to delineate, uncover and manipulate auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko U Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shinya Hagihara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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26
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Goggin DE, Kaur P, Owen MJ, Powles SB. 2,4-D and dicamba resistance mechanisms in wild radish: subtle, complex and population specific? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:627-640. [PMID: 29893784 PMCID: PMC6153477 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is increasing in weed populations worldwide, which is of concern given the recent introduction of synthetic auxin-resistant transgenic crops. Due to the complex mode of action of the auxinic herbicides, the mechanisms of evolved resistance remain largely uncharacterized. The aims of this study were to assess the level of diversity in resistance mechanisms in 11 populations of the problem weed Raphanus raphanistrum, and to use a high-throughput, whole-genome transcriptomic analysis on one resistant and one susceptible population to identify important changes in gene expression in response to 2,4-D. METHODS Levels of 2,4-D and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) resistance were quantified in a dose-response study and the populations were further screened for auxin selectivity, 2,4-D translocation and metabolism, expression of key 2,4-D-responsive genes and activation of the mitogen-activated proein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Potential links between resistance levels and mechanisms were assessed using correlation analysis. KEY RESULTS The transcriptomic study revealed early deployment of the plant defence response in the 2,4-D-treated resistant population, and there was a corresponding positive relationship between auxinic herbicide resistance and constitutive MAPK phosphorylation across all populations. Populations with shoot-wide translocation of 2,4-D had similar resistance levels to those with restricted translocation, suggesting that reduced translocation may not be as strong a resistance mechanism as originally thought. Differences in auxin selectivity between populations point to the likelihood of different resistance-conferring alterations in auxin signalling and/or perception in the different populations. CONCLUSIONS 2,4-D resistance in wild radish appears to result from subtly different auxin signalling alterations in different populations, supplemented by an enhanced defence response and, in some cases, reduced 2,4-D translocation. This study highlights the dangers of applying knowledge generated from a few populations of a weed species to the species as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica E Goggin
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Mechelle J Owen
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Stephen B Powles
- Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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27
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Quareshy M, Prusinska J, Kieffer M, Fukui K, Pardal AJ, Lehmann S, Schafer P, del Genio CI, Kepinski S, Hayashi K, Marsh A, Napier RM. The Tetrazole Analogue of the Auxin Indole-3-acetic Acid Binds Preferentially to TIR1 and Not AFB5. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2585-2594. [PMID: 30138566 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (auxin) is considered one of the cardinal hormones in plant growth and development. It regulates a wide range of processes throughout the plant. Synthetic auxins exploit the auxin-signaling pathway and are valuable as herbicidal agrochemicals. Currently, despite a diversity of chemical scaffolds all synthetic auxins have a carboxylic acid as the active core group. By applying bio-isosteric replacement we discovered that indole-3-tetrazole was active by surface plasmon resonance spectrometry, showing that the tetrazole could initiate assembly of the Transport Inhibitor Resistant 1 (TIR1) auxin coreceptor complex. We then tested the tetrazole's efficacy in a range of whole plant physiological assays and in protoplast reporter assays, which all confirmed auxin activity, albeit rather weak. We then tested indole-3-tetrazole against the AFB5 homologue of TIR1, finding that binding was selective against TIR1, absent with AFB5. The kinetics of binding to TIR1 are contrasted to those for the herbicide picloram, which shows the opposite receptor preference, as it binds to AFB5 with far greater affinity than to TIR1. The basis of the preference of indole-3-tetrazole for TIR1 was revealed to be a single residue substitution using molecular docking, and assays using tir1 and afb5 mutant lines confirmed selectivity in vivo. Given the potential that a TIR1-selective auxin might have for unmasking receptor-specific actions, we followed a rational design, lead optimization campaign, and a set of chlorinated indole-3-tetrazoles was synthesized. Improved affinity for TIR1 and the preference for binding to TIR1 was maintained for 4- and 6-chloroindole-3-tetrazoles, coupled with improved efficacy in vivo. This work expands the range of auxin chemistry for the design of receptor-selective synthetic auxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Kieffer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Kosuke Fukui
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | | | - Silke Lehmann
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick Schafer
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Stefan Kepinski
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Kenichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama-shi Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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28
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Zhang W, Lu LY, Hu LY, Cao W, Sun K, Sun QB, Siddikee A, Shi RH, Dai CC. Evidence for the Involvement of Auxin, Ethylene and ROS Signaling During Primary Root Inhibition of Arabidopsis by the Allelochemical Benzoic Acid. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1889-1904. [PMID: 29893960 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is mediated by plant-derived secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) which are released by donor plants and affect the growth and development of receptor plants. The plant root is the first organ which senses soil allelochemicals this results in the production of a shorter primary root. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. Here, we report that a model allelochemical benzoic acid (BA) inhibited primary root elongation of Arabidopsis seedlings by reducing the sizes of both the meristem and elongation zones, and that auxin signaling affected this process. An increase in auxin level in the root tips was associated with increased expression of auxin biosynthesis genes and auxin polar transporter AUX1 and PIN2 genes under BA stress. Mutant analyses demonstrated that AUX1 and PIN2 rather than PIN1 were required for the inhibition of primary root elongation during BA exposure. Furthermore, BA stimulated ethylene evolution, whereas blocking BA-induced ethylene signaling with an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor (Co2+), an ethylene perception antagonist (1-methylcyclopropene) or ethylene signaling mutant lines etr1-3 and ein3eil1 compromised BA-mediated inhibition of root elongation and up-regulation of auxin biosynthesis-related genes together with AUX1 and PIN2, indicating that ethylene signal was involved in auxin-mediated inhibition of primary root elongation during BA stress. Further analysis revealed that the BA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst contributed to BA-mediated root growth inhibition without affecting auxin and ethylene signals. Taken together, our results reveal that the allelochemical BA inhibits root elongation by increasing auxin accumulation via stimulation of auxin biosynthesis and AUX1/PIN2-mediated auxin transport via stimulation of ethylene production and an auxin/ethylene-independent ROS burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Ying Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Yan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi-Biao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ashaduzzaman Siddikee
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Run-Han Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
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29
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Jiang K, Asami T. Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1265-1300. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1462693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Fukui K, Hayashi KI. Manipulation and Sensing of Auxin Metabolism, Transport and Signaling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1500-1510. [PMID: 29668988 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is involved in virtually every aspect of plant growth and development. A chemical genetic approach has greatly contributed to the identification of important genes in auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling. Molecular genetic technologies and structural information for auxin regulatory components have accelerated the identification and characterization of many novel small molecule modulators in auxin biology. These modulators have been widely utilized to dissect auxin responses. Here we provide an overview of the structure, primary target, in planta activity and application of small molecule modulators in auxin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Fukui
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City, Japan
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31
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Hoyerova K, Hosek P, Quareshy M, Li J, Klima P, Kubes M, Yemm AA, Neve P, Tripathi A, Bennett MJ, Napier RM. Auxin molecular field maps define AUX1 selectivity: many auxin herbicides are not substrates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1625-1639. [PMID: 29265374 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Developmental responses to auxin are regulated by facilitated uptake and efflux, but detailed molecular understanding of the carrier proteins is incomplete. We have used pharmacological tools to explore the chemical space that defines substrate preferences for the auxin uptake carrier AUX1. Total and partial loss-of-function aux1 mutants were assessed against wild-type for dose-dependent resistance to a range of auxins and analogues. We then developed an auxin accumulation assay with associated mathematical modelling to enumerate accurate IC50 values for a small library of auxin analogues. The structure activity relationship data were analysed using molecular field analyses to create a pharmacophoric atlas of AUX1 substrates. The uptake carrier exhibits a very high level of selectivity towards small substrates including the natural indole-3-acetic acid, and the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. No AUX1 activity was observed for herbicides based on benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridinyloxyacetic acid (triclopyr) or the 6-arylpicolinates (halauxifen), and very low affinity was found for picolinic acid-based auxins (picloram) and quinolinecarboxylic acids (quinclorac). The atlas demonstrates why some widely used auxin herbicides are not, or are very poor substrates. We list molecular descriptors for AUX1 substrates and discuss our findings in terms of herbicide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Hoyerova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hosek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mussa Quareshy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Crop Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Petr Klima
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubes
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 241/27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Antony A Yemm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Paul Neve
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant Sciences Division and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Richard M Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Ma Q, Grones P, Robert S. Auxin signaling: a big question to be addressed by small molecules. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:313-328. [PMID: 29237069 PMCID: PMC5853230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Providing a mechanistic understanding of the crucial roles of the phytohormone auxin has been an important and coherent aspect of plant biology research. Since its discovery more than a century ago, prominent advances have been made in the understanding of auxin action, ranging from metabolism and transport to cellular and transcriptional responses. However, there is a long road ahead before a thorough understanding of its complex effects is achieved, because a lot of key information is still missing. The availability of an increasing number of technically advanced scientific tools has boosted the basic discoveries in auxin biology. A plethora of bioactive small molecules, consisting of the synthetic auxin-like herbicides and the more specific auxin-related compounds, developed as a result of the exploration of chemical space by chemical biology, have made the tool box for auxin research more comprehensive. This review mainly focuses on the compounds targeting the auxin co-receptor complex, demonstrates the various ways to use them, and shows clear examples of important basic knowledge obtained by their usage. Application of these precise chemical tools, together with an increasing amount of structural information for the major components in auxin action, will certainly aid in strengthening our insights into the complexity and diversity of auxin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
| | - Peter Grones
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden
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33
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Thelander M, Landberg K, Sundberg E. Auxin-mediated developmental control in the moss Physcomitrella patens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:277-290. [PMID: 28992074 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The signalling molecule auxin regulates many fundamental aspects of growth and development in plants. We review and discuss what is known about auxin-regulated development in mosses, with special emphasis on the model species Physcomitrella patens. It is well established that mosses and other early diverging plants produce and respond to auxin. By sequencing the P. patens genome, it became clear that it encodes many core proteins important for auxin homeostasis, perception, and signalling, which have also been identified in flowering plants. This suggests that the auxin molecular network was present in the last common ancestor of flowering plants and mosses. Despite fundamental differences in their life cycles, key processes such as organ initiation and outgrowth, branching, tropic responses, as well as cell differentiation, division, and expansion appear to be regulated by auxin in the two lineages. This knowledge paves the way for studies aimed at a better understanding of the origin and evolution of auxin function and how auxin may have contributed to the evolution of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Thelander
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Landberg
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Sundberg
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, The Linnean Centre for Plant Biology in Uppsala, Sweden
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34
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Pařízková B, Pernisová M, Novák O. What Has Been Seen Cannot Be Unseen-Detecting Auxin In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122736. [PMID: 29258197 PMCID: PMC5751337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxins mediate various processes that are involved in plant growth and development in response to specific environmental conditions. Its proper spatio-temporal distribution that is driven by polar auxin transport machinery plays a crucial role in the wide range of auxins physiological effects. Numbers of approaches have been developed to either directly or indirectly monitor auxin distribution in vivo in order to elucidate the basis of its precise regulation. Herein, we provide an updated list of valuable techniques used for monitoring auxins in plants, with their utilities and limitations. Because the spatial and temporal resolutions of the presented approaches are different, their combination may provide a comprehensive outcome of auxin distribution in diverse developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Pařízková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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35
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Mravec J, Kračun SK, Zemlyanskaya E, Rydahl MG, Guo X, Pičmanová M, Sørensen KK, Růžička K, Willats WGT. Click chemistry-based tracking reveals putative cell wall-located auxin binding sites in expanding cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15988. [PMID: 29167548 PMCID: PMC5700113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key plant regulatory molecule, which acts upon a plethora of cellular processes, including those related to cell differentiation and elongation. Despite the stunning progress in all disciplines of auxin research, the mechanisms of auxin-mediated rapid promotion of cell expansion and underlying rearrangement of cell wall components are poorly understood. This is partly due to the limitations of current methodologies for probing auxin. Here we describe a click chemistry-based approach, using an azido derivative of indole-3-propionic acid. This compound is as an active auxin analogue, which can be tagged in situ. Using this new tool, we demonstrate the existence of putative auxin binding sites in the cell walls of expanding/elongating cells. These binding sites are of protein nature but are distinct from those provided by the extensively studied AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1). Using immunohistochemistry, we have shown the apoplastic presence of endogenous auxin epitopes recognised by an anti-IAA antibody. Our results are intriguingly in line with previous observations suggesting some transcription-independent (non-genomic) activity of auxin in cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark.
| | - Stjepan K Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | | | - Maja G Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark
| | - Kamil Růžička
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague, Czechia
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg-C, Denmark.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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36
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Genome-wide analysis and transcriptomic profiling of the auxin biosynthesis, transport and signaling family genes in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:870. [PMID: 29132316 PMCID: PMC5683460 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auxin is essential for plant growth and development. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding auxin pathways in model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice, little is known in moso bamboo which is famous for its fast growth resulting from the rapid cell elongation and division. Results Here we showed that exogenous auxin has strong effects on crown and primary roots. Genes involved in auxin action, including 13 YUCCA (YUC) genes involved in auxin synthesis, 14 PIN-FORMED/PIN-like (PIN/PILS) and 7 AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX1/LAX) members involved in auxin transport, 10 auxin receptors (AFB) involved in auxin perception, 43 auxin/indole-3-aceticacid (AUX/IAA) genes, and 41 auxin response factors (ARF) involved in auxin signaling were identified through genome-wide analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of these genes from Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa and bamboo revealed that auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling pathways are conserved in these species. A comprehensive study of auxin-responsive genes using RNA sequencing technology was performed, and the results also supported that moso bamboo shared a conserved regulatory mechanism for the expression of auxin pathway genes; meanwhile it harbors its own specific properties. Conclusions In summary, we generated an overview of the auxin pathway in bamboo, which provides information for uncovering the precise roles of auxin pathway in this important species in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4250-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Manzo-Valencia MK, Valdés-Santiago L, Sánchez-Segura L, Guzmán-de-Peña DL. Naphthalene Acetic Acid Potassium Salt (NAA-K +) Affects Conidial Germination, Sporulation, Mycelial Growth, Cell Surface Morphology, and Viability of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radici-lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense in Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8315-8323. [PMID: 27754669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The response to exogenous addition of naphthalene acetic acid potassium salt (NAA-K+) to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp radici-lycopersici ATCC 60095 and F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense isolated from Michoacan Mexico soil is reported. The in vitro study showed that NAA-K+ might be effective in the control of Fusarium oxysporum. Exogenous application of NAA-K+ affected both spores and mycelium stages of the fungi. Viability testing using acridine orange and propidium iodide showed that NAA-K+ possesses fungal killing properties, doing it effectively in the destruction of conidia of this phytopathogenic fungi. Analysis of treated spores by scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the shape factor and fractal dimension. Moreover, NAA-K+ repressed the expression of brlA and fluG genes. The results disclosed here give evidence of the use of this synthetic growth factor as a substance of biocontrol that presents advantages, and the methods of application in situ should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Karina Manzo-Valencia
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-IPN , Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato Guanajuato, México
| | - Laura Valdés-Santiago
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-IPN , Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato Guanajuato, México
| | - Lino Sánchez-Segura
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-IPN , Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato Guanajuato, México
| | - Dora Linda Guzmán-de-Peña
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica and ‡Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-IPN , Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Irapuato-León, 36821, Irapuato Guanajuato, México
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38
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Klíma P, Laňková M, Zažímalová E. Inhibitors of plant hormone transport. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1391-1404. [PMID: 26494150 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we present an overview of what is known about endogenous plant compounds that act as inhibitors of hormonal transport processes in plants, about their identity and mechanism of action. We have also summarized commonly and less commonly used compounds of non-plant origin and synthetic drugs that show at least partial 'specificity' to transport or transporters of particular phytohormones. Our main attention is focused on the inhibitors of auxin transport. The urgent need to understand precisely the molecular mechanism of action of these inhibitors is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klíma
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Laňková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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39
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Doyle SM, Vain T, Robert S. Small molecules unravel complex interplay between auxin biology and endomembrane trafficking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4971-82. [PMID: 25911743 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of controlled auxin gradients within plant tissues are essential for a multitude of developmental processes. Auxin gradient formation is co-ordinated via local biosynthesis and transport. Cell to cell auxin transport is facilitated and precisely regulated by complex endomembrane trafficking mechanisms that target auxin carrier proteins to their final destinations. In turn, auxin and cross-talk with other phytohormones regulate the endomembrane trafficking of auxin carriers. Dissecting such rapid and complicated processes is challenging for classical genetic experiments due to trafficking pathway diversity, gene functional redundancy, and lethality in loss-of-function mutants. Many of these difficulties can be bypassed via the use of small molecules to modify or disrupt the function or localization of proteins. Here, we will review examples of the knowledge acquired by the use of such chemical tools in this field, outlining the advantages afforded by chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Vain
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
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40
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Bouguyon E, Brun F, Meynard D, Kubeš M, Pervent M, Leran S, Lacombe B, Krouk G, Guiderdoni E, Zažímalová E, Hoyerová K, Nacry P, Gojon A. Multiple mechanisms of nitrate sensing by Arabidopsis nitrate transceptor NRT1.1. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15015. [PMID: 27246882 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis the plasma membrane nitrate transceptor (transporter/receptor) NRT1.1 governs many physiological and developmental responses to nitrate. Alongside facilitating nitrate uptake, NRT1.1 regulates the expression levels of many nitrate assimilation pathway genes, modulates root system architecture, relieves seed dormancy and protects plants from ammonium toxicity. Here, we assess the functional and phenotypic consequences of point mutations in two key residues of NRT1.1 (P492 and T101). We show that the point mutations differentially affect several of the NRT1.1-dependent responses to nitrate, namely the repression of lateral root development at low nitrate concentrations, and the short-term upregulation of the nitrate-uptake gene NRT2.1, and its longer-term downregulation, at high nitrate concentrations. We also show that these mutations have differential effects on genome-wide gene expression. Our findings indicate that NRT1.1 activates four separate signalling mechanisms, which have independent structural bases in the protein. In particular, we present evidence to suggest that the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of NRT1.1 at T101 have distinct signalling functions, and that the nitrate-dependent regulation of root development depends on the phosphorylated form. Our findings add to the evidence that NRT1.1 is able to trigger independent signalling pathways in Arabidopsis in response to different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bouguyon
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - F Brun
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - D Meynard
- Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes, CIRAD/INRA/SupAgro-M, Montpellier, France
| | - M Kubeš
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová 263, Prague 6 - Lysolaje 16502, Czech Republic
| | - M Pervent
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - S Leran
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - B Lacombe
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - G Krouk
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - E Guiderdoni
- Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes, CIRAD/INRA/SupAgro-M, Montpellier, France
| | - E Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová 263, Prague 6 - Lysolaje 16502, Czech Republic
| | - K Hoyerová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rozvojová 263, Prague 6 - Lysolaje 16502, Czech Republic
| | - P Nacry
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM, Montpellier 34060, France
| | - A Gojon
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS/INRA/SupAgro-M/UM, Montpellier 34060, France
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41
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Kerchev P, Mühlenbock P, Denecker J, Morreel K, Hoeberichts FA, Van Der Kelen K, Vandorpe M, Nguyen L, Audenaert D, Van Breusegem F. Activation of auxin signalling counteracts photorespiratory H2O2-dependent cell death. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:253-265. [PMID: 26317137 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The high metabolic flux through photorespiration constitutes a significant part of the carbon cycle. Although the major enzymatic steps of the photorespiratory pathway are well characterized, little information is available on the functional significance of photorespiration beyond carbon recycling. Particularly important in this respect is the peroxisomal catalase activity which removes photorespiratory H2O2 generated during the oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate, thus maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis governing the perception, integration and execution of stress responses. By performing a chemical screen, we identified 34 small molecules that alleviate the negative effects of photorespiration in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking photorespiratory catalase (cat2). The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter photosystem II maximum efficiency (Fv′/Fm′) was used as a high-throughput readout. The most potent chemical that could rescue the photorespiratory phenotype of cat2 is a pro-auxin that contains a synthetic auxin-like substructure belonging to the phenoxy herbicide family, which can be released in planta. The naturally occurring indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and other chemically distinct synthetic auxins also inhibited the photorespiratory-dependent cell death in cat2 mutants, implying a role for auxin signalling in stress tolerance.
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42
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Inhibition of cell expansion by rapid ABP1-mediated auxin effect on microtubules. Nature 2014; 516:90-3. [PMID: 25409144 PMCID: PMC4257754 DOI: 10.1038/nature13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prominent and evolutionarily ancient role of the plant hormone auxin is the regulation of cell expansion. Cell expansion requires ordered arrangement of the cytoskeleton but molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation by signalling molecules including auxin are unknown. Here we show in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that in elongating cells exogenous application of auxin or redistribution of endogenous auxin induces very rapid microtubule re-orientation from transverse to longitudinal, coherent with the inhibition of cell expansion. This fast auxin effect requires auxin binding protein 1 (ABP1) and involves a contribution of downstream signalling components such as ROP6 GTPase, ROP-interactive protein RIC1 and the microtubule-severing protein katanin. These components are required for rapid auxin- and ABP1-mediated re-orientation of microtubules to regulate cell elongation in roots and dark-grown hypocotyls as well as asymmetric growth during gravitropic responses.
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43
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Ma Q, Robert S. Auxin biology revealed by small molecules. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:25-42. [PMID: 24252105 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin regulates virtually every aspect of plant growth and development and unraveling its molecular and cellular modes of action is fundamental for plant biology research. Chemical genomics is the use of small molecules to modify protein functions. This approach currently rises as a powerful technology for basic research. Small compounds with auxin-like activities or affecting auxin-mediated biological processes have been widely used in auxin research. They can serve as a tool complementary to genetic and genomic methods, facilitating the identification of an array of components modulating auxin metabolism, transport and signaling. The employment of high-throughput screening technologies combined with informatics-based chemical design and organic chemical synthesis has since yielded many novel small molecules with more instantaneous, precise and specific functionalities. By applying those small molecules, novel molecular targets can be isolated to further understand and dissect auxin-related pathways and networks that otherwise are too complex to be elucidated only by gene-based methods. Here, we will review examples of recently characterized molecules used in auxin research, highlight the strategies of unraveling the mechanisms of these small molecules and discuss future perspectives of small molecule applications in auxin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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44
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Lee S, Sundaram S, Armitage L, Evans JP, Hawkes T, Kepinski S, Ferro N, Napier RM. Defining binding efficiency and specificity of auxins for SCF(TIR1/AFB)-Aux/IAA co-receptor complex formation. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:673-82. [PMID: 24313839 PMCID: PMC3964829 DOI: 10.1021/cb400618m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Structure–activity
profiles for the phytohormone auxin have
been collected for over 70 years, and a number of synthetic auxins
are used in agriculture. Auxin classification schemes and binding
models followed from understanding auxin structures. However, all
of the data came from whole plant bioassays, meaning the output was
the integral of many different processes. The discovery of Transport
Inhibitor-Response 1 (TIR1) and the Auxin F-Box (AFB) proteins as
sites of auxin perception and the role of auxin as molecular glue
in the assembly of co-receptor complexes has allowed the development
of a definitive quantitative structure–activity relationship
for TIR1 and AFB5. Factorial analysis of binding activities offered
two uncorrelated factors associated with binding efficiency and binding
selectivity. The six maximum-likelihood estimators of Efficiency are
changes in the overlap matrixes, inferring that Efficiency is related
to the volume of the electronic system. Using the subset of compounds
that bound strongly, chemometric analyses based on quantum chemical
calculations and similarity and self-similarity indices yielded three
classes of Specificity that relate to differential binding. Specificity
may not be defined by any one specific atom or position and is influenced
by coulomb matrixes, suggesting that it is driven by electrostatic
forces. These analyses give the first receptor-specific classification
of auxins and indicate that AFB5 is the preferred site for a number
of auxinic herbicides by allowing interactions with analogues having
van der Waals surfaces larger than that of indole-3-acetic acid. The
quality factors are also examined in terms of long-standing models
for the mechanism of auxin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lee
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire CV35 9EF, U.K
| | - Shanthy Sundaram
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire CV35 9EF, U.K
- Centre
for Biotechnology, Nehru Science Complex, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lynne Armitage
- Centre
for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - John P. Evans
- Jealott’s
Hill Intl Research Centre, Syngenta, Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Tim Hawkes
- Jealott’s
Hill Intl Research Centre, Syngenta, Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Stefan Kepinski
- Centre
for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Noel Ferro
- Mulliken
Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Wegelerstr. 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Richard M. Napier
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwickshire CV35 9EF, U.K
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45
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Seifertová D, Skůpa P, Rychtář J, Laňková M, Pařezová M, Dobrev PI, Hoyerová K, Petrášek J, Zažímalová E. Characterization of transmembrane auxin transport in Arabidopsis suspension-cultured cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:429-37. [PMID: 24594395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport is a crucial process for control and coordination of plant development. Studies of auxin transport through plant tissues and organs showed that auxin is transported by a combination of phloem flow and the active, carrier-mediated cell-to-cell transport. Since plant organs and even tissues are too complex for determination of the kinetics of carrier-mediated auxin uptake and efflux on the cellular level, simplified models of cell suspension cultures are often used, and several tobacco cell lines have been established for auxin transport assays. However, there are very few data available on the specificity and kinetics of auxin transport across the plasma membrane for Arabidopsis thaliana suspension-cultured cells. In this report, the characteristics of carrier-mediated uptake (influx) and efflux for the native auxin indole-3-acetic acid and synthetic auxins, naphthalene-1-acetic and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acids (NAA and 2,4-D, respectively) in A. thaliana ecotype Landsberg erecta suspension-cultured cells (LE line) are provided. By auxin competition assays and inhibitor treatments, we show that, similarly to tobacco cells, uptake carriers have high affinity towards 2,4-D and that NAA is a good tool for studies of auxin efflux in LE cells. In contrast to tobacco cells, metabolic profiling showed that only a small proportion of NAA is metabolized in LE cells. These results show that the LE cell line is a useful experimental system for measurements of kinetics of auxin carriers on the cellular level that is complementary to tobacco cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Seifertová
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Skůpa
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 130 Petty Building, NC 27403, USA.
| | - Martina Laňková
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Pařezová
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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47
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Rigal A, Ma Q, Robert S. Unraveling plant hormone signaling through the use of small molecules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:373. [PMID: 25126092 PMCID: PMC4115670 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have acquired the capacity to grow continuously and adjust their morphology in response to endogenous and external signals, leading to a high architectural plasticity. The dynamic and differential distribution of phytohormones is an essential factor in these developmental changes. Phytohormone perception is a fast but complex process modulating specific developmental reprogramming. In recent years, chemical genomics or the use of small molecules to modulate target protein function has emerged as a powerful strategy to study complex biological processes in plants such as hormone signaling. Small molecules can be applied in a conditional, dose-dependent and reversible manner, with the advantage of circumventing the limitations of lethality and functional redundancy inherent to traditional mutant screens. High-throughput screening of diverse chemical libraries has led to the identification of bioactive molecules able to induce plant hormone-related phenotypes. Characterization of the cognate targets and pathways of those molecules has allowed the identification of novel regulatory components, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms of plant hormone signaling. An extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of the natural phytohormones, their designed synthetic analogs and newly identified bioactive molecules has led to the determination of the structural requirements essential for their bioactivity. In this review, we will summarize the so far identified small molecules and their structural variants targeting specific phytohormone signaling pathways. We will highlight how the SAR analyses have enabled better interrogation of the molecular mechanisms of phytohormone responses. Finally, we will discuss how labeled/tagged hormone analogs can be exploited, as compelling tools to better understand hormone signaling and transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stéphanie Robert
- *Correspondence: Stéphanie Robert, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden e-mail:
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48
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Pěnčík A, Simonovik B, Petersson SV, Henyková E, Simon S, Greenham K, Zhang Y, Kowalczyk M, Estelle M, Zažímalová E, Novák O, Sandberg G, Ljung K. Regulation of auxin homeostasis and gradients in Arabidopsis roots through the formation of the indole-3-acetic acid catabolite 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3858-70. [PMID: 24163311 PMCID: PMC3877806 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.114421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The native auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is a major regulator of plant growth and development. Its nonuniform distribution between cells and tissues underlies the spatiotemporal coordination of many developmental events and responses to environmental stimuli. The regulation of auxin gradients and the formation of auxin maxima/minima most likely involve the regulation of both metabolic and transport processes. In this article, we have demonstrated that 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid (oxIAA) is a major primary IAA catabolite formed in Arabidopsis thaliana root tissues. OxIAA had little biological activity and was formed rapidly and irreversibly in response to increases in auxin levels. We further showed that there is cell type-specific regulation of oxIAA levels in the Arabidopsis root apex. We propose that oxIAA is an important element in the regulation of output from auxin gradients and, therefore, in the regulation of auxin homeostasis and response mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Pěnčík
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umea, Sweden
| | - Biljana Simonovik
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umea, Sweden
| | - Sara V. Petersson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umea, Sweden
| | - Eva Henyková
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umea, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sibu Simon
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kathleen Greenham
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Yi Zhang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umea, Sweden
| | - Mark Estelle
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Eva Zažímalová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umea, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Göran Sandberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umea, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umea, Sweden
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