1
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Yu J, Khomenko I, Biasioli F, Li M, Varotto C. A Novel Isoprene Synthase from the Monocot Tree Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) Confers Enhanced Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15329. [PMID: 37895009 PMCID: PMC10607627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity to emit isoprene, among other stresses, protects plants from drought, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this trait are only partly understood. The Arecaceae (palms) constitute a very interesting model system to test the involvement of isoprene in enhancing drought tolerance, as their high isoprene emissions may have contributed to make them hyperdominant in neotropical dry forests, characterized by recurrent and extended periods of drought stress. In this study we isolated and functionally characterized a novel isoprene synthase, the gene responsible for isoprene biosynthesis, from Copernicia prunifera, a palm from seasonally dry tropical forests. When overexpressed in the non-emitter Arabidopsis thaliana, CprISPS conferred significant levels of isoprene emission, together with enhanced tolerance to water limitation throughout plant growth and development, from germination to maturity. CprISPS overexpressors displayed higher germination, cotyledon/leaf greening, water usage efficiency, and survival than WT Arabidopsis under various types of water limitation. This increased drought tolerance was accompanied by a marked transcriptional up-regulation of both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent key drought response genes. Taken together, these results demonstrate the capacity of CprISPS to enhance drought tolerance in Arabidopsis and suggest that isoprene emission could have evolved in Arecaceae as an adaptive mechanism against drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Yu
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Food and Nutrition Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (I.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Food and Nutrition Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy; (I.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Mingai Li
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Environment Area, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, 38098 Trento, Italy;
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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2
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Zhou H, Ashworth K, Dodd IC. Exogenous monoterpenes mitigate H2O2-induced lipid damage but do not attenuate photosynthetic decline during water deficit in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5327-5340. [PMID: 37279582 PMCID: PMC10498030 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although monoterpenes are suggested to mediate oxidative status, their role in abiotic stress responses is currently unclear. Here, a foliar spray of monoterpenes increased antioxidant capacity and decreased oxidative stress of Solanum lycopersicum under water deficit stress. The foliar content of monoterpenes increased with spray concentration indicating foliar uptake of exogenous monoterpenes. Exogenous monoterpene application substantially decreased foliar accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde). However, it appears that monoterpenes prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species rather than mitigating subsequent reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Low spray concentration (1.25 mM) proved most effective in decreasing oxidative stress but did not up-regulate the activity of key antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) even though higher (2.5 and 5 mM) spray concentrations did, suggesting a complex role for monoterpenes in mediating antioxidant processes. Furthermore, soil drying caused similar photosynthetic limitations in all plants irrespective of monoterpene treatments, apparently driven by strong reductions in stomatal conductance as photosystem II efficiency only decreased in very dry soil. We suggest that exogenous monoterpenes may mitigate drought-induced oxidative stress by direct quenching and/or up-regulating endogenous antioxidative processes. The protective properties of specific monoterpenes and endogenous antioxidants require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Library Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kirsti Ashworth
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Library Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Ian C Dodd
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Library Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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3
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Pollastri S, Velikova V, Castaldini M, Fineschi S, Ghirardo A, Renaut J, Schnitzler JP, Sergeant K, Winkler JB, Zorzan S, Loreto F. Isoprene-Emitting Tobacco Plants Are Less Affected by Moderate Water Deficit under Future Climate Change Scenario and Show Adjustments of Stress-Related Proteins in Actual Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:333. [PMID: 36679046 PMCID: PMC9862500 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene-emitting plants are better protected against thermal and oxidative stresses, which is a desirable trait in a climate-changing (drier and warmer) world. Here we compared the ecophysiological performances of transgenic isoprene-emitting and wild-type non-emitting tobacco plants during water stress and after re-watering in actual environmental conditions (400 ppm of CO2 and 28 °C of average daily temperature) and in a future climate scenario (600 ppm of CO2 and 32 °C of average daily temperature). Furthermore, we intended to complement the present knowledge on the mechanisms involved in isoprene-induced resistance to water deficit stress by examining the proteome of transgenic isoprene-emitting and wild-type non-emitting tobacco plants during water stress and after re-watering in actual climate. Isoprene emitters maintained higher photosynthesis and electron transport rates under moderate stress in future climate conditions. However, physiological resistance to water stress in the isoprene-emitting plants was not as marked as expected in actual climate conditions, perhaps because the stress developed rapidly. In actual climate, isoprene emission capacity affected the tobacco proteomic profile, in particular by upregulating proteins associated with stress protection. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that isoprene biosynthesis is related to metabolic changes at the gene and protein levels involved in the activation of general stress defensive mechanisms of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maurizio Castaldini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Cascine del Riccio, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Institute of Heritage Science-CNR (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Renaut
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Zorzan
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Naples, Italy
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4
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Docherty EM, Gloor E, Sponchiado D, Gilpin M, Pinto CAD, Junior HM, Coughlin I, Ferreira L, Junior JAS, da Costa ACL, Meir P, Galbraith D. Long-term drought effects on the thermal sensitivity of Amazon forest trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:185-198. [PMID: 36230004 PMCID: PMC10092618 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The continued functioning of tropical forests under climate change depends on their resilience to drought and heat. However, there is little understanding of how tropical forests will respond to combinations of these stresses, and no field studies to date have explicitly evaluated whether sustained drought alters sensitivity to temperature. We measured the temperature response of net photosynthesis, foliar respiration and the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv /Fm ) of eight hyper-dominant Amazonian tree species at the world's longest-running tropical forest drought experiment, to investigate the effect of drought on forest thermal sensitivity. Despite a 0.6°C-2°C increase in canopy air temperatures following long-term drought, no change in overall thermal sensitivity of net photosynthesis or respiration was observed. However, photosystem II tolerance to extreme-heat damage (T50 ) was reduced from 50.0 ± 0.3°C to 48.5 ± 0.3°C under drought. Our results suggest that long-term reductions in precipitation, as projected across much of Amazonia by climate models, are unlikely to greatly alter the response of tropical forests to rising mean temperatures but may increase the risk of leaf thermal damage during heatwaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Docherty
- Department of Earth and Environment, School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Emanuel Gloor
- Department of Earth and Environment, School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Daniela Sponchiado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Ecologia VegetalUniversidade do Estado de Mato GrossoNova XavantinaMato GrossoBrasil
| | - Martin Gilpin
- Department of Earth and Environment, School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | | | - Ingrid Coughlin
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRPUniversidade de São PauloRibeirao PretoSão PauloBrasil
- College of Science, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritorAustralia
| | | | | | - Antonio C. L. da Costa
- Instituto de GeosciênciasUniversidade Federaldo ParáBelémParáBrasil
- Museu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelémParáBrasil
| | - Patrick Meir
- College of Science, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritorAustralia
- College of Science and Engineering, School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - David Galbraith
- Department of Earth and Environment, School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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5
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Gourlay G, Hawkins BJ, Albert A, Schnitzler JP, Peter Constabel C. Condensed tannins as antioxidants that protect poplar against oxidative stress from drought and UV-B. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:362-377. [PMID: 34873714 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs, proanthocyanidins) are widespread polymeric flavan-3-ols known for their ability to bind proteins. In poplar (Populus spp.), leaf condensed tannins are induced by both biotic and abiotic stresses, suggesting diverse biological functions. Here we demonstrate the ability of CTs to function as physiological antioxidants, preventing oxidative and cellular damage in response to drought and UV-B irradiation. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to monitor photosystem II performance, and both hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content was assayed as a measure of oxidative damage. Transgenic MYB-overexpressing poplar (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) with high CT content showed reduced photosystem damage and lower hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content after drought and UV-B stress. This antioxidant effect of CT was observed using two different poplar MYB CT regulators, in multiple independent lines and different genetic backgrounds. Additionally, low-CT MYB134-RNAi transgenic poplars showed enhanced susceptibility to drought-induced oxidative stress. UV-B radiation had different impacts than drought on chlorophyll fluorescence, but all high-CT poplar lines displayed reduced sensitivity to both stresses. Our data indicate that CTs are significant defences against oxidative stress. The broad distribution of CTs in forest systems that are exposed to diverse abiotic stresses suggests that these compounds have wider functional roles than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Gourlay
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Barbara J Hawkins
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andreas Albert
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Yang W, Cao J, Wu Y, Kong F, Li L. Review on plant terpenoid emissions worldwide and in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147454. [PMID: 34000546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly terpenoids, can significantly drive the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere, as well as directly or indirectly affect global climate change. Understanding their emission mechanisms and the current progress in emission measurements and estimations are essential for the accurate determination of emission characteristics, as well as for evaluating their roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This review summarizes the mechanisms of terpenoid synthesis and release, biotic and abiotic factors affecting their emissions, development of emission observation techniques, and emission estimations from hundreds of published papers. We provide a review of the main observations and estimations in China, which contributes a significant proportion to the total global BVOC emissions. The review suggests the need for further research on the comprehensive effects of environmental factors on terpenoid emissions, especially soil moisture and nitrogen content, which should be quantified in emission models to improve the accuracy of estimation. In China, it is necessary to conduct more accurate measurements for local plants in different regions using the dynamic enclosure technique to establish an accurate local emission rate database for dominant tree species. This will help improve the accuracy of both national and global emission inventories. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of terpenoid emissions as well as prospects for detailed research to accurately describe terpenoid emission characteristics worldwide and in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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7
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Li M, Xu J, Lyu F, Khomenko I, Biasioli F, Villani M, Baldan B, Varotto C. Evolution of isoprene emission in Arecaceae (palms). Evol Appl 2021; 14:902-914. [PMID: 33897811 PMCID: PMC8061277 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprene synthase (IspS) is the sole enzyme in plants responsible for the yearly emission in the atmosphere of thousands of tonnes of the natural hydrocarbon isoprene worldwide. Species of the monocotyledonous family Arecaceae (palms) are among the highest plant emitters, but to date no IspS gene from this family has been identified. Here, we screened with PTR-ToF-MS 18 genera of the Arecaceae for isoprene emission and found that the majority of the sampled species emits isoprene. Putative IspS genes from six different genera were sequenced and three of them were functionally characterized by heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana, demonstrating that they encode functional IspS genes. Site-directed mutagenesis and expression in Arabidopsis demonstrated the functional relevance of a novel IspS diagnostic tetrad from Arecaceae, whose most variable amino acids could not preserve catalytic function when substituted by a putatively dicotyledonous-specific tetrad. In particular, mutation of threonine 479 likely impairs the open-closed transition of the enzyme by altering the network of hydrogen bonds between helices H1α, H, and I. These results shed new light on the evolution of IspS in monocots, suggesting that isoprene emission is an ancestral trait within the Arecaceae family. The identification of IspS from Arecaceae provides promising novel enzymes for the production of isoprene in heterologous systems and allows the screening and selection of commercially relevant palm varieties with lower environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingai Li
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Fuling Lyu
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North ChinaChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | | | - Barbara Baldan
- Botanical Garden of PadovaUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
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8
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Leaf isoprene emission as a trait that mediates the growth-defense tradeoff in the face of climate stress. Oecologia 2021; 197:885-902. [PMID: 33420520 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant isoprene emissions are known to contribute to abiotic stress tolerance, especially during episodes of high temperature and drought, and during cellular oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown that genetic transformations to add or remove isoprene emissions cause a cascade of cellular modifications that include known signaling pathways, and interact to remodel adaptive growth-defense tradeoffs. The most compelling evidence for isoprene signaling is found in the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways, which produce salicylic acid, alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanins, flavonols and other flavonoids; all of which have roles in stress tolerance and plant defense. Isoprene also influences key gene expression patterns in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, and the jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid and cytokinin signaling networks that have important roles in controlling inducible defense responses and influencing plant growth and development, particularly following defoliation. In this synthesis paper, using past studies of transgenic poplar, tobacco and Arabidopsis, we present the evidence for isoprene acting as a metabolite that coordinates aspects of cellular signaling, resulting in enhanced chemical defense during periods of climate stress, while minimizing costs to growth. This perspective represents a major shift in our thinking away from direct effects of isoprene, for example, by changing membrane properties or quenching ROS, to indirect effects, through changes in gene expression and protein abundances. Recognition of isoprene's role in the growth-defense tradeoff provides new perspectives on evolution of the trait, its contribution to plant adaptation and resilience, and the ecological niches in which it is most effective.
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9
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Sun Z, Shen Y, Niinemets Ü. Responses of isoprene emission and photochemical efficiency to severe drought combined with prolonged hot weather in hybrid Populus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7364-7381. [PMID: 32996573 PMCID: PMC7906789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene emissions have been considered as a protective response of plants to heat stress, but there is limited information of how prolonged heat spells affect isoprene emission capacity, particularly under the drought conditions that often accompany hot weather. Under combined long-term stresses, presence of isoprene emission could contribute to the maintenance of the precursor pool for rapid synthesis of essential isoprenoids to repair damaged components of leaf photosynthetic apparatus. We studied changes in leaf isoprene emission rate, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activities in two hybrid Populus clones, Nanlin 1388 (relatively high drought tolerance) and Nanlin 895 (relatively high thermotolerance) that were subjected to long-term (30 d) soil water stress (25% versus 90% soil field capacity) combined with a natural heat spell (day-time temperatures of 35-40 °C) that affected both control and water-stressed plants. Unexpectedly, isoprene emissions from both the clones were similar and the overall effects of drought on the emission characteristics were initially minor; however, treatment effects and clonal differences increased with time. In particular, the isoprene emission rate only increased slightly in the Nanlin 895 control plants after 15 d of treatment, whereas it decreased by more than 5-fold in all treatment × clone combinations after 30 d. The reduction in isoprene emission rate was associated with a decrease in the pool size of the isoprene precursor dimethylallyl diphosphate in all cases at 30 d after the start of treatment. Net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, the openness of PSII centers, and the effective quantum yield all decreased, and non-photochemical quenching and catalase activity increased in both control and water-stressed plants. Contrary to the hypothesis of protection of leaf photosynthetic apparatus by isoprene, the data collectively indicated that prolonged stress affected isoprene emissions more strongly than leaf photosynthetic characteristics. This primarily reflected the depletion of isoprene precursor pools under long-term severe stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Sun
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang A&F University State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Shen
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu, Tallinn, Estonia
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10
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Xu J, Trainotti L, Li M, Varotto C. Overexpression of Isoprene Synthase Affects ABA- and Drought-Related Gene Expression and Enhances Tolerance to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4276. [PMID: 32560078 PMCID: PMC7352718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant single biogenic volatile compound emitted by plants. Despite the relevance of this molecule to plant abiotic resistance and its impact on global atmospheric chemistry, little is known about the details of its mechanism of action. Here, we characterized through both physiological and molecular methods the mechanisms of action of isoprene using model transgenic arabidopsis lines overexpressing a monocot isoprene synthase gene. Our results demonstrated the effect that isoprene had on ABA signaling at different tissue-specific, spatial, and temporal scales. In particular, we found that isoprene enhanced stomatal sensitivity to ABA through upregulation of RD29B signaling gene. By contrast, isoprene decreased sensitivity to ABA in germinating seeds and roots, suggesting tissue-specific mechanisms of action. In leaves, isoprene caused the downregulation of COR15A and P5CS genes, suggesting that the enhanced tolerance to water-deprivation stress observed in isoprene-emitting plants may be mediated chiefly by an enhanced membrane integrity and tolerance to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy;
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, viale Giuseppe Colombo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Livio Trainotti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, viale Giuseppe Colombo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mingai Li
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy;
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy;
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11
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Ormeño E, Viros J, Mévy JP, Tonetto A, Saunier A, Bousquet-Mélou A, Fernandez C. Exogenous Isoprene Confers Physiological Benefits in a Negligible Isoprene Emitter ( Acer monspessulanum L. ) Under Water Deficit. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020159. [PMID: 32012939 PMCID: PMC7076702 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene, the main volatile released by plants, is known to protect the photosynthetic apparatus in isoprene emitters submitted to oxidative pressures caused by environmental constraints. Whether ambient isoprene contributes to protect negligible plant emitters under abiotic stress conditions is less clear, and no study has tested if ambient isoprene is beneficial during drought periods in plant species that naturally release negligible isoprene emissions. This study examines the effect of exogenous isoprene (20 ppbv) on net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and production of H2O2 (a reactive oxygen species: ROS) in leaves of Acer monspessulanum (a negligible isoprene emitter) submitted to three watering treatments (optimal, moderate water stress and severe water stress). Results showed that A. monspessulanum exhibited a net photosynthesis increase (+30%) and a relative leaf H2O2 decrease when saplings were exposed to an enriched isoprene atmosphere compared to isoprene-free conditions under moderate water deficit. Such physiological improvement under isoprene exposure was not observed under optimal watering or severe water stress. These findings suggest that when negligible isoprene emitters are surrounded by a very high concentration of isoprene in the ambient air, some plant protection mechanism occurs under moderate water deficit probably related to protection against ROS damage eventually impeding photosynthesis drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ormeño
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, IRD, IMBE, 13331 Marseille, France; (J.V.); (J.-P.M.); (A.B.-M.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-413-55-12-26
| | - Justine Viros
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, IRD, IMBE, 13331 Marseille, France; (J.V.); (J.-P.M.); (A.B.-M.); (C.F.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Mévy
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, IRD, IMBE, 13331 Marseille, France; (J.V.); (J.-P.M.); (A.B.-M.); (C.F.)
| | - Alain Tonetto
- Platform of analytical and technological research and imaging, FR1739, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13003 Marseille, France;
| | - Amélie Saunier
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Anne Bousquet-Mélou
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, IRD, IMBE, 13331 Marseille, France; (J.V.); (J.-P.M.); (A.B.-M.); (C.F.)
| | - Catherine Fernandez
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, IRD, IMBE, 13331 Marseille, France; (J.V.); (J.-P.M.); (A.B.-M.); (C.F.)
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High productivity in hybrid-poplar plantations without isoprene emission to the atmosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1596-1605. [PMID: 31907313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912327117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid-poplar tree plantations provide a source for biofuel and biomass, but they also increase forest isoprene emissions. The consequences of increased isoprene emissions include higher rates of tropospheric ozone production, increases in the lifetime of methane, and increases in atmospheric aerosol production, all of which affect the global energy budget and/or lead to the degradation of air quality. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to suppress isoprene emission, we show that this trait, which is thought to be required for the tolerance of abiotic stress, is not required for high rates of photosynthesis and woody biomass production in the agroforest plantation environment, even in areas with high levels of climatic stress. Biomass production over 4 y in plantations in Arizona and Oregon was similar among genetic lines that emitted or did not emit significant amounts of isoprene. Lines that had substantially reduced isoprene emission rates also showed decreases in flavonol pigments, which reduce oxidative damage during extremes of abiotic stress, a pattern that would be expected to amplify metabolic dysfunction in the absence of isoprene production in stress-prone climate regimes. However, compensatory increases in the expression of other proteomic components, especially those associated with the production of protective compounds, such as carotenoids and terpenoids, and the fact that most biomass is produced prior to the hottest and driest part of the growing season explain the observed pattern of high biomass production with low isoprene emission. Our results show that it is possible to reduce the deleterious influences of isoprene on the atmosphere, while sustaining woody biomass production in temperate agroforest plantations.
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Lantz AT, Allman J, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Isoprene: New insights into the control of emission and mediation of stress tolerance by gene expression. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2808-2826. [PMID: 31350912 PMCID: PMC6788959 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a volatile compound produced in large amounts by some, but not all, plants by the enzyme isoprene synthase. Plants emit vast quantities of isoprene, with a net global output of 600 Tg per year, and typical emission rates from individual plants around 2% of net carbon assimilation. There is significant debate about whether global climate change resulting from increasing CO2 in the atmosphere will increase or decrease global isoprene emission in the future. We show evidence supporting predictions of increased isoprene emission in the future, but the effects could vary depending on the environment under consideration. For many years, isoprene was believed to have immediate, physical effects on plants such as changing membrane properties or quenching reactive oxygen species. Although observations sometimes supported these hypotheses, the effects were not always observed, and the reasons for the variability were not apparent. Although there may be some physical effects, recent studies show that isoprene has significant effects on gene expression, the proteome, and the metabolome of both emitting and nonemitting species. Consistent results are seen across species and specific treatment protocols. This review summarizes recent findings on the role and control of isoprene emission from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T. Lantz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joshua Allman
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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14
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Junker-Frohn LV, Kleiber A, Jansen K, Gessler A, Kreuzwieser J, Ensminger I. Differences in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways between coastal and interior Douglas-fir seedlings in response to drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1750-1766. [PMID: 31287896 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved energy dissipation pathways to reduce photooxidative damage under drought when photosynthesis is hampered. Non-volatile and volatile isoprenoids are involved in non-photochemical quenching of excess light energy and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. A better understanding of trees' ability to cope with and withstand drought stress will contribute to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged drought periods expected under future climate conditions. Therefore we investigated if Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)) provenances from habitats with contrasting water availability reveal intraspecific variation in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways. In a controlled drought experiment with 1-year-old seedlings of an interior and a coastal Douglas-fir provenance, we assessed the photosynthetic capacity, pool sizes of non-volatile isoprenoids associated with the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as pool sizes and emission of volatile isoprenoids. We observed variation in the amount and composition of non-volatile and volatile isoprenoids among provenances, which could be linked to variation in photosynthetic capacity under drought. The coastal provenance exhibited an enhanced biosynthesis and emission of volatile isoprenoids, which is likely sustained by generally higher assimilation rates under drought. In contrast, the interior provenance showed an enhanced photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus by generally higher amounts of non-volatile isoprenoids and increased amounts of xanthophyll cycle pigments under drought. Our results demonstrate that there is intraspecific variation in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways among Douglas-fir provenances, which may be important traits when selecting provenances suitable to grow under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Verena Junker-Frohn
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anita Kleiber
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Taylor TC, Smith MN, Slot M, Feeley KJ. The capacity to emit isoprene differentiates the photosynthetic temperature responses of tropical plant species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2448-2457. [PMID: 30993708 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental research shows that isoprene emission by plants can improve photosynthetic performance at high temperatures. But whether species that emit isoprene have higher thermal limits than non-emitting species remains largely untested. Tropical plants are adapted to narrow temperature ranges and global warming could result in significant ecosystem restructuring due to small variations in species' thermal tolerances. We compared photosynthetic temperature responses of 26 co-occurring tropical tree and liana species to test whether isoprene-emitting species are more tolerant to high temperatures. We classified species as isoprene emitters versus non-emitters based on published datasets. Maximum temperatures for net photosynthesis were ~1.8°C higher for isoprene-emitting species than for non-emitters, and thermal response curves were 24% wider; differences in optimum temperatures (Topt ) or photosynthetic rates at Topt were not significant. Modelling the carbon cost of isoprene emission, we show that even strong emission rates cause little reduction in the net carbon assimilation advantage over non-emitters at supraoptimal temperatures. Isoprene emissions may alleviate biochemical limitations, which together with stomatal conductance, co-limit photosynthesis above Topt . Our findings provide evidence that isoprene emission may be an adaptation to warmer thermal niches, and that emitting species may fare better under global warming than co-occurring non-emitting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Kenneth J Feeley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
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Chen J, Bi H, Yu X, Fu Y, Liao W. Influence of physiological and environmental factors on the diurnal variation in emissions of biogenic volatile compounds from Pinus tabuliformis. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 81:102-118. [PMID: 30975314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) have a large influence on atmospheric environmental quality, climate change and the carbon cycle. This study assesses the composition and diurnal variation in emission rates of BVOCs from Pinus tabuliformis, using an enclosure technique. Environmental parameters (temperature and light intensity) and physiological parameters (net photosynthetic rate, Pn; stomatal conductance, gs; intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci; and transpiration rate, Tr) that may affect emission behavior were continuously monitored. The 10 most abundant compound groups emitted by P. tabuliformis were classified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dominant monoterpenoid compounds emitted were α-pinene, β-myrcene, α-farnesene and limonene. The diurnal emission rate of BVOCs changed with temperature and light intensity, with dynamic analysis of BVOCs emissions revealing that their emission rates were more affected by temperature than light. The variation in monoterpene emission rates was consistent with estimates of Pn, gs and Tr. Basal emission rates (at 30 °C,) of the main BVOCs ranged from 0.006 to 0.273 μg -1/(hr g), while the basal ER standardization coefficients ranged from 0.049 to 0.144 °C-1. Overall, these results provide a detailed reference for the effective selection and configuration of tree species to effectively prevent and control atmospheric pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Chen
- College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huaxing Bi
- College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Ji County Station, Chinese National Ecosystem Research Network (CNERN), Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center of Forestry Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement With Forestry and Fruit Trees, 102206 Beijing, China.
| | - Xinxiao Yu
- College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanlin Fu
- College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenchao Liao
- Beijing Water Consulting Co., LTD, 100048 Beijing, China
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17
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Guo L, Guo D, Yin W, Hou X. Tolerance strategies revealed in tree peony ( Paeonia suffruticosa; Paeoniaceae) ecotypes differentially adapted to desiccation. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2018; 6:e01191. [PMID: 30386716 PMCID: PMC6201725 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa; Paeoniaceae) is well known for its ornamental value, edible oil, and medicinal properties. However, its growing area has been limited by drought that has been exacerbated by global climate change. METHODS Gene expression profiles of a drought-tolerant cultivar and a drought-sensitive cultivar during dehydration and rehydration were investigated by transcriptome analysis. Expression patterns of unigenes related to drought and recovery response and unrelated to either cultivar were classified by hierarchical clustering and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS A total of 81,725 unigenes with a mean length of 762 nucleotides that may play roles in drought response were identified. Unigenes were characterized as being involved in lipid transport metabolism, proline metabolism, and photosynthesis. In addition, plant hormone signaling pathway genes were also characterized as potentially being involved in drought response. Expression patterns of the 20 drought-responsive unigenes verified by qPCR showed a differential expression pattern under either the drought or recovery treatment. DISCUSSION This is the first report to identify and verify unigenes of tree peonies with differing water sensitivity during dehydration and rehydration. This study offers a valuable resource for candidate genes involved in drought and provides insight into the breeding of drought-resistant tree peony cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guo
- College of AgricultureHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang471023People's Republic of China
| | - Dalong Guo
- College of ForestryHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang471023People's Republic of China
| | - Weilun Yin
- College of Biological Sciences and TechnologyBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogai Hou
- College of AgricultureHenan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang471023People's Republic of China
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18
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Taylor TC, McMahon SM, Smith MN, Boyle B, Violle C, van Haren J, Simova I, Meir P, Ferreira LV, de Camargo PB, da Costa ACL, Enquist BJ, Saleska SR. Isoprene emission structures tropical tree biogeography and community assembly responses to climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:435-446. [PMID: 29974469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The prediction of vegetation responses to climate requires a knowledge of how climate-sensitive plant traits mediate not only the responses of individual plants, but also shifts in the species and functional compositions of whole communities. The emission of isoprene gas - a trait shared by one-third of tree species - is known to protect leaf biochemistry under climatic stress. Here, we test the hypothesis that isoprene emission shapes tree species compositions in tropical forests by enhancing the tolerance of emitting trees to heat and drought. Using forest inventory data, we estimated the proportional abundance of isoprene-emitting trees (pIE) at 103 lowland tropical sites. We also quantified the temporal composition shifts in three tropical forests - two natural and one artificial - subjected to either anomalous warming or drought. Across the landscape, pIE increased with site mean annual temperature, but decreased with dry season length. Through time, pIE strongly increased under high temperatures, and moderately increased following drought. Our analysis shows that isoprene emission is a key plant trait determining species responses to climate. For species adapted to seasonal dry periods, isoprene emission may tradeoff with alternative strategies, such as leaf deciduousness. Community selection for isoprene-emitting species is a potential mechanism for enhanced forest resilience to climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21307, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Hardner & Gullison Associates, LLC, 15 Woodland Drive, Amherst, NH, 03031, USA
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (UMR 5175), CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Road, Oracle, AZ, 85623, USA
| | - Irena Simova
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Praha, 11636, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Leandro V Ferreira
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Plinio B de Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, 13400-970, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C L da Costa
- Centro de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66017-970, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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19
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The impact of a changing atmosphere on chloroplast function, photosynthesis, yield, and food security. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:1-11. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A convergence of global factors is adding to the difficulties of securing a sustainable supply of food and feed to support the increasing global population. The positive impact of the rise in atmospheric CO2 on photosynthesis is more than offset by the increase in average global temperatures accompanying the change in atmospheric composition. This article provides a brief overview of how these adverse events affect some of the critical molecular processes of the chloroplast and by extension how this impacts the yields of the major crops. Although the tools are available to introduce genetic elements in most crops that will mitigate these adverse factors, the time needed to validate and optimize these traits can be extensive. There is a major concern that at the current rate of change to atmospheric composition and the accompanying rise in temperature the benefits of these traits may be rendered less effective soon after their introduction.
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20
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Marino G, Brunetti C, Tattini M, Romano A, Biasioli F, Tognetti R, Loreto F, Ferrini F, Centritto M. Dissecting the role of isoprene and stress-related hormones (ABA and ethylene) in Populus nigra exposed to unequal root zone water stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1637-1647. [PMID: 28981861 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is synthesized through the 2-C-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway that also produces abscisic acid (ABA). Increases in foliar free ABA concentration during drought induce stomatal closure and may also alter ethylene biosynthesis. We hypothesized a role of isoprene biosynthesis in protecting plants challenged by increasing water deficit, by influencing ABA production and ethylene evolution. We performed a split-root experiment on Populus nigra L. subjected to three water treatments: well-watered (WW) plants with both root sectors kept at pot capacity, plants with both root compartments allowed to dry for 5 days (DD) and plants with one-half of the roots irrigated to pot capacity, while the other half did not receive water (WD). WD and WW plants were similar in photosynthesis, water relations, foliar ABA concentration and isoprene emission, whereas these parameters were significantly affected in DD plants: leaf isoprene emission increased despite the fact that photosynthesis declined by 85% and the ABA-glucoside/free ABA ratio decreased significantly. Enhanced isoprene biosynthesis in water-stressed poplars may have contributed to sustaining leaf ABA biosynthesis by keeping the MEP pathway active. However, this enhancement in ABA was accompanied by no change in ethylene biosynthesis, likely confirming the antagonistic role between ABA and ethylene. These results may indicate a potential cross-talk among isoprene, ABA and ethylene under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marino
- Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Andrea Romano
- Dipartimento Qualità Alimentare e Nutrizione, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Dipartimento Qualità Alimentare e Nutrizione, Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche (IS), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Firenze Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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21
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Fini A, Brunetti C, Loreto F, Centritto M, Ferrini F, Tattini M. Isoprene Responses and Functions in Plants Challenged by Environmental Pressures Associated to Climate Change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1281. [PMID: 28798754 PMCID: PMC5526906 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The functional reasons for isoprene emission are still a matter of hot debate. It was hypothesized that isoprene biosynthesis evolved as an ancestral mechanism in plants adapted to high water availability, to cope with transient and recurrent oxidative stresses during their water-to-land transition. There is a tight association between isoprene emission and species hygrophily, suggesting that isoprene emission may be a favorable trait to cope with occasional exposure to stresses in mesic environments. The suite of morpho-anatomical traits does not allow a conservative water use in hygrophilic mesophytes challenged by the environmental pressures imposed or exacerbated by drought and heat stress. There is evidence that in stressed plants the biosynthesis of isoprene is uncoupled from photosynthesis. Because the biosynthesis of isoprene is costly, the great investment of carbon and energy into isoprene must have relevant functional reasons. Isoprene is effective in preserving the integrity of thylakoid membranes, not only through direct interaction with their lipid acyl chains, but also by up-regulating proteins associated with photosynthetic complexes and enhancing the biosynthesis of relevant membrane components, such as mono- and di-galactosyl-diacyl glycerols and unsaturated fatty acids. Isoprene may additionally protect photosynthetic membranes by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Here we explore the mode of actions and the potential significance of isoprene in the response of hygrophilic plants when challenged by severe stress conditions associated to rapid climate change in temperate climates, with special emphasis to the concomitant effect of drought and heat. We suggest that isoprene emission may be not a good estimate for its biosynthesis and concentration in severely droughted leaves, being the internal concentration of isoprene the important trait for stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of MilanMilan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Trees and Timber InstituteSesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Trees and Timber InstituteSesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionSesto Fiorentino, Italy
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22
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Ahrar M, Doneva D, Tattini M, Brunetti C, Gori A, Rodeghiero M, Wohlfahrt G, Biasioli F, Varotto C, Loreto F, Velikova V. Phenotypic differences determine drought stress responses in ecotypes of Arundo donax adapted to different environments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2439-2451. [PMID: 28449129 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Arundo donax has been identified as an important biomass and biofuel crop. Yet, there has been little research on photosynthetic and metabolic traits, which sustain the high productivity of A. donax under drought conditions. This study determined phenotypic differences between two A. donax ecotypes coming from stands with contrasting adaptation to dry climate. We hypothesized that the Bulgarian (BG) ecotype, adapted to drier conditions, exhibits greater drought tolerance than the Italian (IT) ecotype, adapted to a more mesic environment. Under well-watered conditions the BG ecotype was characterized by higher photosynthesis, mesophyll conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency, PSII efficiency, isoprene emission rate and carotenoids, whereas the IT ecotype showed higher levels of hydroxycinnamates. Photosynthesis of water-stressed plants was mainly limited by diffusional resistance to CO2 in BG, and by biochemistry in IT. Recovery of photosynthesis was more rapid and complete in BG than in IT, which may indicate better stability of the photosynthetic apparatus associated to enhanced induction of volatile and non-volatile isoprenoids and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This study shows that a large phenotypic plasticity among A. donax ecotypes exists, and may be exploited to compensate for the low genetic variability of this species when selecting plant productivity in constrained environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastaneh Ahrar
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dilyana Doneva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Trees and Timber Institute, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirco Rodeghiero
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Volatile Compound Facility, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, Rome, Italy
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Junker LV, Kleiber A, Jansen K, Wildhagen H, Hess M, Kayler Z, Kammerer B, Schnitzler JP, Kreuzwieser J, Gessler A, Ensminger I. Variation in short-term and long-term responses of photosynthesis and isoprenoid-mediated photoprotection to soil water availability in four Douglas-fir provenances. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40145. [PMID: 28071755 PMCID: PMC5223217 DOI: 10.1038/srep40145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For long-lived forest tree species, the understanding of intraspecific variation among populations and their response to water availability can reveal their ability to cope with and adapt to climate change. Dissipation of excess excitation energy, mediated by photoprotective isoprenoids, is an important defense mechanism against drought and high light when photosynthesis is hampered. We used 50-year-old Douglas-fir trees of four provenances at two common garden experiments to characterize provenance-specific variation in photosynthesis and photoprotective mechanisms mediated by essential and non-essential isoprenoids in response to soil water availability and solar radiation. All provenances revealed uniform photoprotective responses to high solar radiation, including increased de-epoxidation of photoprotective xanthophyll cycle pigments and enhanced emission of volatile monoterpenes. In contrast, we observed differences between provenances in response to drought, where provenances sustaining higher CO2 assimilation rates also revealed increased water-use efficiency, carotenoid-chlorophyll ratios, pools of xanthophyll cycle pigments, β-carotene and stored monoterpenes. Our results demonstrate that local adaptation to contrasting habitats affected chlorophyll-carotenoid ratios, pool sizes of photoprotective xanthophylls, β-carotene, and stored volatile isoprenoids. We conclude that intraspecific variation in isoprenoid-mediated photoprotective mechanisms contributes to the adaptive potential of Douglas-fir provenances to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Verena Junker
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Bio and Geosciences IBG-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anita Kleiber
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalderstr. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Henning Wildhagen
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
- HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen, Faculty of Resource Management, Büsgenweg 1A, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Hess
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zachary Kayler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalderstr. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States of America
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Centre for Biosystems Analysis (ZBSA), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Habsburgerstr. 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalderstr. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
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Kessler A. Introduction to a Virtual Special Issue on plant volatiles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1333-1337. [PMID: 26840247 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Wang Q, Jia M, Huh JH, Muchlinski A, Peters RJ, Tholl D. Identification of a Dolabellane Type Diterpene Synthase and other Root-Expressed Diterpene Synthases in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1761. [PMID: 27933080 PMCID: PMC5122590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana maintains a complex metabolism for the production of secondary or specialized metabolites. Such metabolites include volatile and semivolatile terpenes, which have been associated with direct and indirect defensive activities in flowers and leaves. In comparison, the structural diversity and function of terpenes in Arabidopsis roots has remained largely unexplored despite a substantial number of root-expressed genes in the Arabidopsis terpene synthase (TPS) gene family. We show that five root-expressed TPSs of an expanded subfamily-a type clade in the Arabidopsis TPS family function as class I diterpene synthases that predominantly convert geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to different semi-volatile diterpene products, which are in part detectable at low levels in the ecotypes Columbia (Col) and Cape Verde Island (Cvi). The enzyme TPS20 produces a macrocyclic dolabellane diterpene alcohol and a dolabellane-related diterpene olefin named dolathaliatriene with a so far unknown C6-C11 bicyclic scaffold besides several minor olefin products. The TPS20 compounds occur in all tissues of Cvi but are absent in the Col ecotype because of deletion and substitution mutations in the Col TPS20 sequence. The primary TPS20 diterpene products retard the growth of the root rot pathogen Pythium irregulare but only at concentrations exceeding those in planta. Together, our results demonstrate that divergence and pseudogenization in the Arabidopsis TPS gene family allow for structural plasticity in diterpene profiles of above- and belowground tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | - Meirong Jia
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | | | - Reuben J. Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, USA
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA
- *Correspondence: Dorothea Tholl,
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Tattini M, Loreto F, Fini A, Guidi L, Brunetti C, Velikova V, Gori A, Ferrini F. Isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids are part of the antioxidant defense orchestrated daily by drought-stressed Platanus × acerifolia plants during Mediterranean summers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:613-26. [PMID: 25784134 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids play a prominent role in countering photooxidative stress, following the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activity in plants exposed to severe drought stress under high solar irradiance and high temperatures. Platanus × acerifolia, a high isoprene-emitting species, was drought-stressed during summer (WS) and compared with unstressed controls (WW). Water relations and photosynthetic parameters were measured under mild, moderate, and severe drought stress conditions. Volatile and nonvolatile isoprenoids, antioxidant enzymes, and phenylpropanoids were measured with the same time course, but in four different periods of the day. Drought severely inhibited photosynthesis, whereas it did not markedly affect the photochemical machinery. Isoprene emission and zeaxanthin concentration were higher in WS than in WW leaves, particularly at mild and moderate stresses, and during the hottest hours of the day. The activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase steeply declined during the day, while the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and the concentration of quercetin increased during the day, peaking in the hottest hours in both WW and WS plants. Our experiment reveals a sequence of antioxidants that were used daily by plants to orchestrate defense against oxidative stress induced by drought and associated high light and high temperature. Secondary metabolites seem valuable complements of antioxidant enzymes to counter oxidative stress during the hottest daily hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Tattini
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), I-00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Trees and Timber Institute, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, S. Michele all'Adige (Trento), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Trees and Timber Institute, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Dani KGS, Jamie IM, Prentice IC, Atwell BJ. Increased ratio of electron transport to net assimilation rate supports elevated isoprenoid emission rate in eucalypts under drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1059-72. [PMID: 25139160 PMCID: PMC4213076 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants undergoing heat and low-CO2 stresses emit large amounts of volatile isoprenoids compared with those in stress-free conditions. One hypothesis posits that the balance between reducing power availability and its use in carbon assimilation determines constitutive isoprenoid emission rates in plants and potentially even their maximum emission capacity under brief periods of stress. To test this, we used abiotic stresses to manipulate the availability of reducing power. Specifically, we examined the effects of mild to severe drought on photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR) and net carbon assimilation rate (NAR) and the relationship between estimated energy pools and constitutive volatile isoprenoid emission rates in two species of eucalypts: Eucalyptus occidentalis (drought tolerant) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (drought sensitive). Isoprenoid emission rates were insensitive to mild drought, and the rates increased when the decline in NAR reached a certain species-specific threshold. ETR was sustained under drought and the ETR-NAR ratio increased, driving constitutive isoprenoid emission until severe drought caused carbon limitation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. The estimated residual reducing power unused for carbon assimilation, based on the energetic status model, significantly correlated with constitutive isoprenoid emission rates across gradients of drought (r(2) > 0.8) and photorespiratory stress (r(2) > 0.9). Carbon availability could critically limit emission rates under severe drought and photorespiratory stresses. Under most instances of moderate abiotic stress levels, increased isoprenoid emission rates compete with photorespiration for the residual reducing power not invested in carbon assimilation. A similar mechanism also explains the individual positive effects of low-CO2, heat, and drought stresses on isoprenoid emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidala Ganesha Srikanta Dani
- Department of Biological Sciences (K.G.S.D., I.C.P., B.J.A.) and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences (K.G.S.D., I.M.J.), Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; andGrantham Institute for Climate Change and Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom (I.C.P.)
| | - Ian McLeod Jamie
- Department of Biological Sciences (K.G.S.D., I.C.P., B.J.A.) and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences (K.G.S.D., I.M.J.), Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; andGrantham Institute for Climate Change and Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom (I.C.P.)
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- Department of Biological Sciences (K.G.S.D., I.C.P., B.J.A.) and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences (K.G.S.D., I.M.J.), Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; andGrantham Institute for Climate Change and Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom (I.C.P.)
| | - Brian James Atwell
- Department of Biological Sciences (K.G.S.D., I.C.P., B.J.A.) and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences (K.G.S.D., I.M.J.), Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; andGrantham Institute for Climate Change and Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom (I.C.P.)
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Vickers CE, Bongers M, Liu Q, Delatte T, Bouwmeester H. Metabolic engineering of volatile isoprenoids in plants and microbes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1753-75. [PMID: 24588680 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical properties and diversity of volatile isoprenoids lends them to a broad variety of biological roles. It also lends them to a host of biotechnological applications, both by taking advantage of their natural functions and by using them as industrial chemicals/chemical feedstocks. Natural functions include roles as insect attractants and repellents, abiotic stress protectants in pathogen defense, etc. Industrial applications include use as pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, fuels, fuel additives, etc. Here we will examine the ways in which researchers have so far found to exploit volatile isoprenoids using biotechnology. Production and/or modification of volatiles using metabolic engineering in both plants and microorganisms are reviewed, including engineering through both mevalonate and methylerythritol diphosphate pathways. Recent advances are illustrated using several case studies (herbivores and bodyguards, isoprene, and monoterpene production in microbes). Systems and synthetic biology tools with particular utility for metabolic engineering are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the practical realities of various applications in modern biotechnology, explore possible future applications, and examine the challenges of moving these technologies forward so that they can deliver tangible benefits. While this review focuses on volatile isoprenoids, many of the engineering approaches described here are also applicable to non-isoprenoid volatiles and to non-volatile isoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Tattini M, Velikova V, Vickers C, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Trivellini A, Fineschi S, Agati G, Ferrini F, Loreto F. Isoprene production in transgenic tobacco alters isoprenoid, non-structural carbohydrate and phenylpropanoid metabolism, and protects photosynthesis from drought stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1950-64. [PMID: 24738622 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene strengthens thylakoid membranes and scavenges stress-induced oxidative species. The idea that isoprene production might also influence isoprenoid and phenylpropanoid pathways under stress conditions was tested. We used transgenic tobacco to compare physiological and biochemical traits of isoprene-emitting (IE) and non-emitting (NE) plants exposed to severe drought and subsequent re-watering. Photosynthesis was less affected by drought in IE than in NE plants, and higher rates were also observed in IE than in NE plants recovering from drought. Isoprene emission was stimulated by mild drought. Under severe drought, isoprene emission declined, and levels of non-volatile isoprenoids, specifically de-epoxidated xanthophylls and abscisic acid (ABA), were higher in IE than in NE plants. Soluble sugars and phenylpropanoids were also higher in IE plants. After re-watering, IE plants maintained higher levels of metabolites, but isoprene emission was again higher than in unstressed plants. We suggest that isoprene production in transgenic tobacco triggered different responses, depending upon drought severity. Under drought, the observed trade-off between isoprene and non-volatile isoprenoids suggests that in IE plants isoprene acts as a short-term protectant, whereas non-volatile isoprenoids protect against severe, long-term damage. After drought, it is suggested that the capacity to emit isoprene might up-regulate production of non-volatile isoprenoids and phenylpropanoids, which may further protect IE leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Plant Protection, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Ghirardo A, Wright LP, Bi Z, Rosenkranz M, Pulido P, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Niinemets Ü, Brüggemann N, Gershenzon J, Schnitzler JP. Metabolic flux analysis of plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis in poplar leaves emitting and nonemitting isoprene. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:37-51. [PMID: 24590857 PMCID: PMC4012595 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.236018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is one of the most important pathways in plants and produces a large variety of essential isoprenoids. Its regulation, however, is still not well understood. Using the stable isotope 13C-labeling technique, we analyzed the carbon fluxes through the MEP pathway and into the major plastidic isoprenoid products in isoprene-emitting and transgenic isoprene-nonemitting (NE) gray poplar (Populus×canescens). We assessed the dependence on temperature, light intensity, and atmospheric [CO2]. Isoprene biosynthesis was by far (99%) the main carbon sink of MEP pathway intermediates in mature gray poplar leaves, and its production required severalfold higher carbon fluxes compared with NE leaves with almost zero isoprene emission. To compensate for the much lower demand for carbon, NE leaves drastically reduced the overall carbon flux within the MEP pathway. Feedback inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by accumulated plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate almost completely explained this reduction in carbon flux. Our data demonstrate that short-term biochemical feedback regulation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase activity by plastidic dimethylallyl diphosphate is an important regulatory mechanism of the MEP pathway. Despite being relieved from the large carbon demand of isoprene biosynthesis, NE plants redirected only approximately 0.5% of this saved carbon toward essential nonvolatile isoprenoids, i.e. β-carotene and lutein, most probably to compensate for the absence of isoprene and its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Louwrance Peter Wright
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Zhen Bi
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Pablo Pulido
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Brüggemann
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany (A.G., Z.B., M.R., J.-P.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany (L.P.W., J.G.)
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain (P.P., M.R.-C.)
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia (Ü.N.); and
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences-Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Juelich, Germany (N.B.)
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33
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Velikova V, Ghirardo A, Vanzo E, Merl J, Hauck SM, Schnitzler JP. Genetic Manipulation of Isoprene Emissions in Poplar Plants Remodels the Chloroplast Proteome. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2005-18. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401124z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit, Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit, Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Vanzo
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit, Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Research Unit Protein Science, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Research Unit Protein Science, Ingolstädter
Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz
Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit, Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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