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Mekkaoui F, Ait-El-Mokhtar M, Zaari Jabri N, Amghar I, Essadssi S, Hmyene A. The Use of Compost and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Combination to Improve Tomato Tolerance to Salt Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2225. [PMID: 39204661 PMCID: PMC11359464 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Salinity poses a significant challenge to tomato plant development and metabolism. This study explores the use of biostimulants as eco-friendly strategies to enhance tomato plant tolerance to salinity. Conducted in a greenhouse, the research focuses on the Solanum lycopersicum L. behavior under saline conditions. Tomato seeds were treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), compost, and their combination under both non-saline and saline conditions (0 and 150 mM NaCl). Plant height, number of flowers and fruits, shoot fresh weight, and root dry weight were negatively impacted by salt stress. The supplementation with compost affected the colonization of AMF, but the application of stress had no effect on this trait. However, the use of compost and AMF separately or in combination showed positive effects on the measured parameters. At the physiological level, compost played a beneficial role in increasing photosynthetic efficiency, whether or not plants were subjected to salinity. In addition, the application of these biostimulants led to an increase in nitrogen content in the plants, irrespective of the stress conditions. AMF and compost, applied alone or in combination, showed positive effects on photosynthetic pigment concentrations and protein content. Under salt stress, characterized by an increase in lipid peroxidation and H2O2 content, the application of these biostimulants succeeded in reducing both these parameters in affected plants through exhibiting an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity. In conclusion, incorporating compost, AMF, or their combined application emerges as a promising approach to alleviate the detrimental impacts of salt stress on both plant performances. These findings indicate optimistic possibilities for advancing sustainable and resilient agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Environment, and Agri-Food URAC 36, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques—Mohammedia, Hassan II University, Mohammedia 28806, Morocco; (F.M.); (N.Z.J.); (I.A.); (S.E.); (A.H.)
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2
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Porter SS, Dupin SE, Denison RF, Kiers ET, Sachs JL. Host-imposed control mechanisms in legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Nat Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41564-024-01762-2. [PMID: 39095495 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Legumes are ecologically and economically important plants that contribute to nutrient cycling and agricultural sustainability, features tied to their intimate symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Rhizobia vary dramatically in quality, ranging from highly growth-promoting to non-beneficial; therefore, legumes must optimize their symbiosis with rhizobia through host mechanisms that select for beneficial rhizobia and limit losses to non-beneficial strains. In this Perspective, we examine the considerable scientific progress made in decoding host control over rhizobia, empirically examining both molecular and cellular mechanisms and their effects on rhizobia symbiosis and its benefits. We consider pre-infection controls, which require the production and detection of precise molecular signals by the legume to attract and select for compatible rhizobia strains. We also discuss post-infection mechanisms that leverage the nodule-level and cell-level compartmentalization of symbionts to enable host control over rhizobia development and proliferation in planta. These layers of host control each contribute to legume fitness by directing host resources towards a narrowing subset of more-beneficial rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - Simon E Dupin
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R Ford Denison
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joel L Sachs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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3
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Sun K, Pan YT, Jiang HJ, Xu JY, Ma CY, Zhou J, Liu Y, Shabala S, Zhang W, Dai CC. Root endophyte-mediated alteration in plant H2O2 homeostasis regulates symbiosis outcome and reshapes the rhizosphere microbiota. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3153-3170. [PMID: 38394357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic symbioses between plants and fungi are a dominant feature of many terrestrial ecosystems, yet little is known about the signaling that defines these symbiotic associations. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is recognized as a key signal mediating the plant adaptive response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the role of H2O2 in plant-fungal symbiosis remains elusive. Using a combination of physiological analysis, plant and fungal deletion mutants, and comparative transcriptomics, we reported that various environmental conditions differentially affect the interaction between Arabidopsis and the root endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris, and link this process to alterations in H2O2 levels and H2O2 fluxes across root tips. We found that enhanced H2O2 efflux leading to a moderate increase in H2O2 levels at the plant-fungal interface is required for maintaining plant-fungal symbiosis. Disturbance of plant H2O2 homeostasis compromises the symbiotic ability of plant roots. Moreover, the fungus-regulated H2O2 dynamics modulate the rhizosphere microbiome by selectively enriching for the phylum Cyanobacteria, with strong antioxidant defenses. Our results demonstrated that the regulation of H2O2 dynamics at the plant-fungal interface affects the symbiotic outcome in response to external conditions and highlight the importance of the root endophyte in reshaping the rhizosphere microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi-Tong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Jun Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Yan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen-Yu Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Zhongguancun Xuyue Non-invasive Micro-test Technology Industrial Alliance, Beijing 10080, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 60909, Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Berrabah F, Benaceur F, Yin C, Xin D, Magne K, Garmier M, Gruber V, Ratet P. Defense and senescence interplay in legume nodules. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100888. [PMID: 38532645 PMCID: PMC11009364 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Immunity and senescence play a crucial role in the functioning of the legume symbiotic nodules. The miss-regulation of one of these processes compromises the symbiosis leading to death of the endosymbiont and the arrest of the nodule functioning. The relationship between immunity and senescence has been extensively studied in plant organs where a synergistic response can be observed. However, the interplay between immunity and senescence in the symbiotic organ is poorly discussed in the literature and these phenomena are often mixed up. Recent studies revealed that the cooperation between immunity and senescence is not always observed in the nodule, suggesting complex interactions between these two processes within the symbiotic organ. Here, we discuss recent results on the interplay between immunity and senescence in the nodule and the specificities of this relationship during legume-rhizobium symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathi Berrabah
- Faculty of Sciences, University Amar Telidji, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria; Research Unit of Medicinal Plants (RUMP), National Center of Biotechnology Research, CRBt, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Farouk Benaceur
- Faculty of Sciences, University Amar Telidji, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria; Research Unit of Medicinal Plants (RUMP), National Center of Biotechnology Research, CRBt, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Chaoyan Yin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dawei Xin
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in the Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Kévin Magne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie Garmier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Gruber
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Pascal Ratet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, University of Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Cité, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Pacheco R, Estrada-Navarrete G, Solis-Miranda J, Nava N, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Ortega-Ortega Y, Quinto C. A comprehensive, improved protocol for generating common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) transgenic hairy roots and their use in reverse-genetics studies. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294425. [PMID: 38381734 PMCID: PMC10880956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Generating transgenic hairy roots has been the preferred strategy for molecular studies in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), since generating stable knockout lines in this species is challenging. However, the number of plants producing hairy roots following the original protocol published in 2007 is usually low, which has impeded progress. Since its initial publication, the original protocol has been extensively modified, but these modifications have not been adequately or systematically reported, making it difficult to assess the reproducibility of the method. The protocol presented here is an update and expansion of the original method. Importantly, it includes new, critical steps for generating transgenic hairy roots and using them in molecular analyses based on reverse-genetics approaches. Using this protocol, the expression of two different genes, used as an example, was significantly increased or decreased in approximately 30% of the transformed plants. In addition, the promoter activity of a given gene was observed, and the infection process of rhizobia in transgenic hairy roots was monitored successfully. Thus, this improved protocol can be used to upregulate, downregulate, and perform promoter activity analysis of various genes in common bean transgenic hairy roots as well as to track rhizobia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronal Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Georgina Estrada-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jorge Solis-Miranda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - MA Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Ciencias Básica, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - Yolanda Ortega-Ortega
- Departamento de Biociencias y Agrotecnología, Centro de Investigación Química Aplicada, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Wu F, Zhao M, Zhang Y, Si W, Cheng B, Li X. Systematic analysis of the Rboh gene family in seven gramineous plants and its roles in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:603. [PMID: 38030972 PMCID: PMC10688149 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) gene family produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it plays key roles in plant-microbe interaction. Most Rboh gene family-related studies mainly focused on dicotyledonous plants; however, little is known about the roles of Rboh genes in gramineae. RESULTS A total of 106 Rboh genes were identified in seven gramineae species, including Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa, Setaria italica, Hordeum vulgare, and Triticum aestivum. The Rboh protein sequences showed high similarities, suggesting that they may have conserved functions across different species. Duplication mode analysis detected whole-genome/segmental duplication (WGD)/(SD) and dispersed in the seven species. Interestingly, two local duplication (LD, including tandem and proximal duplication) modes were found in Z. mays, S. italica and H. vulgare, while four LD were detected in T. aestivum, indicating that these genes may have similar functions. Collinearity analysis indicated that Rboh genes are at a stable evolution state in all the seven species. Besides, Rboh genes from Z. mays were closely related to those from S. bicolor, consistent with the current understanding of plant evolutionary history. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genes in the subgroups I and II may participate in plant-AM fungus symbiosis. Cis-element analysis showed that different numbers of elements are related to fungal induction in the promoter region. Expression profiles of Rboh genes in Z. mays suggested that Rboh genes had distinct spatial expression patterns. By inoculation with AM fungi, our transcriptome analysis showed that the expression of Rboh genes varies upon AM fungal inoculation. In particularly, ZmRbohF was significantly upregulated after inoculation with AM fungi. pZmRbohF::GUS expression analyses indicated that ZmRbohF was induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in maize. By comparing WT and ZmRbohF mutant, we found ZmRbohF had limited impact on the establishment of maize-AM fungi symbiosis, but play critical roles in regulating the proper development of arbuscules. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the evolution relationship of Rboh genes in seven gramineae species. Results showed that several Rboh genes regulate maize-AM fungal symbiosis process. This study provides valuable information for further studies of Rboh genes in gramineae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University of China, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Manli Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University of China, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University of China, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Weina Si
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University of China, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University of China, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University of China, Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, China.
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González-Guerrero M, Navarro-Gómez C, Rosa-Núñez E, Echávarri-Erasun C, Imperial J, Escudero V. Forging a symbiosis: transition metal delivery in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2113-2125. [PMID: 37340839 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation carried out by the interaction between legumes and rhizobia is the main source of nitrogen in natural ecosystems and in sustainable agriculture. For the symbiosis to be viable, nutrient exchange between the partners is essential. Transition metals are among the nutrients delivered to the nitrogen-fixing bacteria within the legume root nodule cells. These elements are used as cofactors for many of the enzymes controlling nodule development and function, including nitrogenase, the only known enzyme able to convert N2 into NH3 . In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on how iron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum reach the nodules, how they are delivered to nodule cells, and how they are transferred to nitrogen-fixing bacteria within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Navarro-Gómez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Elena Rosa-Núñez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Carlos Echávarri-Erasun
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Imperial
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
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Lecona AM, Nanjareddy K, Blanco L, Piazza V, Vera-Núñez JA, Lara M, Arthikala MK. CRK12: A Key Player in Regulating the Phaseolus vulgaris- Rhizobium tropici Symbiotic Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11720. [PMID: 37511479 PMCID: PMC10380779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) are a type of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) that are important for pathogen resistance, extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, and programmed cell death in plants. In a previous study, we identified 46 CRK family members in the Phaseolus vulgaris genome and found that CRK12 was highly upregulated under root nodule symbiotic conditions. To better understand the role of CRK12 in the Phaseolus-Rhizobia symbiotic interaction, we functionally characterized this gene by overexpressing (CRK12-OE) and silencing (CRK12-RNAi) it in a P. vulgaris hairy root system. We found that the constitutive expression of CRK12 led to an increase in root hair length and the expression of root hair regulatory genes, while silencing the gene had the opposite effect. During symbiosis, CRK12-RNAi resulted in a significant reduction in nodule numbers, while CRK12-OE roots showed a dramatic increase in rhizobial infection threads and the number of nodules. Nodule cross sections revealed that silenced nodules had very few infected cells, while CRK12-OE nodules had enlarged infected cells, whose numbers had increased compared to controls. As expected, CRK12-RNAi negatively affected nitrogen fixation, while CRK12-OE nodules fixed 1.5 times more nitrogen than controls. Expression levels of genes involved in symbiosis and ROS signaling, as well as nitrogen export genes, supported the nodule phenotypes. Moreover, nodule senescence was prolonged in CRK12-overexpressing roots. Subcellular localization assays showed that the PvCRK12 protein localized to the plasma membrane, and the spatiotemporal expression patterns of the CRK12-promoter::GUS-GFP analysis revealed a symbiosis-specific expression of CRK12 during the early stages of rhizobial infection and in the development of nodules. Our findings suggest that CRK12, a membrane RLK, is a novel regulator of Phaseolus vulgaris-Rhizobium tropici symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino M Lecona
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León 37689, GTO, Mexico
| | - Kalpana Nanjareddy
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León 37689, GTO, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Blanco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, MOR, Mexico
| | - Valeria Piazza
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C., Loma del Bosque 115, León 37150, GTO, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Vera-Núñez
- Departamento Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36821, GTO, Mexico
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62210, MOR, Mexico
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León 37689, GTO, Mexico
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9
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Parra-Aguilar TJ, Sarmiento-López LG, Santana O, Olivares JE, Pascual-Morales E, Jiménez-Jiménez S, Quero-Hostos A, Palacios-Martínez J, Chávez-Martínez AI, Cárdenas L. TETRASPANIN 8-1 from Phaseolus vulgaris plays a key role during mutualistic interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1152493. [PMID: 37465390 PMCID: PMC10352089 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1152493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia form two of the most important plant-microbe associations for the assimilation of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Symbiont-derived signals are able to coordinate the infection process by triggering multiple responses in the plant root, such as calcium influxes and oscillations, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytoskeletal rearrangements and altered gene expression. An examination was made of the role of tetraspanins, which are transmembrane proteins that self-organize into tetraspanin web regions, where they recruit specific proteins into platforms required for signal transduction, membrane fusion, cell trafficking, and ROS generation. In plant cells, tetraspanins are scaffolding proteins associated with root radial patterning, biotic and abiotic stress responses, cell fate determination, plasmodesmata and hormonal regulation. Some plant tetraspanins, such as Arabidopsis thaliana TETRASPANIN 8 and TETRASPANIN 9 (AtTET8 and AtTET9) are associated with exosomes during inter-kingdom communication. In this study, a homolog of AtTET8, PvTET8-1, in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Negro Jamapa) was examined in roots during interactions with Rhizobium tropici and Rhizophagus irregularis. The promoter of PvTET8-1 contained several cis-acting regulatory DNA elements potentially related to mutualistic interactions, and PvTET8-1 was transcriptionally activated during AM fungal and rhizobial associations. Silencing it decreased the size and number of nodules, nitrogen fixation, and mycorrhizal arbuscule formation, whereas overexpressing it increased the size and number of nodules, and mycorrhizal arbuscule formation but decreased nitrogen fixation. PvTET8-1 appears to be an important element in both of these mutualistic interactions, perhaps through its interaction with NADPH oxidase and the generation of ROS during the infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma J. Parra-Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Luis G. Sarmiento-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan Elías Olivares
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Edgar Pascual-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Saul Jiménez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Andrea Quero-Hostos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Janet Palacios-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana I. Chávez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Lepetit M, Brouquisse R. Control of the rhizobium-legume symbiosis by the plant nitrogen demand is tightly integrated at the whole plant level and requires inter-organ systemic signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1114840. [PMID: 36968361 PMCID: PMC10033964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nodules formed on legume roots with rhizobia fix atmospheric N2. Bacteria reduce N2 to NH4 + that is assimilated into amino acids by the plant. In return, the plant provides photosynthates to fuel the symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis is tightly adjusted to the whole plant nutritional demand and to the plant photosynthetic capacities, but regulatory circuits behind this control remain poorly understood. The use of split-root systems combined with biochemical, physiological, metabolomic, transcriptomic, and genetic approaches revealed that multiple pathways are acting in parallel. Systemic signaling mechanisms of the plant N demand are required for the control of nodule organogenesis, mature nodule functioning, and nodule senescence. N-satiety/N-deficit systemic signaling correlates with rapid variations of the nodules' sugar levels, tuning symbiosis by C resources allocation. These mechanisms are responsible for the adjustment of plant symbiotic capacities to the mineral N resources. On the one hand, if mineral N can satisfy the plant N demand, nodule formation is inhibited, and nodule senescence is activated. On the other hand, local conditions (abiotic stresses) may impair symbiotic activity resulting in plant N limitation. In these conditions, systemic signaling may compensate the N deficit by stimulating symbiotic root N foraging. In the past decade, several molecular components of the systemic signaling pathways controlling nodule formation have been identified, but a major challenge remains, that is, to understand their specificity as compared to the mechanisms of non-symbiotic plants that control root development and how they contribute to the whole plant phenotypes. Less is known about the control of mature nodule development and functioning by N and C nutritional status of the plant, but a hypothetical model involving the sucrose allocation to the nodule as a systemic signaling process, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and the redox status as potential effectors of this signaling is emerging. This work highlights the importance of organism integration in plant biology.
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11
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Mukherjee S, Corpas FJ. H 2 O 2 , NO, and H 2 S networks during root development and signalling under physiological and challenging environments: Beneficial or toxic? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:688-717. [PMID: 36583401 PMCID: PMC10108057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a key modulator of the development and architecture of the root system under physiological and adverse environmental conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) also exert myriad functions on plant development and signalling. Accumulating pieces of evidence show that depending upon the dose and mode of applications, NO and H2 S can have synergistic or antagonistic actions in mediating H2 O2 signalling during root development. Thus, H2 O2 -NO-H2 S crosstalk might essentially impart tolerance to elude oxidative stress in roots. Growth and proliferation of root apex involve crucial orchestration of NO and H2 S-mediated ROS signalling which also comprise other components including mitogen-activated protein kinase, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH), and Ca2+ flux. This assessment provides a comprehensive update on the cooperative roles of NO and H2 S in modulating H2 O2 homoeostasis during root development, abiotic stress tolerance, and root-microbe interaction. Furthermore, it also analyses the scopes of some fascinating future investigations associated with strigolactone and karrikins concerning H2 O2 -NO-H2 S crosstalk in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur CollegeUniversity of KalyaniWest BengalIndia
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signalling in PlantsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC)GranadaSpain
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12
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Legumes Regulate Symbiosis with Rhizobia via Their Innate Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032800. [PMID: 36769110 PMCID: PMC9917363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are constantly exposed to a diverse microbiota of pathogens and mutualistic partners. The host's immune system is an essential component for its survival, enabling it to monitor nearby microbes for potential threats and respond with a defence response when required. Current research suggests that the plant immune system has also been employed in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis as a means of monitoring different rhizobia strains and that successful rhizobia have evolved to overcome this system to infect the roots and initiate nodulation. With clear implications for host-specificity, the immune system has the potential to be an important target for engineering versatile crops for effective nodulation in the field. However, current knowledge of the interacting components governing this pathway is limited, and further research is required to build on what is currently known to improve our understanding. This review provides a general overview of the plant immune system's role in nodulation. With a focus on the cycles of microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (MTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), we highlight key molecular players and recent findings while addressing the current knowledge gaps in this area.
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13
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Liu C, Gao Y, Han L, Chu H. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to reactive oxygen species homeostasis of Bombax ceiba L. under drought stress. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:991781. [PMID: 36204632 PMCID: PMC9530913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.991781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the major abiotic factors limiting plant growth and causing ecological degradation. The regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ROS scavenging is essential to plant growth under drought stress. To investigate the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on ROS generation and ROS scavenging ability under drought stress in Bombax ceiba, the ROS content, the expression levels of respiratory burst oxidase homologue (Rbohs), and the antioxidant response were evaluated in AMF and NMF (non-inoculated AMF) plants under drought stress. 14 BcRboh genes were identified in the B. ceiba genome and divided into five subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis. The effect of AMF on the expression profiles of BcRbohs were different under our conditions. AMF mainly downregulated the expression of Rbohs (BcRbohA, BcRbohD, BcRbohDX2, BcRbohE, BcRbohFX1, and BcRbohI) in drought-stressed seedlings. For well-water (WW) treatment, AMF slightly upregulated Rbohs in seedlings. AMF inoculation decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 19.11 and 20.85%, decreased the O2⋅– production rate by 39.69 and 65.20% and decreased H2O2 content by 20.06 and 43.21% compared with non-mycorrhizal (NMF) plants under drought stress in root and shoot, respectively. In addition, AMF inoculation increased the non-enzymatic antioxidants glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) content in roots by 153.52 and 28.18% under drought stress, respectively. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, PX, CAT, APX, GPX, GR, MDAR, and DHAR) all increased ranging from 19.47 - 131.54% due to AMF inoculation under drought stress. In conclusion, these results reveal that AMF inoculation can maintain ROS homeostasis by mitigating drought-induced ROS burst, via decreasing ROS generation and enhancing ROS scavenging ability of B. ceiba seedlings.
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14
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Ji L, Yang X, Qi F. Distinct Responses to Pathogenic and Symbionic Microorganisms: The Role of Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810427. [PMID: 36142339 PMCID: PMC9499406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants must balance both beneficial (symbiotic) and pathogenic challenges from microorganisms, the former benefitting the plant and agriculture and the latter causing disease and economic harm. Plant innate immunity describes a highly conserved set of defense mechanisms that play pivotal roles in sensing immunogenic signals associated with both symbiotic and pathogenic microbes and subsequent downstream activation of signaling effector networks that protect the plant. An intriguing question is how the innate immune system distinguishes “friends” from “foes”. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role and spectrum of innate immunity in recognizing and responding to different microbes. In addition, we also review some of the strategies used by microbes to manipulate plant signaling pathways and thus evade immunity, with emphasis on the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). Furthermore, we discuss potential questions that need addressing to advance the field of plant–microbe interactions.
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15
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Huo H, Zong L, Liu Y, Chen W, Chen J, Wei G. Rhizobial HmuS pSym as a heme-binding factor is required for optimal symbiosis between Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 and Robinia pseudoacacia. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2191-2210. [PMID: 35419804 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing root nodules are formed by symbiotic association of legume hosts with rhizobia in nitrogen-deprived soils. Successful symbiosis is regulated by signals from both legume hosts and their rhizobial partners. HmuS is a heme degrading factor widely distributed in bacteria, but little is known about the role of rhizobial hmuS in symbiosis with legumes. Here, we found that inactivation of hmuSpSym in the symbiotic plasmid of Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 disrupted rhizobial infection, primordium formation, and nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with Robinia pseudoacacia. Although there was no difference in bacteroids differentiation, infected plant cells were shrunken and bacteroids were disintegrated in nodules of plants infected by the ΔhmuSpSym mutant strain. The balance of defence reaction was also impaired in ΔhmuSpSym strain-infected root nodules. hmuSpSym was strongly expressed in the nitrogen-fixation zone of mature nodules. Furthermore, the HmuSpSym protein could bind to heme but not degrade it. Inactivation of hmuSpSym led to significantly decreased expression levels of oxygen-sensing related genes in nodules. In summary, hmuSpSym of M. amorphae CCNWGS0123 plays an essential role in nodule development and maintenance of bacteroid survival within R. pseudoacacia cells, possibly through heme-binding in symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Kitaeva AB, Gorshkov AP, Kusakin PG, Sadovskaya AR, Tsyganova AV, Tsyganov VE. Tubulin Cytoskeleton Organization in Cells of Determinate Nodules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823183. [PMID: 35557719 PMCID: PMC9087740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell differentiation is based on rearrangements of the tubulin cytoskeleton; this is also true for symbiotic nodules. Nevertheless, although for indeterminate nodules (with a long-lasting meristem) the organization of microtubules during nodule development has been studied for various species, for determinate ones (with limited meristem activity) such studies are rare. Here, we investigated bacteroid morphology and dynamics of the tubulin cytoskeleton in determinate nodules of four legume species: Glycine max, Glycine soja, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Lotus japonicus. The most pronounced differentiation of bacteroids was observed in G. soja nodules. In meristematic cells in incipient nodules of all analyzed species, the organization of both cortical and endoplasmic microtubules was similar to that described for meristematic cells of indeterminate nodules. In young infected cells in developing nodules of all four species, cortical microtubules formed irregular patterns (microtubules were criss-crossed) and endoplasmic ones were associated with infection threads and infection droplets. Surprisingly, in uninfected cells the patterns of cortical microtubules differed in nodules of G. max and G. soja on the one hand, and P. vulgaris and L. japonicus on the other. The first two species exhibited irregular patterns, while the remaining two exhibited regular ones (microtubules were oriented transversely to the longitudinal axis of cell) that are typical for uninfected cells of indeterminate nodules. In contrast to indeterminate nodules, in mature determinate nodules of all four studied species, cortical microtubules formed a regular pattern in infected cells. Thus, our analysis revealed common patterns of tubulin cytoskeleton in the determinate nodules of four legume species, and species-specific differences were associated with the organization of cortical microtubules in uninfected cells. When compared with indeterminate nodules, the most pronounced differences were associated with the organization of cortical microtubules in nitrogen-fixing infected cells. The revealed differences indicated a possible transition during evolution of infected cells from anisotropic growth in determinate nodules to isodiametric growth in indeterminate nodules. It can be assumed that this transition provided an evolutionary advantage to those legume species with indeterminate nodules, enabling them to host symbiosomes in their infected cells more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Kitaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artemii P. Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pyotr G. Kusakin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Anna V. Tsyganova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Center RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Irving TB, Chakraborty S, Ivanov S, Schultze M, Mysore KS, Harrison MJ, Ané JM. KIN3 impacts arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and promotes fungal colonisation in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:513-528. [PMID: 35080285 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi help their host plant in the acquisition of nutrients, and this association is itself impacted by soil nutrient levels. High phosphorus levels inhibit the symbiosis, whereas high nitrogen levels enhance it. The genetic mechanisms regulating the symbiosis in response to soil nutrients are poorly understood. Here, we characterised the symbiotic phenotypes in four Medicago truncatula Tnt1-insertion mutants affected in arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation. We located their Tnt1 insertions and identified alleles for two genes known to be involved in mycorrhization, RAM1 and KIN3. We compared the effects of the kin3-2 and ram1-4 mutations on gene expression, revealing that the two genes alter the expression of overlapping but not identical gene sets, suggesting that RAM1 acts upstream of KIN3. Additionally, KIN3 appears to be involved in the suppression of plant defences in response to the fungal symbiont. KIN3 is located on the endoplasmic reticulum of arbuscule-containing cortical cells, and kin3-2 mutants plants hosted significantly fewer arbuscules than the wild type. KIN3 plays an essential role in the symbiotic response to soil nitrogen levels, as, contrary to wild-type plants, the kin3-2 mutant did not exhibit increased root colonisation under high nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Irving
- Crop Science Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Michael Schultze
- Department of Biology (Ret.), University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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18
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Ma J, Zhou Y, Li J, Song Z, Han H. Novel approach to enhance Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens nodulation through continuous induction of ROS by manganese ferrite nanomaterials in soybean. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:168. [PMID: 35361201 PMCID: PMC8973989 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of symbiotic nitrogen fixation between (SNF) legumes and rhizobia has always been a hot frontier in scientific research. Nanotechnology provides a new strategy for biological nitrogen fixation research. However, how to construct abiotic nano-structure-biological system, using the special properties of nanomaterials, to realize the self-enhancement of biological nitrogen fixation capacity is important. RESULTS In order to construct a more efficient SNF system, in this study, we applied manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MF-NPs) with sustainable diatomic catalysis to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus regulating the nodulation pathway and increasing the number of nodules in soybean (Glycine max), eventually enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis cultivation of MF-NPs and soybean plants resulted in 50.85% and 61.4% increase in nodule weight and number, respectively, thus inducing a 151.36% nitrogen fixation efficiency increase, finally leading to a 25.70% biomass accumulation increase despite no substantial effect on the nitrogenase activity per unit. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that of 36 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 31 DEGs related to soybean nodulation were upregulated in late rhizobium inoculation stage (12 d), indicating that the increase of nodules was derived from nodule-related genes (Nod-R) continuous inductions by MF-NPs. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the nodule number could be effectively increased by extending the nodulation period without threatening the vegetative growth of plants or triggering the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) pathway. This study provides an effective strategy for induction of super-conventional nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Metallothionein1A Regulates Rhizobial Infection and Nodulation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031491. [PMID: 35163415 PMCID: PMC8836284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) constitute a heterogeneous family of ubiquitous metal ion-binding proteins. In plants, MTs participate in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, protection against heavy metal stress, oxidative stress responses, and responses to pathogen attack. Despite their wide variety of functions, the role of MTs in symbiotic associations, specifically nodule-fabacean symbiosis, is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the role of the PvMT1A gene in Phaseolus vulgaris-Rhizobium tropici symbiosis using bioinformatics and reverse genetics approaches. Using in silico analysis, we identified six genes encoding MTs in P. vulgaris, which were clustered into three of the four classes described in plants. PvMT1A transcript levels were significantly higher in roots inoculated with R. tropici at 7 and 30 days post inoculation (dpi) than in non-inoculated roots. Functional analysis showed that downregulating PvMT1A by RNA interference (RNAi) reduced the number of infection events at 7 and 10 dpi and the number of nodules at 14 and 21 dpi. In addition, nodule development was negatively affected in PvMT1A:RNAi transgenic roots, and these nodules displayed a reduced nitrogen fixation rate at 21 dpi. These results strongly suggest that PvMT1A plays an important role in the infection process and nodule development in P. vulgaris during rhizobial symbiosis.
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Liu Y, Zhang H. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as mediators in plant hypersensitive response and stomatal closure. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1985860. [PMID: 34668846 PMCID: PMC9208772 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1985860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have attracted considerable interest from plant pathologists since they regulate plant defenses via the hypersensitive response (HR) and stomatal closure. Here, we introduce the regulatory mechanisms of NO and ROS bursts and discuss the role of such bursts in HR and stomatal closure. It showed that epidermal sections of leaves respond to pathogens by the rapid and intense production of intracellular ROS and NO. Oxidative stress and H2O2 induce stomatal closure. Catalase and peroxidase-deficient plants are also hyperresponsive to pathogen invasion, suggesting a role for H2O2 in HR-mediated cell death. The analysis reveals that ROS and NO play important roles in stomatal closure and HR that involves multiple pathways. Therefore, multi-disciplinary and multi-omics combined analysis is crucial to the advancement of ROS and NO research and their role in plant defense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Hefei, Anhui, China
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21
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Fonseca-García C, Nava N, Lara M, Quinto C. An NADPH oxidase regulates carbon metabolism and the cell cycle during root nodule symbiosis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:274. [PMID: 34130630 PMCID: PMC8207584 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhizobium-legume symbiosis is a specific, coordinated interaction that results in the formation of a root nodule, where biological nitrogen fixation occurs. NADPH oxidases, or Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs (RBOHs) in plants, are enzymes that generate superoxide (O2 •-). Superoxide produces other reactive oxygen species (ROS); these ROS regulate different stages of mutualistic interactions. For example, changes in ROS levels are thought to induce ROS scavenging, cell wall remodeling, and changes in phytohormone homeostasis during symbiotic interactions. In common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), PvRbohB plays a key role in the early stages of nodulation. RESULTS In this study, to explore the role of PvRbohB in root nodule symbiosis, we analyzed transcriptomic data from the roots of common bean under control conditions (transgenic roots without construction) and roots with downregulated expression of PvRbohB (by RNA interference) non-inoculated and inoculated with R. tropici. Our results suggest that ROS produced by PvRBOHB play a central role in infection thread formation and nodule organogenesis through crosstalk with flavonoids, carbon metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin during the early stages of this process. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide important insight into the multiple roles of ROS in regulating rhizobia-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Colonia Chamilpa Mexico
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22
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Boubakri H, Chihaoui SA, Najjar E, Gargouri M, Barhoumi F, Jebara M. Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of H-type Trx family in Phaseolus vulgaris revealed distinctive isoforms associated with symbiotic N 2-fixing performance and abiotic stress response. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 260:153410. [PMID: 33765508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are implicated in plant development and stress tolerance through redox regulation of target proteins. Trxs of Type h (Trxhs) constitute the largest and the most complicated cluster in the Trx family because of their unknown individual functions. Here, we identified and characterized the Phaseolus vulgaris Trxh family during development, mutualistic interactions and in response to abiotic stress. P. vulgaris (common bean) Trxh gene family (PvTrxh) encompasses 12 isoforms (PvTrxh1-h12), subdivided into 3 groups according to their amino acid sequence features. In silico RNA-seq -based expression analysis showed a differential expression of PvTrxh genes during development. RT-qPCR analysis of PvTrxh genes during nodule organogenesis revealed their highest expression in the nodule primordium (NP). Interestingly, in response to symbiosis, specific PvTrxh isoforms (PvTrxh3 and h5) were found to be highly upregulated compared to mock-inoculated plants. In addition, their expression patterns in the NP positively correlated with the symbiotic N2-fixing efficiency of the Rhizobium strain, as revealed by a number of symbiotic efficiency parameters (ARA, leghemoglobin content, biomass, and total soluble proteins), concomitantly with increased amounts of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). On the other hand, distinctive PvTrxh isoforms were found to be upregulated in plant leaves, where H2O2 amounts were elevated, in response to both salt and drought constraints. When exogenously applied, H2O2 upregulated specific PvTrxh isoforms in plant leaves and roots. These findings point to a specific, rather than redundant, function for Trxh proteins in common bean beside the association of distinctive Trxh isoforms with symbiosis and abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Boubakri
- Laboratory of Legumes, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Saif-Allah Chihaoui
- Laboratory of Legumes, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Eya Najjar
- Laboratory of Legumes, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Fathi Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Legumes, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Moez Jebara
- Laboratory of Legumes, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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23
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A Plant Based Modified Biostimulant (Copper Chlorophyllin), Mediates Defense Response in Arabidopsis thaliana under Salinity Stress. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040625. [PMID: 33806070 PMCID: PMC8064443 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, managing salinity stress in agriculture relies heavily on development of salt tolerant plant varieties, a time-consuming process particularly challenging for many crops. Plant based biostimulants (PBs) that enhance plant defenses under stress can potentially address this drawback, as they are not crop specific and are easy to apply in the field. Unfortunately, limited knowledge about their modes of action makes it harder to utilize them on a broader scale. Understanding how PBs enhance plant defenses at cellular and molecular levels, is a prerequisite for the development of sustainable management practices utilizing biostimulants to improve crop health. In this study we elucidated the protective mechanism of copper chlorophyllin (Cu-chl), a PB, under salinity stress. Our results indicate that Cu-chl exerts protective effects primarily by decreasing oxidative stress through modulating cellular H2O2 levels. Cu-chl treated plants increased tolerance to oxidative stress imposed by an herbicide, methyl viologen dichloride hydrate as well, suggesting a protective role against various sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RNA-Seq analysis of Cu-chl treated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings subjected to salt stress identified genes involved in ROS detoxification, and cellular growth.
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24
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Shi Y, Chang YL, Wu HT, Shalmani A, Liu WT, Li WQ, Xu JW, Chen KM. OsRbohB-mediated ROS production plays a crucial role in drought stress tolerance of rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1767-1784. [PMID: 32980968 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We found that a rice NADPH oxidase gene OsRbohB contributes drought tolerance and its functions are involved in the interaction of the OsRbohB-mediated ROS production and ABA signaling. The plasma membrane NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs, are the key producers of ROS under both normal and stress conditions in plants. However, their functions in rice development and stress tolerance are still under investigation. Here, we found that a rice NADPH oxidase gene OsRbohB, also named OsNOX1, is expressed in all tissues examined throughout the development stages with higher transcripts in leaves. The transcriptional expression of OsRbohB is also strongly stimulated by dehydration, salt and several phytohormonal treatments. Compared with wide-type and the OsRbohB-overexpressing transgenic plants, osrbohB, a Tos17 insertion knockout mutant of OsRbohB, shows lower ROS production, abscisic acid (ABA) content and transcripts of a series of stress-related genes. The osrbohB mutant also exhibits lower seed germination rate, organ size and thousand seed weight, but higher stomatal aperture and sensitivity to drought. Moreover, a number of genes involved in plant development, stress response, transcriptional regulation, and particularly ABA signaling are differentially expressed in osrbohB plants under both normal growth and drought conditions. All these results suggest the roles of OsRbohB in drought tolerance of rice, which probably performed through the interaction of the OsRbohB-mediated ROS production and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan-Li Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Abdullah Shalmani
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Jian-Wei Xu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Area/College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China.
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25
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Chen Z, Li H, Yang T, Chen T, Dong C, Gu Q, Cheng X. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the molecular bases in response to different nitrogen forms-induced oxidative stress in tea plant roots (Camellia sinensis). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1073-1082. [PMID: 32605706 DOI: 10.1071/fp20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the maintenance of redox homeostasis is essential for plant growth. Here we investigated how redox homeostasis and signalling is modulated in response to different nitrogen (N) forms in tea plant roots. Our results showed that both N deficiency and nitrate (NO3-) can trigger the production of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in roots. In contrast, these responses were not altered by NH4+. Further, N deficiency and NO3--triggered redox imbalance was re-established by increased of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and glutathione (GSH), as well as upregulation of representative antioxidant enzyme activities and genes. To further explore the molecular bases of these responses, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed, and redox homeostasis-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected for bioinformatics analysis. Most of these genes were involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis, GSH metabolism and the antioxidant system, which was specifically altered by N deficiency or NO3-. Moreover, the interplay between H2O2 (generated by RBOH and Ndufab1) and hormones (including abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin and ethylene) in response to different N forms was suggested. Collectively, the above findings contribute to an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of redox homeostasis and signalling in alleviating oxidative stress in tea plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Huiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Quan Gu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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26
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Wu Z, Huang W, Qin E, Liu S, Liu H, Grennan AK, Liu H, Qin R. Comprehensive Identification and Expression Profiling of Circular RNAs During Nodule Development in Phaseolus vulgaris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587185. [PMID: 33193538 PMCID: PMC7655914 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.587185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legume nodules provides an abundant nitrogen source for plants, and understanding this process is key for developing green agriculture. Circular RNA (circRNA), a type of endogenous RNA produced by reverse splicing of mRNA precursors, plays important regulatory roles in plants at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. However, the relationship between circRNAs and legume-rhizobium is unknown. Here, we performed comprehensive identification and expression profiling of circRNAs during nodulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) compared to uninoculated roots of corresponding ages by constructing circRNA-seq and mRNA-seq libraries. We identified 8,842 high-confident circRNAs, 3,448 of which were specifically produced during symbiosis, with the highest number at the nitrogen-fixing stage. Significantly, more circRNAs were derived from exons than from intergenic regions or introns in all samples. The lengths and GC contents of the circRNAs were similar in roots and nodules. However, circRNAs showed specific spatiotemporal expression patterns during nodule and root development. GO and other functional annotation of parental genes of differentially expressed circRNAs indicated their potential involvement in different biological processes. The expression of major circRNAs during symbiosis is independent of parental genes' expression to a certain degree, while expression of the remaining minor circRNAs showed positive correlation to parental genes. Functional annotation of the targeted mRNAs in the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network showed that circRNAs may be involved in transmembrane transport and positive regulation of kinase activity during nodulation and nitrogen fixation as miRNA sponges. Our comprehensive analysis of the expression profile of circRNAs and their potential functions suggests that circRNAs may function as new post-transcriptional regulators in legume-rhizobium symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Erdai Qin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Aleel K. Grennan
- Biology Department, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of State Ethnic Affairs Commission for Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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27
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Si Z, Guan N, Zhou Y, Mei L, Li Y, Li Y. A Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase B Is Required for the Establishment of Astragalus sinicus-Mesorhizobium Symbiosis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1631-1645. [PMID: 32618998 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MsrB) is involved in oxidative stress or defense responses in plants. However, little is known about its role in legume-rhizobium symbiosis. In this study, an MsrB gene was identified from Astragalus sinicus and its function in symbiosis was characterized. AsMsrB was induced under phosphorus starvation and displayed different expression patterns under symbiotic and nonsymbiotic conditions. Hydrogen peroxide or methyl viologen treatment enhanced the transcript level of AsMsrB in roots and nodules. Subcellular localization showed that AsMsrB was localized in the cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells and co-localized with rhizobia in nodules. Plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots exhibited significant decreases in nodule number, nodule nitrogenase activity and fresh weight of the aerial part, as well as an abnormal nodule and symbiosome development. Statistical analysis of infection events showed that plants with AsMsrB-RNAi hairy roots had significant decreases in the number of root hair curling events, infection threads and nodule primordia compared with the control. The content of hydrogen peroxide increased in AsMsrB-RNAi roots but decreased in AsMsrB overexpression roots at the early stage of infection. The transcriptome analysis showed synergistic modulations of the expression of genes involved in reactive oxygen species generation and scavenging, defense and pathogenesis and early nodulation. In addition, a candidate protein interacting with AsMsrB was identified and confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Taken together, our results indicate that AsMsrB plays an essential role in nodule development and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by affecting the redox homeostasis in roots and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiyong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ning Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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28
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Chomicki G, Werner GDA, West SA, Kiers ET. Compartmentalization drives the evolution of symbiotic cooperation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190602. [PMID: 32772665 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts to spatially separate symbionts, termed compartmentalization, is a common mechanism used by hosts. Such compartmentalization allows hosts to: (i) isolate symbionts and control their reproduction; (ii) reward cooperative symbionts and punish or stop interactions with non-cooperative symbionts; and (iii) reduce direct conflict among different symbionts strains in a single host. Compartmentalization has allowed hosts to increase the benefits that they obtain from symbiotic partners across a diversity of interactions, including legumes and rhizobia, plants and fungi, squid and Vibrio, insects and nutrient provisioning bacteria, plants and insects, and the human microbiome. In cases where compartmentalization has not evolved, we ask why not. We argue that when partners interact in a competitive hierarchy, or when hosts engage in partnerships which are less costly, compartmentalization is less likely to evolve. We conclude that compartmentalization is key to understanding the evolution of symbiotic cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chomicki
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Gijsbert D A Werner
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.,Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy, Buitenhof 34, 2513 AH Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart A West
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - E Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Yang L, El Msehli S, Benyamina S, Lambert A, Hopkins J, Cazareth J, Pierre O, Hérouart D, Achi-Smiti S, Boncompagni E, Frendo P. Glutathione Deficiency in Sinorhizobium meliloti Does Not Impair Bacteroid Differentiation But Induces Early Senescence in the Interaction With Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:137. [PMID: 32194584 PMCID: PMC7063052 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, legumes are able to interact symbiotically with bacteria of the Rhizobiaceae family. This interaction gives rise to a new organ, named a root nodule. Root nodules are characterized by an increased glutathione (GSH) and homoglutathione (hGSH) content compared to roots. These low molecular thiols are very important in the biological nitrogen fixation. In order to characterize the modification of nodule activity induced by the microsymbiont glutathione deficiency, physiological, biochemical, and gene expression modifications were analyzed in nodules after the inoculation of Medicago truncatula with the SmgshB mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti which is deficient in GSH production. The decline in nitrogen fixation efficiency was correlated to the reduction in plant shoot biomass. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SmgshB bacteroids present a higher DNA content than free living bacteria. Live/dead microscopic analysis showed an early bacteroid degradation in SmgshB nodules compared to control nodules which is correlated to a lower bacteroid content at 20 dpi. Finally, the expression of two marker genes involved in nitrogen fixation metabolism, Leghemoglobin and Nodule Cysteine Rich Peptide 001, decreased significantly in mutant nodules at 20 dpi. In contrast, the expression of two marker genes involved in the nodule senescence, Cysteine Protease 6 and Purple Acid Protease, increased significantly in mutant nodules at 10 dpi strengthening the idea that an early senescence process occurs in SmgshB nodules. In conclusion, our results showed that bacterial GSH deficiency does not impair bacterial differentiation but induces an early nodule senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Sarra El Msehli
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Annie Lambert
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Hopkins
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Julie Cazareth
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Olivier Pierre
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Didier Hérouart
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Samira Achi-Smiti
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Eric Boncompagni
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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30
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Hu CH, Wang PQ, Zhang PP, Nie XM, Li BB, Tai L, Liu WT, Li WQ, Chen KM. NADPH Oxidases: The Vital Performers and Center Hubs during Plant Growth and Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:E437. [PMID: 32069961 PMCID: PMC7072856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs), mostly known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs), are the key producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. A lot of literature has addressed ROS signaling in plant development regulation and stress responses as well as on the enzyme's structure, evolution, function, regulation and associated mechanisms, manifesting the role of NOXs/RBOHs as the vital performers and center hubs during plant growth and signaling. This review focuses on recent advances of NOXs/RBOHs on cell growth, hormone interaction, calcium signaling, abiotic stress responses, and immunity. Several primary particles, including Ca2+, CDPKs, BIK1, ROPs/RACs, CERK, FER, ANX, SnRK and SIK1-mediated regulatory mechanisms, are fully summarized to illustrate the signaling behavior of NOXs/RBOHs and their sophisticated and dexterous crosstalks. Diverse expression and activation regulation models endow NOXs/RBOHs powerful and versatile functions in plants to maintain innate immune homeostasis and development integrity. NOXs/RBOHs and their related regulatory items are the ideal targets for crop improvement in both yield and quality during agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, Henan, China
| | - Peng-Qi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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31
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Syska C, Brouquisse R, Alloing G, Pauly N, Frendo P, Bosseno M, Dupont L, Boscari A. Molecular Weapons Contribute to Intracellular Rhizobia Accommodation Within Legume Host Cell. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1496. [PMID: 31850013 PMCID: PMC6902015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between legumes and bacteria of rhizobia type results in a beneficial symbiotic relationship characterized by the formation of new root organs, called nodules. Within these nodules the bacteria, released in plant cells, differentiate into bacteroids and fix atmospheric nitrogen through the nitrogenase activity. This mutualistic interaction has evolved sophisticated signaling networks to allow rhizobia entry, colonization, bacteroid differentiation and persistence in nodules. Nodule cysteine rich (NCR) peptides, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules produced by the host plants or bacterial microsymbionts have a major role in the control of the symbiotic interaction. These molecules described as weapons in pathogenic interactions have evolved to participate to the intracellular bacteroid accommodation by escaping control of plant innate immunity and adapt the functioning of the nitrogen-fixation to environmental signalling cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Syska
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Pauly
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, INRA, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Frendo
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marc Bosseno
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laurence Dupont
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Fonseca-García C, Zayas AE, Montiel J, Nava N, Sánchez F, Quinto C. Transcriptome analysis of the differential effect of the NADPH oxidase gene RbohB in Phaseolus vulgaris roots following Rhizobium tropici and Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:800. [PMID: 31684871 PMCID: PMC6827182 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by NADPH oxidases known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) in plants. ROS regulate various cellular processes, including the mutualistic interactions between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Rboh is a multigene family comprising nine members (RbohA-I) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The RNA interference-mediated silencing of RbohB (PvRbohB-RNAi) in this species diminished its ROS production and greatly impaired nodulation. By contrast, the PvRbohB-RNAi transgenic roots showed early hyphal root colonization with enlarged fungal hypopodia; therefore, we proposed that PvRbohB positively regulates rhizobial infection (Rhizobium tropici) and inhibits AM colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis in P. vulgaris. RESULTS To corroborate this hypothesis, an RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots inoculated with Rhizobium tropici or Rhizophagus irregularis. We found that, in the early stages, root nodule symbioses generated larger changes of the transcriptome than did AM symbioses in P. vulgaris. Genes related to ROS homeostasis and cell wall flexibility were markedly upregulated in the early stages of rhizobial colonization, but not during AM colonization. Compared with AM colonization, the rhizobia induced the expression of a greater number of genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of auxins, cytokinins, and ethylene, which were typically repressed in the PvRbohB-RNAi roots. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides substantial insights into the genetic interaction networks in the early stages of rhizobia and AM symbioses with P. vulgaris, as well as the differential roles that RbohB plays in processes related to ROS scavenging, cell wall remodeling, and phytohormone homeostasis during nodulation and mycorrhization in this legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Alejandra E Zayas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Jesús Montiel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, C 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Federico Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
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Schwember AR, Schulze J, Del Pozo A, Cabeza RA. Regulation of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legume Root Nodules. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E333. [PMID: 31489914 PMCID: PMC6784058 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In most legume nodules, the di-nitrogen (N2)-fixing rhizobia are present as organelle-like structures inside their root host cells. Many processes operate and interact within the symbiotic relationship between plants and nodules, including nitrogen (N)/carbon (C) metabolisms, oxygen flow through nodules, oxidative stress, and phosphorous (P) levels. These processes, which influence the regulation of N2 fixation and are finely tuned on a whole-plant basis, are extensively reviewed in this paper. The carbonic anhydrase (CA)-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC)-malate dehydrogenase (MDH) is a key pathway inside nodules involved in this regulation, and malate seems to play a crucial role in many aspects of symbiotic N2 fixation control. How legumes specifically sense N-status and how this stimulates all of the regulatory factors are key issues for understanding N2 fixation regulation on a whole-plant basis. This must be thoroughly studied in the future since there is no unifying theory that explains all of the aspects involved in regulating N2 fixation rates to date. Finally, high-throughput functional genomics and molecular tools (i.e., miRNAs) are currently very valuable for the identification of many regulatory elements that are good candidates for accurately dissecting the particular N2 fixation control mechanisms associated with physiological responses to abiotic stresses. In combination with existing information, utilizing these abundant genetic molecular tools will enable us to identify the specific mechanisms underlying the regulation of N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés R Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 306-22, Chile.
| | - Joachim Schulze
- Department of Crop Science, Section for Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Goettingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Del Pozo
- Centro de Mejoramiento Genético y Fenómica Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
| | - Ricardo A Cabeza
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
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Jimenez-Jimenez S, Santana O, Lara-Rojas F, Arthikala MK, Armada E, Hashimoto K, Kuchitsu K, Salgado S, Aguirre J, Quinto C, Cárdenas L. Differential tetraspanin genes expression and subcellular localization during mutualistic interactions in Phaseolus vulgaris. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219765. [PMID: 31437164 PMCID: PMC6705802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia association with plants are two of the most successful plant-microbe associations that allow the assimilation of P and N by plants, respectively. These mutualistic interactions require a molecular dialogue, i.e., legume roots exude flavonoids or strigolactones which induce the Nod factors or Myc factors synthesis and secretion from the rhizobia or fungi, respectively. These Nod or Myc factors trigger several responses in the plant root, including calcium oscillations, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, superoxide and H2O2 have emerged as key components that regulate the transitions from proliferation to differentiation in the plant meristems. Similar to the root meristem, the nodule meristem accumulates superoxide and H2O2. Tetraspanins are transmembrane proteins that organize into tetraspanin web regions, where they recruit specific proteins into platforms required for signal transduction, membrane fusion, cell trafficking and ROS generation. Plant tetraspanins are scaffolding proteins associated with root radial patterning, biotic and abiotic stress responses, cell fate determination, and hormonal regulation and recently have been reported as a specific marker of exosomes in animal and plant cells and key players at the site of plant fungal infection. In this study, we conducted transcriptional profiling of the tetraspanin family in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Negro Jamapa) to determine the specific expression patterns and subcellular localization of tetraspanins during nodulation or under mycorrhizal association. Our results demonstrate that the tetraspanins are transcriptionally modulated during the mycorrhizal association, but are also expressed in the infection thread and nodule meristem development. Subcellular localization indicates that tetraspanins have a key role in vesicular trafficking, cell division, and root hair polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Jimenez-Jimenez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Olivia Santana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Elisabeth Armada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sandra Salgado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Feng X, Luo Z, Kong S, Zhang C, Gong A, Yuan H, Cheng L, Wang X. Genomic, molecular evolution, and expression analysis of NOX genes in soybean (Glycine max). Genomics 2019; 111:619-628. [PMID: 29621573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are versatile signaling molecules in sensing stresses and play critical roles in signaling and development. Plasma membrane NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are key producers of ROS, and play important roles in the regulation of plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the NOX gene family in the soybean genome (Glycine max) and 17 NOX (GmNOX) genes were identified. Structural analysis revealed that the GmNOX proteins in soybean were as conserved as those in other plants. 8 duplicated gene pairs were formed by a Glycine-specific whole-genome duplication (WGD) event approximately 13 million years ago (Mya). The Ka/Ks ratios of GmNOX genes ranged from 0.04 to 0.28, suggesting that the GmNOX family had undergone purifying selection in soybean. Gene expression patterns showed different expression of these duplicate genes, suggesting that the GmNOXs were retained by substantial subfunctionalization during the soybean evolutionary processes. Subsequently, the expression of GmNOXs in response to drought and phytohormones were characterized via qPCR. Importantly, four GmNOXs showed strong expression in nodules, pointing to their probable involvement in nodulation. Thus, our results shed light on the evolutionary history of this family in soybean and contribute to the functional characterization of GmNOX genes in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibao Zhang
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China; College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China; College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaobing Feng
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhaoyi Luo
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Shuwei Kong
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Andong Gong
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China; College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China; College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China; College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
| | - Xiangnan Wang
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China; College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
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36
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Ding Y, Mei J, Chai Y, Yu Y, Shao C, Wu Q, Disi JO, Li Y, Wan H, Qian W. Simultaneous Transcriptome Analysis of Host and Pathogen Highlights the Interaction Between Brassica oleracea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:542-550. [PMID: 30265202 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0204-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
White mold disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease of Brassica crops. Here, we simultaneously assessed the transcriptome changes from lesions produced by S. sclerotiorum on disease-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) B. oleracea pools bulked from a resistance-segregating F2 population. Virulence genes of S. sclerotiorum, including polygalacturonans, chitin synthase, secretory proteins, and oxalic acid biosynthesis, were significantly repressed in lesions of R B. oleracea at 12 h postinoculation (hpi) but exhibited similar expression patterns in R and S B. oleracea at 24 hpi. Resistant B. oleracea induced expression of receptors potentially to perceive Sclerotinia signals during 0 to 12 hpi and deployed complex strategies to suppress the pathogen establishment, including the quick accumulation of reactive oxygen species via activating Ca2+ signaling and suppressing pathogen oxalic acid generation in S. sclerotiorum. In addition, cell wall degradation was inhibited in the resistant B. oleracea potentially to prevent the expansion of Sclerotinia hyphae. The transcriptome changes in S. sclerotiorum and host revealed that resistant B. oleracea produces strong responses against S. sclerotiorum during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Ding
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaqin Mei
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaru Chai
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yang Yu
- 3 College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; and
| | - Chaoguo Shao
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinan Wu
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | | | - Yuhua Li
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huafang Wan
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Qian
- 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Rhizobium induces DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3784-3792. [PMID: 30808764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815656116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In their natural habitat of rotting fruit, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans feeds on the complex bacterial communities that thrive in this rich growth medium. Hundreds of diverse bacterial strains cultured from such rotting fruit allow C. elegans growth and reproduction when tested individually. In screens for C. elegans responses to single bacterial strains associated with nematodes in fruit, we found that Rhizobium causes a genome instability phenotype; we observed abnormally long or fragmented intestinal nuclei due to aberrant nuclear division, or defective karyokinesis. The karyokinesis defects were restricted to intestinal cells and required close proximity between bacteria and the worm. A genetic screen for C. elegans mutations that cause the same intestinal karyokinesis defect followed by genome sequencing of the isolated mutant strains identified mutations that disrupt DNA damage repair pathways, suggesting that Rhizobium may cause DNA damage in C. elegans intestinal cells. We hypothesized that such DNA damage is caused by reactive oxygen species produced by Rhizobium and found that hydrogen peroxide added to benign Escherichia coli can cause the same intestinal karyokinesis defects in WT C. elegans Supporting this model, free radical scavengers suppressed the Rhizobium-induced C. elegans DNA damage. Thus, Rhizobium may signal to eukaryotic hosts via reactive oxygen species, and the host may respond with DNA damage repair pathways.
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38
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Zhang W, Sun K, Shi RH, Yuan J, Wang XJ, Dai CC. Auxin signalling of Arachis hypogaea activated by colonization of mutualistic fungus Phomopsis liquidambari enhances nodulation and N 2 -fixation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2093-2108. [PMID: 29469227 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial fungal and rhizobial symbioses share commonalities in phytohormones responses, especially in auxin signalling. Mutualistic fungus Phomopsis liquidambari effectively increases symbiotic efficiency of legume peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with another microsymbiont, bradyrhizobium, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We quantified and manipulated the IAA accumulation in ternary P. liquidambari-peanut-bradyrhizobial interactions to uncover its role between distinct symbioses. We found that auxin signalling is both locally and systemically induced by the colonization of P. liquidambari with peanut and further confirmed by Arabidopsis harbouring auxin-responsive reporter, DR5:GUS, and that auxin action, including auxin transport, is required to maintain fungal symbiotic behaviours and beneficial traits of plant during the symbiosis. Complementation and action inhibition experiments reveal that auxin signalling is involved in P. liquidambari-mediated nodule development and N2 -fixation enhancement and symbiotic gene activation. Further analyses showed that blocking of auxin action compromised the P. liquidambari-induced nodule phenotype and physiology changes, including vascular bundle development, symbiosome and bacteroids density, and malate concentrations, while induced the accumulation of starch granules in P. liquidambari-inoculated nodules. Collectively, our study demonstrated that auxin signalling activated by P. liquidambari symbiosis is recruited by peanut for bradyrhizobial symbiosis via symbiotic signalling pathway activation and nodule carbon metabolism enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Run-Han Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Arthikala MK, Quinto C. RbohA coordinates lateral root emergence in common bean. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-5. [PMID: 30083289 PMCID: PMC6067902 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1467188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) constitute a multigene family in plants. These reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating enzymes participate in diverse biological processes. We previously demonstrated that PvRbohB plays an important role in lateral root (LR) development in Phaseolus vulgaris. However, little is known about the roles of other Rboh members in root development. Here, we report that PvRbohA is involved in LR emergence in P. vulgaris. PvRbohA was expressed in wild-type P. vulgaris root tissues, e.g., the radicle, inter LR zone, and LR zone, and its expression increased during LR formation. Analysis of the spatio-temporal expression patterns of a reporter construct under the control of the PvRbohA promoter (PvRbohA::GUS-GFP) in transgenic roots showed that PvRbohA was active at all three stages of LR development, but its spatial expression pattern varied at each stage. The relative expression levels of PvRbohA during LR formation correlated with the activity of PvRbohA promoter. Furthermore, upon PvRbohA transcript silencing, LR growth was significantly altered in transgenic hairy roots. These findings suggest that RbohA participates in LR initiation, emergence, and development in the legume P. vulgaris by delimiting the region for LR emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Tamayo E, Knight SAB, Valderas A, Dancis A, Ferrol N. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis
uses a reductive iron assimilation pathway for high-affinity iron uptake. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1857-1872. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Tamayo
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos; Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC; Granada Spain
| | - Simon A. B. Knight
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Ascensión Valderas
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos; Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC; Granada Spain
| | - Andrew Dancis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos; Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC; Granada Spain
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Ranjan A, Jayaraman D, Grau C, Hill JH, Whitham SA, Ané J, Smith DL, Kabbage M. The pathogenic development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean requires specific host NADPH oxidases. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:700-714. [PMID: 28378935 PMCID: PMC6638103 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), play crucial roles in various cellular activities, including plant disease responses, and are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a cosmopolitan fungal pathogen that causes Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) in soybean. Via a key virulence factor, oxalic acid, it induces programmed cell death (PCD) in the host plant, a process that is reliant on ROS generation. In this study, using protein sequence similarity searches, we identified 17 soybean RBOHs (GmRBOHs) and studied their contribution to SSR disease development, drought tolerance and nodulation. We clustered the soybean RBOH genes into six groups of orthologues based on phylogenetic analysis with their Arabidopsis counterparts. Transcript analysis of all 17 GmRBOHs revealed that, of the six identified groups, group VI (GmRBOH-VI) was specifically and drastically induced following S. sclerotiorum challenge. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GmRBOH-VI using Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) resulted in enhanced resistance to S. sclerotiorum and markedly reduced ROS levels during disease development. Coincidently, GmRBOH-VI-silenced plants were also found to be drought tolerant, but showed a reduced capacity to form nodules. Our results indicate that the pathogenic development of S. sclerotiorum in soybean requires the active participation of specific host RBOHs, to induce ROS and cell death, thus leading to the establishment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | | | - Craig Grau
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - John H. Hill
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA50011USA
| | - Jean‐Michel Ané
- Department of BacteriologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
- Department of AgronomyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Damon L. Smith
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
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Nanjareddy K, Arthikala MK, Aguirre AL, Gómez BM, Lara M. Plant Promoter Analysis: Identification and Characterization of Root Nodule Specific Promoter in the Common Bean. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29364203 DOI: 10.3791/56140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The upstream sequences of gene coding sequences are termed as promoter sequences. Studying the expression patterns of promoters are very significant in understanding the gene regulation and spatiotemporal expression patterns of target genes. On the other hand, it is also critical to establish promoter evaluation tools and genetic transformation techniques that are fast, efficient, and reproducible. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the rhizobial symbiosis-specific nodule inception (NIN) promoter of Phaseolus vulgaris in the transgenic hairy roots. Using plant genome databases and analysis tools we identified, isolated, and cloned the P. vulgaris NIN promoter in a transcriptional fusion to the chimeric reporter β-glucuronidase (GUS) GUS-enhanced::GFP. Further, this protocol describes a rapid and versatile system of genetic transformation in the P. vulgaris using Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy roots. This system generates ≥2 cm hairy roots at 10 to 12 days after transformation. Next, we assessed the spatiotemporal expression of NIN promoter in Rhizobium inoculated hairy roots at periodic intervals of post-inoculation. Our results depicted by GUS activity show that the NIN promoter was active during the process of nodulation. Together, the present protocol demonstrates how to identify, isolate, clone, and characterize a plant promoter in the common bean hairy roots. Moreover, this protocol is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Nanjareddy
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
| | - Alma-Leticia Aguirre
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
| | - Brenda-Mariana Gómez
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
| | - Miguel Lara
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan;
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Tang G, Xing S, Wang S, Yu L, Li X, Staehelin C, Yang M, Luo L. Regulation of cysteine residues in LsrB proteins fromSinorhizobium melilotiunder free-living and symbiotic oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:5130-5145. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
- School of Communication & Information Engineering; Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Shenghui Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Sunjun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Liangliang Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Bioresources, School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Menghua Yang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, China-Australia Joint-Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology; Zhejiang A&F University; Zhejiang Lin'an 311300 China
| | - Li Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-energy Crops, School of Life Sciences; Plant Science Center, Shanghai University; Shanghai 200444 China
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44
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Arthikala MK, Montiel J, Sánchez-López R, Nava N, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog Gene A Is Crucial for Rhizobium Infection and Nodule Maturation and Function in Common Bean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2003. [PMID: 29218056 PMCID: PMC5703732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) regulate numerous plant cell processes, including the symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Rapid and transient ROS production was reported after Phaseolus vulgaris root hairs were treated with Nod factors, indicating the presence of a ROS-associated molecular signature in the symbiosis signaling pathway. Rboh is a multigene family containing nine members (RbohA-I) in P. vulgaris. RNA interference of RbohB suppresses ROS production and attenuates rhizobial infection thread (IT) progression in P. vulgaris root hairs. However, the roles of other Rboh members in symbiotic interactions are largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the role of the NADPH oxidase-encoding gene RbohA (Phvulv091020621) in the P. vulgaris-Rhizobium tropici symbiosis. The spatiotemporal activity of the RbohA promoter colocalized with growing ITs and was associated with vascular bundles in developing nodules. Subcellular localization studies indicated that RBOHA was localized in the plasma membrane of P. vulgaris root hairs. After rhizobial inoculation, PvRBOHA was mainly distributed in the infection pocket and, to a lesser extent, throughout the IT. In PvRbohA RNAi lines, the rhizobial infection events were significantly reduced and, in successful infections, IT progression was arrested within the root hair, but did not impede cortical cell division. PvRbohA-RNAi nodules failed to fix nitrogen, since the infected cells in the few nodules formed were empty. RbohA-dependent ROS production and upregulation of several antioxidant enzymes was attenuated in rhizobia-inoculated PvRbohA-RNAi roots. These combined results indicate that PvRbohA is crucial for effective Rhizobium infection and its release into the nodule cells. This oxidase is partially or indirectly required to promote nodule organogenesis, altering the expression of auxin- and cyclin-related genes and genes involved in cell growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Mexico
| | - Jesús Montiel
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosana Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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45
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Venice F, de Pinto MC, Novero M, Ghignone S, Salvioli A, Bonfante P. Gigaspora margarita with and without its endobacterium shows adaptive responses to oxidative stress. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:747-759. [PMID: 28730540 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi experience oxidative stress during the plant-fungal interaction, due to endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by fungal metabolism and exogenous ROS produced by plant cells. Here, we examine the responses to H2O2 in Gigaspora margarita, an AM fungus containing the endobacterial symbiont Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum (CaGg). Previous studies revealed that G. margarita with its endobacterium produces more ATP and has higher respiratory activity than a cured line that lacks the endobacterium. This higher bioenergetic potential leads to higher production of ROS and to a higher ROS-detoxifying capacity, suggesting a direct or indirect role of the endobacterium in modulating fungal antioxidant responses. To test the hypothesis that the fungal-endobacterial symbiosis may enhance the fitness of the AM fungus in the presence of oxidative stress, we treated the fungus with a sublethal concentration of H2O2 and performed RNA-seq analysis. Our results demonstrate that (i) irrespective of the endobacterium presence, G. margarita faces oxidative stress by activating multiple metabolic processes (methionine oxidation, sulfur uptake, the pentose phosphate pathway, activation of ROS-scavenger genes); (ii) in the presence of its endobacterium, G. margarita upregulates some metabolic pathways, like chromatin status modifications and iron metabolism; and (iii) contrary to our hypothesis, the cured line responds to H2O2 by activating the transcription of specific ROS scavengers. We confirmed the RNA-seq findings by measuring the glutathione and ascorbate concentration, which was the same in both lines after H2O2 treatment. We conclude that both fungal lines may face oxidative stress, but they activate alternative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Venice
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Mara Novero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Salvioli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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46
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Nanjareddy K, Arthikala MK, Gómez BM, Blanco L, Lara M. Differentially expressed genes in mycorrhized and nodulated roots of common bean are associated with defense, cell wall architecture, N metabolism, and P metabolism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182328. [PMID: 28771548 PMCID: PMC5542541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes participate in two important endosymbiotic associations, with phosphorus-acquiring arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM, soil fungi) and with nitrogen-fixing bacterial rhizobia. These divergent symbionts share a common symbiotic signal transduction pathway that facilitates the establishment of mycorrhization and nodulation in legumes. However, the unique and shared downstream genes essential for AM and nodule development have not been identified in crop legumes. Here, we used ion torrent next-generation sequencing to perform comparative transcriptomics of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) roots colonized by AM or rhizobia. We analyzed global gene expression profiles to identify unique and shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that regulate these two symbiotic interactions, and quantitatively compared DEG profiles. We identified 3,219 (1,959 upregulated and 1,260 downregulated) and 2,645 (1,247 upregulated and 1,398 downregulated) unigenes that were differentially expressed in response to mycorrhizal or rhizobial colonization, respectively, compared with uninoculated roots. We obtained quantitative expression profiles of unique and shared genes involved in processes related to defense, cell wall structure, N metabolism, and P metabolism in mycorrhized and nodulated roots. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that most genes involved in jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling, N metabolism, and inositol phosphate metabolism are variably expressed during symbiotic interactions. These combined data provide valuable information on symbiotic gene signaling networks that respond to mycorrhizal and rhizobial colonization, and serve as a guide for future genetic strategies to enhance P uptake and N-fixing capacity to increase the net yield of this valuable grain legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Nanjareddy
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Brenda-Mariana Gómez
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Lourdes Blanco
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, Guanajuato, México
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel Lara
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, Guanajuato, México
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México, México
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47
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Xie XG, Fu WQ, Zhang FM, Shi XM, Zeng YT, Li H, Zhang W, Dai CC. The Endophytic Fungus Phomopsis liquidambari Increases Nodulation and N 2 Fixation in Arachis hypogaea by Enhancing Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Signalling. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:427-440. [PMID: 28168354 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The continuous cropping obstacles in monoculture fields are a major production constraint for peanuts. Application of the endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambari has increased peanut yields, and nodulation and N2 fixation increases have been considered as important factors for P. liquidambari infection-improved peanut yield. However, the mechanisms involved in this process remain unknown. This work showed that compared with only Bradyrhizobium inoculation, co-inoculation with P. liquidambari significantly elevated endogenous H2O2 and NO levels in peanut roots. Pre-treatment of seedlings with specific scavengers of H2O2 (CAT) and NO (cPTIO) blocked P. liquidambari-induced nodulation and N2 fixation. CAT not only suppressed the P. liquidambari-induced nodulation and N2 fixation, but also suppressed the enhanced H2O2 and NO generation. Nevertheless, the cPTIO did not significantly inhibit the induced H2O2 biosynthesis, implying that H2O2 acted upstream of NO production. These results were confirmed by observations that exogenous H2O2 and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) reversed the inhibition of P. liquidambari-increased nodulation and N2 fixation by the specific scavengers. The transcriptional activities of the symbiosis-related genes SymRK and CCaMK of peanut-Bradyrhizobium interactions also increased significantly in response to P. liquidambari, H2O2 and SNP treatments. The pot experiment further confirmed that the P. liquidambari infection-enhanced H2O2 and NO signalling pathways were significantly related to the increase in peanut nodulation and N2 fixation. This is the first report that endophytic fungus P. liquidambari can increase peanut-Bradyrhizobium interactions via enhanced H2O2/NO-dependent signalling crosstalk, which is conducive to the alleviation of continuous cropping obstacles via an increase in nodulation and N2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Wan-Qiu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Feng-Min Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Min Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Ying-Ting Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China.
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48
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Chen T, Duan L, Zhou B, Yu H, Zhu H, Cao Y, Zhang Z. Interplay of Pathogen-Induced Defense Responses and Symbiotic Establishment in Medicago truncatula. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:973. [PMID: 28611764 PMCID: PMC5447765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of host innate immunity appears to be required for the establishment of symbiosis between rhizobia and host plants. In this study, we established a system that included a host plant, a bacterial pathogen and a symbiotic rhizobium to study the role of innate immunity during symbiotic interactions. A pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000), was shown to cause chlorosis in Medicago truncatula A17. Sinorhizobium meliloti strain Sm2011 (Sm2011) and Pst DC3000 strain alone induced similar defense responses in M. truncatula. However, when co-inoculated, Sm2011 specifically suppressed the defense responses induced by Pst DC3000, such as MAPK activation and ROS production. Inoculation with Sm2011 suppressed the transcription of defense-related genes triggered by Pst DC3000 infection, including the receptor of bacterial flagellin (FLS2), pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10), and the transcription factor WRKY33. Interestingly, inoculation with Pst DC3000 specifically inhibited the expression of the symbiosis marker genes nodule inception and nodulation pectate lyase and reduced the numbers of infection threads and nodules on M. truncatula A17 roots, indicating that Pst DC3000 inhibits the establishment of symbiosis in M. truncatula. In addition, defense-related genes, such as MAPK3/6, RbohC, and WRKY33, exhibited a transient increase in their expression in the early stage of symbiosis with Sm2011, but the expression dropped down to normal levels at later symbiotic stages. Our results suggest that plant innate immunity plays an antagonistic role in symbiosis by directly reducing the numbers of infection threads and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Liujian Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Haixiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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49
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Glyan’ko AK, Ischenko AA. Immunity of a leguminous plant infected by nodular bacteria Rhizobium spp. F.: Review. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Chen T, Bi K, He Z, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D. Arabidopsis Mutant bik1 Exhibits Strong Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Front Physiol 2016; 7:402. [PMID: 27679580 PMCID: PMC5020103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis-induced kinase1 (BIK1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, plays an important role in resistance against pathogens and insects in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, it remains unknown whether BIK1 functions against Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate biotrophic protist that attacks cruciferous plants and induces gall formation on roots. Here, we investigated the potential roles of receptors FLS2, BAK1, and BIK1 in the infection of P. brassicae cruciferous plants. Wild-type plants, fls2, and bak1 mutants showed typical symptom on roots, and the galls were filled with large quantities of resting spores, while bik1 mutant plants exhibited strong resistance to P. brassicae. Compared with that of the wild-type plants, the root hair and cortical infection rate of bik1 mutant were significantly reduced by about 40-50%. A considerable portion of bik1 roots failed to form typical galls. Even if some small galls were formed, they were filled with multinucleate secondary plasmodia. The bik1 plants accumulated less reactive oxygen species (ROS) at infected roots than other mutants and wild-type plants. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) treatment alleviated the clubroot symptoms in wild-type plants, and the expression of the SA signaling marker gene PR1 was significantly increased in bik1. Both sid2 (salicylic acid induction-deficient 2) and npr1-1 [non-expresser of PR genes that regulate systemic acquired resistance (SAR)] mutants showed increased susceptibility to P. brassicae compared with wild-type plants. These results suggest that the resistance of bik1 to P. brassicae is possibly mediated by SA inducible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhixiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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