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Huber M, de Boer HJ, Romanowski A, van Veen H, Buti S, Kahlon PS, van der Meijden J, Koch J, Pierik R. Far-red light enrichment affects gene expression and architecture as well as growth and photosynthesis in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2936-2953. [PMID: 38629324 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Plants use light as a resource and signal. Photons within the 400-700 nm waveband are considered photosynthetically active. Far-red photons (FR, 700-800 nm) are used by plants to detect nearby vegetation and elicit the shade avoidance syndrome. In addition, FR photons have also been shown to contribute to photosynthesis, but knowledge about these dual effects remains scarce. Here, we study shoot-architectural and photosynthetic responses to supplemental FR light during the photoperiod in several rice varieties. We observed that FR enrichment only mildly affected the rice transcriptome and shoot architecture as compared to established model species, whereas leaf formation, tillering and biomass accumulation were clearly promoted. Consistent with this growth promotion, we found that CO2-fixation in supplemental FR was strongly enhanced, especially in plants acclimated to FR-enriched conditions as compared to control conditions. This growth promotion dominates the effects of FR photons on shoot development and architecture. When substituting FR enrichment with an end-of-day FR pulse, this prevented photosynthesis-promoting effects and elicited shade avoidance responses. We conclude that FR photons can have a dual role, where effects depend on the environmental context: in addition to being an environmental signal, they are also a potent source of harvestable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Huber
- Plant-Environment Signalling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Jan de Boer
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrés Romanowski
- Plant-Environment Signalling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Veen
- Plant-Environment Signalling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Plant Stress Resilience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Buti
- Plant-Environment Signalling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Parvinderdeep S Kahlon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jannes van der Meijden
- Plant-Environment Signalling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Koch
- Plant-Environment Signalling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant-Environment Signalling, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Ramachandra A, Vijayaraghavareddy P, Purushothama C, Nagaraju S, Sreeman S. Decoding stomatal characteristics regulating water use efficiency at leaf and plant scales in rice genotypes. PLANTA 2024; 260:56. [PMID: 39039321 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Stomatal traits in rice genotypes affect water use efficiency. Low-frequency small-size stomata correlate with whole plant efficiency, while low-frequency large-size stomata show intrinsic efficiency and responsiveness to vapour pressure deficit. Leaf surface and the patterning of the epidermal layer play a vital role in determining plant growth. While the surface helps in determining radiation interception, epidermal pattern of stomatal factors strongly regulate gas exchange and water use efficiency (WUE). This study focuses on identifying distinct stomatal traits among rice genotypes to comprehend their influence on WUE. Stomatal frequency ranged from 353 to 687 per mm2 and the size varied between 128.31 and 339.01 μm2 among 150 rice germplasm with significant variability in abaxial and adaxial surfaces. The cumulative water transpired and WUE determined at the outdoor phenomics platform, over the entire crop growth period as well as during specific hours of a 24 h-day did not correlate with stomatal frequency nor size. However, genotypes with low-frequency and large-size stomata recorded higher intrinsic water use efficiency (67.04 μmol CO2 mol-1 H2O) and showed a quicker response to varying vapour pressure deficit that diurnally ranged between 0.03 and 2.17 kPa. The study demonstrated the role of stomatal factors in determining physiological subcomponents of WUE both at single leaf and whole plant levels. Differential expression patterns of stomatal regulatory genes among the contrasting groups explained variations in the epidermal patterning. Increased expression of ERECTA, TMM and YODA genes appear to contribute to decreased stomatal frequency in low stomatal frequency genotypes. These findings underscore the significance of stomatal traits in breeding programs and strongly support the importance of these genes that govern variability in stomatal architecture in future crop improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishree Ramachandra
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Spoorthi Nagaraju
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sheshshayee Sreeman
- Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India.
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3
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Earley AM, Nolting KM, Donovan LA, Burke JM. Trait variation and performance across varying levels of drought stress in cultivated sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.). AOB PLANTS 2024; 16:plae031. [PMID: 39011498 PMCID: PMC11247526 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a major agricultural challenge that is expected to worsen with climate change. A better understanding of drought responses has the potential to inform efforts to breed more tolerant plants. We assessed leaf trait variation and covariation in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to water limitation. Plants were grown under four levels of water availability and assessed for environmentally induced plasticity in leaf stomatal and vein traits as well as biomass (performance indicator), mass fractions, leaf area, leaf mass per area, and chlorophyll content. Overall, biomass declined in response to stress; these changes were accompanied by responses in leaf-level traits including decreased leaf area and stomatal size, and increased stomatal and vein density. The magnitude of trait responses increased with stress severity and relative plasticity of smaller-scale leaf anatomical traits was less than that of larger-scale traits related to construction and growth. Across treatments, where phenotypic plasticity was observed, stomatal density was negatively correlated with stomatal size and positively correlated with minor vein density, but the correlations did not hold up within treatments. Four leaf traits previously shown to reflect major axes of variation in a large sunflower diversity panel under well-watered conditions (i.e. stomatal density, stomatal pore length, vein density, and leaf mass per area) predicted a surprisingly large amount of the variation in biomass across treatments, but trait associations with biomass differed within treatments. Additionally, the importance of these traits in predicting variation in biomass is mediated, at least in part, through leaf size. Our results demonstrate the importance of leaf anatomical traits in mediating drought responses in sunflower, and highlight the role that phenotypic plasticity and multi-trait phenotypes can play in predicting productivity under complex abiotic stresses like drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Earley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kristen M Nolting
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lisa A Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John M Burke
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- The Plant Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Aun MA, Farnese F, Loram-Lourenço L, de Abreu IMPG, Silva BRA, Freitas JCE, Filho VMA, Silva FG, Franco AC, Hammond WM, Cochard H, Menezes-Silva PE. Evidence of combined flower thermal and drought vulnerabilities portends reproductive failure under hotter-drought conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1971-1986. [PMID: 38372066 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite the abundant evidence of impairments to plant performance and survival under hotter-drought conditions, little is known about the vulnerability of reproductive organs to climate extremes. Here, by conducting a comparative analysis between flowers and leaves, we investigated how variations in key morphophysiological traits related to carbon and water economics can explain the differential vulnerabilities to heat and drought among these functionally diverse organs. Due to their lower construction costs, despite having a higher water storage capacity, flowers were more prone to turgor loss (higher turgor loss point; ΨTLP) than leaves, thus evidencing a trade-off between carbon investment and drought tolerance in reproductive organs. Importantly, the higher ΨTLP of flowers also resulted in narrow turgor safety margins (TSM). Moreover, compared to leaves, the cuticle of flowers had an overall higher thermal vulnerability, which also resulted in low leakage safety margins (LSM). As a result, the combination of low TSMs and LSMs may have negative impacts on reproduction success since they strongly influenced the time to turgor loss under simulated hotter-drought conditions. Overall, our results improve the knowledge of unexplored aspects of flower structure and function and highlight likely threats to successful plant reproduction in a warmer and drier world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Alves Aun
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Farnese
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Lucas Loram-Lourenço
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Augusto Cesar Franco
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - William M Hammond
- Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Liu X, Liu W, Su Z, Lu J, Zhang P, Cai M, Li W, Liu F, Andersen MN, Manevski K. Biochar addition and reduced irrigation modulates leaf morpho-physiology and biological nitrogen fixation in faba bean-ryegrass intercropping. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171731. [PMID: 38492602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Intercropping legume with grass has potential to increase biomass and protein yield via biological N2-fixation (BNF) benefits, whereas the joint effects of biochar (BC) coupled with deficit irrigation on intercropping systems remain elusive. A 15N isotope-labelled experiment was implemented to investigate morpho-physiological responses of faba bean-ryegrass intercrops on low- (550 °C, LTBC) or high-temperature BC (800 °C, HTBC) amended sandy-loam soil under full (FI), deficit (DI) and partial root-zone drying irrigation (PRD). LTBC and HTBC significantly reduced intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUE) by 12 and 14 %, and instantaneous WUE by 8 and 16 %, respectively, in faba bean leaves, despite improved photosynthetic (An) and transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (gs). Compared to FI, DI and PRD lowered faba bean An, gs and Tr, but enhanced leaf-scale and time-integrated WUE as proxied by the diminished shoots Δ13C. PRD enhanced WUE as lower gs, Tr and guard cell length than DI-plants. Despite higher carbon ([C]) and N concentration ([N]) in faba bean shoots amended by BC, the aboveground C- and N-pool of faba bean were reduced, while these pools increased for ryegrass. The N-use efficiency (NUE) in faba bean shoots was reduced by 9 and 14 % for LTBC and HTBC, respectively, but not for ryegrass. Interestingly, ryegrass shoots had 52 % higher NUE than faba bean shoots. The N derived from atmosphere (% Ndfa) was increased by 2 and 9 % under LTBC and HTBC, respectively, while it decreased slightly by reduced irrigation. Quantity of BNF in faba bean aboveground biomass decreased with HTBC coupled with reduced irrigation, mainly towards decreased biomass and soil N uptake by faba bean. Therefore, HTBC might not be a feasible option to improve WUE and BNF in faba bean-ryegrass intercropping, but PRD is permissible as the clear trade-off between BC and PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Liu
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Water-Saving and Water Resource Regulation in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Waler-saving Irrigation and Water Resource Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Weilun Liu
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zhenjuan Su
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Junsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Mengting Cai
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wangcheng Li
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Water-Saving and Water Resource Regulation in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China; Ningxia Waler-saving Irrigation and Water Resource Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegaard Alle 13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Eastern Yanqihu campus, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, 101400 Beijing, China
| | - Mathias Neumann Andersen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Eastern Yanqihu campus, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, 101400 Beijing, China
| | - Kiril Manevski
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Eastern Yanqihu campus, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, 101400 Beijing, China.
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6
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Ayala-Ramos MA, Montaño-Arias SA, Terrazas T, Grether R. Ecological implications of stomatal density and stomatal index in the adult stage of Mimosa L. (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:477-486. [PMID: 38030853 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Differences in stomatal density (SD) and stomatal index (SI) are associated with the conditions of the environment in which they are distributed. Mimosa species are important elements in different plant communities, yet knowledge of the ecological implications of its stomatal characteristics is scarce. For this reason, SD and SI were determined in seven Mimosa species from different environments in this study. Five individuals per species were selected, and a sample of leaflets was obtained from each. Fifteen mature leaflets per individual were then extracted and observed by optical microscopy. SD, SI, epidermal cell density (ECD), and guard cell length (GCL) values were obtained. Differences between species were analyzed through a balanced analysis of variance test, and the correspondence between the stomatal characteristics and 21 climate variables was determined by canonical correspondence analysis. The species differed in all evaluated characteristics. It should be noted that only M. affinis showed differences between the leaflet surfaces. Both DE and ECD were negatively associated with altitude and solar radiation and positively with temperature and precipitation. SI was explained by temperature and seasonality of precipitation, and GCL by temperature oscillation and seasonality of precipitation. The results suggest that the stomatal characteristics of the leaflets confer resistance in the species to alterations in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alberto Ayala-Ramos
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de La Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Susana Adriana Montaño-Arias
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de La Salud, Apdo. Postal 55-535, 09340, Ciudad de Mexico, México.
| | - Teresa Terrazas
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
| | - Rosaura Grether
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad-Iztapalapa, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de La Salud, Apdo. Postal 55-535, 09340, Ciudad de Mexico, México
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Kumari M, Kumar R. Functional trait correlation network and proteomic analysis reveal multifactorial adaptation mechanisms to a climatic gradient associated with high altitude in the Himalayan region. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1556-1574. [PMID: 38268334 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Globally occurring changes in environmental conditions necessitate extending our knowledge of the system-level mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to multifactorial stress conditions or stress combinations. This is crucial for designing new strategies to maintain plant performance under simultaneous abiotic pressure. Here, we conducted our study at Rohtang Pass and sampled Picrorhiza kurroa leaves along high-altitude gradient (3400, 3800 and 4100 meters above sea level) in the western Himalayas. The results showed the functional traits associated with morpho-anatomical structures and eco-physiological performances are highly variable. The air temperature and relative humidity represent dominant environmental factors among others that significantly regulate plant's physiological performance by adjusting the functional traits in altitude-specific manner. A trait coordination network is developed among significantly altered plant functional traits, which reveals high-altitude associated trait-based adaptation. Moreover, it reveals leaf area shows the highest degree, while photochemical quenching reflects the weighted degree of centrality in the network. Proteomic analysis reveals various stress-responsive proteins, including antioxidants were accumulated to deal with combined stress factors. Furthermore, a high-altitudinal protein interaction network unravels key players of alpine plant adaptation processes. Altogether, these systems demonstrate a complex molecular interaction web extending the current knowledge of high-altitudinal alpine plant adaptation, particularly in an endangered medicinal herb, P. kurroa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manglesh Kumari
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Qie YD, Zhang QW, McAdam SA, Cao KF. Stomatal dynamics are regulated by leaf hydraulic traits and guard cell anatomy in nine true mangrove species. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:395-405. [PMID: 38798723 PMCID: PMC11119510 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Stomatal regulation is critical for mangroves to survive in the hyper-saline intertidal zone where water stress is severe and water availability is highly fluctuant. However, very little is known about the stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in mangroves, and its co-ordination with stomatal morphology and leaf hydraulic traits. We measured the stomatal response to a step increase in VPD in situ, stomatal anatomy, leaf hydraulic vulnerability and pressure-volume traits in nine true mangrove species of five families and collected the data of genome size. We aimed to answer two questions: (1) Does stomatal morphology influence stomatal dynamics in response to a high VPD in mangroves? with a consideration of possible influence of genome size on stomatal morphology; and (2) do leaf hydraulic traits influence stomatal sensitivity to VPD in mangroves? We found that the stomata of mangrove plants were highly sensitive to a step rise in VPD and the stomatal responses were directly affected by stomatal anatomy and hydraulic traits. Smaller, denser stomata was correlated with faster stomatal closure at high VPD across the species of Rhizophoraceae, and stomata size negatively and vein density positively correlated with genome size. Less negative leaf osmotic pressure at the full turgor (πo) was related to higher operating steady-state stomatal conductance (gs); and a higher leaf capacitance (Cleaf) and more embolism resistant leaf xylem were associated with slower stomatal responses to an increase in VPD. In addition, stomatal responsiveness to VPD was indirectly affected by leaf morphological traits, which were affected by site salinity and consequently leaf water status. Our results demonstrate that mangroves display a unique relationship between genome size, stomatal size and vein packing, and that stomatal responsiveness to VPD is regulated by leaf hydraulic traits and stomatal morphology. Our work provides a quantitative framework to better understand of stomatal regulation in mangroves in an environment with high salinity and dynamic water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Dong Qie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qi-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541001, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Scott A.M. McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Wang S, Hoch G, Grun G, Kahmen A. Water loss after stomatal closure: quantifying leaf minimum conductance and minimal water use in nine temperate European tree species during a severe drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae027. [PMID: 38412116 PMCID: PMC10993720 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Residual canopy transpiration (Emin_canop) is a key physiological trait that determines trees' survival time under drought after stomatal closure and after trees have limited access to soil water. Emin_canop mainly depends on leaf minimum conductance (gmin) and vapor pressure deficit. Here we determined the seasonal variation of gmin and how gmin is related to interspecies variation in leaf cuticular and stomatal traits for nine European tree species in a mature forest. In addition, we determined the species-specific temperature responses of gmin. With this newly obtained insight, we calculated Emin_canop for the nine species for one day at our research site during the 2022 central European hot drought. Our results show that at ambient temperatures gmin ranged from 0.8 to 4.8 mmol m-2 s-1 across the nine species and was stable in most species throughout the growing season. The interspecies variation of gmin was associated with leaf cuticular and stomatal traits. Additionally, gmin exhibited strong temperature responses and increased, depending on species, by a factor of two to four in the range of 25-50 °C. For the studied species at the site, during a single hot drought day, Emin_canop standardized by tree size (stem basal area) ranged from 2.0 to 36.7 L m-2, and non-standardized Emin_canop for adult trees ranged from 0.3 to 5.3 L. Emin_canop also exhibited species-specific rapid increases under hotter temperatures. Our results suggest that trees, depending on species, need reasonable amounts of water during a drought, even when stomates are fully closed. Species differences in gmin and ultimately Emin_canop can, together with other traits, affect the ability of a tree to keep its tissue hydrated during a drought and is likely to contribute to species-specific differences in drought vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences – Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences – Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georges Grun
- Department of Environmental Sciences – Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences – Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Hightower AT, Chitwood DH, Josephs EB. Herbarium specimens reveal links between Capsella bursa-pastoris leaf shape and climate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580180. [PMID: 38405842 PMCID: PMC10888959 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Studies into the evolution and development of leaf shape have connected variation in plant form, function, and fitness. For species with consistent leaf margin features, patterns in leaf architecture are related to both biotic and abiotic factors. However, for species with inconsistent leaf margin features, quantifying leaf shape variation and the effects of environmental factors on leaf shape has proven challenging. To investigate leaf shape variation in species with inconsistent shapes, we analyzed approximately 500 digitized Capsella bursa-pastoris specimens collected throughout the continental U.S. over a 100-year period with geometric morphometric modeling and deterministic techniques. We generated a morphospace of C. bursa-pastoris leaf shapes and modeled leaf shape as a function of environment and time. Our results suggest C. bursa-pastoris leaf shape variation is strongly associated with temperature over the C. bursa-pastoris growing season, with lobing decreasing as temperature increases. While we expected to see changes in variation over time, our results show that level of leaf shape variation is consistent over the 100-year period. Our findings showed that species with inconsistent leaf shape variation can be quantified using geometric morphometric modeling techniques and that temperature is the main environmental factor influencing leaf shape variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia T Hightower
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1226
- Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1226
| | - Daniel H Chitwood
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226
| | - Emily B Josephs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1226
- Ecology, Evolution, & Behavior Program, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1226
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Zhang K, Xue M, Qin F, He Y, Zhou Y. Natural polymorphisms in ZmIRX15A affect water-use efficiency by modulating stomatal density in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2560-2573. [PMID: 37572352 PMCID: PMC10651153 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density (SD) is closely related to crop drought resistance. Understanding the genetic basis for natural variation in SD may facilitate efforts to improve water-use efficiency. Here, we report a genome-wide association study for SD in maize seedlings, which identified 18 genetic variants that could be resolved to seven candidate genes. A 3-bp insertion variant (InDel1089) in the last exon of Zea mays (Zm) IRX15A (Irregular xylem 15A) had the most significant association with SD and modulated the translation of ZmIRX15A mRNA by affecting its secondary structure. Dysfunction of ZmIRX15A increased SD, leading to an increase in the transpiration rate and CO2 assimilation efficiency. ZmIRX15A encodes a xylan deposition enzyme and its disruption significantly decreased xylan abundance in secondary cell wall composition. Transcriptome analysis revealed a substantial alteration of the expression of genes involved in stomatal complex morphogenesis and drought response in the loss-of-function of ZmIRX15A mutant. Overall, our study provides important genetic insights into the natural variation of leaf SD in maize, and the identified loci or genes can serve as direct targets for enhancing drought resistance in molecular-assisted maize breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryEngineering Research Center of Plant Growth RegulatorCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ming Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyCo‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsKey Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan He
- National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryEngineering Research Center of Plant Growth RegulatorCollege of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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12
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Liu C, Sack L, Li Y, Zhang J, Yu K, Zhang Q, He N, Yu G. Relationships of stomatal morphology to the environment across plant communities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6629. [PMID: 37857672 PMCID: PMC10587080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between stomatal traits and environmental drivers across plant communities has important implications for ecosystem carbon and water fluxes, but it has remained unclear. Here, we measure the stomatal morphology of 4492 species-site combinations in 340 vegetation plots across China and calculate their community-weighted values for mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. We demonstrate a trade-off between stomatal density and size at the community level. The community-weighted mean and variance of stomatal density are mainly associated with precipitation, while that of stomatal size is mainly associated with temperature, and the skewness and kurtosis of stomatal traits are less related to climatic and soil variables. Beyond mean climate variables, stomatal trait moments also vary with climatic seasonality and extreme conditions. Our findings extend the knowledge of stomatal trait-environment relationships to the ecosystem scale, with applications in predicting future water and carbon cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, 100081, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, 100081, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08540, USA
| | - Qiongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China.
- Earth Critical Zone and Flux Research Station of Xing'an Mountains, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 165200, Daxing'anling, China.
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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13
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Waquar AA, Ram K, Mohammad AA, Lee J. Genome size estimation of false daisy, cheek weed, pot marigold and marigold. Bioinformation 2023; 19:976-980. [PMID: 37928490 PMCID: PMC10625360 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the genome size estimated using flow cytometry for four closely related species, including false daisy (Eclipta prostrate), cheek weed (Ageratum conyzoides), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), and marigold (Tagetes erecta) belonging to Asteraceae family. The detected genome size for false daisy, cheek weed, pot marigold, and marigold was, 2.435, 3.266, 3.413, and 1.897, Gbp, respectively, while their respective 2C DNA content was 2.5, 3.3, 3.5, and 1.9, pg. The information on genome size presented here will be useful for understanding genomic evolution and will also clear the way for additional genomic research in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhter Ansari Waquar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Ram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmal Ali Mohammad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joongku Lee
- Department of Environment and Forest Resources, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Castelar JVS, Da Cunha M, Simioni PF, Castilhori MF, Lira-Martins D, Giles AL, Costa WS, Alexandrino CR, Callado CH. Functional traits and water-transport strategies of woody species in an insular environment in a tropical forest. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16214. [PMID: 37475703 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plants survive in habitats with limited resource availability and contrasting environments by responding to variation in environmental factors through morphophysiological traits related to species performance in different ecosystems. However, how different plant strategies influence the megadiversity of tropical species has remained a knowledge gap. METHODS We analyzed variations in 27 morphophysiological traits of leaves and secondary xylem in Erythroxylum pulchrum and Tapirira guianensis, which have the highest absolute dominance in these physiognomies and occur together in areas of restinga and dense ombrophilous forest to infer water-transport strategies of Atlantic Forest woody plants. RESULTS The two species presented different sets of morphophysiological traits, strategies to avoid embolism and ensure water transport, in different phytophysiognomies. Tapirira guianensis showed possible adaptations influenced by phytophysiognomy, while E. pulchrum showed less variation in the set of characteristics between different phytophysiognomies. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide essential tools to understand how the environment can modulate morphofunctional traits and how each species adjusts differently to adapt to different phytophysiognomies. In this sense, the results for these species reveal new species-specific responses in the tropical forest. Such knowledge is a prerequisite to predict future development of the most vulnerable forests as climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor S Castelar
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Priscila F Simioni
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo F Castilhori
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - André L Giles
- INPA - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, AM, Brasil
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciência Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC
| | - Warlen S Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Camilla R Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cátia H Callado
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Unidade de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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15
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Ng M, McCormick A, Utz RM, Heberling JM. Herbarium specimens reveal century-long trait shifts in poison ivy due to anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16225. [PMID: 37551738 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Previous experimental studies have shown that poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans; Anacardicaceae) responds to elevated CO2 with increased leaf production, water-use efficiency, and toxicity (allergenic urushiol). However, long-term field data suggest no increase in poison ivy abundance over time. Using herbarium specimens, we examined whether poison ivy and other species shifted leaf traits under natural conditions with increasing atmospheric CO2 (pCO2 ) over the past century. METHODS We measured stomatal density, leaf area, leaf N, leaf C:N, leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δleaf ), and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) from 327 specimens collected from 1838 to 2020 across Pennsylvania. We compared poison ivy's responses to two evolutionarily related tree species, Toxicodendron vernix and Rhus typhina (Anacardiacae) and one ecological analog, Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Vitaceae), a common co-occurring liana. RESULTS Stomatal density significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in poison ivy and the ecologically similar liana P. quinquefolia over the past century, but did not change in the related trees T. vernix and R. typhina. None of these species showed significant trends in changes in leaf N or C:N. Surprisingly, in poison ivy, but not the other species, Δleaf increased with increased pCO2 , corresponding to significant declines in iWUE over time. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the results of short-term experimental studies, iWUE decreased in poison ivy over the last century. Trait responses to pCO2 varied by species. Herbarium specimens suggest that realized long-term plant physiological responses to increased CO2 may not be reflected in short-term experimental growth studies, highlighting the value of collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Ng
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alyssa McCormick
- Falk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044, USA
| | - Ryan M Utz
- Falk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA 15044, USA
| | - J Mason Heberling
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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16
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Al-Salman Y, Cano FJ, Pan L, Koller F, Piñeiro J, Jordan D, Ghannoum O. Anatomical drivers of stomatal conductance in sorghum lines with different leaf widths grown under different temperatures. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2142-2158. [PMID: 37066624 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustaining crop productivity and resilience in water-limited environments and under rising temperatures are matters of concern worldwide. We investigated the leaf anatomical traits that underpin our recently identified link between leaf width (LW) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), as traits of interest in plant breeding. Ten sorghum lines with varying LW were grown under three temperatures to expand the range of variation of both LW and gas exchange rates. Leaf gas exchange, surface morphology and cross-sectional anatomy were measured and analysed using structural equations modelling. Narrower leaves had lower stomatal conductance (gs ) and higher iWUE across growth temperatures. They also had smaller intercellular airspaces, stomatal size, percentage of open stomatal aperture relative to maximum, hydraulic pathway, mesophyll thickness, and leaf mass per area. Structural modelling revealed a developmental association among leaf anatomical traits that underpinned gs variation in sorghum. Growing temperature and LW both impacted leaf gas exchange rates, but only LW directly impacted leaf anatomy. Wider leaves may be more productive under well-watered conditions, but consume more water for growth and development, which is detrimental under water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Al-Salman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francisco J Cano
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR-INIA), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ling Pan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fiona Koller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juan Piñeiro
- Department of Biology, IVAGRO, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Capus del Rio San Pedro, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - David Jordan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hermitage Research Facility, The University of Queensland, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
- Agri-Science Queensland, Department of Agriculture & Fisheries, Hermitage Research Facility, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Krzyżak J, Rusinowski S, Sitko K, Szada-Borzyszkowska A, Stec R, Janota P, Jensen E, Kiesel A, Pogrzeba M. The effect of combined drought and trace metal elements stress on the physiological response of three Miscanthus hybrids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10452. [PMID: 37380788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is a serious threat worldwide and has a significant impact on agricultural production and soil health. It can pose an even greater threat when it involves land contaminated with trace metal element (TMEs). To prevent desertification, such land should be properly managed and growing Miscanthus for energy or raw material purposes could be a solution. The effects of drought and TMEs were studied in a pot experiment on three different Miscanthus hybrids (conventional Miscanthus × giganteus, TV1 and GNT10) considering growth parameters, photosynthetic parameters and elemental composition of roots, rhizomes and shoots. GNT10 was characterised by the weakest gas exchange among the hybrids, which was compensated by the highest number of leaves and biomass. The strongest correlations between the studied parameters were found for TV1, which might indicate a high sensitivity to TME stress. For M × g and GNT10, the main mechanisms for coping with stress seem to be biomass management through number of shoots and leaves and gas exchange. The main factor determining the extent of accumulation of TMEs was the amount of water applied in the experimental treatment, which was related to the location of the plant in the aniso-isohydric continuum. GNT10 was the most resistant plant to combined stress, while it responded similarly to TV1 when drought and trace metal elements were applied separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Krzyżak
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844, Katowice, Poland
| | - Szymon Rusinowski
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sitko
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844, Katowice, Poland
- Plant Ecophysiology Team, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellońska Street, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Radosław Stec
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Janota
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844, Katowice, Poland
| | - Elaine Jensen
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Andreas Kiesel
- Biobased Resources in the Bioeconomy (340B), Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marta Pogrzeba
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844, Katowice, Poland.
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18
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Liao Q, Ding R, Du T, Kang S, Tong L, Li S. Salinity-specific stomatal conductance model parameters are reduced by stomatal saturation conductance and area via leaf nitrogen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162584. [PMID: 36889407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Modeling stomatal behavior is necessary for accurate stomatal simulation and predicting the terrestrial water‑carbon cycle. Although the Ball-Berry and Medlyn stomatal conductance (gs) models have been widely used, variations and the drivers of their key slope parameters (m and g1) remain poorly understood under salinity stress. We measured leaf gas exchange, physiological and biochemical traits, soil water content and electrical conductivity of saturation extract (ECe), and fitted slope parameters of two genotypes of maize growing in two water and two salinity levels. We found m was different between the genotypes, but no difference in g1. Salinity stress reduced m and g1, saturated stomatal conductance (gsat), the fraction of leaf epidermis area allocation to stomata (fs), and leaf nitrogen (N) content, and increased ECe, but no marked decrease in slope parameters under drought. Both m and g1 were positively correlated with gsat, fs, and leaf N content, and negatively correlated with ECe in the same fashion among the two genotypes. Salinity stress altered m and g1 by modulating gsat and fs via leaf N content. The prediction accuracy of gs was improved using salinity-specific slope parameters, with root mean square error (RMSE) being decreased from 0.056 to 0.046 and 0.066 to 0.025 mol m-2 s-1 for the Ball-Berry and Medlyn models, respectively. This study provides a modeling approach to improving the simulation of stomatal conductance under salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liao
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Risheng Ding
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China.
| | - Taisheng Du
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Shaozhong Kang
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Ling Tong
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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19
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Simioni PF, Emilio T, Giles AL, Viana de Freitas G, Silva Oliveira R, Setime L, Pierre Vitoria A, Pireda S, Vieira da Silva I, Da Cunha M. Anatomical traits related to leaf and branch hydraulic functioning on Amazonian savanna plants. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad018. [PMID: 37214224 PMCID: PMC10198777 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amazonian savannas are isolated patches of open habitats found within the extensive matrix of Amazonian tropical forests. There remains limited evidence on how Amazonian plants from savannas differ in the traits related to drought resistance and water loss control. Previous studies have reported several xeromorphic characteristics of Amazonian savanna plants at the leaf and branch levels that are linked to soil, solar radiation, rainfall and seasonality. How anatomical features relate to plant hydraulic functioning in this ecosystem is less known and instrumental if we want to accurately model transitions in trait states between alternative vegetation in Amazonia. In this context, we combined studies of anatomical and hydraulic traits to understand the structure-function relationships of leaf and wood xylem in plants of Amazonian savannas. We measured 22 leaf, wood and hydraulic traits, including embolism resistance (as P50), Hydraulic Safety Margin (HSM) and isotope-based water use efficiency (WUE), for the seven woody species that account for 75% of the biomass of a typical Amazonian savanna on rocky outcrops in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Few anatomical traits are related to hydraulic traits. Our findings showed wide variation exists among the seven species studied here in resistance to embolism, water use efficiency and structural anatomy, suggesting no unique dominant functional plant strategy to occupy an Amazonian savanna. We found wide variation in resistance to embolism (-1.6 ± 0.1 MPa and -5.0 ± 0.5 MPa) with species that are less efficient in water use (e.g. Kielmeyera rubriflora, Macairea radula, Simarouba versicolor, Parkia cachimboensis and Maprounea guianensis) showing higher stomatal conductance potential, supporting xylem functioning with leaf succulence and/or safer wood anatomical structures and that species that are more efficient in water use (e.g. Norantea guianensis and Alchornea discolor) can exhibit riskier hydraulic strategies. Our results provide a deeper understanding of how branch and leaf structural traits combine to allow for different hydraulic strategies among coexisting plants. In Amazonian savannas, this may mean investing in buffering water loss (e.g. succulence) at leaf level or safer structures (e.g. thicker pit membranes) and architectures (e.g. vessel grouping) in their branch xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaise Emilio
- Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado (PNPD), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brasil
| | - André L Giles
- Instituo Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Viana de Freitas
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Lara Setime
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Angela Pierre Vitoria
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Saulo Pireda
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ivone Vieira da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso, Alta Floresta, MT, Brasil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
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20
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Nunes TDG, Berg LS, Slawinska MW, Zhang D, Redt L, Sibout R, Vogel JP, Laudencia-Chingcuanco D, Jesenofsky B, Lindner H, Raissig MT. Regulation of hair cell and stomatal size by a hair cell-specific peroxidase in the grass Brachypodium distachyon. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1844-1854.e6. [PMID: 37086717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis is the outermost cell layer forming the interface between plants and the atmosphere that must both provide a robust barrier against (a)biotic stressors and facilitate carbon dioxide uptake and leaf transpiration.1 To achieve these opposing requirements, the plant epidermis developed a wide range of specialized cell types such as stomata and hair cells. Although factors forming these individual cell types are known,2,3,4,5 it is poorly understood how their number and size are coordinated. Here, we identified a role for BdPRX76/BdPOX, a class III peroxidase, in regulating hair cell and stomatal size in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. In bdpox mutants, prickle hair cells were smaller and stomata were longer. Because stomatal density remained unchanged, the negative correlation between stomatal size and density was disrupted in bdpox and resulted in higher stomatal conductance and lower intrinsic water-use efficiency. BdPOX was exclusively expressed in hair cells, suggesting that BdPOX cell-autonomously promotes hair cell size and indirectly restricts stomatal length. Cell-wall autofluorescence and lignin stainings indicated a role for BdPOX in the lignification or crosslinking of related phenolic compounds at the hair cell base. Ectopic expression of BdPOX in the stomatal lineage increased phenolic autofluorescence in guard cell (GC) walls and restricted stomatal elongation in bdpox. Together, we highlight a developmental interplay between hair cells and stomata that optimizes epidermal functionality. We propose that cell-type-specific changes disrupt this interplay and lead to compensatory developmental defects in other epidermal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago D G Nunes
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lea S Berg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena W Slawinska
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dan Zhang
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonie Redt
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Sibout
- UR1268 BIA (Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages), INRAE, Nantes 44300, France
| | - John P Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Barbara Jesenofsky
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heike Lindner
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael T Raissig
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
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21
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Micromorphology of the leaf surface in some species of Dryadoideae (Rosaceae). Micron 2023; 167:103428. [PMID: 36796290 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The leaf surface of 5 species of the subfamily Dryadoideae (Rosaceae) was studied for the first time by cryoscanning electron microscopy. In the studied representatives of Dryadoideae, some signs of micromorphology were found that are characteristic of other Rosaceae. In Dryas drummondii and D. x suendermannii, cuticular folding was found on the cell surface of the adaxial leaf side. Stomatal dimorphism was found in Cercocarpus betuloides. A representative of the genus Cercocarpus had pronounced differences from the species of the genus Dryas in less pubescence of the abaxial surface with shorter and thicker trichomes, in small elongated stomata, and in smaller cells of the adaxial epidermis. Glandular trichomes and long multicellular outgrowths (possibly emergences) were found on veins in D. grandis. Structures resembling hydathodes or nectaries have also been noted on the leaf margin in this species.
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22
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Jiang GF, Li SY, Dinnage R, Cao KF, Simonin KA, Roddy AB. Diverse mangroves deviate from other angiosperms in their genome size, leaf cell size and cell packing density relationships. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:347-360. [PMID: 36516425 PMCID: PMC9992938 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS While genome size limits the minimum sizes and maximum numbers of cells that can be packed into a given leaf volume, mature cell sizes can be substantially larger than their meristematic precursors and vary in response to abiotic conditions. Mangroves are iconic examples of how abiotic conditions can influence the evolution of plant phenotypes. METHODS Here, we examined the coordination between genome size, leaf cell sizes, cell packing densities and leaf size in 13 mangrove species across four sites in China. Four of these species occurred at more than one site, allowing us to test the effect of climate on leaf anatomy. RESULTS We found that genome sizes of mangroves were very small compared to other angiosperms, but, like other angiosperms, mangrove cells were always larger than the minimum size defined by genome size. Increasing mean annual temperature of a growth site led to higher packing densities of veins (Dv) and stomata (Ds) and smaller epidermal cells but had no effect on stomatal size. In contrast to other angiosperms, mangroves exhibited (1) a negative relationship between guard cell size and genome size; (2) epidermal cells that were smaller than stomata; and (3) coordination between Dv and Ds that was not mediated by epidermal cell size. Furthermore, mangrove epidermal cell sizes and packing densities covaried with leaf size. CONCLUSIONS While mangroves exhibited coordination between veins and stomata and attained a maximum theoretical stomatal conductance similar to that of other angiosperms, the tissue-level tradeoffs underlying these similar relationships across species and environments were markedly different, perhaps indicative of the unique structural and physiological adaptations of mangroves to their stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Yuan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Russell Dinnage
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, and State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Kevin A Simonin
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132USA
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23
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Max AC, Loram-Lourenço L, Silva FG, de Souza LHM, Dias JRM, Espíndula MC, Farnese FS, Hammond W, Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Menezes-Silva PE. A bitter future for coffee production? Physiological traits associated with yield reveal high vulnerability to hydraulic failure in Coffea canephora. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:764-779. [PMID: 36517464 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The increase in frequency and intensity of drought events have hampered coffee production in the already threatened Amazon region, yet little is known about key aspects underlying the variability in yield potential across genotypes, nor to what extent higher productivity is linked to reduced drought tolerance. Here we explored how variations in morphoanatomical and physiological leaf traits can explain differences in yield and vulnerability to embolism in 11 Coffea canephora genotypes cultivated in the Western Amazon. The remarkable variation in coffee yield across genotypes was tightly related to differences in their carbon assimilation and water transport capacities, revealing a diffusive limitation to photosynthesis linked by hydraulic constraints. Although a clear trade-off between water transport efficiency and safety was not detected, all the studied genotypes operated in a narrow and/or negative hydraulic safety margin, suggesting a high vulnerability to leaf hydraulic failure (HF), especially on the most productive genotypes. Modelling exercises revealed that variations in HF across genotypes were mainly associated with differences in leaf water vapour leakage when stomata are closed, reflecting contrasting growth strategies. Overall, our results provide a new perspective on the challenges of sustaining coffee production in the Amazon region under a drier and warmer climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Custódio Max
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Vilhena, Brazil
| | - Lucas Loram-Lourenço
- Laboratory of Applied Studies in Plant Physiology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Studies in Plant Physiology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fernanda S Farnese
- Laboratory of Applied Studies in Plant Physiology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - William Hammond
- Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Hervé Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Paulo Eduardo Menezes-Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Studies in Plant Physiology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
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24
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Mano NA, Madore B, Mickelbart MV. Different Leaf Anatomical Responses to Water Deficit in Maize and Soybean. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020290. [PMID: 36836647 PMCID: PMC9966819 DOI: 10.3390/life13020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The stomata on leaf surfaces control gas exchange and water loss, closing during dry periods to conserve water. The distribution and size of stomatal complexes is determined by epidermal cell differentiation and expansion during leaf growth. Regulation of these processes in response to water deficit may result in stomatal anatomical plasticity as part of the plant acclimation to drought. We quantified the leaf anatomical plasticity under water-deficit conditions in maize and soybean over two experiments. Both species produced smaller leaves in response to the water deficit, partly due to the reductions in the stomata and pavement cell size, although this response was greater in soybean, which also produced thicker leaves under severe stress, whereas the maize leaf thickness did not change. The stomata and pavement cells were smaller with the reduced water availability in both species, resulting in higher stomatal densities. Stomatal development (measured as stomatal index, SI) was suppressed in both species at the lowest water availability, but to a greater extent in maize than in soybean. The result of these responses is that in maize leaves, the stomatal area fraction (fgc) was consistently reduced in the plants grown under severe but not moderate water deficit, whereas the fgc did not decrease in the water-stressed soybean leaves. The water deficit resulted in the reduced expression of one of two (maize) or three (soybean) SPEECHLESS orthologs, and the expression patterns were correlated with SI. The vein density (VD) increased in both species in response to the water deficit, although the effect was greater in soybean. This study establishes a mechanism of stomatal development plasticity that can be applied to other species and genotypes to develop or investigate stomatal development plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Anthony Mano
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bethany Madore
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael V. Mickelbart
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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Lertngim N, Ruangsiri M, Klinsawang S, Raksatikan P, Thunnom B, Siangliw M, Toojinda T, Siangliw JL. Photosynthetic Plasticity and Stomata Adjustment in Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of Rice Cultivar KDML105 under Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:94. [PMID: 36616222 PMCID: PMC9823560 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The impact of increasing drought periods on crop yields as a result of global climate change is a major concern in modern agriculture. Thus, a greater understanding of crop physiological responses under drought stress can guide breeders to develop new cultivars with enhanced drought tolerance. In this study, selected chromosome segment substitution lines of KDML105 (KDML105-CSSL) were grown in the Plant Phenomics Center of Kasetsart University in Thailand under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. Physiological traits were measured by observing gas exchange dynamics and using a high-throughput phenotyping platform. Furthermore, because of its impact on plant internal gas and water regulation, stomatal morphological trait variation was recorded. The results show that KDML105-CSS lines exhibited plasticity responses to enhance water-use efficiency which increased by 3.62%. Moreover, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased by approximately 40% and plant height was reduced by 17.69%. Stomatal density tended to decrease and was negatively correlated with stomatal size, and stomata on different sides of the leaves responded differently under drought stress. Under drought stress, top-performing KDML105-CSS lines with high net photosynthesis had shorter plant height and improved IWUE, as influenced by an increase in stomatal density on the upper leaf side and a decrease on the lower leaf side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narawitch Lertngim
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mathurada Ruangsiri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Suparad Klinsawang
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Pimpa Raksatikan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Burin Thunnom
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Meechai Siangliw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Theerayut Toojinda
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jonaliza Lanceras Siangliw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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26
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Liu C, Sack L, Li Y, He N. Contrasting adaptation and optimization of stomatal traits across communities at continental scale. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6405-6416. [PMID: 35716087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in stomatal trait distributions across contrasting environments and their linkage with ecosystem productivity at large spatial scales have been unclear. Here, we measured the maximum stomatal conductance (g), stomatal area fraction (f), and stomatal space-use efficiency (e, the ratio of g to f) of 800 plant species ranging from tropical to cold-temperate forests, and determined their values for community-weighted mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. We found that the community-weighted means of g and f were higher in drier sites, and thus, that drought 'avoidance' by water availability-driven growth pulses was the dominant mode of adaptation for communities at sites with low water availability. Additionally, the variance of g and f was also higher at arid sites, indicating greater functional niche differentiation, whereas that for e was lower, indicating the convergence in efficiency. When all other stomatal trait distributions were held constant, increasing kurtosis or decreasing skewness of g would improve ecosystem productivity, whereas f showed the opposite patterns, suggesting that the distributions of inter-related traits can play contrasting roles in regulating ecosystem productivity. These findings demonstrate the climatic trends of stomatal trait distributions and their significance in the prediction of ecosystem productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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27
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Mueller KE, Ocheltree TW, Kray JA, Bushey JA, Blumenthal DM, Williams DG, Pendall E. Trading water for carbon in the future: Effects of elevated CO 2 and warming on leaf hydraulic traits in a semiarid grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5991-6001. [PMID: 35751572 PMCID: PMC9544398 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of climate change on plants and ecosystems are mediated by plant hydraulic traits, including interspecific and intraspecific variability of trait phenotypes. Yet, integrative and realistic studies of hydraulic traits and climate change are rare. In a semiarid grassland, we assessed the response of several plant hydraulic traits to elevated CO2 (+200 ppm) and warming (+1.5 to 3°C; day to night). For leaves of five dominant species (three graminoids and two forbs), and in replicated plots exposed to 7 years of elevated CO2 , warming, or ambient climate, we measured: stomatal density and size, xylem vessel size, turgor loss point, and water potential (pre-dawn). Interspecific differences in hydraulic traits were larger than intraspecific shifts induced by elevated CO2 and/or warming. Effects of elevated CO2 were greater than effects of warming, and interactions between treatments were weak or not detected. The forbs showed little phenotypic plasticity. The graminoids had leaf water potentials and turgor loss points that were 10% to 50% less negative under elevated CO2 ; thus, climate change might cause these species to adjust their drought resistance strategy away from tolerance and toward avoidance. The C4 grass also reduced allocation of leaf area to stomata under elevated CO2 , which helps explain observations of higher soil moisture. The shifts in hydraulic traits under elevated CO2 were not, however, simply due to higher soil moisture. Integration of our results with others' indicates that common species in this grassland are more likely to adjust stomatal aperture in response to near-term climate change, rather than anatomical traits; this contrasts with apparent effects of changing CO2 on plant anatomy over evolutionary time. Future studies should assess how plant responses to drought may be constrained by the apparent shift from tolerance (via low turgor loss point) to avoidance (via stomatal regulation and/or access to deeper soil moisture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Mueller
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Troy W. Ocheltree
- Department of Forest and Rangeland StewardshipColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Julie A. Kray
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Julie A. Bushey
- Water Management Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Dana M. Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | | | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
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28
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Xie J, Wang Z, Li Y. Stomatal opening ratio mediates trait coordinating network adaptation to environmental gradients. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:907-922. [PMID: 35491493 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A trait coordination network is constructed through intercorrelations of functional traits, which reflect trait-based adaptive strategies. However, little is known about how these networks change across spatial scales, and what drivers and mechanisms mediate this change. This study bridges that gap by integrating functional traits related to plant carbon gain and water economy into the coordination network of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila), a eurybiont that survives along a 3800 km environmental gradient from humid forest to arid desert. Our results demonstrated that both stomatal density and stomatal size reached a physiological threshold at which adjustments in these traits were not sufficient to cope with the increased environmental stress. Network analysis further revealed that the mechanism for overcoming this threshold, the stomatal opening ratio, gratio , was represented by the highest values for centrality across different spatial scales, and therefore mediated the changes in the trait coordination network along environmental gradients. The mediating roles manifested as creating the highest maximum theoretical stomatal conductance (gsmax ) but lowest possible gratio for pathogen defense in humid regions, while maintaining the gratio 'sweet spot' (c. 20% in this region) for highest water use efficiency in semihumid regions, and having the lowest gsmax and highest gratio for gas exchange and leaf cooling in arid regions. These results suggested that the stomatal traits related to control of stomatal movement play fundamental roles in balancing gas exchange, leaf cooling, embolism resistance and pathogen defense. These insights will allow more accurate model parameterization for different regions, and therefore better predictions of species' responses to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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29
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Shi P, Miao Q, Niinemets Ü, Liu M, Li Y, Yu K, Niklas KJ. Scaling relationships of leaf vein and areole traits versus leaf size for nine Magnoliaceae species differing in venation density. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:899-909. [PMID: 35471633 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8cz8w9gsv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Across species, main leaf vein density scales inversely with leaf area (A). Yet, minor vein density manifests no clear relationship with respect to A, despite having the potential to provide important insights into the trade-off among the investments in leaf mechanical support, hydraulics, and light interception. METHODS To examine this phenomenon, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae leaves were sampled, and the scaling relationships among A and midrib length (ML), total vein length (TVL), total vein area (TVA), total areole area (TAA), and mean areole area (MAA) were determined. The scaling relationships between MAA and areole density (the number of areoles per unit leaf area) and between MAA and A were also analyzed. RESULTS For five of the nine species, A was proportional to ML2 . For eight of the nine species, TVL and TVA were both proportional to A. The numerical values of the scaling exponents for TAA vs. A were between 1.0 and 1.07 for eight species; i.e., as expected, TAA was isometrically proportional to A. There was no correlation between MAA and A, but MAA scaled inversely with respect to areole density for each species. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between midrib "density" (i.e., ML/A) and A, and the lack of correlation between total leaf vein density and A result from the A ∝$\propto $ ML2 scaling relationship and the proportional relationship between TVL and A, respectively. Leaves with the same size can have widely varying MAA. Thus, leaf size itself does not directly constrain leaf hydraulic efficiency and redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Shi
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qinyue Miao
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Kexin Yu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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30
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Shi P, Miao Q, Niinemets Ü, Liu M, Li Y, Yu K, Niklas KJ. Scaling relationships of leaf vein and areole traits versus leaf size for nine Magnoliaceae species differing in venation density. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:899-909. [PMID: 35471633 PMCID: PMC9327518 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Across species, main leaf vein density scales inversely with leaf area (A). Yet, minor vein density manifests no clear relationship with respect to A, despite having the potential to provide important insights into the trade-off among the investments in leaf mechanical support, hydraulics, and light interception. METHODS To examine this phenomenon, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae leaves were sampled, and the scaling relationships among A and midrib length (ML), total vein length (TVL), total vein area (TVA), total areole area (TAA), and mean areole area (MAA) were determined. The scaling relationships between MAA and areole density (the number of areoles per unit leaf area) and between MAA and A were also analyzed. RESULTS For five of the nine species, A was proportional to ML2 . For eight of the nine species, TVL and TVA were both proportional to A. The numerical values of the scaling exponents for TAA vs. A were between 1.0 and 1.07 for eight species; i.e., as expected, TAA was isometrically proportional to A. There was no correlation between MAA and A, but MAA scaled inversely with respect to areole density for each species. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between midrib "density" (i.e., ML/A) and A, and the lack of correlation between total leaf vein density and A result from the A ∝$\propto $ ML2 scaling relationship and the proportional relationship between TVL and A, respectively. Leaves with the same size can have widely varying MAA. Thus, leaf size itself does not directly constrain leaf hydraulic efficiency and redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Shi
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Qinyue Miao
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesEstonian University of Life SciencesTartu51006Estonia
- Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinn10130Estonia
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Yirong Li
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Kexin Yu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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Pereira JP, Garbin ML, Carrijo TT, da Silva JA, Bourguignon TP, Cavatte PC. Lack of coordination between stomatal and vein traits provides functional benefits to the dioecious tropical tree Myrsine coriacea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13719. [PMID: 35587454 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will affect the distribution of many tropical plant species. However, the understanding of how dioecious tropical species cope with different environmental conditions is still limited. To address this issue, we investigated how secondary trait attributes in populations of the dioecious tropical tree Myrsine coriacea change along an altitudinal gradient. Eighty individual plants (40 male and 40 female) were selected among seven natural populations. Leaf variation in morphological and stomatal traits, and carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were analyzed. Female plants had greater isotopic leaf carbon composition (δ13 C) and nitrogen content than male plants, increasing their carboxylation capacity. Plants of both sexes had smaller stomata, greater water-use efficiency (greater δ13 C), and greater nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15 N) at higher altitudes. They also showed lower δ15 N and had greater carbon: nitrogen ratios at lower altitudes. There was a lack of coordination between stomatal and vein traits, which was compensated for by variation in specific leaf areas. This mechanism was essential for increasing plant performance under the limiting conditions found by the species at higher altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Priscilla Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Mário Luís Garbin
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Tavares Carrijo
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Josimar Aleixo da Silva
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Tayna Poppe Bourguignon
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Cavatte
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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32
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Landoni M, Cassani E, Ghidoli M, Colombo F, Sangiorgio S, Papa G, Adani F, Pilu R. Brachytic2 mutation is able to counteract the main pleiotropic effects of brown midrib3 mutant in maize. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2446. [PMID: 35165340 PMCID: PMC8844417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is the basis of nutrition of domesticated herbivores and one of the most promising energy crops. The presence of lignin in the cell wall, tightly associated to carbohydrates, prevents the physical access of enzymes such as cellulase, limiting the carbohydrate degradability and consequently the energy value. To increase the utilization of the biomass cellulose content, the challenge of breeding programs is to lower or modify the lignin components. In maize several mutations are able to modify the lignin content and in particular the mutation in brown midrib3 (bm3) gene appeared as one of the most promising in breeding programs. Unfortunately this mutation has several negative pleiotropic effects on various important agronomic traits such as stay green, lodging and susceptibility to several infections.The maize Brachyitic 2 (br2) gene encodes for a putative protein involved in polar movement of auxins. br2 mutant plants are characterized by shortening of lower stalk internodes, unusual stalk strength and tolerance to wind lodging, darker leaves persisting longer in the active green state in comparison to wild type plants, suggesting a possible utilization of br2 plants to counteract the negative effects of the bm3 mutation. In this work, we report the generation and a preliminary characterization of the double mutant bm3 br2, suggesting the potential use of this new genetic material to increase biomass cellulose utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Landoni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cassani
- DiSAA, Genetic Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ghidoli
- DiSAA, Genetic Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Colombo
- DiSAA, Genetic Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgio
- DiSAA, Genetic Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Papa
- DiSAA, Gruppo Ricicla, Biomass and Bioenergy Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- DiSAA, Gruppo Ricicla, Biomass and Bioenergy Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Pilu
- DiSAA, Genetic Laboratory, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali - Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Marchin RM, Backes D, Ossola A, Leishman MR, Tjoelker MG, Ellsworth DS. Extreme heat increases stomatal conductance and drought-induced mortality risk in vulnerable plant species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1133-1146. [PMID: 34741566 PMCID: PMC9299030 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality during global-change-type drought is usually attributed to xylem dysfunction, but as climate change increases the frequency of extreme heat events, it is necessary to better understand the interactive role of heat stress. We hypothesized that some drought-stressed plants paradoxically open stomata in heatwaves to prevent leaves from critically overheating. We experimentally imposed heat (>40°C) and drought stress onto 20 broadleaf evergreen tree/shrub species in a glasshouse study. Most well-watered plants avoided lethal overheating, but drought exacerbated thermal damage during heatwaves. Thermal safety margins (TSM) quantifying the difference between leaf surface temperature and leaf critical temperature, where photosynthesis is disrupted, identified species vulnerability to heatwaves. Several mechanisms contributed to high heat tolerance and avoidance of damaging leaf temperatures-small leaf size, low leaf osmotic potential, high leaf mass per area (i.e., thick, dense leaves), high transpirational capacity, and access to water. Water-stressed plants had smaller TSM, greater crown dieback, and a fundamentally different stomatal heatwave response relative to well-watered plants. On average, well-watered plants closed stomata and decreased stomatal conductance (gs ) during the heatwave, but droughted plants did not. Plant species with low gs , either due to isohydric stomatal behavior under water deficit or inherently low transpirational capacity, opened stomata and increased gs under high temperatures. The current paradigm maintains that stomata close before hydraulic thresholds are surpassed, but our results suggest that isohydric species may dramatically increase gs (over sixfold increases) even past their leaf turgor loss point. By actively increasing water loss at high temperatures, plants can be driven toward mortality thresholds more rapidly than has been previously recognized. The inclusion of TSM and responses to heat stress could improve our ability to predict the vulnerability of different tree species to future droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M. Marchin
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Diana Backes
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alessandro Ossola
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Michelle R. Leishman
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Mark G. Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
| | - David S. Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
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34
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Feng JQ, Wang JH, Zhang SB. Leaf physiological and anatomical responses of two sympatric Paphiopedilum species to temperature. PLANT DIVERSITY 2022; 44:101-108. [PMID: 35281120 PMCID: PMC8897187 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paphiopedilum dianthum and P. micranthum are two endangered orchid species, with high ornamental and conservation values. They are sympatric species, but their leaf anatomical traits and flowering period have significant differences. However, it is unclear whether the differences in leaf structure of the two species will affect their adaptabilities to temperature. Here, we investigated the leaf photosynthetic, anatomical, and flowering traits of these two species at three sites with different temperatures (Kunming, 16.7 ± 0.2 °C; Puer, 17.7 ± 0.2 °C; Menglun, 23.3 ± 0.2 °C) in southwest China. Compared with those at Puer and Kunming, the values of light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf thickness (LT), and stomatal density (SD) in both species were lower at Menglun. The values of Pmax, gs, LT, adaxial cuticle thickness (CTad) and SD in P. dianthum were higher than those of P. micranthum at the three sites. Compared with P. dianthum, there were no flowering plants of P. micranthum at Menglun. These results indicated that both species were less resistance to high temperature, and P. dianthum had a stronger adaptability to high-temperature than P. micranthum. Our findings can provide valuable information for the conservation and cultivation of Paphiopedilum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Qiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ji-Hua Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
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Hunt L, Fuksa M, Klem K, Lhotáková Z, Oravec M, Urban O, Albrechtová J. Barley Genotypes Vary in Stomatal Responsiveness to Light and CO 2 Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112533. [PMID: 34834896 PMCID: PMC8625854 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in stomatal conductance and density allow plants to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. In the present paper, the influence of atmospheric CO2 concentration and light intensity on stomata were investigated for two barley genotypes-Barke and Bojos, differing in their sensitivity to oxidative stress and phenolic acid profiles. A novel approach for stomatal density analysis was used-a pair of convolution neural networks were developed to automatically identify and count stomata on epidermal micrographs. Stomatal density in barley was influenced by genotype, as well as by light and CO2 conditions. Low CO2 conditions resulted in increased stomatal density, although differences between ambient and elevated CO2 were not significant. High light intensity increased stomatal density compared to low light intensity in both barley varieties and all CO2 treatments. Changes in stomatal conductance were also measured alongside the accumulation of pentoses, hexoses, disaccharides, and abscisic acid detected by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. High light increased the accumulation of all sugars and reduced abscisic acid levels. Abscisic acid was influenced by all factors-light, CO2, and genotype-in combination. Differences were discovered between the two barley varieties: oxidative stress sensitive Barke demonstrated higher stomatal density, but lower conductance and better water use efficiency (WUE) than oxidative stress resistant Bojos at saturating light intensity. Barke also showed greater variability between treatments in measurements of stomatal density, sugar accumulation, and abscisic levels, implying that it may be more responsive to environmental drivers influencing water relations in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hunt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Michal Fuksa
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.)
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-221-95-1959
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36
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Eng WH, Ho WS, Ling KH. In vitro induction and identification of polyploid Neolamarckia cadamba plants by colchicine treatment. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12399. [PMID: 34760387 PMCID: PMC8556713 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization has played a crucial role in plant breeding and crop improvement. However, studies on the polyploidization of tropical tree species are still very scarce in this region. This paper described the in vitro induction and identification of polyploid plants of Neolamarckia cadamba by colchicine treatment. N. cadamba belongs to the Rubiaceae family is a natural tetraploid plant with 44 chromosomes (2n = 4x = 44). Nodal segments were treated with colchicine (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) for 24 h and 48 h before transferring to shoot regeneration medium. Flow cytometry (FCM) and chromosome count were employed to determine the ploidy level and chromosome number of the regenerants, respectively. Of 180 colchicine-treated nodal segments, 39, 14 and 22 were tetraploids, mixoploids and octoploids, respectively. The highest percentage of polyploidization (20% octoploids; 6.7% mixoploids) was observed after treated with 0.3% colchicine for 48 h. The DNA content of tetraploid (4C) and octoploid (8C) was 2.59 ± 0.09 pg and 5.35 ± 0.24 pg, respectively. Mixoploid plants are made up of mixed tetraploid and octoploid cells. Chromosome count confirmed that tetraploid cell has 44 chromosomes and colchicine-induced octoploid cell has 88 chromosomes. Both octoploids and mixoploids grew slower than tetraploids under in vitro conditions. Morphological characterizations showed that mixoploid and octoploid leaves had thicker leaf blades, thicker midrib, bigger stomata size, lower stomata density, higher SPAD value and smaller pith layer than tetraploids. This indicates that polyploidization has changed and resulted in traits that are predicted to increase photosynthetic capacity of N. cadamba. These novel polyploid plants could be valuable resources for advanced N. cadamba breeding programs to produce improved clones for planted forest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee Hiang Eng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wei Seng Ho
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Flexas J, Clemente-Moreno MJ, Bota J, Brodribb TJ, Gago J, Mizokami Y, Nadal M, Perera-Castro AV, Roig-Oliver M, Sugiura D, Xiong D, Carriquí M. Cell wall thickness and composition are involved in photosynthetic limitation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3971-3986. [PMID: 33780533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The key role of cell walls in setting mesophyll conductance to CO2 (gm) and, consequently, photosynthesis is reviewed. First, the theoretical properties of cell walls that can affect gm are presented. Then, we focus on cell wall thickness (Tcw) reviewing empirical evidence showing that Tcw varies strongly among species and phylogenetic groups in a way that correlates with gm and photosynthesis; that is, the thicker the mesophyll cell walls, the lower the gm and photosynthesis. Potential interplays of gm, Tcw, dehydration tolerance, and hydraulic properties of leaves are also discussed. Dynamic variations of Tcw in response to the environment and their implications in the regulation of photosynthesis are discussed, and recent evidence suggesting an influence of cell wall composition on gm is presented. We then propose a hypothetical mechanism for the influence of cell walls on photosynthesis, combining the effects of thickness and composition, particularly pectins. Finally, we discuss the prospects for using biotechnology for enhancing photosynthesis by altering cell wall-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - María J Clemente-Moreno
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Josefina Bota
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Yusuke Mizokami
- Laboratory of Applied Ecology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Alicia V Perera-Castro
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Margalida Roig-Oliver
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Institut d'Investigacions Agroambientals i d'Economia de l'Aigua (INAGEA) - Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5., 07122, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Laboratory of Crop Science, Department of Plant Production Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Marc Carriquí
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Zhang L, Wang S, Yang X, Cui X, Niu H. An Intrinsic Geometric Constraint on Morphological Stomatal Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658702. [PMID: 33968115 PMCID: PMC8097139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A strong negative non-linear relationship exists between stomatal density (SD) and size (SS) or length (SL), which is of high importance in gas exchange and plant evolution. However, the cause of this relationship has not been clarified. In geometry, SD has an intrinsic relationship with SS-1 or SL-2, which is defined as a geometric constraint here. We compiled global data to clarify the influence of this geometric constraint on the SD-SS relationship. The log-log scaling slope of the relationship between SD and SS and between SD and SL was not significantly different from -1 and -2, respectively. Although the non-geometric effect drove the SD-SS curve away from the power function with -1, a larger influence of the geometric constraint on SD was found. Therefore, the higher geometric constraint possibly causes the SD-SS relationship to be inevitably non-linear and negative. Compared to pteridophyta and gymnosperms, the geometric constraint was lower for angiosperm species, possibly due to most of them having smaller stomata. The relaxation of the geometric constraint seems to extend the upper range of SD in angiosperm species and hence enable them to exploit a wide range of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Zhang
- Department of Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Naqu Integrated Observation and Research Station of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lasa, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Adaptive Management on Alpine Grassland, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haishan Niu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Jayakody H, Petrie P, Boer HJD, Whitty M. A generalised approach for high-throughput instance segmentation of stomata in microscope images. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:27. [PMID: 33750422 PMCID: PMC7945362 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomata analysis using microscope imagery provides important insight into plant physiology, health and the surrounding environmental conditions. Plant scientists are now able to conduct automated high-throughput analysis of stomata in microscope data, however, existing detection methods are sensitive to the appearance of stomata in the training images, thereby limiting general applicability. In addition, existing methods only generate bounding-boxes around detected stomata, which require users to implement additional image processing steps to study stomata morphology. In this paper, we develop a fully automated, robust stomata detection algorithm which can also identify individual stomata boundaries regardless of the plant species, sample collection method, imaging technique and magnification level. RESULTS The proposed solution consists of three stages. First, the input image is pre-processed to remove any colour space biases occurring from different sample collection and imaging techniques. Then, a Mask R-CNN is applied to estimate individual stomata boundaries. The feature pyramid network embedded in the Mask R-CNN is utilised to identify stomata at different scales. Finally, a statistical filter is implemented at the Mask R-CNN output to reduce the number of false positive generated by the network. The algorithm was tested using 16 datasets from 12 sources, containing over 60,000 stomata. For the first time in this domain, the proposed solution was tested against 7 microscope datasets never seen by the algorithm to show the generalisability of the solution. Results indicated that the proposed approach can detect stomata with a precision, recall, and F-score of 95.10%, 83.34%, and 88.61%, respectively. A separate test conducted by comparing estimated stomata boundary values with manually measured data showed that the proposed method has an IoU score of 0.70; a 7% improvement over the bounding-box approach. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method shows robust performance across multiple microscope image datasets of different quality and scale. This generalised stomata detection algorithm allows plant scientists to conduct stomata analysis whilst eliminating the need to re-label and re-train for each new dataset. The open-source code shared with this project can be directly deployed in Google Colab or any other Tensorflow environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranya Jayakody
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Petrie
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, Australia
| | - Hugo Jan de Boer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus institute of sustainable development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mark Whitty
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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40
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Ferroni L, Brestič M, Živčak M, Cantelli R, Pancaldi S. Increased photosynthesis from a deep-shade to high-light regime occurs by enhanced CO 2 diffusion into the leaf of Selaginella martensii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:143-154. [PMID: 33486204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of photosynthesis across land plant phylogeny strongly indicates that ancient vascular plants are mainly limited by strong constitutive CO2 diffusional constraints, particularly low stomatal and mesophyll conductance. Considering that the lycophyte Selaginella martensii can demonstrate long-term light acclimation, this study addresses the regulation extent of CO2 assimilation in this species cultivated under contrasting light regimes of deep shade, medium shade and high light. Comparative analyses of photosynthetic traits, CO2 conductance and leaf morpho-anatomy revealed acclimation plasticity similar to that of seed plants, though occurring in the context of an inherently low photosynthetic capacity typical of lycophytes. Specific modulations of the stomatal density and aperture, chloroplast surface exposed to mesophyll airspaces and cell wall thickness sustained a marked improvement in CO2 diffusion from deep shade to high light. However, the maximum carboxylation rate was comparatively less effectively upregulated, leading to a greater incidence of biochemical limitations of photosynthesis. Because of a low carboxylation capacity under any light regime, a lycophyte prevents potential photodamage to the chloroplast by not only exploiting the thermal dissipation of excess absorbed energy but also diverting a large fraction of photosynthetic electrons to sinks alternative to carboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Marián Brestič
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia.
| | - Marek Živčak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Riccardo Cantelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Machado R, Loram-Lourenço L, Farnese FS, Alves RDFB, de Sousa LF, Silva FG, Filho SCV, Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Menezes-Silva PE. Where do leaf water leaks come from? Trade-offs underlying the variability in minimum conductance across tropical savanna species with contrasting growth strategies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1415-1430. [PMID: 32964437 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants continue to lose water from their leaves even after complete stomatal closure. Although this minimum conductance (gleaf-res ) has substantial impacts on strategies of water use and conservation, little is known about the potential drivers underlying the variability of this trait across species. We thus untangled the relative contribution of water leaks from the cuticle and stomata in order to investigate how the variability in leaf morphological and anatomical traits is related to the variation in gleaf-res and carbon assimilation capacity across 30 diverse species from the Brazilian Cerrado. In addition to cuticle permeance, water leaks from stomata had a significant impact on gleaf-res . The differential pattern of stomata distribution in the epidermis was a key factor driving this variation, suggesting the existence of a trade-off between carbon assimilation and water loss through gleaf-res . For instance, higher gleaf-res , observed in fast-growing species, was associated with the investment in small and numerous stomata, which allowed higher carbon assimilation rates but also increased water leaks, with negative impacts on leaf survival under drought. Variation in cuticle structural properties was not linked to gleaf-res . Our results therefore suggest the existence of a trade-off between carbon assimilation efficiency and dehydration tolerance at foliar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Machado
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Lucas Loram-Lourenço
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Santos Farnese
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Rauander Douglas Ferreira Barros Alves
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira de Sousa
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Carvalho Vasconcelos Filho
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Paulo Eduardo Menezes-Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, 75901-970, Brazil
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Haworth M, Marino G, Loreto F, Centritto M. Integrating stomatal physiology and morphology: evolution of stomatal control and development of future crops. Oecologia 2021; 197:867-883. [PMID: 33515295 PMCID: PMC8591009 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stomata are central players in the hydrological and carbon cycles, regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) for photosynthesis and transpirative loss of water (H2O) between plants and the atmosphere. The necessity to balance water-loss and CO2-uptake has played a key role in the evolution of plants, and is increasingly important in a hotter and drier world. The conductance of CO2 and water vapour across the leaf surface is determined by epidermal and stomatal morphology (the number, size, and spacing of stomatal pores) and stomatal physiology (the regulation of stomatal pore aperture in response to environmental conditions). The proportion of the epidermis allocated to stomata and the evolution of amphistomaty are linked to the physiological function of stomata. Moreover, the relationship between stomatal density and [CO2] is mediated by physiological stomatal behaviour; species with less responsive stomata to light and [CO2] are most likely to adjust stomatal initiation. These differences in the sensitivity of the stomatal density—[CO2] relationship between species influence the efficacy of the ‘stomatal method’ that is widely used to infer the palaeo-atmospheric [CO2] in which fossil leaves developed. Many studies have investigated stomatal physiology or morphology in isolation, which may result in the loss of the ‘overall picture’ as these traits operate in a coordinated manner to produce distinct mechanisms for stomatal control. Consideration of the interaction between stomatal morphology and physiology is critical to our understanding of plant evolutionary history, plant responses to on-going climate change and the production of more efficient and climate-resilient food and bio-fuel crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Marino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DiSBA), National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- ENI-CNR Water Research Center "Hypatia of Alexandria", Research Center Metapontum Agrobios, Metaponto, Italy
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Decreased Levels of Thioredoxin o1 Influences Stomatal Development and Aperture but Not Photosynthesis under Non-Stress and Saline Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031063. [PMID: 33494429 PMCID: PMC7865980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity has a negative impact on plant growth, with photosynthesis being downregulated partially due to osmotic effect and enhanced cellular oxidation. Redox signaling contributes to the plant response playing thioredoxins (TRXs) a central role. In this work we explore the potential contribution of Arabidopsis TRXo1 to the photosynthetic response under salinity analyzing Arabidopsis wild-type (WT) and two Attrxo1 mutant lines in their growth under short photoperiod and higher light intensity than previous reported works. Stomatal development and apertures and the antioxidant, hormonal and metabolic acclimation are also analyzed. In control conditions mutant plants displayed less and larger developed stomata and higher pore size which could underlie their higher stomatal conductance, without being affected in other photosynthetic parameters. Under salinity, all genotypes displayed a general decrease in photosynthesis and the oxidative status in the Attrxo1 mutant lines was altered, with higher levels of H2O2 and NO but also higher ascorbate/glutathione (ASC/GSH) redox states than WT plants. Finally, sugar changes and increases in abscisic acid (ABA) and NO may be involved in the observed higher stomatal response of the TRXo1-altered plants. Therefore, the lack of AtTRXo1 affected stomata development and opening and the mutants modulate their antioxidant, metabolic and hormonal responses to optimize their adaptation to salinity.
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Li Y, Zheng Y, Ratkowsky DA, Wei H, Shi P. Application of an Ovate Leaf Shape Model to Evaluate Leaf Bilateral Asymmetry and Calculate Lamina Centroid Location. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:822907. [PMID: 35111188 PMCID: PMC8801803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.822907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf shape is an important leaf trait, with ovate leaves common in many floras. Recently, a new leaf shape model (referred to as the MLRF equation) derived from temperature-dependent bacterial growth was proposed and demonstrated to be valid in describing leaf boundaries of many species with ovate leaf shape. The MLRF model's parameters can provide valuable information of leaf shape, including the ratio of lamina width to length and the lamina centroid location on the lamina length axis. However, the model wasn't tested on a large sample of a single species, thereby limiting its overall evaluation for describing leaf boundaries, for evaluating lamina bilateral asymmetry and for calculating lamina centroid location. In this study, we further test the model using data from two Lauraceae species, Cinnamomum camphora and Machilus leptophylla, with >290 leaves for each species. The equation was found to be credible for describing those shapes, with all adjusted root-mean-square errors (RMSE) smaller than 0.05, indicating that the mean absolute deviation is smaller than 5% of the radius of an assumed circle whose area equals lamina area. It was also found that the larger the extent of lamina asymmetry, the larger the adjusted RMSE, with approximately 50% of unexplained variation by the model accounted for by the lamina asymmetry, implying that this model can help to quantify the leaf bilateral asymmetry in future studies. In addition, there was a significant difference between the two species in their centroid ratio, i.e., the distance from leaf petiole to the point on the lamina length axis associated with leaf maximum width to the leaf maximum length. It was found that a higher centroid ratio does not necessarily lead to a greater investment of mass to leaf petiole relative to lamina, which might depend on the petiole pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Li
- Bamboo Research Institution, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Bamboo Research Institution, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - David A. Ratkowsky
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Hailin Wei
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Hailin Wei,
| | - Peijian Shi
- Bamboo Research Institution, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hailin Wei,
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Liu C, Li Y, Xu L, Li M, Wang J, Yan P, He N. Stomatal Arrangement Pattern: A New Direction to Explore Plant Adaptation and Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:655255. [PMID: 33995451 PMCID: PMC8120035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.655255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The arrangement patterns of stomata on the leaf surface influence water loss and CO2 uptake via transportation and diffusion between stomata, the sites of photosynthesis, and vasculature. However, the quantification of such patterns remains unclear. Based on the distance between stomata, we developed three independent indices to quantify stomatal arrangement pattern (SAP). "Stomatal evenness" was used to quantify the regularity of the distribution of stomata based on a minimum spanning tree, "stomatal divergence" described the divergence in the distribution of stomata based on their distances from their center of gravity, and "stomatal aggregation" was used to quantitatively distinguish the SAP as clustered, random, or regularly distributed based on the nearest-neighbor distances. These three indices address the shortcoming of stomatal density that only describes "abundance" and may, collectively, have a better capacity to explore crop development, plant adaptation and evolution, and potentially ultimately enable a more accurate reconstruction of the palaeoclimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Nianpeng He,
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46
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Westbrook AS, McAdam SAM. Stomatal density and mechanics are critical for high productivity: insights from amphibious ferns. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:877-889. [PMID: 32761918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm dominance in terrestrial landscapes is partially attributable to high photosynthetic capacities. Angiosperms benefit from diverse anatomical and physiological adaptations, making it difficult to determine which factors may have been prerequisites for the evolution of enhanced photosynthetic rates in this group. We employed a novel approach to this problem: comparisons between angiosperms and Marsileaceae, a family of semi-aquatic ferns that are among the only land plants to match angiosperm photosynthetic rates. We found that Marsileaceae have very high stomatal densities and, like angiosperms but unlike all other ferns previously studied, exhibit wrong-way stomatal responses to excision. These results suggest that stomatal density and a little-studied angiosperm trait, the capacity for lateral displacement of guard cells into neighboring epidermal cells, are crucial for facilitating high rates of gas exchange. Our analysis also associates these adaptations in Marsileaceae with an increased risk of excessive water loss during drought. Our findings indicate that evolution in stomatal physiology was a prerequisite for high photosynthetic capacities in vascular plants and a key driver of the abrupt Cretaceous rise of the angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Westbrook
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Xiong D, Flexas J. From one side to two sides: the effects of stomatal distribution on photosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1754-1766. [PMID: 32652573 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The functions of stomata have been studied for a long time; however, a clear understanding of the influences of stomatal distribution on photosynthesis, especially the CO2 diffusion, is still unclear. Here, we investigated the stomatal morphology, distribution on leaf surfaces, vein traits and gas exchange parameters of 61 species, of which 29 were amphistomatous, spanning 32 families. Photosynthesis (A) was tightly coupled with operational stomatal conductance (gs ) and mesophyll conductance (gm ) regardless of whether phylogenetic relationships were accounted for. Although the enhancement of gs from ferns and gymnosperms to angiosperms could largely be explained by the increase in leaf vein density (VLA) and stomatal density (SD), the gs was decoupled from VLA and SD across angiosperm species. Instead, A in angiosperms was further influenced by the allocation of stomatal pores on leaf surfaces, which dramatically increased gs and gm . Moreover, the ratio of gs to anatomically based maximum gs was, on average, 0.12 across species. Our results show that the shift of stomatal pores from one leaf side to both sides played an important role in regulating CO2 diffusion via both stomata and mesophyll tissues. Modifications of stomata distribution have potential as a functional trait for photosynthesis improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Universitat de les Illes Balears/Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, 07121, Spain
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Abstract
A transition from qualitative to quantitative descriptors of morphology has been facilitated through the growing field of morphometrics, representing the conversion of shapes and patterns into numbers. The analysis of plant form at the macromorphological scale using morphometric approaches quantifies what is commonly referred to as a phenotype. Quantitative phenotypic analysis of individuals with contrasting genotypes in turn provides a means to establish links between genes and shapes. The path from a gene to a morphological phenotype is, however, not direct, with instructive information progressing both across multiple scales of biological complexity and through nonintuitive feedback, such as mechanical signals. In this review, we explore morphometric approaches used to perform whole-plant phenotyping and quantitative approaches in capture processes in the mesoscales, which bridge the gaps between genes and shapes in plants. Quantitative frameworks involving both the computational simulation and the discretization of data into networks provide a putative path to predicting emergent shape from underlying genetic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
| | - George W Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
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49
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Muir CD. A Stomatal Model of Anatomical Tradeoffs Between Gas Exchange and Pathogen Colonization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:518991. [PMID: 33193466 PMCID: PMC7658178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.518991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores control leaf gas exchange and are one route for infection of internal plant tissues by many foliar pathogens, setting up the potential for tradeoffs between photosynthesis and pathogen colonization. Anatomical shifts to lower stomatal density and/or size may also limit pathogen colonization, but such developmental changes could permanently reduce the gas exchange capacity for the life of the leaf. I developed and analyzed a spatially explicit model of pathogen colonization on the leaf as a function of stomatal size and density, anatomical traits which partially determine maximum rates of gas exchange. The model predicts greater stomatal size or density increases the probability of colonization, but the effect is most pronounced when the fraction of leaf surface covered by stomata is low. I also derived scaling relationships between stomatal size and density that preserves a given probability of colonization. These scaling relationships set up a potential anatomical conflict between limiting pathogen colonization and minimizing the fraction of leaf surface covered by stomata. Although a connection between gas exchange and pathogen defense has been suggested empirically, this is the first mathematical model connecting gas exchange and pathogen defense via stomatal anatomy. A limitation of the model is that it does not include variation in innate immunity and stomatal closure in response to pathogens. Nevertheless, the model makes predictions that can be tested with experiments and may explain variation in stomatal size and density among plants. The model is generalizable to many types of pathogens, but lacks significant biological realism that may be needed for precise predictions.
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50
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Deans RM, Brodribb TJ, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Optimization can provide the fundamental link between leaf photosynthesis, gas exchange and water relations. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1116-1125. [PMID: 32895529 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tight coordination in the photosynthetic, gas exchange and water supply capacities of leaves is a globally conserved trend across land plants. Strong selective constraints on leaf carbon gain create the opportunity to use quantitative optimization theory to understand the connected evolution of leaf photosynthesis and water relations. We developed an analytical optimization model that maximizes the long-term rate of leaf carbon gain, given the carbon costs in building and maintaining stomata, leaf hydraulics and osmotic pressure. Our model demonstrates that selection for optimal gain should drive coordination between key photosynthetic, gas exchange and water relations traits. It also provides predictions of adaptation to drought and the relative costs of key leaf functional traits. Our results show that optimization in terms of carbon gain, given the carbon costs of physiological traits, successfully unites leaf photosynthesis and water relations and provides a quantitative framework to consider leaf functional evolution and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Deans
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Florian A Busch
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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