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Zhao XY, Wang HQ, Shi W, Zhang WW, Zhao FJ. The Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologue OsRBOHE is crucial for root hair formation, drought resistance and tillering in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39238330 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologues (RBOHs) are involved in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. How OsRBOHs affect root hair formation and consequently nutrient acquisition and drought resistance in rice is not well understood. We knocked out six OsRBOH genes in rice that were expressed in roots and identified OsRBOHE as the only one affecting root hair formation. OsRBOHE was strongly expressed in the root epidermis, root hairs and tiller buds. OsRBOHE is localised at the plasma membrane. Knockout of OsRBOHE decreased reactive oxygen species generation in the root hairs and tiller buds, downregulated genes involved in cell wall biogenesis, and decreased root hair length and tillering by 90% and 30%, respectively. Knockout of OsRBOHE decreased phosphorus acquisition only in low available P soil under aerobic conditions, but not in high P soil or under flooded conditions when P was likely not limited by diffusion. Knockout of OsRBOHE markedly decreased drought resistance of rice plants through the effect on root hair formation and the associated rhizosheath. Taken together, OsRBOHE is crucial for root hair formation and tillering and consequently on drought resistance in rice. The contribution of root hairs to P acquisition in rice is limited to aerobic soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilisation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Holz M, Zarebanadkouki M, Benard P, Hoffmann M, Dubbert M. Root and rhizosphere traits for enhanced water and nutrients uptake efficiency in dynamic environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1383373. [PMID: 39145194 PMCID: PMC11322101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1383373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Modern agriculture's goal of improving crop resource acquisition efficiency relies on the intricate relationship between the root system and the soil. Root and rhizosphere traits play a critical role in the efficient use of nutrients and water, especially under dynamic environments. This review emphasizes a holistic perspective, challenging the conventional separation of nutrient and water uptake processes and the necessity for an integrated approach. Anticipating climate change-induced increase in the likelihood of extreme weather events that result in fluctuations in soil moisture and nutrient availability, the study explores the adaptive potential of root and rhizosphere traits to mitigate stress. We emphasize the significance of root and rhizosphere characteristics that enable crops to rapidly respond to varying resource availabilities (i.e. the presence of water and mobile nutrients in the root zone) and their accessibility (i.e. the possibility to transport resources to the root surface). These traits encompass for example root hairs, mucilage and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) exudation, rhizosheath formation and the expression of nutrient and water transporters. Moreover, we recognize the challenge of balancing carbon investments, especially under stress, where optimized traits must consider carbon-efficient strategies. To advance our understanding, the review calls for well-designed field experiments, recognizing the limitations of controlled environments. Non-destructive methods such as mini rhizotron assessments and in-situ stable isotope techniques, in combination with destructive approaches such as root exudation analysis, are proposed for assessing root and rhizosphere traits. The integration of modeling, experimentation, and plant breeding is essential for developing resilient crop genotypes capable of adapting to evolving resource limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maire Holz
- Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Mohsen Zarebanadkouki
- Soil Biophysics and Environmental Systems, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Pascal Benard
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Hoffmann
- Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Maren Dubbert
- Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
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3
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Geilfus CM, Zörb C, Jones JJ, Wimmer MA, Schmöckel SM. Water for agriculture: more crop per drop. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:499-507. [PMID: 38773740 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Global crop production in agriculture depends on water availability. Future scenarios predict increasing occurrence of flash floods and rapidly developing droughts accompanied by heatwaves in humid regions that rely on rain-fed agriculture. It is challenging to maintain high crop yields, even in arid and drought-prone regions that depend on irrigation. The average water demand of crops varies significantly, depending on plant species, development stage, and climate. Most crops, such as maize and wheat, require relatively more water during the vegetative phase compared to the ripening phase. In this review, we explain WUE and options to improve water use and thus crop yield. Nutrient management might represent another possibility to manipulate water uptake and use by plants. An emerging topic involves agroforest co-cultivation, where trees in the system facilitate water transfer through hydraulic lift, benefiting neighbouring crops. Other options to enhance crop yield per water use are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-M Geilfus
- Department of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - C Zörb
- Department Quality of Plant Products, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J J Jones
- Division of Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Wimmer
- Department Quality of Plant Products, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S M Schmöckel
- Department Physiology of Yield Stability, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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4
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Voothuluru P, Wu Y, Sharp RE. Not so hidden anymore: Advances and challenges in understanding root growth under water deficits. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1377-1409. [PMID: 38382086 PMCID: PMC11062450 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Limited water availability is a major environmental factor constraining plant development and crop yields. One of the prominent adaptations of plants to water deficits is the maintenance of root growth that enables sustained access to soil water. Despite early recognition of the adaptive significance of root growth maintenance under water deficits, progress in understanding has been hampered by the inherent complexity of root systems and their interactions with the soil environment. We highlight selected milestones in the understanding of root growth responses to water deficits, with emphasis on founding studies that have shaped current knowledge and set the stage for further investigation. We revisit the concept of integrated biophysical and metabolic regulation of plant growth and use this framework to review central growth-regulatory processes occurring within root growth zones under water stress at subcellular to organ scales. Key topics include the primary processes of modifications of cell wall-yielding properties and osmotic adjustment, as well as regulatory roles of abscisic acid and its interactions with other hormones. We include consideration of long-recognized responses for which detailed mechanistic understanding has been elusive until recently, for example hydrotropism, and identify gaps in knowledge, ongoing challenges, and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Voothuluru
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Robert E Sharp
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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5
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Bachofen C, Tumber-Dávila SJ, Mackay DS, McDowell NG, Carminati A, Klein T, Stocker BD, Mencuccini M, Grossiord C. Tree water uptake patterns across the globe. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38649790 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Plant water uptake from the soil is a crucial element of the global hydrological cycle and essential for vegetation drought resilience. Yet, knowledge of how the distribution of water uptake depth (WUD) varies across species, climates, and seasons is scarce relative to our knowledge of aboveground plant functions. With a global literature review, we found that average WUD varied more among biomes than plant functional types (i.e. deciduous/evergreen broadleaves and conifers), illustrating the importance of the hydroclimate, especially precipitation seasonality, on WUD. By combining records of rooting depth with WUD, we observed a consistently deeper maximum rooting depth than WUD with the largest differences in arid regions - indicating that deep taproots act as lifelines while not contributing to the majority of water uptake. The most ubiquitous observation across the literature was that woody plants switch water sources to soil layers with the highest water availability within short timescales. Hence, seasonal shifts to deep soil layers occur across the globe when shallow soils are drying out, allowing continued transpiration and hydraulic safety. While there are still significant gaps in our understanding of WUD, the consistency across global ecosystems allows integration of existing knowledge into the next generation of vegetation process models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bachofen
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shersingh Joseph Tumber-Dávila
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01316, USA
| | - D Scott Mackay
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tamir Klein
- Plant & Environmental Sciences Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, 3013, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Steiner FA, Wild AJ, Tyborski N, Tung SY, Koehler T, Buegger F, Carminati A, Eder B, Groth J, Hesse BD, Pausch J, Lüders T, Vahl WK, Wolfrum S, Mueller CW, Vidal A. Rhizosheath drought responsiveness is variety-specific and a key component of belowground plant adaptation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:479-492. [PMID: 38418430 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Biophysicochemical rhizosheath properties play a vital role in plant drought adaptation. However, their integration into the framework of plant drought response is hampered by incomplete mechanistic understanding of their drought responsiveness and unknown linkage to intraspecific plant-soil drought reactions. Thirty-eight Zea mays varieties were grown under well-watered and drought conditions to assess the drought responsiveness of rhizosheath properties, such as soil aggregation, rhizosheath mass, net-rhizodeposition, and soil organic carbon distribution. Additionally, explanatory traits, including functional plant trait adaptations and changes in soil enzyme activities, were measured. Drought restricted soil structure formation in the rhizosheath and shifted plant-carbon from litter-derived organic matter in macroaggregates to microbially processed compounds in microaggregates. Variety-specific functional trait modifications determined variations in rhizosheath drought responsiveness. Drought responses of the plant-soil system ranged among varieties from maintaining plant-microbial interactions in the rhizosheath through accumulation of rhizodeposits, to preserving rhizosheath soil structure while increasing soil exploration through enhanced root elongation. Drought-induced alterations at the root-soil interface may hold crucial implications for ecosystem resilience in a changing climate. Our findings highlight that rhizosheath soil properties are an intrinsic component of plant drought response, emphasizing the need for a holistic concept of plant-soil systems in future research on plant drought adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska A Steiner
- Soil Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas J Wild
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicolas Tyborski
- Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Shu-Yin Tung
- Soil Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Agroecology and Organic Farming, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Tina Koehler
- Root-Soil Interaction, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Franz Buegger
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH), German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Eder
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Jennifer Groth
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Hesse
- Chair of Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Pausch
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tillmann Lüders
- Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Wouter K Vahl
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolfrum
- Institute for Agroecology and Organic Farming, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Carsten W Mueller
- Chair of Soil Science, Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alix Vidal
- Soil Biology Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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7
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Qian D, Li T, Zheng C, Niu Y, Niu Y, Li C, Wang M, Yang Y, An L, Xiang Y. Actin-depolymerizing factors 8 and 11 promote root hair elongation at high pH. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100787. [PMID: 38158655 PMCID: PMC10943588 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A root hair is a polarly elongated single-celled structure that derives from a root epidermal cell and functions in uptake of water and nutrients from the surrounding environment. Previous reports have demonstrated that short periods of high pH inhibit root hair extension; but the effects of long-term high-pH treatment on root hair growth are still unclear. Here, we report that the duration of root hair elongation is significantly prolonged with increasing external pH, which counteracts the effect of decreasing root hair elongation rate and ultimately produces longer root hairs, whereas loss of actin-depolymerizing factor 8 and 11 (ADF8/11) function causes shortening of root hair length at high pH (pH 7.4). Accumulation of ADF8/11 at the tips of root hairs is inhibited by high pH, and increasing environmental pH affects the actin filament (F-actin) meshwork at the root hair tip. At high pH, the tip-focused F-actin meshwork is absent in root hairs of the adf8/11 mutant, actin filaments are disordered at the adf8/11 root hair tips, and actin turnover is attenuated. Secretory and recycling vesicles do not aggregate in the apical region of adf8/11 root hairs at high pH. Together, our results suggest that, under long-term exposure to high extracellular pH, ADF8/11 may establish and maintain the tip-focused F-actin meshwork to regulate polar trafficking of secretory/recycling vesicles at the root hair tips, thereby promoting root hair elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tian Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingzhi Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chengying Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muxuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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8
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Zeng J, Wang Y, Wu G, Sun Q, He X, Zhang X, Sun X, Zhao Y, Liu W, Xu D, Dai X, Ma W. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Genes and Pathways Related to Wheat Root Hair Length. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2069. [PMID: 38396749 PMCID: PMC10889798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tube-like outgrowths from root epidermal cells, known as root hairs, enhance water and nutrient absorption, facilitate microbial interactions, and contribute to plant anchorage by expanding the root surface area. Genetically regulated and strongly influenced by environmental conditions, longer root hairs generally enhance water and nutrient absorption, correlating with increased stress resistance. Wheat, a globally predominant crop pivotal for human nutrition, necessitates the identification of long root hair genotypes and their regulatory genes to enhance nutrient capture and yield potential. This study focused on 261 wheat samples of diverse genotypes during germination, revealing noticeable disparities in the length of the root hair among the genotypes. Notably, two long root hair genotypes (W106 and W136) and two short root hair genotypes (W90 and W100) were identified. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in the development of 12 root cDNA libraries, unveiling 1180 shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Further analyses, including GO function annotation, KEGG enrichment, MapMan metabolic pathway analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network prediction, underscored the upregulation of root hair length regulatory genes in the long root hair genotypes. These included genes are associated with GA and BA hormone signaling pathways, FRS/FRF and bHLH transcription factors, phenylpropanoid, lignin, lignan secondary metabolic pathways, the peroxidase gene for maintaining ROS steady state, and the ankyrin gene with diverse biological functions. This study contributes valuable insights into modulating the length of wheat root hair and identifies candidate genes for the genetic improvement of wheat root traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zeng
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Yongmei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Gang Wu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Qingyi Sun
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoyan He
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xuelian Sun
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Wenxing Liu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Dengan Xu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xuehuan Dai
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Wujun Ma
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257347, China
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9
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Nasr Esfahani M, Sonnewald U. Unlocking dynamic root phenotypes for simultaneous enhancement of water and phosphorus uptake. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108386. [PMID: 38280257 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) and water are crucial for plant growth, but their availability is challenged by climate change, leading to reduced crop production and global food security. In many agricultural soils, crop productivity is confronted by both water and P limitations. The diminished soil moisture decreases available P due to reduced P diffusion, and inadequate P availability diminishes tissue water status through modifications in stomatal conductance and a decrease in root hydraulic conductance. P and water display contrasting distributions in the soil, with P being concentrated in the topsoil and water in the subsoil. Plants adapt to water- and P-limited environments by efficiently exploring localized resource hotspots of P and water through the adaptation of their root system. Thus, developing cultivars with improved root architecture is crucial for accessing and utilizing P and water from arid and P-deficient soils. To meet this goal, breeding towards multiple advantageous root traits can lead to better cultivars for water- and P-limited environments. This review discusses the interplay of P and water availability and highlights specific root traits that enhance the exploration and exploitation of optimal resource-rich soil strata while reducing metabolic costs. We propose root ideotype models, including 'topsoil foraging', 'subsoil foraging', and 'topsoil/subsoil foraging' for maize (monocot) and common bean (dicot). These models integrate beneficial root traits and guide the development of water- and P-efficient cultivars for challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Chair of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Affortit P, Ahmed MA, Grondin A, Delzon S, Carminati A, Laplaze L. Keep in touch: the soil-root hydraulic continuum and its role in drought resistance in crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:584-593. [PMID: 37549338 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major threat to food security worldwide. Recently, the root-soil interface has emerged as a major site of hydraulic resistance during water stress. Here, we review the impact of soil drying on whole-plant hydraulics and discuss mechanisms by which plants can adapt by modifying the properties of the rhizosphere either directly or through interactions with the soil microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Affortit
- DIADE, IRD, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Root-Soil Interaction, School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Andrea Carminati
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Laplaze
- DIADE, IRD, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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11
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Yang Y, Ma X, Yan L, Li Y, Wei S, Teng Z, Zhang H, Tang W, Peng S, Li Y. Soil-root interface hydraulic conductance determines responses of photosynthesis to drought in rice and wheat. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:376-390. [PMID: 37706538 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) production consumes a huge amount of fresh water, and improvement of drought tolerance in rice is important to conserve water resources and minimize yield loss under drought. However, processes to improve drought tolerance in rice have not been fully explored, and a comparative study between rice and wheat (Triticum aestivum) is an effective method to understand the mechanisms determining drought tolerance capacity. In the present study, we applied short-term drought stress to Shanyou 63 rice and Yannong 19 wheat to create a range of water potentials and investigated the responses of gas exchange, plant hydraulic conductance, and root morphological and anatomical traits to soil drought. We found that photosynthesis in rice was more sensitive to drought stress than that in wheat, which was related to differences in the decline of stomatal conductance and plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant). The decline of Kplant under drought was mainly driven by the decrease of soil-root interface hydraulic conductance (Ki) because Ki was more sensitive to drought than root and shoot hydraulic conductance and the soil-root interface contributed to >40% of whole-plant hydraulic resistance in both crops. Root shrinkage in response to drought was more severe in rice than that in wheat, which explains the larger depression of Ki and Kplant under drought stress in rice. We concluded that the decline of Ki drives the depression of Kplant and photosynthesis in both crops, and the plasticity of root morphology and anatomy is important in determining drought tolerance capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaolin Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lu Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yingchao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Suhan Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhipeng Teng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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12
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Duddek P, Ahmed MA, Javaux M, Vanderborght J, Lovric G, King A, Carminati A. The effect of root hairs on root water uptake is determined by root-soil contact and root hair shrinkage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2484-2497. [PMID: 37525254 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of root hairs on water uptake remains controversial. In particular, the key root hair and soil parameters that determine their importance have been elusive. We grew maize plants (Zea mays) in microcosms and scanned them using synchrotron-based X-ray computed microtomography. By means of image-based modelling, we investigated the parameters determining the effectiveness of root hairs in root water uptake. We explicitly accounted for rhizosphere features (e.g. root-soil contact and pore structure) and took root hair shrinkage of dehydrated root hairs into consideration. Our model suggests that > 85% of the variance in root water uptake is explained by the hair-induced increase in root-soil contact. In dry soil conditions, root hair shrinkage reduces the impact of hairs substantially. We conclude that the effectiveness of root hairs on root water uptake is determined by the hair-induced increase in root-soil contact and root hair shrinkage. Although the latter clearly reduces the effect of hairs on water uptake, our model still indicated facilitation of water uptake by root hairs at soil matric potentials from -1 to -0.1 MPa. Our findings provide new avenues towards a mechanistic understanding of the role of root hairs on water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Duddek
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Root-Soil Interactions, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Mathieu Javaux
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jan Vanderborght
- Agrosphere Institute, IBG-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Goran Lovric
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Boursiac Y, Bauget F. Do roots need a good haircut for water uptake? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2173-2175. [PMID: 37845816 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Duddek et al. (2023), 240: 2484–2497.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Boursiac
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Bauget
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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14
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Mehra P, Fairburn R, Leftley N, Banda J, Bennett MJ. Turning up the volume: How root branching adaptive responses aid water foraging. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 75:102405. [PMID: 37379661 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Access to water is critical for all forms of life. Plants primarily access water through their roots. Root traits such as branching are highly sensitive to water availability, enabling plants to adapt their root architecture to match soil moisture distribution. Lateral root adaptive responses hydropatterning and xerobranching ensure new branches only form when roots are in direct contact with moist soil. Root traits are also strongly influenced by atmospheric humidity, where a rapid drop leads to a promotion of root growth and branching. The plant hormones auxin and/or abscisic acid (ABA) play key roles in regulating these adaptive responses. We discuss how these signals are part of a novel "water-sensing" mechanism that couples hormone movement with hydrodynamics to orchestrate root branching responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mehra
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Rebecca Fairburn
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nicola Leftley
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jason Banda
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
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15
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Kumar M, Joseph G, Bhutia Y, Krishnaswamy J. Contrasting sap flow characteristics between pioneer and late-successional tree species in secondary tropical montane forests of Eastern Himalaya, India. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5273-5293. [PMID: 37290031 PMCID: PMC10498023 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interactive role of life-history traits and environmental factors on plant water relations is crucial for understanding the responses of species to climate change, but it remains poorly understood in secondary tropical montane forests (TMFs). In this study, we examined differences in sap flow between the pioneer species Symplocos racemosa and Eurya acuminata, and the late-successional species Castanopsis hystrix that co-occur in a biodiverse Eastern Himalayan secondary broadleaved TMF. The fast-growing pioneers had sap flux densities that were 1.6-2.1 times higher than the late-successional species, and exhibited characteristics of long-lived pioneer species. Significant radial and azimuthal variability in sap flow (V) between species was observed and could be attributed to the life-history trait and the access of the canopy to sunlight. Nocturnal V was 13.8% of the daily total and was attributable to stem recharge during the evening period (18.00-23.00 h) and to endogenous stomatal controls during the pre-dawn period (00.00-05.00 h). The shallow-rooted pioneer species both exhibited midday depression in V that was attributable to photosensitivity and diel moisture stress responses. In contrast, the deep-rooted late-successional species showed unaffected transpiration across the dry season, indicating their access to groundwater. Thus, our results suggest that secondary broadleaved TMFs, with a dominance of shallow-rooted pioneers, are more prone to the negative impacts of drier and warmer winters than primary forests, which are dominated by deep-rooted species. Our study provides an empirical understanding of how life-history traits coupled with microclimate can modulate plant water use in the widely distributed secondary TMFs in Eastern Himalaya, and highlights their vulnerability to warmer winters and reduced winter precipitation due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gladwin Joseph
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Conservation Biology Institute, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA
| | - Yangchenla Bhutia
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Sikkim State Council of Science & Technology, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Jagdish Krishnaswamy
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- School of Environment and Sustainability, Indian Institute for Human Settlements, Bangalore 560080, Karnataka, India
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16
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Abdalla M, Bitterlich M, Jansa J, Püschel D, Ahmed MA. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in improving plant water status under drought. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4808-4824. [PMID: 37409696 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been presumed to ameliorate crop tolerance to drought. Here, we review the role of AMF in maintaining water supply to plants from drying soils and the underlying biophysical mechanisms. We used a soil-plant hydraulic model to illustrate the impact of several AMF mechanisms on plant responses to edaphic drought. The AMF enhance the soil's capability to transport water and extend the effective root length, thereby attenuating the drop in matric potential at the root surface during soil drying. The synthesized evidence and the corresponding simulations demonstrate that symbiosis with AMF postpones the stress onset limit, which is defined as the disproportionality between transpiration rates and leaf water potentials, during soil drying. The symbiosis can thus help crops survive extended intervals of limited water availability. We also provide our perspective on future research needs and call for reconciling the dynamic changes in soil and root hydraulics in order to better understand the role of AMF in plant water relations in the face of climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Abdalla
- Chair of Root-Soil Interaction, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Michael Bitterlich
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Thaer-Institute, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Püschel
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Mutez A Ahmed
- Chair of Root-Soil Interaction, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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17
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Bacher H, Montagu A, Herrmann I, Walia H, Schwartz N, Peleg Z. Stress-induced deeper rooting introgression enhances wheat yield under terminal drought. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4862-4874. [PMID: 36787201 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is the primary environmental constraint affecting wheat growth and production and is increasingly exacerbated due to climatic fluctuation, which jeopardizes future food security. Most breeding efforts to improve wheat yields under drought have focused on above-ground traits. Root traits are closely associated with various drought adaptability mechanisms, but the genetic variation underlying these traits remains untapped, even though it holds tremendous potential for improving crop resilience. Here, we examined this potential by re-introducing ancestral alleles from wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) and studied their impact on root architecture diversity under terminal drought stress. We applied an active sensing electrical resistivity tomography approach to compare a wild emmer introgression line (IL20) and its drought-sensitive recurrent parent (Svevo) under field conditions. IL20 exhibited greater root elongation under drought, which resulted in higher root water uptake from deeper soil layers. This advantage initiated at the pseudo-stem stage and increased during the transition to the reproductive stage. The increased water uptake promoted higher gas exchange rates and enhanced grain yield under drought. Overall, we show that this presumably 'lost' drought-induced mechanism of deeper rooting profile can serve as a breeding target to improve wheat productiveness under changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harel Bacher
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Aviad Montagu
- The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ittai Herrmann
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Harkamal Walia
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Nimrod Schwartz
- The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Zvi Peleg
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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18
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Koehler T, Wankmüller FJP, Sadok W, Carminati A. Transpiration response to soil drying versus increasing vapor pressure deficit in crops: physical and physiological mechanisms and key plant traits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4789-4807. [PMID: 37354081 PMCID: PMC10474596 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The water deficit experienced by crops is a function of atmospheric water demand (vapor pressure deficit) and soil water supply over the whole crop cycle. We summarize typical transpiration response patterns to soil and atmospheric drying and the sensitivity to plant hydraulic traits. We explain the transpiration response patterns using a soil-plant hydraulic framework. In both cases of drying, stomatal closure is triggered by limitations in soil-plant hydraulic conductance. However, traits impacting the transpiration response differ between the two drying processes and act at different time scales. A low plant hydraulic conductance triggers an earlier restriction in transpiration during increasing vapor pressure deficit. During soil drying, the impact of the plant hydraulic conductance is less obvious. It is rather a decrease in the belowground hydraulic conductance (related to soil hydraulic properties and root length density) that is involved in transpiration down-regulation. The transpiration response to increasing vapor pressure deficit has a daily time scale. In the case of soil drying, it acts on a seasonal scale. Varieties that are conservative in water use on a daily scale may not be conservative over longer time scales (e.g. during soil drying). This potential independence of strategies needs to be considered in environment-specific breeding for yield-based drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Koehler
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian J P Wankmüller
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walid Sadok
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Vadez V, Pilloni R, Grondin A, Hajjarpoor A, Belhouchette H, Brouziyne Y, Chehbouni G, Kharrou MH, Zitouna-Chebbi R, Mekki I, Molénat J, Jacob F, Bossuet J. Water use efficiency across scales: from genes to landscapes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4770-4788. [PMID: 36779607 PMCID: PMC10474597 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity is already set to be one of the main issues of the 21st century, because of competing needs between civil, industrial, and agricultural use. Agriculture is currently the largest user of water, but its share is bound to decrease as societies develop and clearly it needs to become more water efficient. Improving water use efficiency (WUE) at the plant level is important, but translating this at the farm/landscape level presents considerable challenges. As we move up from the scale of cells, organs, and plants to more integrated scales such as plots, fields, farm systems, and landscapes, other factors such as trade-offs need to be considered to try to improve WUE. These include choices of crop variety/species, farm management practices, landscape design, infrastructure development, and ecosystem functions, where human decisions matter. This review is a cross-disciplinary attempt to analyse approaches to addressing WUE at these different scales, including definitions of the metrics of analysis and consideration of trade-offs. The equations we present in this perspectives paper use similar metrics across scales to make them easier to connect and are developed to highlight which levers, at different scales, can improve WUE. We also refer to models operating at these different scales to assess WUE. While our entry point is plants and crops, we scale up the analysis of WUE to farm systems and landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vadez
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), UMR DIADE, University of Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis BP65401, 34394, Montpellier, France
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, Telangana, India
- LMI LAPSE, CERAAS-ISRA, Thiès, Senegal
| | - Raphael Pilloni
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), UMR DIADE, University of Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis BP65401, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Grondin
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), UMR DIADE, University of Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis BP65401, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Amir Hajjarpoor
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), UMR DIADE, University of Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis BP65401, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Hatem Belhouchette
- ABSys, Université de Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Youssef Brouziyne
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), MENA Office, Giza 12661, Egypt
| | - Ghani Chehbouni
- International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) UMR CESBIO, Benguerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hakim Kharrou
- International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) UMR CESBIO, Benguerir 43150, Morocco
| | | | - Insaf Mekki
- INRGREF, Carthage University, B.P. 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Jérôme Molénat
- UMR LISAH, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro Montpellier, AgroParisTech, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Jacob
- UMR LISAH, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro Montpellier, AgroParisTech, Montpellier, France
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Vadez V, Messina CD, Carminati A. Combatting drought: a multi-dimensional challenge. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4765-4769. [PMID: 37658757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Water will be a major limitation to food production in the 21st century, and drought issues already prevail in many parts of the world. Finding solutions to ensure that farmers harvest profitable crops, and secure food supplies for families and feed for animals that will provide for them through to the next season are urgent necessities. The Interdrought community has been addressing this issue for almost 30 years in a series of international conferences, characterized by a multi-disciplinary approach across the domains of molecular biology, physiology, genetics, agronomy, breeding, environmental and social sciences, policy, and systems modeling. This special issue presents papers from the 7th edition of the conference, the first to be held in Africa, that paid special attention to drought in a smallholder context, adding a 'system' dimension to the crop focus from the previous Interdrought events (Varshney et al., 2018; Hammer et al., 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vadez
- Institute for Research and Development (IRD), DIADE Research Unit, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
- Centre d'Etudes Régional pour l'Amélioration de l'Adaptation à la Sècheresse (CERAAS), Campus ENSA, Thiès, Sénégal
| | - Carlos D Messina
- Department of Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville FL, USA
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abdalla M, Schweiger AH, Berauer BJ, McAdam SAM, Ahmed MA. Constant hydraulic supply and ABA dynamics facilitate the trade-offs in water and carbon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1140938. [PMID: 37008480 PMCID: PMC10064056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1140938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-water trade-offs in plants are adjusted through stomatal regulation. Stomatal opening enables carbon uptake and plant growth, whereas plants circumvent drought by closing stomata. The specific effects of leaf position and age on stomatal behavior remain largely unknown, especially under edaphic and atmospheric drought. Here, we compared stomatal conductance (gs ) across the canopy of tomato during soil drying. We measured gas exchange, foliage ABA level and soil-plant hydraulics under increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Our results indicate a strong effect of canopy position on stomatal behavior, especially under hydrated soil conditions and relatively low VPD. In wet soil (soil water potential > -50 kPa), upper canopy leaves had the highest gs (0.727 ± 0.154 mol m-2 s-1) and assimilation rate (A; 23.4 ± 3.9 µmol m-2 s-1) compared to the leaves at a medium height of the canopy (gs : 0.159 ± 0.060 mol m2 s-1; A: 15.9 ± 3.8 µmol m-2 s-1). Under increasing VPD (from 1.8 to 2.6 kPa), gs , A and transpiration were initially impacted by leaf position rather than leaf age. However, under high VPD (2.6 kPa), age effect outweighed position effect. The soil-leaf hydraulic conductance was similar in all leaves. Foliage ABA levels increased with rising VPD in mature leaves at medium height (217.56 ± 85 ng g-1 FW) compared to upper canopy leaves (85.36 ± 34 ng g-1 FW). Under soil drought (< -50 kPa), stomata closed in all leaves resulting in no differences in gs across the canopy. We conclude that constant hydraulic supply and ABA dynamics facilitate preferential stomatal behavior and carbon-water trade-offs across the canopy. These findings are fundamental in understanding variations within the canopy, which helps in engineering future crops, especially in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Abdalla
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
- Chair of Soil-Root Interactions, TUM School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Schweiger
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, Department of Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bernd J. Berauer
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, Department of Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Scott A. M. McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Chair of Soil-Root Interactions, TUM School of Life Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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22
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Koehler T, Schaum C, Tung SY, Steiner F, Tyborski N, Wild AJ, Akale A, Pausch J, Lueders T, Wolfrum S, Mueller CW, Vidal A, Vahl WK, Groth J, Eder B, Ahmed MA, Carminati A. Above and belowground traits impacting transpiration decline during soil drying in 48 maize (Zea mays) genotypes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:373-386. [PMID: 36479887 PMCID: PMC9992933 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Stomatal regulation allows plants to promptly respond to water stress. However, our understanding of the impact of above and belowground hydraulic traits on stomatal regulation remains incomplete. The objective of this study was to investigate how key plant hydraulic traits impact transpiration of maize during soil drying. We hypothesize that the stomatal response to soil drying is related to a loss in soil hydraulic conductivity at the root-soil interface, which in turn depends on plant hydraulic traits. METHODS We investigate the response of 48 contrasting maize (Zea mays) genotypes to soil drying, utilizing a novel phenotyping facility. In this context, we measure the relationship between leaf water potential, soil water potential, soil water content and transpiration, as well as root, rhizosphere and aboveground plant traits. KEY RESULTS Genotypes differed in their responsiveness to soil drying. The critical soil water potential at which plants started decreasing transpiration was related to a combination of above and belowground traits: genotypes with a higher maximum transpiration and plant hydraulic conductance as well as a smaller root and rhizosphere system closed stomata at less negative soil water potentials. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the importance of belowground hydraulics for stomatal regulation and hence drought responsiveness during soil drying. Furthermore, this finding supports the hypothesis that stomata start to close when soil hydraulic conductivity drops at the root-soil interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolin Schaum
- Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Shu-Yin Tung
- Institute for Agroecology and Organic Farming, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Tyborski
- Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas J Wild
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Asegidew Akale
- Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johanna Pausch
- Agroecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tillmann Lueders
- Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolfrum
- Institute for Agroecology and Organic Farming, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - Carsten W Mueller
- Soil Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alix Vidal
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter K Vahl
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - Jennifer Groth
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Eder
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - Mutez A Ahmed
- Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Zhang X, Bilyera N, Fan L, Duddek P, Ahmed MA, Carminati A, Kaestner A, Dippold MA, Spielvogel S, Razavi BS. The spatial distribution of rhizosphere microbial activities under drought: water availability is more important than root-hair-controlled exudation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:780-792. [PMID: 35986650 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs and soil water content are crucial in controlling the release and diffusion of root exudates and shaping profiles of biochemical properties in the rhizosphere. But whether root hairs can offset the negative impacts of drought on microbial activity remains unknown. Soil zymography, 14 C imaging and neutron radiography were combined to identify how root hairs and soil moisture affect rhizosphere biochemical properties. To achieve this, we cultivated two maize genotypes (wild-type and root-hair-defective rth3 mutant) under ambient and drought conditions. Root hairs and optimal soil moisture increased hotspot area, rhizosphere extent and kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km ) of β-glucosidase activities. Drought enlarged the rhizosphere extent of root exudates and water content. Colocalization analysis showed that enzymatic hotspots were more colocalized with root exudate hotspots under optimal moisture, whereas they showed higher dependency on water hotspots when soil water and carbon were scarce. We conclude that root hairs are essential in adapting rhizosphere properties under drought to maintain plant nutrition when a continuous mass flow of water transporting nutrients to the root is interrupted. In the rhizosphere, soil water was more important than root exudates for hydrolytic enzyme activities under water and carbon colimitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Nataliya Bilyera
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiome, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Soil Science, Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lichao Fan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Duddek
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Division of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mutez A Ahmed
- Division of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anders Kaestner
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Michaela A Dippold
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, Department of Geosciences, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Spielvogel
- Department of Soil Science, Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bahar S Razavi
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiome, Institute of Phytopathology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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24
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Kou X, Han W, Kang J. Responses of root system architecture to water stress at multiple levels: A meta-analysis of trials under controlled conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1085409. [PMID: 36570905 PMCID: PMC9780461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1085409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants are exposed to increasingly severe drought events and roots play vital roles in maintaining plant survival, growth, and reproduction. A large body of literature has investigated the adaptive responses of root traits in various plants to water stress and these studies have been reviewed in certain groups of plant species at a certain scale. Nevertheless, these responses have not been synthesized at multiple levels. This paper screened over 2000 literatures for studies of typical root traits including root growth angle, root depth, root length, root diameter, root dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, root hair length and density and integrates their drought responses at genetic and morphological scales. The genes, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and hormones that are involved in the regulation of drought response of the root traits were summarized. We then statistically analyzed the drought responses of root traits and discussed the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we highlighted the drought response of 1-D and 2-D root length density (RLD) distribution in the soil profile. This paper will provide a framework for an integrated understanding of root adaptive responses to water deficit at multiple scales and such insights may provide a basis for selection and breeding of drought tolerant crop lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Kou
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Han
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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25
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Ganther M, Lippold E, Bienert MD, Bouffaud ML, Bauer M, Baumann L, Bienert GP, Vetterlein D, Heintz-Buschart A, Tarkka MT. Plant Age and Soil Texture Rather Than the Presence of Root Hairs Cause Differences in Maize Resource Allocation and Root Gene Expression in the Field. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2883. [PMID: 36365336 PMCID: PMC9657941 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biological roles of root hairs is key to projecting their contributions to plant growth and to assess their relevance for plant breeding. The objective of this study was to assess the importance of root hairs for maize nutrition, carbon allocation and root gene expression in a field experiment. Applying wild type and root hairless rth3 maize grown on loam and sand, we examined the period of growth including 4-leaf, 9-leaf and tassel emergence stages, accompanied with a low precipitation rate. rth3 maize had lower shoot growth and lower total amounts of mineral nutrients than wild type, but the concentrations of mineral elements, root gene expression, or carbon allocation were largely unchanged. For these parameters, growth stage accounted for the main differences, followed by substrate. Substrate-related changes were pronounced during tassel emergence, where the concentrations of several elements in leaves as well as cell wall formation-related root gene expression and C allocation decreased. In conclusion, the presence of root hairs stimulated maize shoot growth and total nutrient uptake, but other parameters were more impacted by growth stage and soil texture. Further research should relate root hair functioning to the observed losses in maize productivity and growth efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ganther
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Eva Lippold
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Manuela Désirée Bienert
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marie-Lara Bouffaud
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mario Bauer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Louis Baumann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Gerd Patrick Bienert
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 12, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Doris Vetterlein
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Tapio Tarkka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Abdalla M, Ahmed MA, Cai G, Zarebanadkauki M, Carminati A. Coupled effects of soil drying and salinity on soil-plant hydraulics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1228-1241. [PMID: 35579362 PMCID: PMC9516742 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Salinity and soil drying are expected to induce salt accumulation at the root-soil interface of transpiring plants. However, the consequences of this on the relationship between transpiration rate (E) and leaf xylem water potential (ψleaf-x) are yet to be quantified. Here, we used a noninvasive root pressure chamber to measure the E(ψleaf-x) relationship of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) treated with (saline) or without 100-mM NaCl (nonsaline conditions). The results were reproduced and interpreted with a soil-plant hydraulic model. Under nonsaline conditions, the E(ψleaf-x) relationship became progressively more nonlinear as the soil dried (θ ≤ 0.13 cm3 cm-3, ψsoil = -0.08 MPa or less). Under saline conditions, plants exhibited an earlier nonlinearity in the E(ψleaf-x) relationship (θ ≤ 0.15 cm3 cm-3, ψsoil = -0.05 MPa or less). During soil drying, salinity induced a more negative ψleaf-x at predawn, reduced transpiration rate, and caused a reduction in root hydraulic conductance (from 1.48 × 10-6 to 1.30 × 10-6 cm3 s-1 hPa-1). The model suggested that the marked nonlinearity was caused by salt accumulation at the root surface and the consequential osmotic gradients. In dry soil, most water potential dissipation occurred in the bulk soil and rhizosphere rather than inside the plant. Under saline-dry conditions, the loss in osmotic potential at the root surface was the preeminent component of the total dissipation. The physical model of water flow and solute transport supports the hypothesis that a buildup of osmotic potential at the root-soil interface causes a large drop in ψleaf-x and limits transpiration rate under drought and salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gaochao Cai
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mohsen Zarebanadkauki
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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27
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Galloway AF, Akhtar J, Burak E, Marcus SE, Field KJ, Dodd IC, Knox P. Altered properties and structures of root exudate polysaccharides in a root hairless mutant of barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1214-1227. [PMID: 35876808 PMCID: PMC9516773 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates and rhizosheaths of attached soil are important features of growing roots. To elucidate factors involved in rhizosheath formation, wild-type (WT) barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Pallas) and a root hairless mutant, bald root barley (brb), were investigated with a combination of physiological, biochemical, and immunochemical assays. When grown in soil, WT barley roots bound ∼5-fold more soil than brb per unit root length. High molecular weight (HMW) polysaccharide exudates of brb roots had less soil-binding capacity than those of WT root exudates. Carbohydrate and glycan monoclonal antibody analyses of HMW polysaccharide exudates indicated differing glycan profiles. Relative to WT plants, root exudates of brb had reduced signals for arabinogalactan-protein (AGP), extensin, and heteroxylan epitopes. In contrast, the root exudate of 2-week-old brb plants contained ∼25-fold more detectable xyloglucan epitope relative to WT. Root system immunoprints confirmed the higher levels of release of the xyloglucan epitope from brb root apices and root axes relative to WT. Epitope detection with anion-exchange chromatography indicated that the increased detection of xyloglucan in brb exudates was due to enhanced abundance of a neutral polymer. Conversely, brb root exudates contained decreased amounts of an acidic polymer, with soil-binding properties, containing the xyloglucan epitope and glycoprotein and heteroxylan epitopes relative to WT. We, therefore, propose that, in addition to physically structuring soil particles, root hairs facilitate rhizosheath formation by releasing a soil-binding polysaccharide complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Galloway
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jumana Akhtar
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Emma Burak
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Susan E Marcus
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ian C Dodd
- Author for correspondence: (I.C.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Paul Knox
- Author for correspondence: (I.C.D.); (P.K.)
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28
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Hallett PD, Marin M, Bending GD, George TS, Collins CD, Otten W. Building soil sustainability from root-soil interface traits. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:688-698. [PMID: 35168900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Great potential exists to harness plant traits at the root-soil interface, mainly rhizodeposition and root hairs, to 'build' soils with better structure that can trap more carbon and resources, resist climate stresses, and promote a healthy microbiome. These traits appear to have been preserved in modern crop varieties, but scope exists to improve them further because they vary considerably between genotypes and respond to environmental conditions. From emerging evidence, rhizodeposition can act as a disperser, aggregator, and/or hydrogel in soil, and root hairs expand rhizosheath size. Future research should explore impacts of selecting these traits on plants and soils concurrently, expanding from model plants to commercial genotypes, and observing whether impacts currently limited to glasshouse studies occur in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Hallett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK.
| | - Maria Marin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Gary D Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Timothy S George
- Ecological Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Chris D Collins
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK
| | - Wilfred Otten
- Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
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29
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Duddek P, Carminati A, Koebernick N, Ohmann L, Lovric G, Delzon S, Rodriguez‐Dominguez CM, King A, Ahmed MA. The impact of drought-induced root and root hair shrinkage on root-soil contact. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1232-1236. [PMID: 35325215 PMCID: PMC9237671 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although root hairs significantly increased root–soil contact, in maize, their shrinkage during soil drying is initiated at relatively high soil matric potentials (between −10 and −310 kPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Duddek
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Koebernick
- Soil Science and Soil Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Luise Ohmann
- Department of Soil System Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Goran Lovric
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
| | | | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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30
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Moura LMDF, Carlos da Costa A, Gomes Vital R, Alves da Silva A, de Almeida Rodrigues A, Cândido-Sobrinho SA, Müller C. Root traits in Crambe abyssinica Hochst and Raphanus sativus L. plants are associated with differential tolerance to water deficit and post-stress recovery. PeerJ 2022. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Previous studies have shown that Crambe abyssinica and Raphanus sativus are physiologically tolerant to water deficits; however, there is a lack of information on the mechanisms responsible for their tolerance regarding root morphological characteristics. This study aimed to characterize morphological changes in the root system of C. abyssinica and R. sativus subjected water deficit, as well as to identify the responses that improve tolerance and post-stress recovery capacity of these plants.
Methods
Independent experiments for each specieswere performed in a controlled greenhouse, where plants were randomly set in a randomized block design with five replicates. Plants of C. abyssinica and R. sativus were cultivated in pots and exposed to well-watered treatment (WW; 90% water holding capacity–WHC of the substrate) or water deficit (WD; 40% WHC) conditions, at 28 days after planting. The plants were kept under WD for 7, 14, or 21 days with rehydration soon after each episode of water deficit. Assessment of water relations, biomass allocation, leaf and root system morphological characteristics and gas exchange were performed after each period of water deficit and 48 h after rehydration.
Results
The water deficit reduced the water status of both species, and morphological and biomass allocation were not recovered after rehydration. Photosynthesis of C. abyssinica decreased with prolonged water deficit, which was also not recovered after rehydration. In R. sativus, photosynthesis was not altered by WD for 21 days, and a higher WUE was recorded. Root morphology of R. sativus was mainly affected at 14 days of WD, while the traits related to very fine roots increased at 21 days of WD, when compared to WW plants. Thus, R. sativus has shown greater tolerance to water deficits mainly due to the presence of very fine roots throughout the period of stress, when compared to C. abyssinica in which the fine roots predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Carlos da Costa
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Produtividade Vegetal, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
- Centro de Excelência em Agricultura Exponencial, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - Roberto Gomes Vital
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Produtividade Vegetal, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | - Adinan Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Produtividade Vegetal, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
- Centro de Excelência em Agricultura Exponencial, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Silvio Alencar Cândido-Sobrinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Instituto de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Caroline Müller
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Produtividade Vegetal, Instituto Federal Goiano, Rio Verde, GO, Brazil
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Marin M, Hallett PD, Feeney DS, Brown LK, Naveed M, Koebernick N, Ruiz S, Bengough AG, Roose T, George TS. Impact of root hairs on microscale soil physical properties in the field. PLANT AND SOIL 2022; 476:491-509. [PMID: 35992246 PMCID: PMC9381483 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-022-05530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Recent laboratory studies revealed that root hairs may alter soil physical behaviour, influencing soil porosity and water retention on the small scale. However, the results are not consistent, and it is not known if structural changes at the small-scale have impacts at larger scales. Therefore, we evaluated the potential effects of root hairs on soil hydro-mechanical properties in the field using rhizosphere-scale physical measurements. METHODS Changes in soil water retention properties as well as mechanical and hydraulic characteristics were monitored in both silt loam and sandy loam soils. Measurements were taken from plant establishment to harvesting in field trials, comparing three barley genotypes representing distinct phenotypic categories in relation to root hair length. Soil hardness and elasticity were measured using a 3-mm-diameter spherical indenter, while water sorptivity and repellency were measured using a miniaturized infiltrometer with a 0.4-mm tip radius. RESULTS Over the growing season, plants induced changes in the soil water retention properties, with the plant available water increasing by 21%. Both soil hardness (P = 0.031) and elasticity (P = 0.048) decreased significantly in the presence of root hairs in silt loam soil, by 50% and 36%, respectively. Root hairs also led to significantly smaller water repellency (P = 0.007) in sandy loam soil vegetated with the hairy genotype (-49%) compared to the hairless mutant. CONCLUSIONS Breeding of cash crops for improved soil conditions could be achieved by selecting root phenotypes that ameliorate soil physical properties and therefore contribute to increased soil health. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-022-05530-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Marin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
| | - P. D. Hallett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU UK
| | - D. S. Feeney
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - L. K. Brown
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
| | - M. Naveed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU UK
- Present Address: School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London, W5 5RF UK
| | - N. Koebernick
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Present Address: Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - S. Ruiz
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - A. G. Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - T. Roose
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - T. S. George
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
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Cai G, Ahmed MA. The role of root hairs in water uptake: recent advances and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3330-3338. [PMID: 35323893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient water is essential for plant growth and production. Root hairs connect roots to the soil, extend the effective root radius, and greatly enlarge the absorbing surface area. Although the efficacy of root hairs in nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus, has been well recognized, their role in water uptake remains contentious. Here we review recent advances in this field, discuss the factors affecting the role of root hairs in water uptake, and propose future directions. We argue that root hair length and shrinkage, in response to soil drying, explain the apparently contradictory evidence currently available. Our analysis revealed that shorter and vulnerable root hairs (i.e. rice and maize) made little, if any, contribution to root water uptake. In contrast, relatively longer root hairs (i.e. barley) had a clear influence on root water uptake, transpiration, and hence plant response to soil drying. We conclude that the role of root hairs in water uptake is species (and probably soil) specific. We propose that a holistic understanding of the efficacy of root hairs in water uptake will require detailed studies of root hair length, turnover, and shrinkage in different species and contrasting soil textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochao Cai
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95444, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, D-95444, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hendriks PW, Ryan PR, Hands P, Rolland V, Gurusinghe S, Weston LA, Rebetzke GJ, Delhaize E. Selection for early shoot vigour in wheat increases root hair length but reduces epidermal cell size of roots and leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2499-2510. [PMID: 35195714 PMCID: PMC9015806 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Six cycles of recurrent selection for early shoot vigour in wheat resulted in significant increases in leaf width and shoot biomass. Here, in replicated controlled-environment studies, the effect of early shoot vigour on root biomass, rhizosheath size, root hair length, and cell size in the roots and leaves was examined across different cycles of selection. Increased shoot vigour was associated with greater root biomass, larger rhizosheath size, and longer root hairs. Our findings demonstrate that rhizosheath size was a reliable surrogate for root hair length in this germplasm. Examination of the root epidermis revealed that the 'cell body' of the trichoblasts (hair-forming cells) and the atrichoblasts (non-hair-forming cells) decreased in size as shoot vigour increased. Therefore, in higher vigour germplasm, longer root hairs emerged from smaller trichoblasts so that total trichoblast volume (root hair plus cell body) was generally similar regardless of shoot vigour. Similarly, the sizes of the four main cell types on the leaf epidermis became progressively smaller as shoot vigour increased, which also increased stomatal density. The relationship between shoot vigour and root traits is considered, and the potential contribution of below-ground root traits to performance and competitiveness of high vigour germplasm is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Willem Hendriks
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Charles Sturt University, School of Agriculture, Environment and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga-Wagga, 14 NSW, 2650, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter R Ryan
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Philip Hands
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Vivien Rolland
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Saliya Gurusinghe
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | - Leslie A Weston
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
| | | | - Emmanuel Delhaize
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, Australian National University Node, 134 Linnaeus Way, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
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Cai G, Ahmed MA, Abdalla M, Carminati A. Root hydraulic phenotypes impacting water uptake in drying soils. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:650-663. [PMID: 35037263 PMCID: PMC9303794 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil drying is a limiting factor for crop production worldwide. Yet, it is not clear how soil drying impacts water uptake across different soils, species, and root phenotypes. Here we ask (1) what root phenotypes improve the water use from drying soils? and (2) what root hydraulic properties impact water flow across the soil-plant continuum? The main objective is to propose a hydraulic framework to investigate the interplay between soil and root hydraulic properties on water uptake. We collected highly resolved data on transpiration, leaf and soil water potential across 11 crops and 10 contrasting soil textures. In drying soils, the drop in water potential at the soil-root interface resulted in a rapid decrease in soil hydraulic conductance, especially at higher transpiration rates. The analysis reveals that water uptake was limited by soil within a wide range of soil water potential (-6 to -1000 kPa), depending on both soil textures and root hydraulic phenotypes. We propose that a root phenotype with low root hydraulic conductance, long roots and/or long and dense root hairs postpones soil limitation in drying soils. The consequence of these root phenotypes on crop water use is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochao Cai
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Mutez A. Ahmed
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
- Department of Land, Air and Water ResourcesUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUnited States
| | - Mohanned Abdalla
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER)University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Physics of Soils and Terrestrial EcosystemsInstitute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
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Amtmann A, Bennett MJ, Henry A. Root phenotypes for the future. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:595-601. [PMID: 35092061 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Amtmann
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Amelia Henry
- Plant Breeding Innovations Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
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Kohli PS, Maurya K, Thakur JK, Bhosale R, Giri J. Significance of root hairs in developing stress-resilient plants for sustainable crop production. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:677-694. [PMID: 34854103 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs represent a beneficial agronomic trait to potentially reduce fertilizer and irrigation inputs. Over the past decades, research in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana has provided insights into root hair development, the underlying genetic framework and the integration of environmental cues within this framework. Recent years have seen a paradigm shift, where studies are now highlighting conservation and diversification of root hair developmental programs in other plant species and the agronomic relevance of root hairs in a wider ecological context. In this review, we specifically discuss the molecular evolution of the RSL (RHD Six-Like) pathway that controls root hair development and growth in land plants. We also discuss how root hairs contribute to plant performance as an active physiological rooting structure by performing resource acquisition, providing anchorage and constructing the rhizosphere with desirable physical, chemical and biological properties. Finally, we outline future research directions that can help achieve the potential of root hairs in developing sustainable agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanika Maurya
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra K Thakur
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
- International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Future Food Beacon of Excellence and School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jitender Giri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Abdalla M, Ahmed MA, Cai G, Wankmüller F, Schwartz N, Litig O, Javaux M, Carminati A. Stomatal closure during water deficit is controlled by below-ground hydraulics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:161-170. [PMID: 34871349 PMCID: PMC8796668 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Stomatal closure allows plants to promptly respond to water shortage. Although the coordination between stomatal regulation, leaf and xylem hydraulics has been extensively investigated, the impact of below-ground hydraulics on stomatal regulation remains unknown. METHODS We used a novel root pressure chamber to measure, during soil drying, the relation between transpiration rate (E) and leaf xylem water pressure (ψleaf-x) in tomato shoots grafted onto two contrasting rootstocks, a long and a short one. In parallel, we also measured the E(ψleaf-x) relation without pressurization. A soil-plant hydraulic model was used to reproduce the measurements. We hypothesize that (1) stomata close when the E(ψleaf-x) relation becomes non-linear and (2) non-linearity occurs at higher soil water contents and lower transpiration rates in short-rooted plants. KEY RESULTS The E(ψleaf-x) relation was linear in wet conditions and became non-linear as the soil dried. Changing below-ground traits (i.e. root system) significantly affected the E(ψleaf-x) relation during soil drying. Plants with shorter root systems required larger gradients in soil water pressure to sustain the same transpiration rate and exhibited an earlier non-linearity and stomatal closure. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that, during soil drying, stomatal regulation is controlled by below-ground hydraulics in a predictable way. The model suggests that the loss of hydraulic conductivity occurred in soil. These results prove that stomatal regulation is intimately tied to root and soil hydraulic conductances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Abdalla
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Gaochao Cai
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian Wankmüller
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nimrod Schwartz
- Department of Soil and Water Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Or Litig
- Department of Soil and Water Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mathieu Javaux
- Earth and Life Institute-Environmental Science, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Heredia MC, Kant J, Prodhan MA, Dixit S, Wissuwa M. Breeding rice for a changing climate by improving adaptations to water saving technologies. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:17-33. [PMID: 34218290 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increasingly affect rice production through rising temperatures and decreasing water availability. Unlike other crops, rice is a main contributor to greenhouse gas emissions due to methane emissions from flooded paddy fields. Climate change can therefore be addressed in two ways in rice: through making the crop more climate resilient and through changes in management practices that reduce methane emissions and thereby slow global warming. In this review, we focus on two water saving technologies that reduce the periods lowland rice will be grown under fully flooded conditions, thereby improving water use efficiency and reducing methane emissions. Rice breeding over the past decades has mostly focused on developing high-yielding varieties adapted to continuously flooded conditions where seedlings were raised in a nursery and transplanted into a puddled flooded soil. Shifting cultivation to direct-seeded rice or to introducing non-flooded periods as in alternate wetting and drying gives rise to new challenges which need to be addressed in rice breeding. New adaptive traits such as rapid uniform germination even under anaerobic conditions, seedling vigor, weed competitiveness, root plasticity, and moderate drought tolerance need to be bred into the current elite germplasm and to what extent this is being addressed through trait discovery, marker-assisted selection and population improvement are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M Asaduzzaman Prodhan
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shalabh Dixit
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, The Philippines
| | - Matthias Wissuwa
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan.
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Burridge JD, Grondin A, Vadez V. Optimizing Crop Water Use for Drought and Climate Change Adaptation Requires a Multi-Scale Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:824720. [PMID: 35574091 PMCID: PMC9100818 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.824720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Selection criteria that co-optimize water use efficiency and yield are needed to promote plant productivity in increasingly challenging and variable drought scenarios, particularly dryland cereals in the semi-arid tropics. Optimizing water use efficiency and yield fundamentally involves transpiration dynamics, where restriction of maximum transpiration rate helps to avoid early crop failure, while maximizing grain filling. Transpiration restriction can be regulated by multiple mechanisms and involves cross-organ coordination. This coordination involves complex feedbacks and feedforwards over time scales ranging from minutes to weeks, and from spatial scales ranging from cell membrane to crop canopy. Aquaporins have direct effect but various compensation and coordination pathways involve phenology, relative root and shoot growth, shoot architecture, root length distribution profile, as well as other architectural and anatomical aspects of plant form and function. We propose gravimetric phenotyping as an integrative, cross-scale solution to understand the dynamic, interwoven, and context-dependent coordination of transpiration regulation. The most fruitful breeding strategy is likely to be that which maintains focus on the phene of interest, namely, daily and season level transpiration dynamics. This direct selection approach is more precise than yield-based selection but sufficiently integrative to capture attenuating and complementary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Burridge
- DIADE Group, Cereal Root Systems, Institute de Recherche pour le Développement/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: James D. Burridge,
| | - Alexandre Grondin
- DIADE Group, Cereal Root Systems, Institute de Recherche pour le Développement/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Laboratoire Mixte International, Dakar, Senegal
- Centre d’Étude Régional pour l’Amélioration de l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse, Thiès, Senegal
| | - Vincent Vadez
- DIADE Group, Cereal Root Systems, Institute de Recherche pour le Développement/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Adaptation des Plantes et Microorganismes Associés aux Stress Environnementaux, Laboratoire Mixte International, Dakar, Senegal
- Centre d’Étude Régional pour l’Amélioration de l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse, Thiès, Senegal
- International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India
- Vincent Vadez,
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Freschet GT, Pagès L, Iversen CM, Comas LH, Rewald B, Roumet C, Klimešová J, Zadworny M, Poorter H, Postma JA, Adams TS, Bagniewska‐Zadworna A, Bengough AG, Blancaflor EB, Brunner I, Cornelissen JHC, Garnier E, Gessler A, Hobbie SE, Meier IC, Mommer L, Picon‐Cochard C, Rose L, Ryser P, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Soudzilovskaia NA, Stokes A, Sun T, Valverde‐Barrantes OJ, Weemstra M, Weigelt A, Wurzburger N, York LM, Batterman SA, Gomes de Moraes M, Janeček Š, Lambers H, Salmon V, Tharayil N, McCormack ML. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardising root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:973-1122. [PMID: 34608637 PMCID: PMC8518129 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I-VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers' views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire T. Freschet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
| | - Loïc Pagès
- UR 1115 PSHCentre PACA, site AgroparcINRAE84914Avignon cedex 9France
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Louise H. Comas
- USDA‐ARS Water Management Research Unit2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg D, Suite 320Fort CollinsCO80526USA
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil SciencesUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna1190Austria
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Functional EcologyInstitute of Botany CASDukelska 13537901TrebonCzech Republic
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of DendrologyPolish Academy of SciencesParkowa 562‐035KórnikPoland
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG‐2)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHD‐52425JülichGermany
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNSW2109Australia
| | | | - Thomas S. Adams
- Department of Plant SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska‐Zadworna
- Department of General BotanyInstitute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 661-614PoznańPoland
| | - A. Glyn Bengough
- The James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, Dundee,DD2 5DAUK
- School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundee,DD1 4HNUK
| | | | - Ivano Brunner
- Forest Soils and BiogeochemistrySwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Johannes H. C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological ScienceFaculty of ScienceVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Research Institute WSLZürcherstr. 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMN55108USA
| | - Ina C. Meier
- Functional Forest EcologyUniversity of HamburgHaidkrugsweg 122885BarsbütelGermany
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupDepartment of Environmental SciencesWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 476700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleCNRS2 route du CNRS09200MoulisFrance
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F)Senckenberganlage 2560325Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Ryser
- Laurentian University935 Ramsey Lake RoadSudburyONP3E 2C6Canada
| | | | - Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia
- Environmental Biology DepartmentInstitute of Environmental SciencesCMLLeiden UniversityLeiden2300 RAthe Netherlands
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRAEAMAPCIRAD, IRDCNRSUniversity of MontpellierMontpellier34000France
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China
| | - Oscar J. Valverde‐Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical BotanyDepartment of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFL33199USA
| | - Monique Weemstra
- CEFEUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD1919 route de MendeMontpellier34293France
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 21-23Leipzig04103Germany
| | - Nina Wurzburger
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of Georgia140 E. Green StreetAthensGA30602USA
| | - Larry M. York
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy InnovationOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Sarah A. Batterman
- School of Geography and Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrookNY12545USA
| | - Moemy Gomes de Moraes
- Department of BotanyInstitute of Biological SciencesFederal University of Goiás1974690-900Goiânia, GoiásBrazil
| | - Štěpán Janeček
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawley (Perth)WA 6009Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawley (Perth)WAAustralia
| | - Verity Salmon
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSC29634USA
| | - M. Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree ScienceMorton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt. 53LisleIL60532USA
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41
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Abdalla M, Ahmed MA. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Symbiosis Enhances Water Status and Soil-Plant Hydraulic Conductance Under Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:722954. [PMID: 34721455 PMCID: PMC8551442 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.722954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified soil drying as a dominant driver of transpiration reduction at the global scale. Although Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) are assumed to play a pivotal role in plant response to soil drying, studies investigating the impact of AMF on plant water status and soil-plant hydraulic conductance are lacking. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of AMF on soil-plant conductance and plant water status of tomato under drought. We hypothesized that AMF limit the drop in matric potential across the rhizosphere, especially in drying soil. The underlying mechanism is that AMF extend the effective root radius and hence reduce the water fluxes at the root-soil interface. The follow-up hypothesis is that AMF enhance soil-plant hydraulic conductance and plant water status during soil drying. To test these hypotheses, we measured the relation between transpiration rate, soil and leaf water potential of tomato with reduced mycorrhiza colonization (RMC) and the corresponding wild type (WT). We inoculated the soil of the WT with Rhizophagus irregularis spores to potentially upsurge symbiosis initiation. During soil drying, leaf water potential of the WT did not drop below -0.8MPa during the first 6days after withholding irrigation, while leaf water potential of RMC dropped below -1MPa already after 4days. Furthermore, AMF enhanced the soil-plant hydraulic conductance of the WT during soil drying. In contrast, soil-plant hydraulic conductance of the RMC declined more abruptly as soil dried. We conclude that AMF maintained the hydraulic continuity between root and soil in drying soils, hereby reducing the drop in matric potential at the root-soil interface and enhancing soil-plant hydraulic conductance of tomato under edaphic stress. Future studies will investigate the role of AMF on soil-plant hydraulic conductance and plant water status among diverse plant species growing in contrasting soil textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Abdalla
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Cai G, Carminati A, Abdalla M, Ahmed MA. Soil textures rather than root hairs dominate water uptake and soil-plant hydraulics under drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:858-872. [PMID: 34608949 PMCID: PMC8491061 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of root hairs (RHs) in nutrient uptake is well documented, their role in water uptake and drought tolerance remains controversial. Maize (Zea mays) wild-type and its hair-defective mutant (Mut; roothairless 3) were grown in two contrasting soil textures (sand and loam). We used a root pressure chamber to measure the relation between transpiration rate (E) and leaf xylem water potential (ψleaf_x) during soil drying. Our hypotheses were: (1) RHs extend root-soil contact and reduce the ψleaf_x decline at high E in dry soils; (2) the impact of RHs is more pronounced in sand; and (3) Muts partly compensate for lacking RHs by producing longer and/or thicker roots. The ψleaf_x(E) relation was linear in wet conditions and became nonlinear as the soils dried. This nonlinearity occurred more abruptly and at less negative matric potentials in sand (ca. -10 kPa) than in loam (ca. -100 kPa). At more negative soil matric potentials, soil hydraulic conductance became smaller than root hydraulic conductance in both soils. Both genotypes exhibited 1.7 times longer roots in loam, but 1.6 times thicker roots in sand. No differences were observed in the ψleaf_x(E) relation and active root length between the two genotypes. In maize, RHs had a minor contribution to soil-plant hydraulics in both soils and their putative role in water uptake was smaller than that reported for barley (Hordeum vulgare). These results suggest that the role of RHs cannot be easily generalized across species and soil textures affect the response of root hydraulics to soil drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochao Cai
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Physics of Soils and Terrestrial Ecosystems, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Mohanned Abdalla
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
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43
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Chin S, Kwon T, Khan BR, Sparks JA, Mallery EL, Szymanski DB, Blancaflor EB. Spatial and temporal localization of SPIRRIG and WAVE/SCAR reveal roles for these proteins in actin-mediated root hair development. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2131-2148. [PMID: 33881536 PMCID: PMC8364238 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are single-cell protrusions that enable roots to optimize nutrient and water acquisition. These structures attain their tubular shapes by confining growth to the cell apex, a process called tip growth. The actin cytoskeleton and endomembrane systems are essential for tip growth; however, little is known about how these cellular components coordinate their activities during this process. Here, we show that SPIRRIG (SPI), a beige and Chediak Higashi domain-containing protein involved in membrane trafficking, and BRK1 and SCAR2, subunits of the WAVE/SCAR (W/SC) actin nucleating promoting complex, display polarized localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs during distinct developmental stages. SPI accumulates at the root hair apex via post-Golgi compartments and positively regulates tip growth by maintaining tip-focused vesicle secretion and filamentous-actin integrity. BRK1 and SCAR2 on the other hand, mark the root hair initiation domain to specify the position of root hair emergence. Consistent with the localization data, tip growth was reduced in spi and the position of root hair emergence was disrupted in brk1 and scar1234. BRK1 depletion coincided with SPI accumulation as root hairs transitioned from initiation to tip growth. Taken together, our work uncovers a role for SPI in facilitating actin-dependent root hair development in Arabidopsis through pathways that might intersect with W/SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Eileen L. Mallery
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel B. Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- Noble Research Institute LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
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44
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Marin M, Feeney DS, Brown LK, Naveed M, Ruiz S, Koebernick N, Bengough AG, Hallett PD, Roose T, Puértolas J, Dodd IC, George TS. Significance of root hairs for plant performance under contrasting field conditions and water deficit. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:1-16. [PMID: 33038211 PMCID: PMC8318266 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Previous laboratory studies have suggested selection for root hair traits in future crop breeding to improve resource use efficiency and stress tolerance. However, data on the interplay between root hairs and open-field systems, under contrasting soils and climate conditions, are limited. As such, this study aims to experimentally elucidate some of the impacts that root hairs have on plant performance on a field scale. METHODS A field experiment was set up in Scotland for two consecutive years, under contrasting climate conditions and different soil textures (i.e. clay loam vs. sandy loam). Five barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes exhibiting variation in root hair length and density were used in the study. Root hair length, density and rhizosheath weight were measured at several growth stages, as well as shoot biomass, plant water status, shoot phosphorus (P) accumulation and grain yield. KEY RESULTS Measurements of root hair density, length and its correlation with rhizosheath weight highlighted trait robustness in the field under variable environmental conditions, although significant variations were found between soil textures as the growing season progressed. Root hairs did not confer a notable advantage to barley under optimal conditions, but under soil water deficit root hairs enhanced plant water status and stress tolerance resulting in a less negative leaf water potential and lower leaf abscisic acid concentration, while promoting shoot P accumulation. Furthermore, the presence of root hairs did not decrease yield under optimal conditions, while root hairs enhanced yield stability under drought. CONCLUSIONS Selecting for beneficial root hair traits can enhance yield stability without diminishing yield potential, overcoming the breeder's dilemma of trying to simultaneously enhance both productivity and resilience. Therefore, the maintenance or enhancement of root hairs can represent a key trait for breeding the next generation of crops for improved drought tolerance in relation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - D S Feeney
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - L K Brown
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - M Naveed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London, UK
| | - S Ruiz
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - N Koebernick
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - A G Bengough
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - P D Hallett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - T Roose
- School of Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J Puértolas
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - I C Dodd
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - T S George
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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45
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Vadez V, Choudhary S, Kholová J, Hash CT, Srivastava R, Kumar AA, Prandavada A, Anjaiah M. Transpiration efficiency: insights from comparisons of C4 cereal species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5221-5234. [PMID: 34080009 PMCID: PMC8272567 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that there is a tight link between high transpiration efficiency (TE; shoot biomass per unit water transpired) and restriction of transpiration under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD). In this study, we examine other factors affecting TE among major C4 cereals, namely species' differences, soil type, and source-sink relationships. We found that TE in maize (10 genotypes) was higher overall than in pearl millet (10 genotypes), and somewhat higher than in sorghum (16 genotypes). Overall, transpiration efficiency was higher in high-clay than in sandy soil under high VPD, but the effect was species-dependent with maize showing large variations in TE and yield across different soil types whilst pearl millet showed no variation in TE. This suggested that species fitness was specific to soil type. Removal of cobs drastically decreased TE in maize under high VPD, but removal of panicles did not have the same effect in pearl millet, suggesting that source-sink balance also drove variations in TE. We interpret the differences in TE between species as being accounted for by differences in the capacity to restrict transpiration under high VPD, with breeding history possibly having favored the source-sink balance in maize. This suggests that there is also scope to increase TE in pearl millet and sorghum through breeding. With regards to soil conditions, our results indicate that it appears to be critical to consider hydraulic characteristics and the root system together in order to better understand stomatal regulation and restriction of transpiration under high VPD. Finally, our results highlight the importance of sink strength in regulating transpiration/photosynthesis, and hence in influencing TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vadez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR DIADE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
- Correspondence: or
| | - Sunita Choudhary
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Jana Kholová
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - C Tom Hash
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - A Ashok Kumar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Anand Prandavada
- Multi-Crop Research Centre, Corteva Agriscience, Agriculture Division of Dow-DuPont, Tunki-kalsa, Wargal Mandal, Siddipet, Telangana State, India
| | - Mukkera Anjaiah
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, India
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46
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Zhang Y, Xu F, Ding Y, Du H, Zhang Q, Dang X, Cao Y, Dodd IC, Xu W. Abscisic acid mediates barley rhizosheath formation under mild soil drying by promoting root hair growth and auxin response. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1935-1945. [PMID: 33629760 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil drying enhances root ABA accumulation and rhizosheath formation, but whether ABA mediates rhizosheath formation is unclear. Here, we used the ABA-deficient mutant Az34 to investigate molecular and morphological changes by which ABA could affect rhizosheath formation. Mild soil drying with intermittent watering increased rhizosheath formation by promoting root and root hair elongation. Attenuated root ABA accumulation in Az34 barley constrained the promotion of root length and root hair length by drying soil, such that Az34 had a smaller rhizosheath. Pharmacological experiments of adding fluridone (an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor) and ABA to drying soil restricted and enhanced rhizosheath formation respectively in Az34 and wild-type Steptoe barley. RNA sequencing suggested that ABA accumulation mediates auxin synthesis and responses and root and root hair elongation in drying soil. In addition, adding indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to drying soil increased rhizosheath formation by promoting root and root hair elongation in Steptoe and Az34 barley. Together, these results show that ABA accumulation induced by mild soil drying enhance barley rhizosheath formation, which may be achieved through promoting auxin response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjiao Zhang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yexin Ding
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huan Du
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Dang
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiying Cao
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ian C Dodd
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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47
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Hendel E, Bacher H, Oksenberg A, Walia H, Schwartz N, Peleg Z. Deciphering the genetic basis of wheat seminal root anatomy uncovers ancestral axial conductance alleles. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1921-1934. [PMID: 33629405 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Root axial conductance, which describes the ability of water to move through the xylem, contributes to the rate of water uptake from the soil throughout the whole plant lifecycle. Under the rainfed wheat agro-system, grain-filling is typically occurring during declining water availability (i.e., terminal drought). Therefore, preserving soil water moisture during grain filling could serve as a key adaptive trait. We hypothesized that lower wheat root axial conductance can promote higher yields under terminal drought. A segregating population derived from a cross between durum wheat and its direct progenitor wild emmer wheat was used to underpin the genetic basis of seminal root architectural and functional traits. We detected 75 QTL associated with seminal roots morphological, anatomical and physiological traits, with several hotspots harbouring co-localized QTL. We further validated the axial conductance and central metaxylem QTL using wild introgression lines. Field-based characterization of genotypes with contrasting axial conductance suggested the contribution of low axial conductance as a mechanism for water conservation during grain filling and consequent increase in grain size and yield. Our findings underscore the potential of harnessing wild alleles to reshape the wheat root system architecture and associated hydraulic properties for greater adaptability under changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Hendel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Harel Bacher
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Adi Oksenberg
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Harkamal Walia
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nimrod Schwartz
- The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zvi Peleg
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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48
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Root hairs: the villi of plants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1133-1146. [PMID: 34013353 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Strikingly, evolution shaped similar tubular structures at the µm to mm scale in roots of sessile plants and in small intestines of mobile mammals to ensure an efficient transfer of essential nutrients from 'dead matter' into biota. These structures, named root hairs (RHs) in plants and villi in mammals, numerously stretch into the environment, and extremely enlarge root and intestine surfaces. They are believed to forage for nutrients, and mediate their uptake. While the conceptional understanding of plant RH function in hydromineral nutrition seems clear, experimental evidence presented in textbooks is restricted to a very limited number of reference-nutrients. Here, we make an element-by-element journey through the periodic table and link individual nutrient availabilities to the development, structure/shape and function of RHs. Based on recent developments in molecular biology and the identification of mutants differing in number, length or other shape-related characteristics of RHs in various plant species, we present comprehensive advances in (i) the physiological role of RHs for the uptake of specific nutrients, (ii) the developmental and morphological responses of RHs to element availability and (iii) RH-localized nutrient transport proteins. Our update identifies crucial roles of RHs for hydromineral nutrition, mostly under nutrient and/or water limiting conditions, and highlights the influence of certain mineral availabilities on early stages of RH development, suggesting that nutritional stimuli, as deficiencies in P, Mn or B, can even dominate over intrinsic developmental programs underlying RH differentiation.
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49
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Burke S, Sadaune E, Rognon L, Fontana A, Jourdrin M, Fricke W. A redundant hydraulic function of root hairs in barley plants grown in hydroponics. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:448-459. [PMID: 33347805 DOI: 10.1071/fp20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The root hair-less brb of Hordeum vulgare L. (bald root barley) mutant was used to assess the significance that root hairs have for the hydraulic properties of roots and response to a limited supply of mineral nutrients in plants grown on hydroponics. The barley brb mutant and its parent wild-type (H. vulgare cv. Pallas) were grown under nutrient sufficient control conditions, and under conditions of low supply of P and N. Plants were analysed when they were 14-18 days old. Root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) was determined for excised root systems and intact transpiring plants, and cell Lp was determined through cell pressure probe measurements. The formation of Casparian bands and suberin lamellae was followed through staining of cross-sections. The presence or absence of root hairs had no effect on the overall hydraulic response of plants to nutritional treatments. Root and cell Lp did not differ between the two genotypes. The most apparent difference between brb and wild-type plants was the consistently reduced formation of apoplastic barriers in brb plants. Any hydraulic function of root hairs can be redundant in barley, at least under the hydroponic conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Burke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Emma Sadaune
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Lisa Rognon
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Alexane Fontana
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Marianne Jourdrin
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland; and Corresponding author.
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50
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Abdalla M, Carminati A, Cai G, Javaux M, Ahmed MA. Stomatal closure of tomato under drought is driven by an increase in soil-root hydraulic resistance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:425-431. [PMID: 33150971 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental question as to what triggers stomatal closure during soil drying remains contentious. Thus, we urgently need to improve our understanding of stomatal response to water deficits in soil and atmosphere. Here, we investigated the role of soil-plant hydraulic conductance (Ksp ) on transpiration (E) and stomatal regulation. We used a root pressure chamber to measure the relation between E, leaf xylem water potential (ψleaf-x ) and soil water potential (ψsoil ) in tomato. Additional measurements of ψleaf-x were performed with unpressurized plants. A soil-plant hydraulic model was used to simulate E(ψleaf-x ) for decreasing ψsoil . In wet soils, E(ψleaf-x ) had a constant slope, while in dry soils, the slope decreased, with ψleaf-x rapidly and nonlinearly decreasing for moderate increases in E. The ψleaf-x measured in pressurized and unpressurized plants matched well, which indicates that the shoot hydraulic conductance did not decrease during soil drying and that the decrease in Ksp is caused by a decrease in soil-root conductance. The decrease of E matched well the onset of hydraulic nonlinearity. Our findings demonstrate that stomatal closure prevents the drop in ψleaf-x caused by a decrease in Ksp and elucidate a strong correlation between stomatal regulation and belowground hydraulic limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanned Abdalla
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gaochao Cai
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathieu Javaux
- Earth and Life Institute-Environmental Science, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Germany
| | - Mutez Ali Ahmed
- Chair of Soil Physics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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