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Stojilković B, Xiang H, Chen Y, Maulana MI, Bauters L, Van de Put H, Steppe K, Liao J, de Almeida Engler J, Gheysen G. The nematode effector Mj-NEROSs interacts with Rieske's iron-sulfur protein influencing plastid ROS production to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2787-2802. [PMID: 38693568 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne species) are plant pathogens that introduce several effectors in their hosts to facilitate infection. The actual targets and functioning mechanism of these effectors largely remain unexplored. This study illuminates the role and interplay of the Meloidogyne javanica nematode effector ROS suppressor (Mj-NEROSs) within the host plant environment. Mj-NEROSs suppresses INF1-induced cell death as well as flg22-induced callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A transcriptome analysis highlighted the downregulation of ROS-related genes upon Mj-NEROSs expression. NEROSs interacts with the plant Rieske's iron-sulfur protein (ISP) as shown by yeast-two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Secreted from the subventral pharyngeal glands into giant cells, Mj-NEROSs localizes in the plastids where it interacts with ISP, subsequently altering electron transport rates and ROS production. Moreover, our results demonstrate that isp Arabidopsis thaliana mutants exhibit increased susceptibility to M. javanica, indicating ISP importance for plant immunity. The interaction of a nematode effector with a plastid protein highlights the possible role of root plastids in plant defense, prompting many questions on the details of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Stojilković
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hui Xiang
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Yujin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Maulana
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Hans Van de Put
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Vocational College of Ecological Engineering, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | | | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Jung S, Woo J, Park E. Talk to your neighbors in an emergency: Stromule-mediated chloroplast-nucleus communication in plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 79:102529. [PMID: 38604000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Hypersensitive response-programmed cell death (HR-PCD) is a response mounted by plants to defend themselves against pathogens. Communication between the chloroplast and the nucleus is critical for the progression of HR-PCD. Tubular protrusions of chloroplasts, known as stromules, are tightly associated with the HR-PCD progression. There is emerging evidence that signaling molecules originating from chloroplasts are transferred to the nucleus through stromules. The translocation of signaling molecules from the chloroplast to the nucleus might trigger defense responses, including transcriptional reprogramming. In this review, we discuss the possible functions of stromules in the rapid transfer of signaling molecules in the chloroplast-nucleus communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmee Jung
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jongchan Woo
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Eunsook Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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3
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Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Vatankhah M, Kennedy JF. Chitin-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131105. [PMID: 38531527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is composed of N-acetylglucosamine units. Chitin a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, can elicit a potent defense response in plants. Through the activation of defense genes, stimulation of defensive compound production, and reinforcement of physical barriers, chitin enhances the plant's ability to defend against pathogens. Chitin-based treatments have shown efficacy against various plant diseases caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, and have been integrated into sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, chitin treatments have demonstrated additional benefits, such as promoting plant growth and improving tolerance to abiotic stresses. Further research is necessary to optimize treatment parameters, explore chitin derivatives, and conduct long-term field studies. Continued efforts in these areas will contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable strategies for disease management in agriculture, ultimately leading to improved crop productivity and reduced reliance on chemical pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Vatankhah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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4
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Han K, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Bu S, Chen J, Yan D, Qi R, Yan F, Wu J. Chloroplast clustering around the nucleus induced by OMP24 overexpression unexpectedly promoted PSTVd infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1552-1559. [PMID: 37695572 PMCID: PMC10632781 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast clustering around the nucleus is a well-known mechanism that occurs in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses and is believed to be a mechanism of defence against pathogens in plants. This phenomenon is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can help to destroy invading pathogens. However, the function of chloroplast clustering during viroid infection is unclear. Here, we report that, although the infection by potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) failed to induce chloroplast clustering, chloroplast clustering caused by the overexpression of the Nicotiana benthamiana chloroplast outer membrane protein 24 (NbOMP24) promoted the infection by PSTVd, a viroid pathogen, in N. benthamiana. Interestingly, H2 O2 treatment, which caused increased ROS accumulation, showed no significant effects on PSTVd infection. Moreover, NbOMP24 protein showed no direct interaction with PSTVd. We propose that perinuclear chloroplast clustering induced by NbOMP24 provides a favourable environment for PSTVd infection. These findings highlight the complexity of chloroplast clustering-mediated plant-pathogen interactions and the need for further research to fully understand these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Zhaoxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Huijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Shan Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Dankan Yan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Rende Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant Virology, Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
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5
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Meier ND, Seward K, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Calponin homology domain containing kinesin, KIS1, regulates chloroplast stromule formation and immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7407. [PMID: 37878708 PMCID: PMC10599616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast morphology changes during immunity, giving rise to tubule-like structures known as stromules. Stromules extend along microtubules and anchor to actin filaments along nuclei to promote perinuclear chloroplast clustering. This facilitates the transport of defense molecules/proteins from chloroplasts to the nucleus. Evidence for a direct role for stromules in immunity is lacking since, currently, there are no known genes that regulate stromule biogenesis. We show that a calponin homology (CH) domain containing kinesin, KIS1 (kinesin required for inducing stromules 1), is required for stromule formation during TNL [TIR (Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor)-type nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat]-immune receptor-mediated immunity. Furthermore, KIS1 is required for TNL-mediated immunity to bacterial and viral pathogens. The microtubule-binding motor domain of KIS1 is required for stromule formation while the actin-binding, CH domain is required for perinuclear chloroplast clustering. We show that KIS1 functions through early immune signaling components, EDS1 and PAD4, with salicylic acid-induced stromules requiring KIS1. Thus, KIS1 represents a player in stromule biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D. Meier
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kody Seward
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19713, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Bhandari DD, Ko DK, Kim SJ, Nomura K, He SY, Brandizzi F. Defense against phytopathogens relies on efficient antimicrobial protein secretion mediated by the microtubule-binding protein TGNap1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6357. [PMID: 37821453 PMCID: PMC10567756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity depends on the secretion of antimicrobial proteins, which occurs through yet-largely unknown mechanisms. The trans-Golgi network (TGN), a hub for intracellular and extracellular trafficking pathways, and the cytoskeleton, which is required for antimicrobial protein secretion, are emerging as pathogen targets to dampen plant immunity. In this work, we demonstrate that tgnap1-2, a loss-of-function mutant of Arabidopsis TGNap1, a TGN-associated and microtubule (MT)-binding protein, is susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae (Pst DC3000). Pst DC3000 infected tgnap1-2 is capable of mobilizing defense pathways, accumulating salicylic acid (SA), and expressing antimicrobial proteins. The susceptibility of tgnap1-2 is due to a failure to efficiently transport antimicrobial proteins to the apoplast in a partially MT-dependent pathway but independent from SA and is additive to the pathogen-antagonizing MIN7, a TGN-associated ARF-GEF protein. Therefore, our data demonstrate that plant immunity relies on TGNap1 for secretion of antimicrobial proteins, and that TGNap1 is a key immunity element that functionally links secretion and cytoskeleton in SA-independent pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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7
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Abubakar YS, Sadiq IZ, Aarti A, Wang Z, Zheng W. Interplay of transport vesicles during plant-fungal pathogen interaction. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:35. [PMID: 37676627 PMCID: PMC10442309 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking is an essential cellular process upon which many physiological processes of eukaryotic cells rely. It is usually the 'language' of communication among the components of the endomembrane system within a cell, between cells and between a cell and its external environment. Generally, cells have the potential to internalize membrane-bound vesicles from external sources by endocytosis. Plants constantly interact with both mutualistic and pathogenic microbes. A large part of this interaction involves the exchange of transport vesicles between the plant cells and the microbes. Usually, in a pathogenic interaction, the pathogen releases vesicles containing bioactive molecules that can modulate the host immunity when absorbed by the host cells. In response to this attack, the host cells similarly mobilize some vesicles containing pathogenesis-related compounds to the pathogen infection site to destroy the pathogen, prevent it from penetrating the host cell or annul its influence. In fact, vesicle trafficking is involved in nearly all the strategies of phytopathogen attack subsequent plant immune responses. However, this field of plant-pathogen interaction is still at its infancy when narrowed down to plant-fungal pathogen interaction in relation to exchange of transport vesicles. Herein, we summarized some recent and novel findings unveiling the involvement of transport vesicles as a crosstalk in plant-fungal phytopathogen interaction, discussed their significance and identified some knowledge gaps to direct future research in the field. The roles of vesicles trafficking in the development of both organisms are also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Idris Zubair Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aarti Aarti
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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8
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Parihar A, Malaviya P. Textile wastewater phytoremediation using Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. assisted by novel bacterial consortium in a two-step remediation system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 221:115307. [PMID: 36657596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aims at developing a phyto-microremediation system for textile wastewater treatment using Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. and a consortium of bacterial strains isolated from textile wastewater-contaminated matrices and rhizosphere of S. polyrhiza. The sequential phyto-microremediation of textile wastewater was carried out utilizing two-stage phyto-microremediation systems I [phytoremediation system (Stage 1) preceded microremediation system (Stage 2)] and II [microremediation system (Stage 1) preceded phytoremediation system (Stage 2)]. Pseudomonas stutzeri, Janibacter anophelis, Bacillus safensis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus cereus constituted the bacterial consortium that was involved in the microremediation of textile wastewater. Biochemical characterization of Spirodela on exposure to untreated textile wastewater showed cadmium and nickel uptake as 26.03 and 22.99 mg g-1 dw-1. S. polyrhiza exhibited anatomical changes like distortion in the structure of the xylem, phloem, lower epidermis, and increased aerenchyma formation when remediating textile wastewater. The textile wastewater bioremediation in phyto-microremediation system I gives final reduction of COD 77.36%, color 91.70%, calcium 61.65%, iron 69.41%, nickel 89.30%, cadmium 88.37%, nitrate 70.83%, phosphate 73.11%, and sulfate 75.49%. Further, LC-MS analysis of treated wastewater from phyto-microremediation system I have shown biotransformation of metabolites into simpler compounds like 2-{Bis [4-(2-cyanophenoxy)phenyl]methyl}benzoic acid (C34H22N2O4). The FTIR spectrum of bacterial biomass exposed to textile wastewater exhibits substantial shifts of various bands in the IR region for functional groups such as alcohol, alkene, esters, azide, and amine as compared to non-exposed biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akrity Parihar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, J&K, India
| | - Piyush Malaviya
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006, J&K, India.
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Hipsch M, Michael Y, Lampl N, Sapir O, Cohen Y, Helman D, Rosenwasser S. Early detection of late blight in potato by whole-plant redox imaging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:649-664. [PMID: 36534114 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a most devastating disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Its early detection is crucial for suppressing disease spread. Necrotic lesions are normally seen in leaves at 4 days post-inoculation (dpi) when colonized cells are dead, but early detection of the initial biotrophic growth stage, when the pathogen feeds on living cells, is challenging. Here, the biotrophic growth phase of P. infestans was detected by whole-plant redox imaging of potato plants expressing chloroplast-targeted reduction-oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (chl-roGFP2). Clear spots on potato leaves with a lower chl-roGFP2 oxidation state were detected as early as 2 dpi, before any visual symptoms were recorded. These spots were particularly evident during light-to-dark transitions, and reflected the mislocalization of chl-roGFP2 outside the chloroplasts. Image analysis based on machine learning enabled systematic identification and quantification of spots, and unbiased classification of infected and uninfected leaves in inoculated plants. Comparing redox with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging showed that infected leaf areas that exhibit mislocalized chl-roGFP2 also showed reduced non-photochemical quenching and enhanced quantum PSII yield (ΦPSII) compared with the surrounding leaf areas. The data suggest that mislocalization of chloroplast-targeted proteins is an efficient marker of late blight infection, and demonstrate how it can be utilized for non-destructive monitoring of the disease biotrophic stage using whole-plant redox imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matanel Hipsch
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Yaron Michael
- Department of Soil & Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Nardy Lampl
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Omer Sapir
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Yigal Cohen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290000, Israel
| | - David Helman
- Department of Soil & Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- The Advanced School for Environmental Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
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10
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The Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity: Dynamics, Regulation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415553. [PMID: 36555194 PMCID: PMC9779068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and microtubules, is a highly dynamic filamentous framework involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, research has demonstrated that the plant cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling upon sensing pathogen attacks, coordinating the formation of microdomain immune complexes, the dynamic and turnover of pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs), the movement and aggregation of organelles, and the transportation of defense compounds, thus serving as an important platform for responding to pathogen infections. Meanwhile, pathogens produce effectors targeting the cytoskeleton to achieve pathogenicity. Recent findings have uncovered several cytoskeleton-associated proteins mediating cytoskeletal remodeling and defense signaling. Furthermore, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is revealed to further feedback-regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and trigger salicylic acid (SA) signaling, suggesting an extremely complex role of the cytoskeleton in plant immunity. Here, we describe recent advances in understanding the host cytoskeleton dynamics upon sensing pathogens and summarize the effectors that target the cytoskeleton. We highlight advances in the regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling associated with the defense response and assess the important function of the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in the immune response. Finally, we propose suggestions for future research in this area.
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11
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Reyes Caldas PA, Zhu J, Breakspear A, Thapa SP, Toruño TY, Perilla-Henao LM, Casteel C, Faulkner CR, Coaker G. Effectors from a Bacterial Vector-Borne Pathogen Exhibit Diverse Subcellular Localization, Expression Profiles, and Manipulation of Plant Defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1067-1080. [PMID: 35952362 PMCID: PMC9844206 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0114-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the prevalence of vector-borne disease due to expansion of insect populations. 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is a phloem-limited pathogen associated with multiple economically important diseases in solanaceous crops. Little is known about the strategies and pathogenicity factors 'Ca. L. solanacearum' uses to colonize its vector and host. We determined the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector repertoire by predicting proteins secreted by the general secretory pathway across four different 'Ca. L. solanacearum' haplotypes, investigated effector localization in planta, and profiled effector expression in the vector and host. The localization of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors in Nicotiana spp. revealed diverse eukaryotic subcellular targets. The majority of tested effectors were unable to suppress plant immune responses, indicating they possess unique activities. Expression profiling in tomato and the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli indicated 'Ca. L. solanacearum' differentially interacts with its host and vector and can switch effector expression in response to these environments. This study reveals 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors possess complex expression patterns, target diverse host organelles and the majority are unable to suppress host immune responses. A mechanistic understanding of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector function will reveal novel targets and provide insight into phloem biology. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zhu
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Shree P. Thapa
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Tania Y. Toruño
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, De Lier, 2678 KX, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clare Casteel
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | | | - Gitta Coaker
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
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Wang J, Xu G, Ning Y, Wang X, Wang GL. Mitochondrial functions in plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1063-1076. [PMID: 35659746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy factories of cells and are important for intracellular interactions with other organelles. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria play essential roles in the response to pathogen infection. During infection, pathogens deliver numerous enzymes and effectors into host cells, and some of these effectors target mitochondria, altering mitochondrial morphology, metabolism, and functions. To defend against pathogen attack, mitochondria are actively involved in changing intracellular metabolism, hormone-mediated signaling, and signal transduction, producing reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and triggering programmed cell death. Additionally, mitochondria coordinate with other organelles to integrate and amplify diverse immune signals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how mitochondria function in plant immunity and how pathogens target mitochondria for host defense suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Acevedo-Garcia J, Walden K, Leissing F, Baumgarten K, Drwiega K, Kwaaitaal M, Reinstädler A, Freh M, Dong X, James GV, Baus LC, Mascher M, Stein N, Schneeberger K, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Kollmar M, Schulze-Lefert P, Panstruga R. Barley Ror1 encodes a class XI myosin required for mlo-based broad-spectrum resistance to the fungal powdery mildew pathogen. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:84-103. [PMID: 35916711 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function alleles of plant MLO genes confer broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildews in many eudicot and monocot species. Although barley (Hordeum vulgare) mlo mutants have been used in agriculture for more than 40 years, understanding of the molecular principles underlying this type of disease resistance remains fragmentary. Forward genetic screens in barley have revealed mutations in two Required for mlo resistance (Ror) genes that partially impair immunity conferred by mlo mutants. While Ror2 encodes a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attached protein receptor (SNARE), the identity of Ror1, located at the pericentromeric region of barley chromosome 1H, remained elusive. We report the identification of Ror1 based on combined barley genomic sequence information and transcriptomic data from ror1 mutant plants. Ror1 encodes the barley class XI myosin Myo11A (HORVU.MOREX.r3.1HG0046420). Single amino acid substitutions of this myosin, deduced from non-functional ror1 mutant alleles, map to the nucleotide-binding region and the interface between the relay-helix and the converter domain of the motor protein. Ror1 myosin accumulates transiently in the course of powdery mildew infection. Functional fluorophore-labeled Ror1 variants associate with mobile intracellular compartments that partially colocalize with peroxisomes. Single-cell expression of the Ror1 tail region causes a dominant-negative effect that phenocopies ror1 loss-of-function mutants. We define a myosin motor for the establishment of mlo-mediated resistance, suggesting that motor protein-driven intracellular transport processes are critical for extracellular immunity, possibly through the targeted transfer of antifungal and/or cell wall cargoes to pathogen contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Acevedo-Garcia
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kim Walden
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Baumgarten
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Drwiega
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Kwaaitaal
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Freh
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Geo Velikkakam James
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa C Baus
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany
- Center of integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Von Siebold Str. 8, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Schneeberger
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nahal Brocke-Ahmadinejad
- INRES Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 11, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Kollmar
- Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Group Systems Biology of Motor Proteins, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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TritiKBdb: A Functional Annotation Resource for Deciphering the Complete Interaction Networks in Wheat-Karnal Bunt Pathosystem. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137455. [PMID: 35806459 PMCID: PMC9267065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of molecular interactions, especially the inter-species protein-protein interactions, is crucial for understanding the disease infection mechanism in plants. These interactions play an important role in disease infection and host immune responses against pathogen attack. Among various critical fungal diseases, the incidences of Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) around the world have hindered the export of the crops such as wheat from infected regions, thus causing substantial economic losses. Due to sparse information on T. indica, limited insight is available with regard to gaining in-depth knowledge of the interaction mechanisms between the host and pathogen proteins during the disease infection process. Here, we report the development of a comprehensive database and webserver, TritiKBdb, that implements various tools to study the protein-protein interactions in the Triticum species-Tilletia indica pathosystem. The novel ‘interactomics’ tool allows the user to visualize/compare the networks of the predicted interactions in an enriched manner. TritiKBdb is a user-friendly database that provides functional annotations such as subcellular localization, available domains, KEGG pathways, and GO terms of the host and pathogen proteins. Additionally, the information about the host and pathogen proteins that serve as transcription factors and effectors, respectively, is also made available. We believe that TritiKBdb will serve as a beneficial resource for the research community, and aid the community in better understanding the infection mechanisms of Karnal bunt and its interactions with wheat. The database is freely available for public use at http://bioinfo.usu.edu/tritikbdb/.
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Race against Time between the Virus and Host: Actin-Assisted Rapid Biogenesis of Replication Organelles is Used by TBSV to Limit the Recruitment of Cellular Restriction Factors. J Virol 2022; 96:e0016821. [PMID: 35638821 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00168-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses build large viral replication organelles (VROs) with the help of coopted host factors. Previous works on tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) showed that the p33 replication protein subverts the actin cytoskeleton by sequestering the actin depolymerization factor, cofilin, to reduce actin filament disassembly and stabilize the actin filaments. Then, TBSV utilizes the stable actin filaments as "trafficking highways" to deliver proviral host factors into the protective VROs. In this work, we show that the cellular intrinsic restriction factors (CIRFs) also use the actin network to reach VROs and inhibit viral replication. Disruption of the actin filaments by expression of the Legionella RavK protease inhibited the recruitment of plant CIRFs, including the CypA-like Roc1 and Roc2 cyclophilins, and the antiviral DDX17-like RH30 DEAD box helicase into VROs. Conversely, temperature-sensitive actin and cofilin mutant yeasts with stabilized actin filaments reduced the levels of copurified CIRFs, including cyclophilins Cpr1, CypA, Cyp40-like Cpr7, cochaperones Sgt2, the Hop-like Sti1, and the RH30 helicase in viral replicase preparations. Dependence of the recruitment of both proviral and antiviral host factors into VROs on the actin network suggests that there is a race going on between TBSV and its host to exploit the actin network and ultimately to gain the upper hand during infection. We propose that, in the highly susceptible plants, tombusviruses efficiently subvert the actin network for rapid delivery of proviral host factors into VROs and ultimately overcome host restriction factors via winning the recruitment race and overwhelming cellular defenses. IMPORTANCE Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses is affected by the recruitment of host components, which provide either proviral or antiviral functions during virus invasion of infected cells. The delivery of these host factors into the viral replication organelles (VROs), which represent the sites of viral RNA replication, depends on the cellular actin network. Using TBSV, we uncover a race between the virus and its host with the actin network as the central player. We find that in susceptible plants, tombusviruses exploit the actin network for rapid delivery of proviral host factors into VROs and ultimately overcome host restriction factors. In summary, this work demonstrates that the actin network plays a major role in determining the outcome of viral infections in plants.
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16
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Zhu Y, Xiong C, Wei Z, Chen Q, Ma B, Zhou S, Tan J, Zhang L, Cui H, Duan G. Impacts of global change on the phyllosphere microbiome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1977-1986. [PMID: 34921429 PMCID: PMC9306672 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants form complex interaction networks with diverse microbiomes in the environment, and the intricate interplay between plants and their associated microbiomes can greatly influence ecosystem processes and functions. The phyllosphere, the aerial part of the plant, provides a unique habitat for diverse microbes, and in return the phyllosphere microbiome greatly affects plant performance. As an open system, the phyllosphere is subjected to environmental perturbations, including global change, which will impact the crosstalk between plants and their microbiomes. In this review, we aim to provide a synthesis of current knowledge of the complex interactions between plants and the phyllosphere microbiome under global changes and to identify future priority areas of research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and HealthInstitute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Chao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Zhong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityJiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Organic Solid Waste UtilizationJiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource UtilizationNational Engineering Research Center for Organic‐Based FertilizersNanjing Agricultural UniversityWeigang, Nanjing210095China
| | - Qing‐Lin Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural SciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic3010Australia
| | - Bin Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and EnvironmentCollege of Environmental and Natural Resource SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Hangzhou Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311200China
| | - Shu‐Yi‐Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and HealthInstitute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Li‐Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Hui‐Ling Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
| | - Gui‐Lan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional EcologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China
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17
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Zhang D, Tang J, Wei K, Jia S, Jiang Y, Cai H, Mao P, Li M. Physiological and Molecular Responses of Zoysia japonica to Rust Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084185. [PMID: 35457004 PMCID: PMC9026483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) is a popular turfgrass species and is widely used for sport turf and urban landscape. Zoysiagrass is often infected by Puccinia zoysiae, which causes a loss in turf quality. The physiological and molecular mechanisms of rust resistance are poorly understood in this species. In this study, the rust-resistant and susceptible lines of zoysiagrass were inoculated with P. zoysiae, and alterations of leaf cell structure, physiological indicators and transcriptomic response were investigated at the various stages of inoculation. After inoculation, the cell membranes, nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast were all impaired, followed by abnormal physiological metabolism. The damage occurred earlier and more severely in the susceptible line. Changes in electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll content varied with the genotype and the inoculation stages. The transcriptome analysis showed that plant hormones, MAPK signal transduction pathway, photosynthesis and energy generation pathways were significantly enriched in the early response, in both the resistant and susceptible lines. The results provided insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rust disease resistance and would benefit the breeding of rust-resistant varieties in zoysiagrass and related turfgrass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Jun Tang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Kai Wei
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Shangang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Hongwei Cai
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Peisheng Mao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Manli Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Song Y, Feng L, Alyafei MAM, Jaleel A, Ren M. Function of Chloroplasts in Plant Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413464. [PMID: 34948261 PMCID: PMC8705820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism. In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Chloroplasts have their own independent genomes and gene-expression machinery and synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which contribute the plant response to adverse conditions. Furthermore, chloroplasts communicate with the nucleus through retrograde signaling, for instance, reactive oxygen signaling. All of the above facilitate the chloroplast’s exquisite flexibility in responding to environmental stresses. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the involvement of chloroplasts in plant regulatory responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses including heat, chilling, salinity, drought, high light environmental stress conditions, and pathogen invasions. This review will enrich the better understanding of interactions between chloroplast and environmental stresses, and will lay the foundation for genetically enhancing plant-stress acclimatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mohammed Abdul Muhsen Alyafei
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.M.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.A.M.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China;
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(13)-527313471
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Guan P, Shi W, Riemann M, Nick P. Dissecting the membrane-microtubule sensor in grapevine defence. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:260. [PMID: 34848701 PMCID: PMC8632924 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Specific populations of plant microtubules cooperate with the plasma membrane to sense and process abiotic stress signals, such as cold stress. The current study derived from the question, to what extent this perception system is active in biotic stress signalling. The experimental system consisted of grapevine cell lines, where microtubules or actin filaments are visualised by GFP, such that their response became visible in vivo. We used the bacterial elicitors harpin (inducing cell-death related defence), or flg22 (inducing basal immunity) in combination with modulators of membrane fluidity, or microtubules. We show that DMSO, a membrane rigidifier, can cause microtubule bundling and trigger defence responses, including activation of phytoalexin transcripts. However, DMSO inhibited the gene expression in response to harpin, while promoting the gene expression in response to flg22. Treatment with DMSO also rendered microtubules more persistent to harpin. Paradoxically, Benzylalcohol (BA), a membrane fluidiser, acted in the same way as DMSO. Neither GdCl3, nor diphenylene iodonium were able to block the inhibitory effect of membrane rigidification on harpin-induced gene expression. Treatment with taxol stabilised microtubule against harpin but amplified the response of PAL transcripts. Therefore, the data support implications of a model that deploys specific responses to pathogen-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Logozzi M, Di Raimo R, Mizzoni D, Fais S. Nanovesicles from Organic Agriculture-Derived Fruits and Vegetables: Characterization and Functional Antioxidant Content. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158170. [PMID: 34360936 PMCID: PMC8347793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables is related to a risk reduction in a series of leading human diseases, probably due to the plants' antioxidant content. Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have been recently receiving great attention regarding their natural ability to deliver several active biomolecules and antioxidants. To investigate the presence of active antioxidants in fruits, we preliminarily analyzed the differences between nanovesicles from either organic or conventional agriculture-derived fruits, at equal volumes, showing a higher yield of nanovesicles with a smaller size from organic agriculture-derived fruits as compared to conventional ones. PDNVs from organic agriculture also showed a higher antioxidant level compared to nanovesicles from conventional agriculture. Using the PDNVs from fruit mixes, we found comparable levels of Total Antioxidant Capacity, Ascorbic Acid, Catalase, Glutathione and Superoxide Dismutase 1. Finally, we exposed the nanovesicle mixes to either chemical or physical lytic treatments, with no evidence of effects on the number, size and antioxidant capacity of the treated nanovesicles, thus showing a marked resistance of PDNVs to external stimuli and a high capability to preserve their content. Our study provides for the first time a series of data supporting the use of plant-derived nanovesicles in human beings' daily supplementation, for both prevention and treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (S.F.); Tel.: +39-064-9902-436 (M.L.); +39-064-9903-195 (S.F.); Fax: +39-064-9902-436 (M.L. & S.F.)
| | | | | | - Stefano Fais
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (S.F.); Tel.: +39-064-9902-436 (M.L.); +39-064-9903-195 (S.F.); Fax: +39-064-9902-436 (M.L. & S.F.)
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John E, Singh KB, Oliver RP, Tan K. Transcription factor control of virulence in phytopathogenic fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:858-881. [PMID: 33973705 PMCID: PMC8232033 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi are a significant threat to economic and food security worldwide. Novel protection strategies are required and therefore it is critical we understand the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause disease. Virulence factors and pathogenicity genes have been identified, but in many cases their roles remain elusive. It is becoming increasingly clear that gene regulation is vital to enable plant infection and transcription factors play an essential role. Efforts to determine their regulatory functions in plant-pathogenic fungi have expanded since the annotation of fungal genomes revealed the ubiquity of transcription factors from a broad range of families. This review establishes the significance of transcription factors as regulatory elements in plant-pathogenic fungi and provides a systematic overview of those that have been functionally characterized. Detailed analysis is provided on regulators from well-characterized families controlling various aspects of fungal metabolism, development, stress tolerance, and the production of virulence factors such as effectors and secondary metabolites. This covers conserved transcription factors with either specialized or nonspecialized roles, as well as recently identified regulators targeting key virulence pathways. Fundamental knowledge of transcription factor regulation in plant-pathogenic fungi provides avenues to identify novel virulence factors and improve our understanding of the regulatory networks linked to pathogen evolution, while transcription factors can themselves be specifically targeted for disease control. Areas requiring further insight regarding the molecular mechanisms and/or specific classes of transcription factors are identified, and direction for future investigation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Karam B. Singh
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreatWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Richard P. Oliver
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kar‐Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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22
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Molho M, Lin W, Nagy PD. A novel viral strategy for host factor recruitment: The co-opted proteasomal Rpn11 protein interaction hub in cooperation with subverted actin filaments are targeted to deliver cytosolic host factors for viral replication. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009680. [PMID: 34161398 PMCID: PMC8260003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand (+)RNA viruses take advantage of the host cells by subverting a long list of host protein factors and transport vesicles and cellular organelles to build membranous viral replication organelles (VROs) that support robust RNA replication. How RNA viruses accomplish major recruitment tasks of a large number of cellular proteins are intensively studied. In case of tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a single viral replication protein, named p33, carries out most of the recruitment duties. Yet, it is currently unknown how the viral p33 replication protein, which is membrane associated, is capable of the rapid and efficient recruitment of numerous cytosolic host proteins to facilitate the formation of large VROs. In this paper, we show that, TBSV p33 molecules do not recruit each cytosolic host factor one-by-one into VROs, but p33 targets a cytosolic protein interaction hub, namely Rpn11, which interacts with numerous other cytosolic proteins. The highly conserved Rpn11, called POH1 in humans, is the metalloprotease subunit of the proteasome, which couples deubiquitination and degradation of proteasome substrates. However, TBSV takes advantage of a noncanonical function of Rpn11 by exploiting Rpn11's interaction with highly abundant cytosolic proteins and the actin network. We provide supporting evidence that the co-opted Rpn11 in coordination with the subverted actin network is used for delivering cytosolic proteins, such as glycolytic and fermentation enzymes, which are readily subverted into VROs to produce ATP locally in support of VRO formation, viral replicase complex assembly and viral RNA replication. Using several approaches, including knockdown of Rpn11 level, sequestering Rpn11 from the cytosol into the nucleus in plants or temperature-sensitive mutation in Rpn11 in yeast, we show the inhibition of recruitment of glycolytic and fermentation enzymes into VROs. The Rpn11-assisted recruitment of the cytosolic enzymes by p33, however, also requires the combined and coordinated role of the subverted actin network. Accordingly, stabilization of the actin filaments by expression of the Legionella VipA effector in yeast and plant, or via a mutation of ACT1 in yeast resulted in more efficient and rapid recruitment of Rpn11 and the selected glycolytic and fermentation enzymes into VROs. On the contrary, destruction of the actin filaments via expression of the Legionella RavK effector led to poor recruitment of Rpn11 and glycolytic and fermentation enzymes. Finally, we confirmed the key roles of Rpn11 and the actin filaments in situ ATP production within TBSV VROs via using a FRET-based ATP-biosensor. The novel emerging theme is that TBSV targets Rpn11 cytosolic protein interaction hub driven by the p33 replication protein and aided by the subverted actin filaments to deliver several co-opted cytosolic pro-viral factors for robust replication within VROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Molho
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wenwu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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23
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Nagy PD, Feng Z. Tombusviruses orchestrate the host endomembrane system to create elaborate membranous replication organelles. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:30-41. [PMID: 33845410 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses depend on intensive manipulation of subcellular organelles and membranes to create unique viral replication organelles (VROs), which represent the sites of robust virus replication. The host endomembrane-based protein-trafficking and vesicle-trafficking pathways are specifically targeted by many (+)RNA viruses to take advantage of their rich resources. We summarize the critical roles of co-opted endoplasmic reticulum subdomains and associated host proteins and COPII vesicles play in tombusvirus replication. We also present the surprising contribution of the early endosome and the retromer tubular transport carriers to VRO biogenesis. The central player is tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), which provides an outstanding system based on the identification of a complex network of interactions with the host cells. We present the emerging theme on how TBSV uses tethering and membrane-shaping proteins and lipid modifying enzymes to build the sophisticated VRO membranes with unique lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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24
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Littlejohn GR, Breen S, Smirnoff N, Grant M. Chloroplast immunity illuminated. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3088-3107. [PMID: 33206379 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast has recently emerged as pivotal to co-ordinating plant defence responses and as a target of plant pathogens. Beyond its central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism - key targets in the complex virulence strategies of diverse pathogens - the chloroplast integrates, decodes and responds to environmental signals. The capacity of chloroplasts to synthesize phytohormones and a diverse range of secondary metabolites, combined with retrograde and reactive oxygen signalling, provides exquisite flexibility to both perceive and respond to biotic stresses. These processes also represent a plethora of opportunities for pathogens to evolve strategies to directly or indirectly target 'chloroplast immunity'. This review covers the contribution of the chloroplast to pathogen associated molecular pattern and effector triggered immunity as well as systemic acquired immunity. We address phytohormone modulation of immunity and surmise how chloroplast-derived reactive oxygen species underpin chloroplast immunity through indirect evidence inferred from genetic modification of core chloroplast components and direct pathogen targeting of the chloroplast. We assess the impact of transcriptional reprogramming of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes during disease and defence and look at future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Littlejohn
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Susan Breen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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25
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Peng KC, Lin CC, Liao CF, Yu HC, Lo CT, Yang HH, Lin KC. Expression of L-amino acid oxidase of Trichoderma harzianum in tobacco confers resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110772. [PMID: 33487356 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidase (ThLAAO) secreted by Trichoderma harzianum ETS323 is a flavoenzyme with antimicrobial characteristics. In this study, we transformed the ThLAAO gene into tobacco to elucidate whether ThLAAO can activate defense mechanisms and confer resistance against phytopathogens. Transgenic tobacco overexpressing ThLAAO showed enhanced resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea and activated the expression of defense-related genes and the genes involved in salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene biosynthesis accompanied by substantial accumulation of H2O2 in chloroplasts, cytosol around chloroplasts, and cell membranes of transgenic tobacco. Scavenge of H2O2 with ascorbic acid abolished disease resistance against B. cinerea infection and decreased the expression of defense-related genes. ThLAAO-FITC application on tobacco protoplast or overexpression of ThLAAO-GFP in tobacco revealed the localization of ThLAAO in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll a/b binding protein (CAB) was isolated through ThLAAO-ConA affinity chromatography. The pull down assay results confirmed ThLAAO-CAB binding. Application of ThLAAO-Cy5.5 on cabbage roots promptly translocated to the leaves. Treatment of ThLAAO on cabbage roots induces systemic resistance against B. cinerea. Overall, these results demonstrate that ThLAAO may target chloroplast and activate defense mechanisms via H2O2 signaling to confer resistance against S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou-Cheng Peng
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chi Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Fu Liao
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chiao Yu
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chaur-Tsuen Lo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan.
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26
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Zhao D, Wang H, Chen S, Yu D, Reiter RJ. Phytomelatonin: An Emerging Regulator of Plant Biotic Stress Resistance. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:70-82. [PMID: 32896490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has diverse functions in plant development and stress tolerance, with recent evidence showing a beneficial role in plant biotic stress tolerance. It has been hypothesized that pathogenic invasion causes the immediate generation of melatonin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), with these being mutually dependent, forming the integrative melatonin-ROS-RNS feedforward loop. Here we discuss how the loop, possibly located in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, maximizes disease resistance in the early pathogen ingress stage, providing on-site protection. We also review how melatonin interacts with phytohormone signaling pathways to mediate defense responses and discuss the evolutionary context from the beginnings of the melatonin receptor-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in unicellular green algae, followed by the occurrence of phytohormone pathways in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Houping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Suiyun Chen
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UT Health), San Antonio, TX, USA.
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27
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Kataria R, Duhan N, Kaundal R. Computational Systems Biology of Alfalfa - Bacterial Blight Host-Pathogen Interactions: Uncovering the Complex Molecular Networks for Developing Durable Disease Resistant Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:807354. [PMID: 35251063 PMCID: PMC8891223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.807354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Medicago sativa (also known as alfalfa), a forage legume, is widely cultivated due to its high yield and high-value hay crop production. Infectious diseases are a major threat to the crops, owing to huge economic losses to the agriculture industry, worldwide. The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between the pathogens and their hosts play a critical role in understanding the molecular basis of pathogenesis. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ALF3 suppresses the plant's innate immune response by secreting type III effector proteins into the host cell, causing bacterial stem blight in alfalfa. The alfalfa-P. syringae system has little information available for PPIs. Thus, to understand the infection mechanism, we elucidated the genome-scale host-pathogen interactions (HPIs) between alfalfa and P. syringae using two computational approaches: interolog-based and domain-based method. A total of ∼14 M putative PPIs were predicted between 50,629 alfalfa proteins and 2,932 P. syringae proteins by combining these approaches. Additionally, ∼0.7 M consensus PPIs were also predicted. The functional analysis revealed that P. syringae proteins are highly involved in nucleotide binding activity (GO:0000166), intracellular organelle (GO:0043229), and translation (GO:0006412) while alfalfa proteins are involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus (GO:0070887), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016614), and Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794). According to subcellular localization predictions, most of the pathogen proteins targeted host proteins within the cytoplasm and nucleus. In addition, we discovered a slew of new virulence effectors in the predicted HPIs. The current research describes an integrated approach for deciphering genome-scale host-pathogen PPIs between alfalfa and P. syringae, allowing the researchers to better understand the pathogen's infection mechanism and develop pathogen-resistant lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Kataria
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Naveen Duhan
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Rakesh Kaundal
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- Bioinformatics Facility, Center for Integrated Biosystems, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Rakesh Kaundal, ;
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28
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Hanson MR, Conklin PL. Stromules, functional extensions of plastids within the plant cell. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 58:25-32. [PMID: 33137706 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stromules are thin tubular extensions of the plastid compartment surrounded by the envelope membrane. A myriad of functions have been proposed for them, and they likely have multiple roles. Recent work has illuminated aspects of their formation, especially the important of microtubules in their movement and microfilaments in anchoring. A variety of biotic and abiotic stresses result in induction of stromule formation, and in recent years, stromule formation has been strongly implicated as part of the innate immune response. Both stromules and chloroplasts relocate to surround the nucleus when pathogens are sensed, possibly to supply signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species. In addition to the nucleus, stromules have been observed in close proximity to other compartments such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and the plasma membrane, potentially facilitating exchange of substrates and products to carry out important biosynthetic pathways. Much remains to be learned about the identity of proteins and other molecules released from chloroplasts and stromules and how they function in plant development and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Biotechnology Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Patricia L Conklin
- Biological Sciences Department, State University of New York, Cortland, NY 13045, USA
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29
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Kuźniak E, Kopczewski T. The Chloroplast Reactive Oxygen Species-Redox System in Plant Immunity and Disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572686. [PMID: 33281842 PMCID: PMC7688986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen infections limit plant growth and productivity, thus contributing to crop losses. As the site of photosynthesis, the chloroplast is vital for plant productivity. This organelle, communicating with other cellular compartments challenged by infection (e.g., apoplast, mitochondria, and peroxisomes), is also a key battlefield in the plant-pathogen interaction. Here, we focus on the relation between reactive oxygen species (ROS)-redox signaling, photosynthesis which is governed by redox control, and biotic stress response. We also discuss the pathogen strategies to weaken the chloroplast-mediated defense responses and to promote pathogenesis. As in the next decades crop yield increase may depend on the improvement of photosynthetic efficiency, a comprehensive understanding of the integration between photosynthesis and plant immunity is required to meet the future food demand.
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30
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Kopczewski T, Kuźniak E, Kornaś A, Rut G, Nosek M, Ciereszko I, Szczepaniak L. Local and Systemic Changes in Photosynthetic Parameters and Antioxidant Activity in Cucumber Challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6378. [PMID: 32887449 PMCID: PMC7504232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied changes in gas exchange, photochemical activity and the antioxidant system in cucumber leaves locally infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans and in uninfected systemic ones. Infection-induced declined net photosynthesis rate and the related changes in transpiration rate, the intracellular CO2 concentration, and prolonged reduction in maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm), accompanied by an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), were observed only in the infected leaves, along with full disease symptom development. Infection severely affected the ROS/redox homeostasis at the cellular level and in chloroplasts. Superoxide dismutase, ascorbate, and tocopherol were preferentially induced at the early stage of pathogenesis, whereas catalase, glutathione, and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes were activated later. Systemic leaves retained their net photosynthesis rate and the changes in the antioxidant system were partly like those in the infected leaves, although they occurred later and were less intense. Re-balancing of ascorbate and glutathione in systemic leaves generated a specific redox signature in chloroplasts. We suggest that it could be a regulatory element playing a role in integrating photosynthesis and redox regulation of stress, aimed at increasing the defense capacity and maintaining the growth of the infected plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kopczewski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Kuźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (G.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Grzegorz Rut
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (G.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Michał Nosek
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (A.K.); (G.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Lech Szczepaniak
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland;
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31
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Więsyk A, Lirski M, Fogtman A, Zagórski-Ostoja W, Góra-Sochacka A. Differences in gene expression profiles at the early stage of Solanum lycopersicum infection with mild and severe variants of potato spindle tuber viroid. Virus Res 2020; 286:198090. [PMID: 32634444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viroids with small, non-coding circular RNA genome can induce diseases in many plant species. The extend of infection symptoms depends on environmental conditions, viroid strain, and host plant species and cultivar. Pathogen recognition leads to massive transcriptional reprogramming to favor defense responses over normal cellular functions. To better understand the interaction between plant host and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) variants that differ in their virulence, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed by an RNA-seq approach. The changes of gene expression were analyzed at the time point when subtle symptoms became visible in plants infected with the severe PSTVd-S23 variant, while those infected with the mild PSTVd-M variant looked like non-infected healthy plants. Over 3000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were recognized in both infections, but the majority of them were specific for infection with the severe variant. In both infections recognized DEGs were mainly related to biotic stress, hormone metabolism and signaling, transcription regulation, protein degradation, and transport. The DEGs related to cell cycle and microtubule were uniquely down-regulated only in the PSTVd-S23-infected plants. Similarly, expression of transcription factors from C2C2-GATA and growth-regulating factor (GRF) families was only altered upon infection with the severe variant. Both PSTVd variants triggered plant immune response; however expression of genes encoding crucial factors of this process was markedly more changed in the plants infected with the severe variant than in those with the mild one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Więsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Lirski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Góra-Sochacka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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32
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Guan P, Terigele, Schmidt F, Riemann M, Fischer J, Thines E, Nick P. Hunting modulators of plant defence: the grapevine trunk disease fungus Eutypa lata secretes an amplifier for plant basal immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3710-3724. [PMID: 32211774 PMCID: PMC7475250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are progressively affecting vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide. To be able to understand and combat these diseases, we need a different concept of the signals exchanged between the grapevine and fungi than the well-studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern and effector concepts. We screened extracts from fungi associated with GTDs for their association with basal defence responses in suspension cells of grapevine. By activity-guided fractionation of the two selected extracts, O-methylmellein was identified as a candidate modulator of grapevine immunity. O-Methylmellein could not induce immune responses by itself (i.e. does not act as an elicitor), but could amplify some of the defence responses triggered by the bacterial elicitor flg22, such as the induction level of defence genes and actin remodelling. These findings show that Eutypa lata, exemplarily selected as an endophytic fungus linked with GTDs, can secrete compounds that act as amplifiers of basal immunity. Thus, in addition to elicitors that can trigger basal immunity, and effectors that down-modulate antibacterial basal immunity, once it had been activated, E. lata seems to secrete a third type of chemical signal that amplifies basal immunity and may play a role in the context of consortia of mutually competing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Terigele
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Schmidt
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Słomińska-Durdasiak KM, Kollers S, Korzun V, Nowara D, Schweizer P, Djamei A, Reif JC. Association mapping of wheat Fusarium head blight resistance-related regions using a candidate-gene approach and their verification in a biparental population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:341-351. [PMID: 31646363 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Markers, located in Dicer1 and Ara6 genes, which are likely involved in cross-kingdom RNA trafficking, are associated with FHB resistance in GABI wheat population and were validated in biparental population. Association studies are a common approach to detect marker-trait associations for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum), although verification of detected associations is exceptional. In the present study, candidate-gene association mapping (CG) of genes from silencing and secretory pathways, which may be involved in wheat resistance against FHB and cross-kingdom RNA trafficking, was performed. Fourteen markers, located in nine genes, were tested for association with FHB resistance in 356 lines from the GABI (genome analysis of the biological system of plants) wheat population. Three markers located in the genes Dicer1 and Ara6 were shown to be significantly associated with the studied trait. Verification of this finding was performed using the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population 'Apache × Biscay', segregating for four of our 14 selected markers. We could show association of the Ara6 marker with plant height as well as association with FHB resistance for three markers located in Rab5-like GTPase gene Ara6 and Dicer1. These results confirmed the trait-marker associations detected also in the CG approach. Gene products of the associated genes are involved in response of the plant to pathogens, plant metabolism and may be involved in cross-kingdom RNA trafficking efficiency. The markers detected in the GABI wheat population, which were also validated in the biparental population, can potentially be used in wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maria Słomińska-Durdasiak
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Sonja Kollers
- KWS LOCHOW GmbH, Ferdinand-von-Lochow-Straße 5, 29303, Bergen, Germany
| | - Viktor Korzun
- KWS LOCHOW GmbH, Ferdinand-von-Lochow-Straße 5, 29303, Bergen, Germany
| | - Daniela Nowara
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Christoph Reif
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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Kretschmer M, Damoo D, Djamei A, Kronstad J. Chloroplasts and Plant Immunity: Where Are the Fungal Effectors? Pathogens 2019; 9:E19. [PMID: 31878153 PMCID: PMC7168614 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a central role in plant immunity through the synthesis of secondary metabolites and defense compounds, as well as phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Additionally, chloroplast metabolism results in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as defense molecules. The impact of viral and bacterial infections on plastids and chloroplasts has been well documented. In particular, bacterial pathogens are known to introduce effectors specifically into chloroplasts, and many viral proteins interact with chloroplast proteins to influence viral replication and movement, and plant defense. By contrast, clear examples are just now emerging for chloroplast-targeted effectors from fungal and oomycete pathogens. In this review, we first present a brief overview of chloroplast contributions to plant defense and then discuss examples of connections between fungal interactions with plants and chloroplast function. We then briefly consider well-characterized bacterial effectors that target chloroplasts as a prelude to discussing the evidence for fungal effectors that impact chloroplast activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Djihane Damoo
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Armin Djamei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany;
| | - James Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
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Chukhchin DG, Bolotova K, Sinelnikov I, Churilov D, Novozhilov E. Exosomes in the phloem and xylem of woody plants. PLANTA 2019; 251:12. [PMID: 31776666 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes in the secondary phloem and secondary xylem of angiosperms and gymnosperms have physiological roles in the storage and transport of endoglucanases. Knowledge of plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) is limited by their presence in the apoplastic fluid of seeds and leaves. The contents of plant EVs and their biological functions are unclear. The aim of the present study was to expand our knowledge of EVs in woody plants. Sample splits were prepared from branch and stem samples from angiosperms and gymnosperms after cryomechanical destruction with liquid nitrogen. The study methods included scanning electron (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), endoglucanase activity measurement. EVs visualized on the internal layers of the cell walls proved to be exosomes according to their diameter (65-145 nm). SEM revealed cup-shaped structures characteristic of exosomes in a dry state. Plant exosomes in the form of globules in the native state were visualized for the first time by AFM. Exosomes were present both in the active and dormant cambium. Erosion zones were observed at the sites of exosome localization. The activity of endo-1,4-β-glucanase was detected in Picea xylem, while the RNA level was very low, suggesting that endo-1,4-β-glucanases were preserved in the exosomes. There are grounds to assert that endo-1,4-β-glucanases delivered by exosomes participated in pit cavity formation in the S1 layer of xylary fibres. A possible mechanism of endo-1,4-β-glucanase action in the biosynthesis of the secondary wall is proposed. These results demonstrate that the physiological role of the exosomes in the phloem and xylem is the storage and transport of endo-1,4-β-glucanases participating in cell wall remodeling in woody plants. Present study expands our knowledge about plant exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry G Chukhchin
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ksenia Bolotova
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Igor Sinelnikov
- Federal State Institution "Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Leninsky Prospect, 33, Build. 2, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Churilov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Novozhilov
- Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Embankment 17, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
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van Bel AJE, Musetti R. Sieve element biology provides leads for research on phytoplasma lifestyle in plant hosts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3737-3755. [PMID: 30972422 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas reside exclusively in sieve tubes, tubular arrays of sieve element-companion cell complexes. Hence, the cell biology of sieve elements may reveal (ultra)structural and functional conditions that are of significance for survival, propagation, colonization, and effector spread of phytoplasmas. Electron microscopic images suggest that sieve elements offer facilities for mobile and stationary stages in phytoplasma movement. Stationary stages may enable phytoplasmas to interact closely with diverse sieve element compartments. The unique, reduced sieve element outfit requires permanent support by companion cells. This notion implies a future focus on the molecular biology of companion cells to understand the sieve element-phytoplasma inter-relationship. Supply of macromolecules by companion cells is channelled via specialized symplasmic connections. Ca2+-mediated gating of symplasmic corridors is decisive for the communication within and beyond the sieve element-companion cell complex and for the dissemination of phytoplasma effectors. Thus, Ca2+ homeostasis, which affects sieve element Ca2+ signatures and induces a range of modifications, is a key issue during phytoplasma infection. The exceptional physical and chemical environment in sieve elements seems an essential, though not the only factor for phytoplasma survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J E van Bel
- Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Fernandez JC, Burch-Smith TM. Chloroplasts as mediators of plant biotic interactions over short and long distances. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:148-155. [PMID: 31284090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants interact with numerous other organisms. Some interactions benefit both the plant and the other organism(s), while others lead to disease or even death of the plant hosts. The traditional focus of research into plant biotic interactions has been on the negative effects on plants and the strategies plants use to mitigate or prevent these. Over the last several years there has been increasing appreciation for the diversity and importance of plant biotic interactions in plant success as well as the evolution and stabilization of ecosystems. With this new perspective, it is also becoming clear that the metabolic output of chloroplasts in plants is critical to establishing and maintaining these interactions. Here we highlight the roles of chloroplasts in diverse biotic interactions. Photosynthetic chloroplasts are the source of hormones, small molecules and a prodigious number of secondary metabolites, a significant portion of which influence plant biotic interactions. Importantly, the effects of chloroplasts on these interactions are not limited to sites of direct association or contact but also act at a distance in systemic leaves and roots, in the rhizosphere, in the air surrounding a plant and in neighboring plants, and they can persist over several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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Li P, Day B. Battlefield Cytoskeleton: Turning the Tide on Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:25-34. [PMID: 30355064 PMCID: PMC6326859 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0195-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system comprises a complex network of signaling processes, regulated not only by classically defined immune components (e.g., resistance genes) but also by a suite of developmental, environmental, abiotic, and biotic-associated factors. In total, it is the sum of these interactions-the connectivity to a seemingly endless array of environments-that ensures proper activation, and control, of a system that is responsible for cell surveillance and response to threats presented by invading pests and pathogens. Over the past decade, the field of plant pathology has witnessed the discovery of numerous points of convergence between immunity, growth, and development, as well as overlap with seemingly disparate processes such as those that underpin plant response to changes in the environment. Toward defining how immune signaling is regulated, recent studies have focused on dissecting the mechanisms that underpin receptor-ligand interactions, phospho-regulation of signaling cascades, and the modulation of host gene expression during infection. As one of the major regulators of these immune signaling cascades, the plant cytoskeleton is the stage from which immune-associated processes are mobilized and oriented and, in this role, it controls the movement of the organelles, proteins, and chemical signals that support plant defense signaling. In short, the cytoskeleton is the battlefield from which pathogens and plants volley virulence and resistance, transforming resistance to susceptibility. Herein, we discuss the role of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton as a platform for the function of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Michigan State University Plant Resilience Institute, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Sparkes I. Lessons from optical tweezers: quantifying organelle interactions, dynamics and modelling subcellular events. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:55-61. [PMID: 30081386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optical tweezers enable users to physically trap organelles and move them laterally within the plant cell. Recent advances have highlighted physical interactions between functionally related organelle pairs, such as ER-Golgi and peroxisome-chloroplast, and have shown how organelle positioning affects plant growth. Quantification of these processes has provided insight into the force components which ultimately drive organelle movement and positioning in plant cells. Application of optical tweezers has therefore revolutionised our understanding of plant organelle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
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40
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Thibaut O, Claude B. Innate Immunity Activation and RNAi Interplay in Citrus Exocortis Viroid-Tomato Pathosystem. Viruses 2018; 10:E587. [PMID: 30373191 PMCID: PMC6266551 DOI: 10.3390/v10110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although viroids are the smallest and simplest plant pathogens known, the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis remain unclear. To unravel these mechanisms, a dual approach was implemented consisting of in silico identification of potential tomato silencing targets of pospiviroids, and the experimental validation of these targets through the sequencing of small RNAs and RNA ends extracted from tomatoes infected with a severe isolate of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd). The generated RNA ends were also used to monitor the differentially-expressed genes. These analyses showed that when CEVd symptoms are well established: (i) CEVd are degraded by at least three Dicer-like (DCL) proteins and possibly by RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), (ii) five different mRNAs are partially degraded through post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), including argonaute 2a, which is further degraded in phasiRNAs, (iii) Dicer-like 2b and 2d are both upregulated and degraded in phasiRNAs, and (iv) CEVd infection induced a significant shift in gene expression allowing to explain the usual symptoms of pospiviroids on tomato and to demonstrate the constant activation of host innate immunity and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by these pathogenic RNAs. Finally, based on in silico analysis, potential immunity receptor candidates of viroid-derived RNAs are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Thibaut
- Life Sciences Department, Walloon agricultural research Centre, Rue de Liroux 4, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
- UCLouvain, Earth&Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2bte L7.05.03, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Bragard Claude
- UCLouvain, Earth&Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2bte L7.05.03, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Jiang L, Situ J, Deng YZ, Wan L, Xu D, Chen Y, Xi P, Jiang Z. PlMAPK10, a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in Peronophythora litchii, Is Required for Mycelial Growth, Sporulation, Laccase Activity, and Plant Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:426. [PMID: 29568294 PMCID: PMC5852060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are ubiquitous and evolutionarily conserved signal transduction modules directing cellular respond to a diverse array of stimuli, in the eukaryotic organisms. In this study, PlMAPK10 was identified to encode a MAPK in Peronophythora litchii, the oomycete pathogen causing litchi downy blight disease. PlMAPK10, containing a specific and highly conserved dual phosphorylation lip sequence SEY (Serine-Glutamic-Tyrosine), represents a novel group of MAPKs as previously reported. Transcriptional profiling showed that PlMAPK10 expression was up-regulated in zoospore and cyst stages. To elucidate its function, the PlMAPK10 gene was silenced by stable transformation. PlMAPK10 silence did not impair oospore production, sporangium germination, zoospore encyst, or cyst germination but hindered hyphal growth, sporulation, pathogenicity, likely due to altering laccase activity. Over all, our results indicated that a MAPK encoded by PlMAPK10 gene in P. litchii is important for pathogenic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhen Deng
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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