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Lou H, Wang F, Zhang J, Wei G, Wei J, Hu H, Li Y, Wang K, Wang Z, Huang Y, Wu J, Pei D, Huang J, Zhang Q. JrGA20ox1-transformed rootstocks deliver drought response signals to wild-type scions in grafted walnut. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae143. [PMID: 38988618 PMCID: PMC11233861 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Targeted regulation using transgrafting technology has become a trend. However, the mechanisms of transgene-derived signal communication between rootstocks and scions remain unclear in woody plants. Here, we grafted wild-type (WT) walnut (Juglans regia L.) on WT (WT/WT), JrGA20ox1 (encodes a gibberellin 20-oxidase)-overexpressing (WT/OE), and JrGA20ox1-RNAi transformation (WT/RNAi) walnut in vitro. We aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of JrGA20ox1-derived signal communication under PEG-simulated drought stress between rootstocks and scions in walnut. We demonstrated that JrGA20ox1-OE and JrGA20ox1-RNAi rootstocks could transport active gibberellins (GAs) and JrGA20ox1-RNAi vector-produced sRNAs to WT scions under PEG-simulated drought stress, respectively. The movement of sRNAs further led to a successive decline in JrGA20ox1 expression and active GA content. Meanwhile, unknown mobile signals may move between rootstocks and scions. These mobile signals reduced the expression of a series of GA-responsive and GA-non-responsive genes, and induced ROS production in guard cells and an increase in ABA content, which may contribute to the drought tolerance of WT/RNAi, while the opposite occurred in WT/OE. The findings suggest that JrGA20ox1-derived rootstock-to-scion movement of signals is involved in drought tolerance of scions. Our research will provide a feasible approach for studying signal communication in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Fengmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Guangli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Hengkang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Zhengjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Youjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Dong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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Sharma A, Dheer P, Rautela I, Thapliyal P, Thapliyal P, Bajpai AB, Sharma MD. A review on strategies for crop improvement against drought stress through molecular insights. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:173. [PMID: 38846012 PMCID: PMC11150236 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for food goods is rising along with the world population growth, which is directly related to the yield of agricultural crops around the world. However, a number of environmental factors, including floods, salinity, moisture, and drought, have a detrimental effect on agricultural production around the world. Among all of these stresses, drought stress (DS) poses a constant threat to agricultural crops and is a significant impediment to global agricultural productivity. Its potency and severity are expected to increase in the future years. A variety of techniques have been used to generate drought-resistant plants in order to get around this restriction. Different crop plants exhibit specific traits that contribute to drought resistance (DR), such as early flowering, drought escape (DE), and leaf traits. We are highlighting numerous methods that can be used to overcome the effects of DS in this review. Agronomic methods, transgenic methods, the use of sufficient fertilizers, and molecular methods such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, microRNA (miRNA) technology, and OMICS-based approaches make up the majority of these techniques. CRISPR technology has rapidly become an increasingly popular choice among researchers exploring natural tolerance to abiotic stresses although, only a few plants have been produced so far using this technique. In order to address the difficulties imposed by DS, new plants utilizing the CRISPR technology must be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Pallavi Dheer
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Indra Rautela
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Preeti Thapliyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Priya Thapliyal
- Department of Biochemistry, H.N.B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand 246174 India
| | - Atal Bihari Bajpai
- Department of Botany, D.B.S. (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Manish Dev Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
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Garg R, Mahato H, Choudhury U, Thakur RS, Debnath P, Ansari NG, Sane VA, Sane AP. The tomato EAR-motif repressor, SlERF36, accelerates growth transitions and reduces plant life cycle by regulating GA levels and responses. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:848-862. [PMID: 38127946 PMCID: PMC10955490 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Faster vegetative growth and early maturity/harvest reduce plant life cycle time and are important agricultural traits facilitating early crop rotation. GA is a key hormone governing developmental transitions that determine growth speed in plants. An EAR-motif repressor, SlERF36 that regulates various growth transitions, partly through regulation of the GA pathway and GA levels, was identified in tomato. Suppression of SlERF36 delayed germination, slowed down organ growth and delayed the onset of flowering time, fruit harvest and whole-plant senescence by 10-15 days. Its over-expression promoted faster growth by accelerating all these transitions besides increasing organ expansion and plant height substantially. The plant life cycle and fruit harvest were completed 20-30 days earlier than control without affecting yield, in glasshouse as well as net-house conditions, across seasons and generations. These changes in life cycle were associated with reciprocal changes in expression of GA pathway genes and basal GA levels between suppression and over-expression lines. SlERF36 interacted with the promoters of two GA2 oxidase genes, SlGA2ox3 and SlGA2ox4, and the DELLA gene, SlDELLA, reducing their transcription and causing a 3-5-fold increase in basal GA3/GA4 levels. Its suppression increased SlGA2ox3/4 transcript levels and reduced GA3/GA4 levels by 30%-50%. SlERF36 is conserved across families making it an important candidate in agricultural and horticultural crops for manipulation of plant growth and developmental transitions to reduce life cycles for faster harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Garg
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Hrishikesh Mahato
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Upasana Choudhury
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Ravindra S. Thakur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology GroupCSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR‐IITR)LucknowIndia
| | - Pratima Debnath
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Nasreen G. Ansari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology GroupCSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR‐IITR)LucknowIndia
| | - Vidhu A. Sane
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
| | - Aniruddha P. Sane
- Plant Gene Expression LabCSIR‐National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)LucknowIndia
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)GhaziabadIndia
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Wan Y, Xiao Q, Xiao X, Huang Y, Liu S, Feng W, Liu T, Ren Z, Ren W, Luo X, Luo S. Response of tomatoes to inactivated endophyte LSE01 under combined stress of high-temperature and drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108321. [PMID: 38181639 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Endophytes can assist crops in adapting to high temperatures and drought conditions, thereby reducing agricultural losses. However, the mechanism through which endophytes regulate crop resistance to high temperatures and drought stress remains unclear, and concerns regarding safety and stability exist with active endophytes. Thus, heat-treated endophytic bacteria LSE01 (HTB) were employed as a novel microbial fertilizer to investigate their effects on plant adaptation to high temperatures and drought conditions. The results indicated that the diameter and weight of tomatoes treated with HTB under stress conditions increased by 23.04% and 71.15%, respectively, compared to the control. Tomato yield did not significantly decrease compared to non-stress conditions. Additionally, the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugars, and proteins treated with HTB increased by 18.81%, 11.54%, and 99.75%, respectively. Mechanistic research revealed that HTB treatment enhances tomato's stress resistance by elevating photosynthetic pigment and proline contents, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, and reducing the accumulation of MDA. Molecular biology research demonstrates that HTB treatment upregulates the expression of drought-resistant genes (GA2ox7, USP1, SlNAC3, SlNAC4), leading to modifications in stomatal conductance, plant morphology, photosynthetic intensity, and antioxidant enzyme synthesis to facilitate adaptation to dry conditions. Furthermore, the upregulation of the heat-resistant gene (SlCathB2-2) can increases the thickness of tomato cell walls, rendering them less vulnerable to heat stress. In summary, HTB endows tomatoes with the ability to adapt to high temperatures and drought conditions, providing new opportunities for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Qicheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China.
| | - Yutian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Weiran Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Zhong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Agricultural Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Red Soil Hilly Region, School of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, PR China
| | - Shenglian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resources Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, PR China
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Liaqat S, Ali Z, Saddique MAB, Ikram RM, Ali I. Comparative transcript abundance of gibberellin oxidases genes in two barley ( Hordeum vulgare) genotypes with contrasting lodging resistance under different regimes of water deficit. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23246. [PMID: 38252957 DOI: 10.1071/fp23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare ) is the world's fourth most important cereal crop, and is particularly well adapted to harsh environments. However, lodging is a major productivity constraint causing 13-65% yield losses. Gibberellic acid (GA) homeostatic genes such as HvGA20ox, HvGA3ox and HvGA2ox are responsible for changes in plant phenotype for height and internodal length that contribute towards lodging resistance. This study explored the expression of different HvGAox transcripts in two contrasting barley genotypes (5-GSBON-18, lodging resistant; and 5-GSBON-70, lodging sensitive), which were sown both under controlled (hydroponic, completely randomised factorial design) and field conditions (split-plot, completely randomised block design) with two irrigation treatments (normal with three irrigation events; and water deficit with one irrigation event). In the hydroponic experiment, expression analysis was performed on seedlings at 0, ¾, 1½, 3 and 6h after application of treatment. In the field experiment, leaf, shoot nodes and internodes were sampled. Downregulation of HvGA20ox.1 transcript and 2-fold upregulation of HvGA2ox.2 transcript were observed in 5-GSBON-18 under water deficit conditions. This genotype also showed a significant reduction in plant height (18-20%), lodging (<10%), and increased grain yield (15-18%) under stress. Utilisation of these transcripts in barley breeding has the potential to reduce plant height, lodging and increased grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Liaqat
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan; and Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; and Programs and Projects Department, Islamic Organization for Food Security, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Rao Muhammad Ikram
- Department of Agronomy, MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
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Liu Y, Chen Z, Zhang C, Guo J, Liu Q, Yin Y, Hu Y, Xia H, Li B, Sun X, Li Y, Liu X. Gene editing of ZmGA20ox3 improves plant architecture and drought tolerance in maize. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:18. [PMID: 38148416 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Editing ZmGA20ox3 can achieve the effect similar to applying Cycocel, which can reduce maize plant height and enhance stress resistance. Drought stress, a major plant abiotic stress, is capable of suppressing crop yield performance severely. However, the trade-off between crop drought tolerance and yield performance turns out to be significantly challenging in drought-resistant crop breeding. Several phytohormones [e.g., gibberellin (GA)] have been reported to play a certain role in plant drought response, which also take on critical significance in plant growth and development. In this study, the loss-of-function mutations of GA biosynthesis enzyme ZmGA20ox3 were produced using the CRISPR-Cas9 system in maize. As indicated by the result of 2-year field trials, the above-mentioned mutants displayed semi-dwarfing phenotype with the decrease of GA1, and almost no yield loss was generated compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Interestingly, as revealed by the transcriptome analysis, differential expressed genes (DEGs) were notably enriched in abiotic stress progresses, and biochemical tests indicated the significantly increased ABA, JA, and DIMBOA levels in mutants, suggesting that ZmGA20ox3 may take on vital significance in stress response in maize. The in-depth analysis suggested that the loss function of ZmGA20ox3 can enhance drought tolerance in maize seedling, reduce Anthesis-Silking Interval (ASI) delay while decreasing the yield loss significantly in the field under drought conditions. The results of this study supported that regulating ZmGA20ox3 can improve plant height while enhancing drought resistance in maize, thus serving as a novel method for drought-resistant genetic improvement in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuejia Yin
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hanchao Xia
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingyang Li
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaopeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yidan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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Prabhakar R, Gupta A, Singh R, Sane AP. Suppression of SlDREB3 increases leaf ABA responses and promotes drought tolerance in transgenic tomato plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 681:136-143. [PMID: 37774571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Drought susceptibility is a major yield limiting factor in agricultural crops especially in hybrids/varieties that have been bred for high yields. We show that manipulation of the SlDREB3 gene in tomato alters ABA responses and thereby sensitivity of stomatal closure to ABA. SlDREB3 suppression lines show ABA hypersensitivity and rapid stomatal closure in response to ABA while over-expression lines show reduced sensitivity to ABA and open stomata even at high ABA levels with rapid water loss after 10 days of water stress. This is accompanied with high ROS levels and increased membrane damage due to senescence of leaves and drastically reduced survival in drought. The relative water content (RWC) of OEx lines is much reduced even when grown under well-watered conditions. In contrast, suppression lines show greater tolerance to water stress and almost complete survival to 10-day water stress. They show much reduced ROS levels, reduced membrane damage, higher RWC and reduced leaf water loss. These changes are associated with higher expression of ABA signalling pathway genes in suppression lines while these are highly reduced in OEx lines. The studies suggest that control of ABA signalling by SlDREB3 can help in withstanding severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Prabhakar
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Biotechnology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, 284128, India
| | - Asmita Gupta
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rambir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, 284128, India; Department of Horticulture, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796004, India
| | - Aniruddha P Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Leibman-Markus M, Schneider A, Gupta R, Marash I, Rav-David D, Carmeli-Weissberg M, Elad Y, Bar M. Immunity priming uncouples the growth-defense trade-off in tomato. Development 2023; 150:dev201158. [PMID: 37882831 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed an array of mechanisms to protect themselves against pathogen invasion. The deployment of defense mechanisms is imperative for plant survival, but can come at the expense of plant growth, leading to the 'growth-defense trade-off' phenomenon. Following pathogen exposure, plants can develop resistance to further attack. This is known as induced resistance, or priming. Here, we investigated the growth-defense trade-off, examining how defense priming via systemic acquired resistance (SAR), or induced systemic resistance (ISR), affects tomato development and growth. We found that defense priming can promote, rather than inhibit, plant development, and that defense priming and growth trade-offs can be uncoupled. Cytokinin response was activated during induced resistance, and found to be required for the observed growth and disease resistance resulting from ISR activation. ISR was found to have a stronger effect than SAR on plant development. Our results suggest that growth promotion and induced resistance can be co-dependent, and that, in certain cases, defense priming can drive developmental processes and promote plant yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Anat Schneider
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dalia Rav-David
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Mira Carmeli-Weissberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Yigal Elad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Liao Z, Zhang Y, Yu Q, Fang W, Chen M, Li T, Liu Y, Liu Z, Chen L, Yu S, Xia H, Xue HW, Yu H, Luo L. Coordination of growth and drought responses by GA-ABA signaling in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1149-1161. [PMID: 37602953 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The drought caused by global warming seriously affects the crop growth and agricultural production. Plants have evolved distinct strategies to cope with the drought environment. Under drought stress, energy and resources should be diverted from growth toward stress management. However, the molecular mechanism underlying coordination of growth and drought response remains largely elusive. Here, we discovered that most of the gibberellin (GA) metabolic genes were regulated by water scarcity in rice, leading to the lower GA contents and hence inhibited plant growth. Low GA contents resulted in the accumulation of more GA signaling negative regulator SLENDER RICE 1, which inhibited the degradation of abscisic acid (ABA) receptor PYL10 by competitively binding to the co-activator of anaphase-promoting complex TAD1, resulting in the enhanced ABA response and drought tolerance. These results elucidate the synergistic regulation of crop growth inhibition and promotion of drought tolerance and survival, and provide useful genetic resource in breeding improvement of crop drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Yunchao Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weicong Fang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meiyao Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tianfei Li
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Zaochang Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Shunwu Yu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai, 201106, China
- Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, 201106, China
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10
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Elakhdar A, El-Naggar AA, Kubo T, Kumamaru T. Genome-wide transcriptomic and functional analyses provide new insights into the response of spring barley to drought stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14089. [PMID: 38148212 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress that impairs the physiology and development of plants, ultimately leading to crop yield losses. Drought tolerance is a complex quantitative trait influenced by multiple genes and metabolic pathways. However, molecular intricacies and subsequent morphological and physiological changes in response to drought stress remain elusive. Herein, we combined morpho-physiological and comparative RNA-sequencing analyses to identify core drought-induced marker genes and regulatory networks in the barley cultivar 'Giza134'. Based on field trials, drought-induced declines occurred in crop growth rate, relative water content, leaf area duration, flag leaf area, concentration of chlorophyll (Chl) a, b and a + b, net photosynthesis, and yield components. In contrast, the Chl a/b ratio, stoma resistance, and proline concentration increased significantly. RNA-sequence analysis identified a total of 2462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 1555 were up-regulated and 907 were down-regulated in response to water-deficit stress (WD). Comparative transcriptomics analysis highlighted three unique metabolic pathways (carbohydrate metabolism, iron ion binding, and oxidoreductase activity) as containing genes differentially expressed that could mitigate water stress. Our results identified several drought-induced marker genes belonging to diverse physiochemical functions like chlorophyll concentration, photosynthesis, light harvesting, gibberellin biosynthetic, iron homeostasis as well as Cis-regulatory elements. These candidate genes can be utilized to identify gene-associated markers to develop drought-resilient barley cultivars over a short period of time. Our results provide new insights into the understanding of water stress response mechanisms in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Elakhdar
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El-Naggar
- Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Takahiko Kubo
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Jin N, Zhang D, Jin L, Wang S, Yang X, Lei Y, Meng X, Xu Z, Sun J, Lyu J, Yu J. Controlling water deficiency as an abiotic stress factor to improve tomato nutritional and flavour quality. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100756. [PMID: 37780342 PMCID: PMC10534109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Water deficit (WD) irrigation techniques to improve water use efficiency have been rapidly developed. However, the effect of WD irrigation on tomato quality has not been sufficiently studied. Here, we investigated the effects of varying water irrigation levels [T1-T4: 80%, 65%, 55%, and 45% of maximum field moisture capacity (FMC)] and full irrigation (CK: 90% of maximum FMC) on tomato fruits from the mature-green to red-ripening stages, to compare the nutritional and flavour qualities of the resulting tomatoes. The proline, aspartic, malic, citric, and ascorbic acid contents increased, phenylalanine and glutamic acid contents decreased, and the total amino and organic acid contents increased by 18.91% and 26.12%, respectively, in T2-treated fruits. Furthermore, the T2-treated fruits exhibited higher K and P contents alongside improved characteristic aromas. These findings provide novel insights for further improvements in tomato quality while also developing water-saving irrigation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Li Jin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongzhong Lei
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xin Meng
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhiqi Xu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jianhong Sun
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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12
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Wang R, Wu X, Wang Z, Zhang X, Chen L, Duan Q, Huang J. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BrGeBP Genes Reveal Their Potential Roles in Cold and Drought Stress Tolerance in Brassica rapa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13597. [PMID: 37686403 PMCID: PMC10487926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The GLABROUS1 Enhancer Binding Protein (GeBP) gene family is pivotal in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the role of GeBP in Brassica rapa remains unclear. This study identifies 20 BrGeBP genes distributed across 6 chromosomes, categorized into 4 subfamilies. Analysis of their promoter sequences reveals multiple stress-related elements, including those responding to drought, low temperature, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and gibberellin (GA). Gene expression profiling demonstrates wide expression of BrGeBPs in callus, stem, silique, and flower tissues. Notably, BrGeBP5 expression significantly decreases under low-temperature treatment, while BrGeBP3 and BrGeBP14 show increased expression during drought stress, followed by a decrease. Protein interaction predictions suggest that BrGeBP14 homolog, At5g28040, can interact with DES1, a known stress-regulating protein. Additionally, microRNA172 targeting BrGeBP5 is upregulated under cold tolerance. These findings underscore the vital role of BrGeBPs in abiotic stress tolerance. Specifically, BrGeBP3, BrGeBP5, and BrGeBP14 show great potential for regulating abiotic stress. This study contributes to understanding the function of BrGeBPs and provides valuable insights for studying abiotic stress in B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiaohong Duan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China
| | - Jiabao Huang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China
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13
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Vitale L, Francesca S, Arena C, D'Agostino N, Principio L, Vitale E, Cirillo V, de Pinto MC, Barone A, Rigano MM. Multitraits evaluation of a Solanum pennellii introgression tomato line challenged by combined abiotic stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:518-528. [PMID: 36942418 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Rising daily temperatures and water shortage are two of the major concerns in agriculture. In this work, we analysed the tolerance traits in a tomato line carrying a small region of the Solanum pennellii wild genome (IL12-4-SL) when grown under prolonged conditions of single and combined high temperature and water stress. When exposed to stress, IL12-4-SL showed higher heat tolerance than the cultivated line M82 at morphological, physiological, and biochemical levels. Moreover, under stress IL12-4-SL produced more flowers than M82, also characterized by higher pollen viability. In both lines, water stress negatively affected photosynthesis more than heat alone, whereas the combined stress did not further exacerbate the negative impacts of drought on this trait. Despite an observed decrease in carbon fixation, the quantum yield of PSII linear electron transport in IL12-4-SL was not affected by stress, thereby indicating that photochemical processes other than CO2 fixation acted to maintain the electron chain in oxidized state and prevent photodamage. The ability of IL12-4-SL to tolerate abiotic stress was also related to the intrinsic ability of this line to accumulate ascorbic acid. The data collected in this study clearly indicate improved tolerance to single and combined abiotic stress for IL12-4-SL, making this line a promising one for cultivation in a climate scenario characterized by frequent and long-lasting heatwaves and low rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vitale
- National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (DiSBA), Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFoM), Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - S Francesca
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - C Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- NBFC - National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - N D'Agostino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - L Principio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - E Vitale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - V Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - M C de Pinto
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - A Barone
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - M M Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Portici, Naples, Italy
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14
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Fang S, Yang H, Duan L, Shi J, Guo L. Potassium fertilizer improves drought stress alleviation potential in sesame by enhancing photosynthesis and hormonal regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107744. [PMID: 37201413 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil-potassium (K) low availability and drought stress are limiting factors to crop productivity in arid and semiarid regions. A pot experiment with four K soil supplies (0, 60, 120 and 180 K2O kg ha-1) and exposed to drought stress with 50 ± 5% field capacity was performed to investigate the function of K in protecting sesame plants from the adverse effects of drought based on the related physio-biochemical traits. The water stress was applied during flowering by withholding water for 6 days, and then rewatering to a well-watered level (75 ± 5% field capacity). Results showed that drought stress substantially reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximum PSII yield (Fv/Fm), and actual quantum yield of PSII (ФPSII), leading to greater non-photochemical quenching (qN) and stomatal limitation (Ls), thereby resulting in a decreased yield in contrast with well-watered sesame plants. Incidentally, K was more effective in promoting yield production under drought stress relative to well-watered conditions, and the optimal K application was 120 kg ha-1, which primarily attributed to the enhanced photosynthetic and plant water retaining ability. Specifically, plants receiving K supply showed greater leaf gas exchange traits, higher Fv/Fm and ФPSII values, and superior water use efficiency as compared to K-deficiency plants in both water regimes. Moreover, K can ameliorate the adverse effects of drought by improving salicylic acid (SA) while conversely decreasing abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) concentrations that are involved in controlling stomatal closure. It is noted that significant correlations between the seed yield, gas exchange parameters, and aforementioned endogenous hormones were observed. In conclusion, the K application can improve the sesame plant's potential to maintain functionality regarding photosynthetic response and phytohormone regulation under drought stress, and ultimately, enhancing the sesame's productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Huiyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Licheng Duan
- Agricultural Meteorology Center of Jiangxi Province/Meteorological Bureau of Nanchang County, Nanchang, 330096, China.
| | - Jin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education/College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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15
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Transcription Factor ZmNAC20 Improves Drought Resistance by Promoting Stomatal Closure and Activating Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054712. [PMID: 36902144 PMCID: PMC10003513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental threat that limits crop growth, development, and productivity worldwide. Improving drought resistance with genetic engineering methods is necessary to tackle global climate change. It is well known that NAC (NAM, ATAF and CUC) transcription factors play a critical role in coping with drought stress in plants. In this study, we identified an NAC transcription factor ZmNAC20, which regulates drought stress response in maize. ZmNAC20 expression was rapidly upregulated by drought and abscisic acid (ABA). Under drought conditions, the ZmNAC20-overexpressing plants had higher relative water content and survival rate than the wild-type maize inbred B104, suggesting that overexpression of ZmNAC20 improved drought resistance in maize. The detached leaves of ZmNAC20-overexpressing plants lost less water than those of wild-type B104 after dehydration. Overexpression of ZmNAC20 promoted stomatal closure in response to ABA. ZmNAC20 was localized in the nucleus and regulated the expression of many genes involved in drought stress response using RNA-Seq analysis. The study indicated that ZmNAC20 improved drought resistance by promoting stomatal closure and activating the expression of stress-responsible genes in maize. Our findings provide a valuable gene and new clues on improving crop drought resistance.
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16
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Yang M, He J, Sun Z, Li Q, Cai J, Zhou Q, Wollenweber B, Jiang D, Wang X. Drought priming mechanisms in wheat elucidated by in-situ determination of dynamic stomatal behavior. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1138494. [PMID: 36875605 PMCID: PMC9983753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1138494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata play a critical role in balancing photosynthesis and transpiration, which are essential processes for plant growth, especially in response to abiotic stress. Drought priming has been shown to improve drought tolerance. Lots of studies have been done with the response of stomatal behavior to drought stress. However, how the stomatal dynamic movement in intact wheat plants response to drought priming process is not known. Here, a portable microscope was used to take microphotographs in order to in-stiu determination of stomatal behavior. Non-invasive micro-test technology was used for measurements of guard cell K+, H+ and Ca2+ fluxes. Surprisingly, the results found that primed plants close stomatal much faster under drought stress, and reopening the stomatal much quicker under recovery, in relation to non-primed plants. Compared with non-primed plants, primed plants showed higher accumulation of ABA and Ca2+ influx rate in guard cells under drought stress. Furthermore, genes encoding anion channels were higher expressed and K+ outward channels activated, leading to enhanced K+ efflux, resulting in faster stomatal closure in primed plants than non-primed plants. During recovery, both guard cell ABA and Ca2+ influx of primed plants were found to be significantly reducing K+ efflux and accelerating stomatal reopening. Collectively, a portable non-invasive stomatal observation of wheat found that priming promoted faster stomatal closure under drought stress and faster reopening during post-drought recovery in relation to non-primed plants, thereby enhancing overall drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawei He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Dong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Swain R, Sahoo S, Behera M, Rout GR. Instigating prevalent abiotic stress resilience in crop by exogenous application of phytohormones and nutrient. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104874. [PMID: 36844040 PMCID: PMC9947512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the demand for food and feed for the ever-increasing population has achieved unparalleled importance, which cannot afford crop yield loss. Now-a-days, the unpleasant situation of abiotic stress triggers crop improvement by affecting the different metabolic pathways of yield and quality advances worldwide. Abiotic stress like drought, salinity, cold, heat, flood, etc. in plants diverts the energy required for growth to prevent the plant from shock and maintain regular homeostasis. Hence, the plant yield is drastically reduced as the energy is utilized for overcoming the stress in plants. The application of phytohormones like the classical auxins, cytokinins, ethylene, and gibberellins, as well as more recent members including brassinosteroids, jasmonic acids, etc., along with both macro and micronutrients, have enhanced significant attention in creating key benefits such as reduction of ionic toxicity, improving oxidative stress, maintaining water-related balance, and gaseous exchange modification during abiotic stress conditions. Majority of phytohormones maintain homeostasis inside the cell by detoxifying the ROS and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities which can enhance tolerance in plants. At the molecular level, phytohormones activate stress signaling pathways or genes regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), Jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene. The various stresses primarily cause nutrient deficiency and reduce the nutrient uptake of plants. The application of plant nutrients like N, K, Ca, and Mg are also involved in ROS scavenging activities through elevating antioxidants properties and finally decreasing cell membrane leakage and increasing the photosynthetic ability by resynthesizing the chlorophyll pigment. This present review highlighted the alteration of metabolic activities caused by abiotic stress in various crops, the changes of vital functions through the application of exogenous phytohormones and nutrition, as well as their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinny Swain
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Crop Improvement Division, School of Agriculture, Gandhi University of Engineering and Technology (GIET) University, Rayagada, Odisha, India
| | - Smrutishree Sahoo
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Improvement Division, School of Agriculture, GIET University, Rayagada, Odisha, India
| | - Mamata Behera
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Crop Improvement Division, School of Agriculture, GIET University, Rayagada, Odisha, India
| | - Gyana Ranjan Rout
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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18
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How Changes in ABA Accumulation and Signaling Influence Tomato Drought Responses and Reproductive Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb14010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Water deficit conditions trigger the production of a chemical signal, the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which coordinates multiple responses at different temporal and spatial scales. Despite the complexity of natural drought conditions, the modulation of ABA signaling could be harnessed to ameliorate the drought performances of crops in the face of increasingly challenging climate conditions. Based on recent studies, increasing ABA sensitivity can lead to genotypes with improved drought resistance traits, with sustained biomass production in water-limiting environments and little or no costs with respect to biomass production under optimal conditions. However, variations in ABA production and sensitivity lead to changes in various aspects of reproductive development, including flowering time. Here we provide an updated summary of the literature on ABA-related genes in tomato and discuss how their manipulation can impact water-deficit-related responses and/or other developmental traits. We suggest that a better understanding of specific ABA components’ function or their expression may offer novel tools to specifically engineer drought resistance without affecting developmental traits.
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19
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Liu H, Song S, Zhang H, Li Y, Niu L, Zhang J, Wang W. Signaling Transduction of ABA, ROS, and Ca 2+ in Plant Stomatal Closure in Response to Drought. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314824. [PMID: 36499153 PMCID: PMC9736234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is a global threat that affects agricultural production. Plants have evolved several adaptive strategies to cope with drought. Stomata are essential structures for plants to control water status and photosynthesis rate. Stomatal closure is an efficient way for plants to reduce water loss and improve survivability under drought conditions. The opening and closure of stomata depend on the turgor pressure in guard cells. Three key signaling molecules, including abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium ion (Ca2+), play pivotal roles in controlling stomatal closure. Plants sense the water-deficit signal mainly via leaves and roots. On the one hand, ABA is actively synthesized in root and leaf vascular tissues and transported to guard cells. On the other hand, the roots sense the water-deficit signal and synthesize CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION RELATED 25 (CLE25) peptide, which is transported to the guard cells to promote ABA synthesis. ABA is perceived by pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR1-like (PYL)/regulatory components of ABA receptor (RCAR) receptors, which inactivate PP2C, resulting in activating the protein kinases SnRK2s. Many proteins regulating stomatal closure are activated by SnRK2s via protein phosphorylation. ABA-activated SnRK2s promote apoplastic ROS production outside of guard cells and transportation into the guard cells. The apoplastic H2O2 can be directly sensed by a receptor kinase, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-INDUCED CA2+ INCREASES1 (HPCA1), which induces activation of Ca2+ channels in the cytomembrane of guard cells, and triggers an increase in Ca2+ in the cytoplasm of guard cells, resulting in stomatal closure. In this review, we focused on discussing the signaling transduction of ABA, ROS, and Ca2+ in controlling stomatal closure in response to drought. Many critical genes are identified to have a function in stomatal closure under drought conditions. The identified genes in the process can serve as candidate genes for genetic engineering to improve drought resistance in crops. The review summarizes the recent advances and provides new insights into the signaling regulation of stomatal closure in response to water-deficit stress and new clues on the improvement of drought resistance in crops.
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Wahab A, Abdi G, Saleem MH, Ali B, Ullah S, Shah W, Mumtaz S, Yasin G, Muresan CC, Marc RA. Plants' Physio-Biochemical and Phyto-Hormonal Responses to Alleviate the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress: A Comprehensive Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1620. [PMID: 35807572 PMCID: PMC9269229 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Water, a necessary component of cell protoplasm, plays an essential role in supporting life on Earth; nevertheless, extreme changes in climatic conditions limit water availability, causing numerous issues, such as the current water-scarce regimes in many regions of the biome. This review aims to collect data from various published studies in the literature to understand and critically analyze plants' morphological, growth, yield, and physio-biochemical responses to drought stress and their potential to modulate and nullify the damaging effects of drought stress via activating natural physiological and biochemical mechanisms. In addition, the review described current breakthroughs in understanding how plant hormones influence drought stress responses and phytohormonal interaction through signaling under water stress regimes. The information for this review was systematically gathered from different global search engines and the scientific literature databases Science Direct, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, related studies, published books, and articles. Drought stress is a significant obstacle to meeting food demand for the world's constantly growing population. Plants cope with stress regimes through changes to cellular osmotic potential, water potential, and activation of natural defense systems in the form of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of osmolytes including proteins, proline, glycine betaine, phenolic compounds, and soluble sugars. Phytohormones modulate developmental processes and signaling networks, which aid in acclimating plants to biotic and abiotic challenges and, consequently, their survival. Significant progress has been made for jasmonates, salicylic acid, and ethylene in identifying important components and understanding their roles in plant responses to abiotic stress. Other plant hormones, such as abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, brassinosteroids, and peptide hormones, have been linked to plant defense signaling pathways in various ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75169, Iran;
| | - Muhammad Hamzah Saleem
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Baber Ali
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Saqib Ullah
- Department of Botany, Islamia College, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Wadood Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Sahar Mumtaz
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan;
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Crina Carmen Muresan
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Romina Alina Marc
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Ptošková K, Szecówka M, Jaworek P, Tarkowská D, Petřík I, Pavlović I, Novák O, Thomas SG, Phillips AL, Hedden P. Changes in the concentrations and transcripts for gibberellins and other hormones in a growing leaf and roots of wheat seedlings in response to water restriction. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:284. [PMID: 35676624 PMCID: PMC9178827 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03667-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major source of nutrition globally, but yields can be seriously compromised by water limitation. Redistribution of growth between shoots and roots is a common response to drought, promoting plant survival, but reducing yield. Gibberellins (GAs) are necessary for shoot and root elongation, but roots maintain growth at lower GA concentrations compared with shoots, making GA a suitable hormone for mediating this growth redistribution. In this study, the effect of progressive drought on GA content was determined in the base of the 4th leaf and root tips of wheat seedlings, containing the growing regions, as well as in the remaining leaf and root tissues. In addition, the contents of other selected hormones known to be involved in stress responses were determined. Transcriptome analysis was performed on equivalent tissues and drought-associated differential expression was determined for hormone-related genes. RESULTS After 5 days of applying progressive drought to 10-day old seedlings, the length of leaf 4 was reduced by 31% compared with watered seedlings and this was associated with significant decreases in the concentrations of bioactive GA1 and GA4 in the leaf base, as well as of their catabolites and precursors. Root length was unaffected by drought, while GA concentrations were slightly, but significantly higher in the tips of droughted roots compared with watered plants. Transcripts for the GA-inactivating gene TaGA2ox4 were elevated in the droughted leaf, while those for several GA-biosynthesis genes were reduced by drought, but mainly in the non-growing region. In response to drought the concentrations of abscisic acid, cis-zeatin and its riboside increased in all tissues, indole-acetic acid was unchanged, while trans-zeatin and riboside, jasmonate and salicylic acid concentrations were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Reduced leaf elongation and maintained root growth in wheat seedlings subjected to progressive drought were associated with attenuated and increased GA content, respectively, in the growing regions. Despite increased TaGA2ox4 expression, lower GA levels in the leaf base of droughted plants were due to reduced biosynthesis rather than increased catabolism. In contrast to GA, the other hormones analysed responded to drought similarly in the leaf and roots, indicating organ-specific differential regulation of GA metabolism in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Ptošková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Szecówka
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jaworek
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Pavlović
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen G Thomas
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Andrew L Phillips
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Peter Hedden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Interactions of Gibberellins with Phytohormones and Their Role in Stress Responses. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellins are amongst the main plant growth regulators. Discovered over a century ago, the interest in gibberellins research is growing due to their current and potential applications in crop production and their role in the responses to environmental stresses. In the present review, the current knowledge on gibberellins’ homeostasis and modes of action is outlined. Besides this, the complex interrelations between gibberellins and other plant growth regulators are also described, providing an intricate network of interactions that ultimately drives towards precise and specific gene expression. Thus, genes and proteins identified as being involved in gibberellin responses in model and non-model species are highlighted. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms governing the gibberellins’ relation to stress responses are also depicted. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art of the current perceptions of the interactions of gibberellins with other phytohormones, and their responses to plant stresses, thus allowing for the identification of the specific mechanisms involved. This knowledge will help us to improve our understanding of gibberellins’ biology, and might help increase the biotechnological toolbox needed to refine plant resilience, particularly under a climate change scenario.
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Shohat H, Eliaz NI, Weiss D. Gibberellin in tomato: metabolism, signaling and role in drought responses. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:15. [PMID: 37789477 PMCID: PMC10515025 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The growth-promoting hormone gibberellin (GA) regulates numerous developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle. It also affects plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. GA metabolism and signaling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) have been studied in the last three decades and major components of the pathways were characterized. These include major biosynthesis and catabolism enzymes and signaling components, such as the three GA receptors GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 (GID1) and DELLA protein PROCERA (PRO), the central response suppressor. The role of these components in tomato plant development and response to the environment have been investigated. Cultivated tomato, similar to many other crop plants, are susceptible to water deficiency. Numerous studies on tomato response to drought have been conducted, including the possible role of GA in tomato drought resistance. Most studies showed that reduced levels or activity of GA improves drought tolerance and drought avoidance. This review aims to provide an overview on GA biosynthesis and signaling in tomato, how drought affects these pathways and how changes in GA activity affect tomato plant response to water deficiency. It also presents the potential of using the GA pathway to generate drought-tolerant tomato plants with improved performance under both irrigation and water-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Shohat
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Natanella Illouz Eliaz
- Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David Weiss
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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