1
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Cannon AE, Horn PJ. The Molecular Frequency, Conservation and Role of Reactive Cysteines in Plant Lipid Metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:826-844. [PMID: 38113384 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Cysteines (Cys) are chemically reactive amino acids containing sulfur that play diverse roles in plant biology. Recent proteomics investigations in Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed the presence of thiol post-translational modifications (PTMs) in several Cys residues. These PTMs are presumed to impact protein structure and function, yet mechanistic data regarding the specific Cys susceptible to modification and their biochemical relevance remain limited. To help address these limitations, we have conducted a wide-ranging analysis by integrating published datasets encompassing PTM proteomics (comparing S-sulfenylation, persulfidation, S-nitrosylation and S-acylation), genomics and protein structures, with a specific focus on proteins involved in plant lipid metabolism. The prevalence and distribution of modified Cys residues across all analyzed proteins is diverse and multifaceted. Nevertheless, by combining an evaluation of sequence conservation across 100+ plant genomes with AlphaFold-generated protein structures and physicochemical predictions, we have unveiled structural propensities associated with Cys modifications. Furthermore, we have identified discernible patterns in lipid biochemical pathways enriched with Cys PTMs, notably involving beta-oxidation, jasmonic acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and wax biosynthesis. These collective findings provide valuable insights for future investigations targeting the mechanistic foundations of Cys modifications and the regulation of modified proteins in lipid metabolism and other metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Cannon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Patrick J Horn
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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2
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Hou LY, Sommer F, Poeker L, Dziubek D, Schroda M, Geigenberger P. The impact of light and thioredoxins on the plant thiol-disulfide proteome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1536-1560. [PMID: 38214043 PMCID: PMC11142374 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox regulation is a crucial posttranslational mechanism to acclimate plants to changing light availability. Here, we conducted a biotin switch-based redox proteomics study in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to systematically investigate dynamics of thiol-redox networks in response to temporal changes in light availability and across genotypes lacking parts of the thioredoxin (Trx) or NADPH-Trx-reductase C (NTRC) systems in the chloroplast. Time-resolved dynamics revealed light led to marked decreases in the oxidation states of many chloroplast proteins with photosynthetic functions during the first 10 min, followed by their partial reoxidation after 2 to 6 h into the photoperiod. This involved f, m, and x-type Trx proteins showing similar light-induced reduction-oxidation dynamics, while NTRC, 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, and Trx y2 showed an opposing pattern, being more oxidized in light than dark. In Arabidopsis trxf1f2, trxm1m2, or ntrc mutants, most proteins showed increased oxidation states in the light compared to wild type, suggesting their light-dependent dynamics were related to NTRC/Trx networks. While NTRC deficiency had a strong influence in all light conditions, deficiencies in f- or m-type Trxs showed differential impacts on the thiol-redox proteome depending on the light environment, being higher in constant or fluctuating light, respectively. The results indicate plant redox proteomes are subject to dynamic changes in reductive and oxidative pathways to cooperatively fine-tune photosynthetic and metabolic processes in the light. The importance of the individual elements of the NTRC/Trx networks mediating these responses depend on the extent of light variability, with NTRC playing a crucial role to balance protein-redox states in rapidly fluctuating light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Hou
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Frederik Sommer
- Molekulare Biotechnologie und Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Louis Poeker
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dejan Dziubek
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molekulare Biotechnologie und Systembiologie, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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3
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Fukushi Y, Yokochi Y, Hisabori T, Yoshida K. Overexpression of thioredoxin-like protein ACHT2 leads to negative feedback control of photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:445-453. [PMID: 38367196 PMCID: PMC11082001 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small redox mediator protein involved in the regulation of various chloroplast functions by modulating the redox state of Trx target proteins in ever-changing light environments. Using reducing equivalents produced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain, Trx reduces the disulfide bonds on target proteins and generally turns on their activities. While the details of the protein-reduction mechanism by Trx have been well investigated, the oxidation mechanism that counteracts it has long been unclear. We have recently demonstrated that Trx-like proteins such as Trx-like2 and atypical Cys His-rich Trx (ACHT) can function as protein oxidation factors in chloroplasts. Our latest study on transgenic Arabidopsis plants indicated that the ACHT isoform ACHT2 is involved in regulating the thermal dissipation of light energy. To understand the role of ACHT2 in vivo, we characterized phenotypic changes specifically caused by ACHT2 overexpression in Arabidopsis. ACHT2-overexpressing plants showed growth defects, especially under high light conditions. This growth phenotype was accompanied with the impaired reductive activation of Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, enhanced thermal dissipation of light energy, and decreased photosystem II activity. Overall, ACHT2 overexpression promoted protein oxidation that led to the inadequate activation of Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes in light and consequently induced negative feedback control of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. This study highlights the importance of the balance between protein reduction and oxidation in chloroplasts for optimal photosynthetic performance and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Fukushi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yokochi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
- International Research Frontier Initiative, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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4
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Morelli L, Havurinne V, Madeira D, Martins P, Cartaxana P, Cruz S. Photoprotective mechanisms in Elysia species hosting Acetabularia chloroplasts shed light on host-donor compatibility in photosynthetic sea slugs. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14273. [PMID: 38566156 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Sacoglossa sea slugs have garnered attention due to their ability to retain intracellular functional chloroplasts from algae, while degrading other algal cell components. While protective mechanisms that limit oxidative damage under excessive light are well documented in plants and algae, the photoprotective strategies employed by these photosynthetic sea slugs remain unresolved. Species within the genus Elysia are known to retain chloroplasts from various algal sources, but the extent to which the metabolic processes from the donor algae can be sustained by the sea slugs is unclear. By comparing responses to high-light conditions through kinetic analyses, molecular techniques, and biochemical assays, this study shows significant differences between two photosynthetic Elysia species with chloroplasts derived from the green alga Acetabularia acetabulum. Notably, Elysia timida displayed remarkable tolerance to high-light stress and sophisticated photoprotective mechanisms such as an active xanthophyll cycle, efficient D1 protein recycling, accumulation of heat-shock proteins and α-tocopherol. In contrast, Elysia crispata exhibited absence or limitations in these photoprotective strategies. Our findings emphasize the intricate relationship between the host animal and the stolen chloroplasts, highlighting different capacities to protect the photosynthetic organelle from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morelli
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana Madeira
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Martins
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Cartaxana
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Cruz
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Dziubek D, Poeker L, Siemitkowska B, Graf A, Marino G, Alseekh S, Arrivault S, Fernie AR, Armbruster U, Geigenberger P. NTRC and thioredoxins m1/m2 underpin the light acclimation of plants on proteome and metabolome levels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:982-1005. [PMID: 37804523 PMCID: PMC10828201 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
During photosynthesis, plants must manage strong fluctuations in light availability on different time scales, leading to long-term acclimation and short-term responses. However, little is known about the regulation and coordination of these processes and the modulators involved. In this study, we used proteomics, metabolomics, and reverse genetics to investigate how different light environmental factors, such as intensity or variability, affect long-term and short-term acclimation responses of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and the importance of the chloroplast redox network in their regulation. In the wild type, high light, but not fluctuating light, led to large quantitative changes in the proteome and metabolome, accompanied by increased photosynthetic dynamics and plant growth. This finding supports light intensity as a stronger driver for acclimation than variability. Deficiencies in NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) or thioredoxins m1/m2, but not thioredoxin f1, almost completely suppressed the re-engineering of the proteome and metabolome, with both the induction of proteins involved in stress and redox responses and the repression of those involved in cytosolic and plastid protein synthesis and translation being strongly attenuated. Moreover, the correlations of protein or metabolite levels with light intensity were severely disturbed, suggesting a general defect in the light-dependent acclimation response, resulting in impaired photosynthetic dynamics. These results indicate a previously unknown role of NTRC and thioredoxins m1/m2 in modulating light acclimation at proteome and metabolome levels to control dynamic light responses. NTRC, but not thioredoxins m1/m2 or f1, also improves short-term photosynthetic responses by balancing the Calvin-Benson cycle in fluctuating light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Dziubek
- Fakultät für Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Louis Poeker
- Fakultät für Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Beata Siemitkowska
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Giada Marino
- Fakultät für Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Departments of Metabolomics and Crop Quantitative Genetics, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgari
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Departments of Metabolomics and Crop Quantitative Genetics, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgari
| | - Ute Armbruster
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Photosynthesis, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- CEPLAS—Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Fakultät für Biologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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6
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Zinzius K, Marchetti GM, Fischer R, Milrad Y, Oltmanns A, Kelterborn S, Yacoby I, Hegemann P, Scholz M, Hippler M. Calredoxin regulates the chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2122-2140. [PMID: 37474113 PMCID: PMC10602609 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Calredoxin (CRX) is a calcium (Ca2+)-dependent thioredoxin (TRX) in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) with a largely unclear physiological role. We elucidated the CRX functionality by performing in-depth quantitative proteomics of wild-type cells compared with a crx insertional mutant (IMcrx), two CRISPR/Cas9 KO mutants, and CRX rescues. These analyses revealed that the chloroplast NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTRC) is co-regulated with CRX. Electron transfer measurements revealed that CRX inhibits NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX1) via NTRC and that the function of the NADPH-NTRC complex is under strict control of CRX. Via non-reducing SDS-PAGE assays and mass spectrometry, our data also demonstrated that PRX1 is more oxidized under high light (HL) conditions in the absence of CRX. The redox tuning of PRX1 and control of the NADPH-NTRC complex via CRX interconnect redox control with active photosynthetic electron transport and metabolism, as well as Ca2+ signaling. In this way, an economic use of NADPH for PRX1 reduction is ensured. The finding that the absence of CRX under HL conditions severely inhibited light-driven CO2 fixation underpins the importance of CRX for redox tuning, as well as for efficient photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zinzius
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Giulia Maria Marchetti
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Ronja Fischer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Yuval Milrad
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Anne Oltmanns
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iftach Yacoby
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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7
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Okegawa Y. PCP Research Highlights: Regulatory Role of Three Important Post-Translational Modifications in Chloroplast Proteins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1119-1123. [PMID: 37655986 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okegawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046 Japan
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8
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Ogawa Y, Iwano M, Shikanai T, Sakamoto W. FZL, a dynamin-like protein localized to curved grana edges, is required for efficient photosynthetic electron transfer in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1279699. [PMID: 37841601 PMCID: PMC10568140 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1279699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic electron transfer and its regulation processes take place on thylakoid membranes, and the thylakoid of vascular plants exhibits particularly intricate structure consisting of stacked grana and flat stroma lamellae. It is known that several membrane remodeling proteins contribute to maintain the thylakoid structure, and one putative example is FUZZY ONION LIKE (FZL). In this study, we re-evaluated the controversial function of FZL in thylakoid membrane remodeling and in photosynthesis. We investigated the sub-membrane localization of FZL and found that it is enriched on curved grana edges of thylakoid membranes, consistent with the previously proposed model that FZL mediates fusion of grana and stroma lamellae at the interfaces. The mature fzl thylakoid morphology characterized with the staggered and less connected grana seems to agree with this model as well. In the photosynthetic analysis, the fzl knockout mutants in Arabidopsis displayed reduced electron flow, likely resulting in higher oxidative levels of Photosystem I (PSI) and smaller proton motive force (pmf). However, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll fluorescence was excessively enhanced considering the pmf levels in fzl, and we found that introducing kea3-1 mutation, lowering pH in thylakoid lumen, synergistically reinforced the photosynthetic disorder in the fzl mutant background. We also showed that state transitions normally occurred in fzl, and that they were not involved in the photosynthetic disorders in fzl. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which the altered thylakoid morphology in fzl leads to the photosynthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ogawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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9
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Tran CM, Mihara S, Yoshida K, Hisabori T. Cystathionine-β-synthase X proteins negatively regulate NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 653:47-52. [PMID: 36857899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation is a posttranslational modification based on the redox reaction of protein thiols. A small ubiquitous protein thioredoxin (Trx) plays a central role in redox regulation, but a unique redox-regulatory factor called NADPH-Trx reductase C (NTRC) is also found in plant chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria. Several important functions of NTRC have been suggested, but the mechanism for controlling NTRC activity remains undetermined. Cystathionine-β-synthase X (CBSX) proteins have been previously shown to interact with NTRC physically. Based on these observations, this study biochemically investigated the functional interaction between CBSX proteins and NTRC from Arabidopsis thaliana in vitro. Consequently, we concluded that CBSX proteins act as negative regulators of NTRC in the presence of AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau M Tran
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shoko Mihara
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1, Midori-Ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan.
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10
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Gallardo-Martínez AM, Jiménez-López J, Hernández ML, Pérez-Ruiz JM, Cejudo FJ. Plastid 2-Cys peroxiredoxins are essential for embryogenesis in Arabidopsis. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102645. [PMID: 36898225 PMCID: PMC10020101 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The redox couple formed by NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) and 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) allows fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to light intensity changes. Accordingly, the Arabidopsis 2cpab mutant lacking 2-Cys Prxs shows growth inhibition and sensitivity to light stress. However, this mutant also shows defective post-germinative growth, suggesting a relevant role of plastid redox systems in seed development, which is so far unknown. To address this issue, we first analyzed the pattern of expression of NTRC and 2-Cys Prxs in developing seeds. Transgenic lines expressing GFP fusions of these proteins showed their expression in developing embryos, which was low at the globular stage and increased at heart and torpedo stages, coincident with embryo chloroplast differentiation, and confirmed the plastid localization of these enzymes. The 2cpab mutant produced white and abortive seeds, which contained lower and altered composition of fatty acids, thus showing the relevance of 2-Cys Prxs in embryogenesis. Most embryos of white and abortive seeds of the 2cpab mutant were arrested at heart and torpedo stages of embryogenesis suggesting an essential function of 2-Cys Prxs in embryo chloroplast differentiation. This phenotype was not recovered by a mutant version of 2-Cys Prx A replacing the peroxidatic Cys by Ser. Neither the lack nor the overexpression of NTRC had any effect on seed development indicating that the function of 2-Cys Prxs at these early stages of development is independent of NTRC, in clear contrast with the operation of these regulatory redox systems in leaves chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M Gallardo-Martínez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Julia Jiménez-López
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and CSIC, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Liu Y, Lu J, Cui L, Tang Z, Ci D, Zou X, Zhang X, Yu X, Wang Y, Si T. The multifaceted roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in peanut responses to salt, drought, and cold stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:36. [PMID: 36642709 PMCID: PMC9841720 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04053-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are beneficial microorganisms in soil-plant interactions; however, the underlying mechanisms regarding their roles in legumes environmental stress remain elusive. Present trials were undertaken to study the effect of AMF on the ameliorating of salt, drought, and cold stress in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants. A new product of AMF combined with Rhizophagus irregularis SA, Rhizophagus clarus BEG142, Glomus lamellosum ON393, and Funneliformis mosseae BEG95 (1: 1: 1: 1, w/w/w/w) was inoculated with peanut and the physiological and metabolomic responses of the AMF-inoculated and non-inoculated peanut plants to salt, drought, and cold stress were comprehensively characterized, respectively. RESULTS AMF-inoculated plants exhibited higher plant growth, leaf relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), activities of antioxidant enzymes, and K+: Na+ ratio while lower leaf relative electrolyte conductivity (REC), concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stressful conditions. Moreover, the structures of chloroplast thylakoids and mitochondria in AMF-inoculated plants were less damaged by these stresses. Non-targeted metabolomics indicated that AMF altered numerous pathways associated with organic acids and amino acid metabolisms in peanut roots under both normal-growth and stressful conditions, which were further improved by the osmolytes accumulation data. CONCLUSION This study provides a promising AMF product and demonstrates that this AMF combination could enhance peanut salt, drought, and cold stress tolerance through improving plant growth, protecting photosystem, enhancing antioxidant system, and regulating osmotic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexu Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology,College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jinhao Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology,College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Li Cui
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Dunwei Ci
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, 266199, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology,College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology,College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaona Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology,College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuefu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology,College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tong Si
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology,College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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12
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The ferredoxin/thioredoxin pathway constitutes an indispensable redox-signaling cascade for light-dependent reduction of chloroplast stromal proteins. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102650. [PMID: 36448836 PMCID: PMC9712825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure efficient photosynthesis, chloroplast proteins need to be flexibly regulated under fluctuating light conditions. Thiol-based redox regulation plays a key role in reductively activating several chloroplast proteins in a light-dependent manner. The ferredoxin (Fd)/thioredoxin (Trx) pathway has long been recognized as the machinery that transfers reducing power generated by photosynthetic electron transport reactions to redox-sensitive target proteins; however, its biological importance remains unclear, because the complete disruption of the Fd/Trx pathway in plants has been unsuccessful to date. Especially, recent identifications of multiple redox-related factors in chloroplasts, as represented by the NADPH-Trx reductase C, have raised a controversial proposal that other redox pathways work redundantly with the Fd/Trx pathway. To address these issues directly, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create Arabidopsis mutant plants in which the activity of the Fd/Trx pathway was completely defective. The mutants generated showed severe growth inhibition. Importantly, these mutants almost entirely lost the ability to reduce several redox-sensitive proteins in chloroplast stroma, including four Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and Rubisco activase, under light conditions. These striking phenotypes were further accompanied by abnormally developed chloroplasts and a drastic decline in photosynthetic efficiency. These results indicate that the Fd/Trx pathway is indispensable for the light-responsive activation of diverse stromal proteins and photoautotrophic growth of plants. Our data also suggest that the ATP synthase is exceptionally reduced by other pathways in a redundant manner. This study provides an important insight into how the chloroplast redox-regulatory system operates in vivo.
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13
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Rafeie M, Shabani L, Sabzalian MR, Gharibi S. Pretreatment with LEDs regulates antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic profile in two genotypes of basil under salinity stress. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1567-1583. [PMID: 35318557 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated a pretreatment with four LED light sources (red, blue, red + blue, and white) in two genotypes (green and purple) of basil on the growth parameters, stress oxidative markers, non-enzymatic antioxidants, osmoprotectant compounds, ion content, and polyphenolic profile under both control and salinity stress conditions. The results indicated that 150 mM of NaCl decreased biomass, RWC, and K+/Na+ ratio but increased the content of proline and antioxidant capacity in the leaves of both genotypes of basil grown under GH (greenhouse) conditions. The results suggested that RB LED-exposed plants in the green genotype and R LED-exposed plants in the purple genotype improved accumulation of shoot biomass, K+/Na+ ratio, proline and soluble sugars, glutathione and ascorbate, polyphenolic profile, and thioredoxin reductase activity in the leaves of basil under both control and salinity stress conditions. NaCl stress (150 mM) increased oxidative markers, which are responsible for disturbance of routine functions of various plant cellular modules. LED light pretreatments diminished these markers under both control and salinity stress conditions. It could be concluded that intensification of non-enzymatic antioxidant systems during light-mediated priming can diminish the deleterious effects of ROS induced by NaCl stress (150 mM) through preventing the lipid peroxidation, scavenging cytotoxic H2O2, and enhancement of antioxidant potentials. Therefore, usage of LED lighting systems as a pretreatment or to supplement natural photoperiods under both control and salinity stress conditions may be advantageous for increasing biomass and phytochemical accumulation in basil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Rafeie
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Leila Shabani
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mohammad R Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Shima Gharibi
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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14
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Riaz A, Deng F, Chen G, Jiang W, Zheng Q, Riaz B, Mak M, Zeng F, Chen ZH. Molecular Regulation and Evolution of Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Machinery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112085. [PMID: 36358456 PMCID: PMC9686623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in plant biology have significantly improved our understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signaling molecules in the redox regulation of complex cellular processes. In plants, free radicals and non-radicals are prevalent intra- and inter-cellular ROS, catalyzing complex metabolic processes such as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis homeostasis is maintained by thiol-based systems and antioxidative enzymes, which belong to some of the evolutionarily conserved protein families. The molecular and biological functions of redox regulation in photosynthesis are usually to balance the electron transport chain, photosystem II, photosystem I, mesophyll and bundle sheath signaling, and photo-protection regulating plant growth and productivity. Here, we review the recent progress of ROS signaling in photosynthesis. We present a comprehensive comparative bioinformatic analysis of redox regulation in evolutionary distinct photosynthetic cells. Gene expression, phylogenies, sequence alignments, and 3D protein structures in representative algal and plant species revealed conserved key features including functional domains catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions. We then discuss the antioxidant-related ROS signaling and important pathways for achieving homeostasis of photosynthesis. Finally, we highlight the importance of plant responses to stress cues and genetic manipulation of disturbed redox status for balanced and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Riaz
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Bisma Riaz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab 56300, Pakistan
| | - Michelle Mak
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (Z.-H.C.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (Z.-H.C.)
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15
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Holzmann D, Bethmann S, Jahns P. Zeaxanthin Epoxidase Activity Is Downregulated by Hydrogen Peroxide. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1091-1100. [PMID: 35674150 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll zeaxanthin (Zx) serves important photoprotective functions in chloroplasts and is particularly involved in the dissipation of excess light energy as heat in the antenna of photosystem II (PSII). Zx accumulates under high-light (HL) conditions in thylakoid membranes and is reconverted to violaxanthin by Zx epoxidase (ZEP) in low light or darkness. ZEP activity is completely inhibited under long-lasting HL stress, and the ZEP protein becomes degraded along with the PSII subunit D1 during photoinhibition of PSII. This ZEP inactivation ensures that high levels of Zx are maintained under harsh HL stress. The mechanism of ZEP inactivation is unknown. Here, we investigated ZEP inactivation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) under in vitro conditions. Our results show that ZEP activity is completely inhibited by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), whereas inhibition by singlet oxygen or superoxide seems rather unlikely. Due to the limited information about the amount of singlet oxygen and superoxide accumulating under the applied experimental conditions, however, a possible inhibition of ZEP activity by these two ROS cannot be generally excluded. Despite this limitation, our data support the hypothesis that the accumulation of ROS, in particular H2O2, might be responsible for HL-induced inactivation of ZEP under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrij Holzmann
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bethmann
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Photosynthesis and Stress Physiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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16
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Light Intensity- and Spectrum-Dependent Redox Regulation of Plant Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071311. [PMID: 35883801 PMCID: PMC9312225 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both light intensity and spectrum (280–800 nm) affect photosynthesis and, consequently, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthetic electron transport. ROS, together with antioxidants, determine the redox environment in tissues and cells, which in turn has a major role in the adjustment of metabolism to changes in environmental conditions. This process is very important since there are great spatial (latitude, altitude) and temporal (daily, seasonal) changes in light conditions which are accompanied by fluctuations in temperature, water supply, and biotic stresses. The blue and red spectral regimens are decisive in the regulation of metabolism because of the absorption maximums of chlorophylls and the sensitivity of photoreceptors. Based on recent publications, photoreceptor-controlled transcription factors such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and changes in the cellular redox environment may have a major role in the coordinated fine-tuning of metabolic processes during changes in light conditions. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of the light-associated redox control of basic metabolic pathways (carbon, nitrogen, amino acid, sulphur, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism), secondary metabolism (terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids), and related molecular mechanisms. Light condition-related reprogramming of metabolism is the basis for proper growth and development of plants; therefore, its better understanding can contribute to more efficient crop production in the future.
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17
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Verification of the Relationship between Redox Regulation of Thioredoxin Target Proteins and Their Proximity to Thylakoid Membranes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040773. [PMID: 35453458 PMCID: PMC9032623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a key protein of the redox regulation system in chloroplasts, where it modulates various enzyme activities. Upon light irradiation, Trx reduces the disulfide bonds of Trx target proteins (thereby turning on their activities) using reducing equivalents obtained from the photosynthetic electron transport chain. This reduction process involves a differential response, i.e., some Trx target proteins in the stroma respond slowly to the change in redox condition caused by light/dark changes, while the ATP synthase γ subunit (CF1-γ) located on the surface of thylakoid membrane responds with high sensitivity. The factors that determine this difference in redox kinetics are not yet known, although here, we hypothesize that it is due to each protein’s localization in the chloroplast, i.e., the reducing equivalents generated under light conditions can be transferred more efficiently to the proteins on thylakoid membrane than to stromal proteins. To explore this possibility, we anchored SBPase, one of the stromal Trx target proteins, to the thylakoid membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analyses of the redox behaviors of the anchored and unanchored proteins showed no significant difference in their reduction kinetics, implying that protein sensitivity to redox regulation is determined by other factors.
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18
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Rog I, Chaturvedi AK, Tiwari V, Danon A. Low light-regulated intramolecular disulfide fine-tunes the role of PTOX in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:585-597. [PMID: 34767654 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-based regulation links the activity of numerous chloroplast proteins with photosynthesis-derived redox signals. The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a thylakoid-bound plastoquinol oxidase that has been implicated in multiple roles in the light and in the dark, which could require different levels of PTOX activity. Here we show that Arabidopsis PTOX contains a conserved C-terminus domain (CTD) with cysteines that evolved progressively following the colonization of the land by plants. Furthermore, the CTD contains a regulatory disulfide that is in the oxidized state in the dark and is rapidly reduced, within 5 min, in low light intensity (1-5 µE m-2 sec-1 ). The reduced PTOX form in the light was reoxidized within 15 min after transition to the dark. Mutation of the cysteines in the CTD prevented the formation of the oxidized form. This resulted in higher levels of reduced plastoquinone when measured at transition to the onset of low light. This is consistent with the reduced state of PTOX exhibiting diminished PTOX oxidase activity under conditions of limiting PQH2 substrate. Our findings suggest that AtPTOX-CTD evolved to provide light-dependent regulation of PTOX activity for the adaptation of plants to terrestrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Rog
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Kumar Chaturvedi
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Vivekanand Tiwari
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avihai Danon
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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19
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Okegawa Y, Tsuda N, Sakamoto W, Motohashi K. Maintaining the Chloroplast Redox Balance through the PGR5-Dependent Pathway and the Trx System Is Required for Light-Dependent Activation of Photosynthetic Reactions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:92-103. [PMID: 34623443 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light-dependent activation of chloroplast enzymes is required for the rapid induction of photosynthesis after a shift from dark to light. The thioredoxin (Trx) system plays a central role in this process. In chloroplasts, the Trx system consists of two pathways: the ferredoxin (Fd)/Trx pathway and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-Trx reductase C (NTRC) pathway. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants defective in either pathway, the photoreduction of thiol enzymes was impaired, resulting in decreased carbon fixation. The close relationship between the Fd/Trx pathway and proton gradient regulation 5 (PGR5)-dependent photosystem I cyclic electron transport (PSI CET) in the induction of photosynthesis was recently elucidated. However, how the PGR5-dependent pathway is involved in the NTRC pathway is unclear, although NTRC has been suggested to physically interact with PGR5. In this study, we analyzed Arabidopsis mutants lacking either the PGR5 or the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH)-dependent PSI CET pathway in the ntrc mutant background. The ntrc pgr5 double mutant suppressed both the growth defects and the high non-photochemical quenching phenotype of the ntrc mutant when grown under long-day conditions. By contrast, the inactivation of NDH activity with the chlororespiratory reduction 2-2 mutant failed to suppress either phenotype. We discovered that the phenotypic rescue of ntrc by pgr5 is caused by the partial restoration of Trx-dependent reduction of thiol enzymes. These results suggest that electron partitioning to the PGR5-dependent pathway and the Trx system needs to be properly regulated for the activation of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle enzymes during the induction of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okegawa
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047 Japan
| | - Natsuki Tsuda
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047 Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Ken Motohashi
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo Motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8047 Japan
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20
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Gámez-Arcas S, Baroja-Fernández E, García-Gómez P, Muñoz FJ, Almagro G, Bahaji A, Sánchez-López ÁM, Pozueta-Romero J. Action mechanisms of small microbial volatile compounds in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:498-510. [PMID: 34687197 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms communicate with plants by exchanging chemical signals throughout the phytosphere. Before direct contact with plants occurs, beneficial microorganisms emit a plethora of volatile compounds that promote plant growth and photosynthesis as well as developmental, metabolic, transcriptional, and proteomic changes in plants. These compounds can also induce systemic drought tolerance and improve water and nutrient acquisition. Recent studies have shown that this capacity is not restricted to beneficial microbes; it also extends to phytopathogens. Plant responses to microbial volatile compounds have frequently been associated with volatile organic compounds with molecular masses ranging between ~ 45Da and 300Da. However, microorganisms also release a limited number of volatile compounds with molecular masses of less than ~45Da that react with proteins and/or act as signaling molecules. Some of these compounds promote photosynthesis and growth when exogenously applied in low concentrations. Recently, evidence has shown that small volatile compounds are important determinants of plant responses to microbial volatile emissions. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in these responses remain poorly understood. This review summarizes current knowledge of biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in plant growth, development, and metabolic responses to small microbial volatile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gámez-Arcas
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Gómez
- Plant Nutrition Department, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192 Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, Avda. Louis Pasteur, 49, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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21
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Arab MM, Brown PJ, Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Sohrabi SS, Askari H, Aliniaeifard S, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Mesgaran MB, Leslie CA, Marrano A, Neale DB, Vahdati K. Genome-wide association analysis and pathway enrichment provide insights into the genetic basis of photosynthetic responses to drought stress in Persian walnut. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac124. [PMID: 35928405 PMCID: PMC9343916 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic basis of photosynthetic trait variation under drought stress is essential for breeding climate-resilient walnut cultivars. To this end, we examined photosynthetic capacity in a diverse panel of 150 walnut families (1500 seedlings) from various agro-climatic zones in their habitats and grown in a common garden experiment. Photosynthetic traits were measured under well-watered (WW), water-stressed (WS) and recovery (WR) conditions. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using three genomic datasets: genotyping by sequencing data (∼43 K SNPs) on both mother trees (MGBS) and progeny (PGBS) and the Axiom™ Juglans regia 700 K SNP array data (∼295 K SNPs) on mother trees (MArray). We identified 578 unique genomic regions linked with at least one trait in a specific treatment, 874 predicted genes that fell within 20 kb of a significant or suggestive SNP in at least two of the three GWAS datasets (MArray, MGBS, and PGBS), and 67 genes that fell within 20 kb of a significant SNP in all three GWAS datasets. Functional annotation identified several candidate pathways and genes that play crucial roles in photosynthesis, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, and signal transduction. Further network analysis identified 15 hub genes under WW, WS and WR conditions including GAPB, PSAN, CRR1, NTRC, DGD1, CYP38, and PETC which are involved in the photosynthetic responses. These findings shed light on possible strategies for improving walnut productivity under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Arab
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Seyed Sajad Sohrabi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hossein Askari
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen B Mesgaran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Charles A Leslie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Annarita Marrano
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - David B Neale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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22
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Oxidative regulation of chloroplast enzymes by thioredoxin and thioredoxin-like proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2114952118. [PMID: 34907017 PMCID: PMC8713810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114952118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants modulate photosynthesis activity in response to the surrounding environment. It is well known that the redox-responsive protein thioredoxin (Trx) activates photosynthesis-related enzymes in the light. However, the factors involved in deactivating them are not well understood. Recent in vitro experiments suggest that several Trx and Trx-like proteins serve as oxidation factors for Trx-targeted proteins; thus, we examined their functions in vivo. Consequently, we found that f-type Trx and two types of Trx-like proteins, Trx-like 2 and atypical Cys His-rich Trx, were involved in oxidative deactivation of photosynthesis-related enzymes (e.g., fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Rubisco activase, and the ATP synthase γ-subunit). Thus, this study reveals the functions of oxidation factors in vivo and elucidates the regulation system for photosynthesis in the dark. Thioredoxin (Trx) is a protein that mediates the reducing power transfer from the photosynthetic electron transport system to target enzymes in chloroplasts and regulates their activities. Redox regulation governed by Trx is a system that is central to the adaptation of various chloroplast functions to the ever-changing light environment. However, the factors involved in the opposite reaction (i.e., the oxidation of various enzymes) have yet to be revealed. Recently, it has been suggested that Trx and Trx-like proteins could oxidize Trx-targeted proteins in vitro. To elucidate the in vivo function of these proteins as oxidation factors, we generated mutant plant lines deficient in Trx or Trx-like proteins and studied how the proteins are involved in oxidative regulation in chloroplasts. We found that f-type Trx and two types of Trx-like proteins, Trx-like 2 and atypical Cys His-rich Trx (ACHT), seemed to serve as oxidation factors for Trx-targeted proteins, such as fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Rubisco activase, and the γ-subunit of ATP synthase. In addition, ACHT was found to be involved in regulating nonphotochemical quenching, which is the mechanism underlying the thermal dissipation of excess light energy. Overall, these results indicate that Trx and Trx-like proteins regulate chloroplast functions in concert by controlling the redox state of various photosynthesis-related proteins in vivo.
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Current Knowledge on Mechanisms Preventing Photosynthesis Redox Imbalance in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111789. [PMID: 34829660 PMCID: PMC8614926 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis includes a set of redox reactions that are the source of reducing power and energy for the assimilation of inorganic carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, thus generating organic compounds, and oxygen, which supports life on Earth. As sessile organisms, plants have to face continuous changes in environmental conditions and need to adjust the photosynthetic electron transport to prevent the accumulation of damaging oxygen by-products. The balance between photosynthetic cyclic and linear electron flows allows for the maintenance of a proper NADPH/ATP ratio that is adapted to the plant’s needs. In addition, different mechanisms to dissipate excess energy operate in plants to protect and optimise photosynthesis under adverse conditions. Recent reports show an important role of redox-based dithiol–disulphide interchanges, mediated both by classical and atypical chloroplast thioredoxins (TRXs), in the control of these photoprotective mechanisms. Moreover, membrane-anchored TRX-like proteins, such as HCF164, which transfer electrons from stromal TRXs to the thylakoid lumen, play a key role in the regulation of lumenal targets depending on the stromal redox poise. Interestingly, not all photoprotective players were reported to be under the control of TRXs. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the mechanisms that allow an appropriate electron flux to avoid the detrimental consequences of photosynthesis redox imbalances.
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Serrato AJ, Rojas-González JA, Torres-Romero D, Vargas P, Mérida Á, Sahrawy M. Thioredoxins m are major players in the multifaceted light-adaptive response in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:120-133. [PMID: 34288193 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) are well-known redox signalling players, which carry out post-translational modifications in target proteins. Chloroplast TRXs are divided into different types and have central roles in light energy uptake and the regulation of primary metabolism. The isoforms TRX m1, m2, and m4 from Arabidopsis thaliana are considered functionally related. Knowing their key position in the hub of plant metabolism, we hypothesized that the impairment of the TRX m signalling would not only have harmful consequences on chloroplast metabolism but also at different levels of plant development. To uncover the physiological and developmental processes that depend on TRX m signalling, we carried out a comprehensive study of Arabidopsis single, double, and triple mutants defective in the TRX m1, m2, and m4 proteins. As light and redox signalling are closely linked, we investigated the response to high light (HL) of the plants that are gradually compromised in TRX m signalling. We provide experimental evidence relating the lack of TRX m and the appearance of novel phenotypic features concerning mesophyll structure, stomata biogenesis, and stomatal conductance. We also report new data indicating that the isoforms of TRX m fine-tune the response to HL, including the accumulation of the protective pigment anthocyanin. These results reveal novel signalling functions for the TRX m and underline their importance for plant growth and fulfilment of the acclimation/response to HL conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Serrato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - José A Rojas-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Diego Torres-Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Paola Vargas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Ángel Mérida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
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Ojeda V, Jiménez-López J, Romero-Campero FJ, Cejudo FJ, Pérez-Ruiz JM. A chloroplast redox relay adapts plastid metabolism to light and affects cytosolic protein quality control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:88-102. [PMID: 34618130 PMCID: PMC8418392 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In chloroplasts, thiol-dependent redox regulation is linked to light since the disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (Trxs) relies on photo-reduced ferredoxin (Fdx). Furthermore, chloroplasts harbor an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase (NTR) with a joint Trx domain, termed NTRC. The activity of these two redox systems is integrated by the redox balance of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (Prx), which is controlled by NTRC. However, NTRC was proposed to participate in redox regulation of additional targets, prompting inquiry into whether the function of NTRC depends on its capacity to maintain the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs or by direct redox interaction with chloroplast enzymes. To answer this, we studied the functional relationship of NTRC and 2-Cys Prxs by a comparative analysis of the triple Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant, ntrc-2cpab, which lacks NTRC and 2-Cys Prxs, and the double mutant 2cpab, which lacks 2-Cys Prxs. These mutants exhibit almost indistinguishable phenotypes: in growth rate, photosynthesis performance, and redox regulation of chloroplast enzymes in response to light and darkness. These results suggest that the most relevant function of NTRC is in controlling the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs. A comparative transcriptomics analysis confirmed the phenotypic similarity of the two mutants and suggested that the NTRC-2-Cys Prxs system participates in cytosolic protein quality control. We propose that NTRC and 2-Cys Prxs constitute a redox relay, exclusive to photosynthetic organisms that fine-tunes the redox state of chloroplast enzymes in response to light and affects transduction pathways towards the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valle Ojeda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julia Jiménez-López
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco José Romero-Campero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092-Sevilla, Spain
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26
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Welc R, Luchowski R, Kluczyk D, Zubik-Duda M, Grudzinski W, Maksim M, Reszczynska E, Sowinski K, Mazur R, Nosalewicz A, Gruszecki WI. Mechanisms shaping the synergism of zeaxanthin and PsbS in photoprotective energy dissipation in the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:418-433. [PMID: 33914375 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Safe operation of photosynthesis is vital to plants and is ensured by the activity of processes protecting chloroplasts against photo-damage. The harmless dissipation of excess excitation energy is considered to be the primary photoprotective mechanism and is most effective in the combined presence of PsbS protein and zeaxanthin, a xanthophyll accumulated in strong light as a result of the xanthophyll cycle. Here we address the problem of specific molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of zeaxanthin and PsbS. The experiments were conducted with Arabidopsis thaliana, using wild-type plants, mutants lacking PsbS (npq4), and mutants affected in the xanthophyll cycle (npq1), with the application of molecular spectroscopy and imaging techniques. The results lead to the conclusion that PsbS interferes with the formation of densely packed aggregates of thylakoid membrane proteins, thus allowing easy exchange and incorporation of xanthophyll cycle pigments into such structures. It was found that xanthophylls trapped within supramolecular structures, most likely in the interfacial protein region, determine their photophysical properties. The structures formed in the presence of violaxanthin are characterized by minimized dissipation of excitation energy. In contrast, the structures formed in the presence of zeaxanthin show enhanced excitation quenching, thus protecting the system against photo-damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Welc
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Rafal Luchowski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kluczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Monika Zubik-Duda
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grudzinski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maksim
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Emilia Reszczynska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-033, Poland
| | - Karol Sowinski
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
| | - Radosław Mazur
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
| | - Artur Nosalewicz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Wieslaw I Gruszecki
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, 20-031, Poland
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Blommaert L, Chafai L, Bailleul B. The fine-tuning of NPQ in diatoms relies on the regulation of both xanthophyll cycle enzymes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12750. [PMID: 34140542 PMCID: PMC8211711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms possess an efficient mechanism to dissipate photons as heat in conditions of excess light, which is visualized as the Non-Photochemical Quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (NPQ). In most diatom species, NPQ is proportional to the concentration of the xanthophyll cycle pigment diatoxanthin formed from diadinoxanthin by the diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase enzyme. The reverse reaction is performed by the diatoxanthin epoxidase. Despite the xanthophyll cycle's central role in photoprotection, its regulation is not yet well understood. The proportionality between diatoxanthin and NPQ allowed us to calculate the activity of both xanthophyll cycle enzymes in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum from NPQ kinetics. From there, we explored the light-dependency of the activity of both enzymes. Our results demonstrate that a tight regulation of both enzymes is key to fine-tune NPQ: (i) the rate constant of diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation is low under a light-limiting regime but increases as photosynthesis saturates, probably due to the thylakoidal proton gradient ΔpH (ii) the rate constant of diatoxanthin epoxidation exhibits an optimum under low light and decreases in the dark due to an insufficiency of the co-factor NADPH as well as in higher light through an as yet unresolved inhibition mechanism, that is unlikely to be related to the ΔpH. We observed that the suppression of NPQ by an uncoupler was due to an accelerated diatoxanthin epoxidation enzyme rather than to the usually hypothesized inhibition of the diadinoxanthin de-epoxidation enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Blommaert
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France. .,Department of Estuarine and Delta System, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 140, 4400 AC, Yerseke, The Netherlands.
| | - Lamia Chafai
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Bailleul
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light Sensing in Microalgae, UMR 7141, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005, Paris, France.
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NTRC Effects on Non-Photochemical Quenching Depends on PGR5. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060900. [PMID: 34204867 PMCID: PMC8229092 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) protects plants from the detrimental effects of excess light. NPQ is rapidly induced by the trans-thylakoid proton gradient during photosynthesis, which in turn requires PGR5/PGRL1-dependent cyclic electron flow (CEF). Thus, Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking either protein cannot induce transient NPQ and die under fluctuating light conditions. Conversely, the NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) is required for efficient energy utilization and plant growth, and in its absence, transient and steady-state NPQ is drastically increased. How NTRC influences NPQ and functionally interacts with CEF is unclear. Therefore, we generated the A. thaliana line pgr5 ntrc, and found that the inactivation of PGR5 suppresses the high transient and steady-state NPQ and impaired growth phenotypes observed in the ntrc mutant under short-day conditions. This implies that NTRC negatively influences PGR5 activity and, accordingly, the lack of NTRC is associated with decreased levels of PGR5, possibly pointing to a mechanism to restrict upregulation of PGR5 activity in the absence of NTRC. When exposed to high light intensities, pgr5 ntrc plants display extremely impaired photosynthesis and growth, indicating additive effects of lack of both proteins. Taken together, these findings suggest that the interplay between NTRC and PGR5 is relevant for photoprotection and that NTRC might regulate PGR5 activity.
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Cejudo FJ, González MC, Pérez-Ruiz JM. Redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:9-21. [PMID: 33793865 PMCID: PMC8154093 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of enzyme activity based on thiol-disulfide exchange is a regulatory mechanism in which the protein disulfide reductase activity of thioredoxins (TRXs) plays a central role. Plant chloroplasts are equipped with a complex set of up to 20 TRXs and TRX-like proteins, the activity of which is supported by reducing power provided by photosynthetically reduced ferredoxin (FDX) with the participation of a FDX-dependent TRX reductase (FTR). Therefore, the FDX-FTR-TRXs pathway allows the regulation of redox-sensitive chloroplast enzymes in response to light. In addition, chloroplasts contain an NADPH-dependent redox system, termed NTRC, which allows the use of NADPH in the redox network of these organelles. Genetic approaches using mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in combination with biochemical and physiological studies have shown that both redox systems, NTRC and FDX-FTR-TRXs, participate in fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity. Moreover, these studies revealed the participation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (2-Cys PRX), a thiol-dependent peroxidase, in the control of the reducing activity of chloroplast TRXs as well as in the rapid oxidation of stromal enzymes upon darkness. In this review, we provide an update on recent findings regarding the redox regulatory network of plant chloroplasts, focusing on the functional relationship of 2-Cys PRXs with NTRC and the FDX-FTR-TRXs redox systems for fine-tuning chloroplast performance in response to changes in light intensity and darkness. Finally, we consider redox regulation as an additional layer of control of the signaling function of the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Author for communication:
| | - María-Cruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Pérez-Ruiz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Fernández-Marín B, Roach T, Verhoeven A, García-Plazaola JI. Shedding light on the dark side of xanthophyll cycles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1336-1344. [PMID: 33452715 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xanthophyll cycles are broadly important in photoprotection, and the reversible de-epoxidation of xanthophylls typically occurs in excess light conditions. However, as presented in this review, compiling evidence in a wide range of photosynthetic eukaryotes shows that xanthophyll de-epoxidation also occurs under diverse abiotic stress conditions in darkness. Light-driven photochemistry usually leads to the pH changes that activate de-epoxidases (e.g. violaxanthin de-epoxidase), but in darkness alternative electron transport pathways and luminal domains enriched in monogalactosyl diacyl glycerol (which enhance de-epoxidase activity) likely enable de-epoxidation. Another 'dark side' to sustaining xanthophyll de-epoxidation is inactivation and/or degradation of epoxidases (e.g. zeaxanthin epoxidase). There are obvious benefits of such activity regarding stress tolerance, and indeed this phenomenon has only been reported in stressful conditions. However, more research is required to unravel the mechanisms and understand the physiological roles of dark-induced formation of zeaxanthin. Notably, the de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin in darkness is still a frequently ignored process, perhaps because it questions a previous paradigm. With that in mind, this review seeks to shed some light on the dark side of xanthophyll de-epoxidation, and point out areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38200, Spain
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Amy Verhoeven
- Department of Biology, University of St Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave, St Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - José Ignacio García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Spain
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31
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Buchert F, Bailleul B, Joliot P. Disentangling chloroplast ATP synthase regulation by proton motive force and thiol modulation in Arabidopsis leaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148434. [PMID: 33932368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chloroplast ATP synthase (CF1Fo) contains a specific feature to the green lineage: a γ-subunit redox domain that contains a cysteine couple which interacts with the torque-transmitting βDELSEED-loop. This thiol modulation equips CF1Fo with an important environmental fine-tuning mechanism. In vitro, disulfide formation in the γ-redox domain slows down the activity of the CF1Fo at low transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient ( [Formula: see text] ), which agrees with its proposed role as chock based on recently solved structure. The γ-dithiol formation at the onset of light is crucial to maximize photosynthetic efficiency since it lowers the [Formula: see text] activation level for ATP synthesis in vitro. Here, we validate these findings in vivo by utilizing absorption spectroscopy in Arabidopsis thaliana. To do so, we monitored the [Formula: see text] present in darkness and identified its mitochondrial sources. By following the fate and components of light-induced extra [Formula: see text] , we estimated the ATP lifetime that lasted up to tens of minutes after long illuminations. Based on the relationship between [Formula: see text] and CF1Fo activity, we conclude that the dithiol configuration in vivo facilitates photosynthesis by driving the same ATP synthesis rate at a significative lower [Formula: see text] than in the γ-disulfide state. The presented in vivo findings are an additional proof of the importance of CF1Fo thiol modulation, reconciling biochemical in vitro studies and structural insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Buchert
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light-Sensing in Microalgae - UMR7141, IBPC, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Bailleul
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light-Sensing in Microalgae - UMR7141, IBPC, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Joliot
- Laboratory of Chloroplast Biology and Light-Sensing in Microalgae - UMR7141, IBPC, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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32
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Kramer M, Rodriguez-Heredia M, Saccon F, Mosebach L, Twachtmann M, Krieger-Liszkay A, Duffy C, Knell RJ, Finazzi G, Hanke GT. Regulation of photosynthetic electron flow on dark to light transition by ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase interactions. eLife 2021; 10:56088. [PMID: 33685582 PMCID: PMC7984839 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During photosynthesis, electron transport is necessary for carbon assimilation and must be regulated to minimize free radical damage. There is a longstanding controversy over the role of a critical enzyme in this process (ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase, or FNR), and in particular its location within chloroplasts. Here we use immunogold labelling to prove that FNR previously assigned as soluble is in fact membrane associated. We combined this technique with a genetic approach in the model plant Arabidopsis to show that the distribution of this enzyme between different membrane regions depends on its interaction with specific tether proteins. We further demonstrate a correlation between the interaction of FNR with different proteins and the activity of alternative photosynthetic electron transport pathways. This supports a role for FNR location in regulating photosynthetic electron flow during the transition from dark to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Kramer
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Saccon
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Mosebach
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Twachtmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Chris Duffy
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Knell
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a` l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour le Vivant (iRTSV), CEA Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Thomas Hanke
- School of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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33
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Zhang H, Xu Z, Huo Y, Guo K, Wang Y, He G, Sun H, Li M, Li X, Xu N, Sun G. Overexpression of Trx CDSP32 gene promotes chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic electron transfer and alleviates cadmium-induced photoinhibition of PSII and PSI in tobacco leaves. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122899. [PMID: 32450465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium stress causes a decrease in chlorophyll content and inhibits photosynthesis in tobacco leaves. The role of thioredoxin-like protein CDSP32 expressed in plant chloroplasts is to alleviates the reduced enzymes expression involved in chlorophyll synthesis of tobacco leaves due to Cd exposure, effectively preventing chlorophyll degradation and promoting increased tobacco biomass. Overexpression of Trx CDSP32 can protect the oxygen-evolving complex on the PSII donor side and promote electron transfer on the PSII acceptor side of tobacco leaves under Cd stress. Trx CDSP32 not only significantly increase the PSI activity of tobacco leaves, but also alleviate cadmium-induced PSI photoinhibition. Although Trx CDSP32 has no significant effect on the expression of PC and FNR proteins in tobacco leaves under Cd stress, it can alleviate the decreased expression of protein subunits involved in photosynthetic electron transfer such as Cyt b6/f complex subunits, Fd, and ATP synthase subunits. Trx CDSP32 can promote the synthesis of chlorophyll, stabilize the electron transfer chain, and promote ATP synthase activity to alleviate cadmium-induced photoinhibition of PSII and PSI in tobacco leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zisong Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuze Huo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kaiwen Guo
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guoqiang He
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Mudanjiang Tobacco Science Research Institute, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mabo Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Nan Xu
- Natural Resources and Ecology Institute, Heilongjiang Sciences Academy, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Guangyu Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forest University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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34
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Guinea Diaz M, Nikkanen L, Himanen K, Toivola J, Rintamäki E. Two chloroplast thioredoxin systems differentially modulate photosynthesis in Arabidopsis depending on light intensity and leaf age. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:718-734. [PMID: 32772439 PMCID: PMC7693050 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Various regulatory mechanisms have evolved in plants to optimize photosynthetic activity under fluctuating light. Thioredoxins (TRX) are members of the regulatory network balancing activities of light and carbon fixation reactions in chloroplasts. We have studied the impact of two chloroplast TRX systems, the ferredoxin-dependent TRX reductase (FTR) and the NADPH-dependent TRX reductase C (NTRC) on regulation of photosynthesis by mutants lacking or overexpressing a component of either system. Plants were subjected to image-based phenotyping and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements that allow long-term monitoring of the development and photosynthetic activity of the rosettes, respectively. Our experiments demonstrate that NTRC and FTR systems respond differently to variation of light intensity. NTRC was an indispensable regulator of photosynthesis in young leaves, at light-intensity transitions and under low light intensities limiting photosynthesis, whereas steady-state exposure of plants to growth or higher light intensities diminished the need of NTRC in regulation of photosynthesis. In fluctuating light, overexpression of NTRC increased the quantum yield of Photosystem II (YII) at low light and stimulated the relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) after high light exposure, indicating that overexpression of NTRC improves leaf capacity to convert light energy to chemical energy under these conditions. Overexpression of chimeric protein (NTR-TRXf) containing both the thioredoxin reductase and TRXf activity on an ntrc mutant background, did not completely recover either growth or steady-state photosynthetic activity, whereas OE-NTR-TRXf plants exposed to fluctuating light regained the wild-type level of Y(II) and NPQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Guinea Diaz
- Molecular Plant BiologyDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurku20520Finland
| | - Lauri Nikkanen
- Molecular Plant BiologyDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurku20520Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- National Plant Phenotyping InfrastructureUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki00790Finland
| | - Jouni Toivola
- Molecular Plant BiologyDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurku20520Finland
| | - Eevi Rintamäki
- Molecular Plant BiologyDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurku20520Finland
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35
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Exploring the Functional Relationship between y-Type Thioredoxins and 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins in Arabidopsis Chloroplasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111072. [PMID: 33142810 PMCID: PMC7694023 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trxs) are small, ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze disulphide–dithiol interchange in target enzymes. The large set of chloroplast Trxs, including f, m, x and y subtypes, use reducing equivalents fueled by photoreduced ferredoxin (Fdx) for fine-tuning photosynthetic performance and metabolism through the control of the activity of redox-sensitive proteins. Although biochemical analyses suggested functional diversity of chloroplast Trxs, genetic studies have established that deficiency in a particular Trx subtype has subtle phenotypic effects, leading to the proposal that the Trx isoforms are functionally redundant. In addition, chloroplasts contain an NADPH-dependent Trx reductase with a joint Trx domain, termed NTRC. Interestingly, Arabidopsis mutants combining the deficiencies of x- or f-type Trxs and NTRC display very severe growth inhibition phenotypes, which are partially rescued by decreased levels of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs). These findings indicate that the reducing capacity of Trxs f and x is modulated by the redox balance of 2-Cys Prxs, which is controlled by NTRC. In this study, we explored whether NTRC acts as a master regulator of the pool of chloroplast Trxs by analyzing its functional relationship with Trxs y. While Trx y interacts with 2-Cys Prxs in vitro and in planta, the analysis of Arabidopsis mutants devoid of NTRC and Trxs y suggests that Trxs y have only a minor effect, if any, on the redox state of 2-Cys Prxs.
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36
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Wittmann D, Sinha N, Grimm B. Thioredoxin-dependent control balances the metabolic activities of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Biol Chem 2020; 402:379-397. [PMID: 33068374 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plastids are specialized organelles found in plants, which are endowed with their own genomes, and differ in many respects from the intracellular compartments of organisms belonging to other kingdoms of life. They differentiate into diverse, plant organ-specific variants, and are perhaps the most versatile organelles known. Chloroplasts are the green plastids in the leaves and stems of plants, whose primary function is photosynthesis. In response to environmental changes, chloroplasts use several mechanisms to coordinate their photosynthetic activities with nuclear gene expression and other metabolic pathways. Here, we focus on a redox-based regulatory network composed of thioredoxins (TRX) and TRX-like proteins. Among multiple redox-controlled metabolic activities in chloroplasts, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis is particularly rich in TRX-dependent enzymes. This review summarizes the effects of plastid-localized reductants on several enzymes of this pathway, which have been shown to undergo dithiol-disulfide transitions. We describe the impact of TRX-dependent control on the activity, stability and interactions of these enzymes, and assess its contribution to the provision of adequate supplies of metabolic intermediates in the face of diurnal and more rapid and transient changes in light levels and other environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wittmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), 10115Berlin, Germany
| | - Neha Sinha
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), 10115Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Philippstraße 13 (Building 12), 10115Berlin, Germany
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37
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Efficient photosynthesis in dynamic light environments: a chloroplast's perspective. Biochem J 2020; 476:2725-2741. [PMID: 31654058 PMCID: PMC6792033 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In nature, light availability for photosynthesis can undergo massive changes on a very short timescale. Photosynthesis in such dynamic light environments requires that plants can respond swiftly. Expanding our knowledge of the rapid responses that underlie dynamic photosynthesis is an important endeavor: it provides insights into nature's design of a highly dynamic energy conversion system and hereby can open up new strategies for improving photosynthesis in the field. The present review focuses on three processes that have previously been identified as promising engineering targets for enhancing crop yield by accelerating dynamic photosynthesis, all three of them involving or being linked to processes in the chloroplast, i.e. relaxation of non-photochemical quenching, Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle enzyme activation/deactivation and dynamics of stomatal conductance. We dissect these three processes on the functional and molecular level to reveal gaps in our understanding and critically discuss current strategies to improve photosynthesis in the field.
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38
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Maurya VK, Gupta SK, Sharma M, Majumder B, Deeba F, Pandey N, Pandey V. Growth, physiological and proteomic responses in field grown wheat varieties exposed to elevated CO 2 under high ambient ozone. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1437-1461. [PMID: 32647460 PMCID: PMC7326879 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated growth, biochemical, physiological, yield and proteomic changes in 3 wheat varieties exposed to elevated CO2 (515 ppm) in a background of high ambient ozone in field. Ethylenediurea (EDU) was used as antiozonant. Average ozone concentration was 59 ppb and was sufficient enough to exert phytotoxic effects. Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) and EDU application individually or in combination negated the adverse effects of ozone by modulating antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes. Differential leaf proteomics revealed that at vegetative stage major changes in protein abundance were due to EDU treatment (47, 52 and 41 proteins in PBW-343, LOK1 and HD-2967, respectively). Combined treatment of eCO2 and EDU was more responsible for changes in 37 proteins during flowering stage of PBW-343 and LOK1. Functional categorization revealed more than 60% differentially abundant protein collectively belonging to carbon metabolism, protein synthesis assembly and degradation and photosynthesis. At both the growth stages, LOK1 was more responsive to eCO2 and combined treatment (eCO2 + EDU). HD-2967 was more positively responsive to EDU and combined treatment. eCO2 in combination of EDU protected these varieties against high ambient O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K. Maurya
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Sunil K. Gupta
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Marisha Sharma
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Baisakhi Majumder
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Farah Deeba
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015 India
| | - Nalini Pandey
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
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39
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Wolf BC, Isaacson T, Tiwari V, Dangoor I, Mufkadi S, Danon A. Redox regulation of PGRL1 at the onset of low light intensity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:715-725. [PMID: 32259361 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE1 (PGRL1) regulates photosystem I cyclic electron flow which transiently activates non-photochemical quenching at the onset of light. Here, we show that a disulfide-based mechanism of PGRL1 regulated this process in vivo at the onset of low light levels. We found that PGRL1 regulation depended on active formation of key regulatory disulfides in the dark, and that PGR5 was required for this activity. The disulfide state of PGRL1 was modulated in plants by counteracting reductive and oxidative components and reached a balanced state that depended on the light level. We propose that the redox regulation of PGRL1 fine-tunes a timely activation of photosynthesis at the onset of low light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bat-Chen Wolf
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tal Isaacson
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Vivekanand Tiwari
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Inbal Dangoor
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Sapir Mufkadi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avihai Danon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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40
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Shapiguzov A, Nikkanen L, Fitzpatrick D, Vainonen JP, Gossens R, Alseekh S, Aarabi F, Tiwari A, Blokhina O, Panzarová K, Benedikty Z, Tyystjärvi E, Fernie AR, Trtílek M, Aro EM, Rintamäki E, Kangasjärvi J. Dissecting the interaction of photosynthetic electron transfer with mitochondrial signalling and hypoxic response in the Arabidopsis rcd1 mutant. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190413. [PMID: 32362253 PMCID: PMC7209945 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis mutant rcd1 is tolerant to methyl viologen (MV). MV enhances the Mehler reaction, i.e. electron transfer from Photosystem I (PSI) to O2, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the chloroplast. To study the MV tolerance of rcd1, we first addressed chloroplast thiol redox enzymes potentially implicated in ROS scavenging. NADPH-thioredoxin oxidoreductase type C (NTRC) was more reduced in rcd1. NTRC contributed to the photosynthetic and metabolic phenotypes of rcd1, but did not determine its MV tolerance. We next tested rcd1 for alterations in the Mehler reaction. In rcd1, but not in the wild type, the PSI-to-MV electron transfer was abolished by hypoxic atmosphere. A characteristic feature of rcd1 is constitutive expression of mitochondrial dysfunction stimulon (MDS) genes that affect mitochondrial respiration. Similarly to rcd1, in other MDS-overexpressing plants hypoxia also inhibited the PSI-to-MV electron transfer. One possible explanation is that the MDS gene products may affect the Mehler reaction by altering the availability of O2. In green tissues, this putative effect is masked by photosynthetic O2 evolution. However, O2 evolution was rapidly suppressed in MV-treated plants. Transcriptomic meta-analysis indicated that MDS gene expression is linked to hypoxic response not only under MV, but also in standard growth conditions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Shapiguzov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Nikkanen
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Duncan Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Julia P Vainonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard Gossens
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Fayezeh Aarabi
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arjun Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Olga Blokhina
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Martin Trtílek
- Photon Systems Instruments, 664 24 Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Eevi Rintamäki
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Yang YJ, Zhang SB, Wang JH, Huang W. The decline in photosynthetic rate upon transfer from high to low light is linked to the slow kinetics of chloroplast ATP synthase in Bletilla striata. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 144:13-21. [PMID: 32166520 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Upon a sudden transition from high to low light, the rate of CO2 assimilation (AN) in some plants first decreases to a low level before gradually becoming stable. However, the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. The activity of chloroplast ATP synthase (gH+) is usually depressed under high light when compared with low light. Therefore, we hypothesize that upon a sudden transfer from high to low light, the relatively low gH+ restricts ATP synthesis and thus causes a reduction in AN. To test this hypothesis, we measured gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, P700 redox state, and electrochromic shift signals in Bletilla striata (Orchidaceae). After the transition from saturating to lower irradiance, AN and ETRII decreased first to a low level and then gradually increased to a stable value. Within the first seconds after transfer from high to low light, gH+ was maintained at low levels. During further exposure to low light, gH+ gradually increased to a stable value. Interestingly, a tight positive relationship was found between gH+ and ETRII. These results suggested that upon a sudden transition from high to low light, AN was restricted by gH+ at the step of ATP synthesis. Taken together, we propose that the decline in AN upon sudden transfer from high to low light is linked to the slow kinetics of chloroplast ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ji-Hua Wang
- Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, Yunnan, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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42
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Amstutz CL, Fristedt R, Schultink A, Merchant SS, Niyogi KK, Malnoë A. An atypical short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase functions in the relaxation of photoprotective qH in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:154-166. [PMID: 32055052 PMCID: PMC7288749 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms experience wide fluctuations in light intensity and regulate light harvesting accordingly to prevent damage from excess energy. The antenna quenching component qH is a sustained form of energy dissipation that protects the photosynthetic apparatus under stress conditions. This photoprotective mechanism requires the plastid lipocalin LCNP and is prevented by SUPPRESSOR OF QUENCHING1 (SOQ1) under non-stress conditions. However, the molecular mechanism of qH relaxation has yet to be resolved. Here, we isolated and characterized RELAXATION OF QH1 (ROQH1), an atypical short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase that functions as a qH-relaxation factor in Arabidopsis. The ROQH1 gene belongs to the GreenCut2 inventory specific to photosynthetic organisms, and the ROQH1 protein localizes to the chloroplast stroma lamellae membrane. After a cold and high-light treatment, qH does not relax in roqh1 mutants and qH does not occur in leaves overexpressing ROQH1. When the soq1 and roqh1 mutations are combined, qH can neither be prevented nor relaxed and soq1 roqh1 displays constitutive qH and light-limited growth. We propose that LCNP and ROQH1 perform dosage-dependent, antagonistic functions to protect the photosynthetic apparatus and maintain light-harvesting efficiency in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Amstutz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rikard Fristedt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Schultink
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sabeeha S Merchant
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alizée Malnoë
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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43
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da Fonseca-Pereira P, Souza PVL, Hou LY, Schwab S, Geigenberger P, Nunes-Nesi A, Timm S, Fernie AR, Thormählen I, Araújo WL, Daloso DM. Thioredoxin h2 contributes to the redox regulation of mitochondrial photorespiratory metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:188-208. [PMID: 31378951 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) are important proteins involved in redox regulation of metabolism. In plants, it has been shown that the mitochondrial metabolism is regulated by the mitochondrial TRX system. However, the functional significance of TRX h2, which is found at both cytosol and mitochondria, remains unclear. Arabidopsis plants lacking TRX h2 showed delayed seed germination and reduced respiration alongside impaired stomatal and mesophyll conductance, without impacting photosynthesis under ambient O2 conditions. However, an increase in the stoichiometry of photorespiratory CO2 release was found during O2 -dependent gas exchange measurements in trxh2 mutants. Metabolite profiling of trxh2 leaves revealed alterations in key metabolites of photorespiration and in several metabolites involved in respiration and amino acid metabolism. Decreased abundance of serine hydroxymethyltransferase and glycine decarboxylase (GDC) H and L subunits as well as reduced NADH/NAD+ ratios were also observed in trxh2 mutants. We further demonstrated that the redox status of GDC-L is altered in trxh2 mutants in vivo and that recombinant TRX h2 can deactivate GDC-L in vitro, indicating that this protein is redox regulated by the TRX system. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TRX h2 plays an important role in the redox regulation of mitochondrial photorespiratory metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo V L Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Liang-Yu Hou
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Saskia Schwab
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18051, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Stefan Timm
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18051, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department Willmitzer, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 60451-970, Brazil
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Ancín M, Larraya L, Fernández-San Millán A, Veramendi J, Burch-Smith T, Farran I. NTRC and Thioredoxin f Overexpression Differentially Induces Starch Accumulation in Tobacco Leaves. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120543. [PMID: 31779140 PMCID: PMC6963466 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) f and NADPH-dependent Trx reductase C (NTRC) have both been proposed as major redox regulators of starch metabolism in chloroplasts. However, little is known regarding the specific role of each protein in this complex mechanism. To shed light on this point, tobacco plants that were genetically engineered to overexpress the NTRC protein from the chloroplast genome were obtained and compared to previously generated Trx f-overexpressing transplastomic plants. Likewise, we investigated the impact of NTRC and Trx f deficiency on starch metabolism by generating Nicotiana benthamiana plants that were silenced for each gene. Our results demonstrated that NTRC overexpression induced enhanced starch accumulation in tobacco leaves, as occurred with Trx f. However, only Trx f silencing leads to a significant decrease in the leaf starch content. Quantitative analysis of enzyme activities related to starch synthesis and degradation were determined in all of the genotypes. Zymographic analyses were additionally performed to compare the amylolytic enzyme profiles of both transplastomic tobacco plants. Our findings indicated that NTRC overexpression promotes the accumulation of transitory leaf starch as a consequence of a diminished starch turnover during the dark period, which seems to be related to a significant reductive activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and/or a deactivation of a putative debranching enzyme. On the other hand, increased starch content in Trx f-overexpressing plants was connected to an increase in the capacity of soluble starch synthases during the light period. Taken together, these results suggest that NTRC and the ferredoxin/Trx system play distinct roles in starch turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ancín
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Luis Larraya
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Alicia Fernández-San Millán
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Jon Veramendi
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Tessa Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Inmaculada Farran
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, UPNA, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (L.L.); (A.F.-S.M.); (J.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-168-034
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45
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Bethmann S, Melzer M, Schwarz N, Jahns P. The zeaxanthin epoxidase is degraded along with the D1 protein during photoinhibition of photosystem II. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00185. [PMID: 31819921 PMCID: PMC6885522 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll zeaxanthin is synthesized in chloroplasts upon high light exposure of plants and serves central photoprotective functions. The reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin is catalyzed by the zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). ZEP shows highest activity after short and moderate high light periods, but becomes gradually down-regulated in response to increasing high light stress along with down-regulation of photosystem II (PSII) activity. ZEP activity and ZEP protein levels were studied in response to high light stress in four plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana, Pisum sativum, Nicotiana benthamiana and Spinacia oleracea. In all species, ZEP protein was degraded during photoinhibition of PSII in parallel with the D1 protein of PSII. In the presence of streptomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast protein synthesis, photoinhibition of PSII and ZEP activity as well as degradation of D1 and ZEP protein was strongly increased, indicating a close correlation of ZEP regulation with PSII photoinhibition and repair. The concomitant high light-induced inactivation/degradation of ZEP and D1 prevents the reconversion of zeaxanthin during photoinhibition and repair of PSII. This regulation of ZEP activity supports a coordinated degradation of D1 and ZEP during photoinhibition/repair of PSII and an essential photoprotective function of zeaxanthin during the PSII repair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Melzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Nadine Schwarz
- Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Peter Jahns
- Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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46
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González M, Delgado-Requerey V, Ferrández J, Serna A, Cejudo FJ. Insights into the function of NADPH thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) based on identification of NTRC-interacting proteins in vivo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5787-5798. [PMID: 31294455 PMCID: PMC6812714 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Redox regulation in heterotrophic organisms relies on NADPH, thioredoxins (TRXs), and an NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTR). In contrast, chloroplasts harbor two redox systems, one that uses photoreduced ferredoxin (Fd), an Fd-dependent TRX reductase (FTR), and TRXs, which links redox regulation to light, and NTRC, which allows the use of NADPH for redox regulation. It has been shown that NTRC-dependent regulation of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX) is critical for optimal function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Thus, the objective of the present study was the analysis of the interaction of NTRC and 2-Cys PRX in vivo and the identification of proteins interacting with them with the aim of identifying chloroplast processes regulated by this redox system. To assess this objective, we generated Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing either an NTRC-tandem affinity purification (TAP)-Tag or a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-TAP-Tag, which served as a negative control. The presence of 2-Cys PRX and NTRC in complexes isolated from NTRC-TAP-Tag-expressing plants confirmed the interaction of these proteins in vivo. The identification of proteins co-purified in these complexes by MS revealed the relevance of the NTRC-2-Cys PRX system in the redox regulation of multiple chloroplast processes. The interaction of NTRC with selected targets was confirmed in vivo by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricruz González
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Víctor Delgado-Requerey
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Julia Ferrández
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence:
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47
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Ameztoy K, Baslam M, Sánchez-López ÁM, Muñoz FJ, Bahaji A, Almagro G, García-Gómez P, Baroja-Fernández E, De Diego N, Humplík JF, Ugena L, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Kaneko K, Mitsui T, Cejudo FJ, Pozueta-Romero J. Plant responses to fungal volatiles involve global posttranslational thiol redox proteome changes that affect photosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2627-2644. [PMID: 31222760 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce volatile compounds (VCs) that promote plant growth and photosynthesis through complex mechanisms involving cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA). We hypothesized that plants' responses to microbial VCs involve posttranslational modifications of the thiol redox proteome through action of plastidial NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC), which regulates chloroplast redox status via its functional relationship with 2-Cys peroxiredoxins. To test this hypothesis, we analysed developmental, metabolic, hormonal, genetic, and redox proteomic responses of wild-type (WT) plants and a NTRC knockout mutant (ntrc) to VCs emitted by the phytopathogen Alternaria alternata. Fungal VC-promoted growth, changes in root architecture, shifts in expression of VC-responsive CK- and ABA-regulated genes, and increases in photosynthetic capacity were substantially weaker in ntrc plants than in WT plants. As in WT plants, fungal VCs strongly promoted growth, chlorophyll accumulation, and photosynthesis in ntrc-Δ2cp plants with reduced 2-Cys peroxiredoxin expression. OxiTRAQ-based quantitative and site-specific redox proteomic analyses revealed that VCs promote global reduction of the thiol redox proteome (especially of photosynthesis-related proteins) of WT leaves but its oxidation in ntrc leaves. Our findings show that NTRC is an important mediator of plant responses to microbial VCs through mechanisms involving global thiol redox proteome changes that affect photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinia Ameztoy
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jan F Humplík
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lydia Ugena
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Francisco Javier Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Gobierno de Navarra, Avenida Pamplona 123, Mutilva, Navarra, 31192, Spain
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Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Marchand CH, Costa A, Sparla F, Rouhier N, Geigenberger P, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Organisms: Novel and Established Thiol-Based Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:155-210. [PMID: 30499304 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis consists of an intricate network of reactions in which reactive molecular species, redox modifications, and redox proteins act in concert to allow both physiological responses and adaptation to stress conditions. Recent Advances: This review highlights established and novel thiol-based regulatory pathways underlying the functional facets and significance of redox biology in photosynthetic organisms. In the last decades, the field of redox regulation has largely expanded and this work is aimed at giving the right credit to the importance of thiol-based regulatory and signaling mechanisms in plants. Critical Issues: This cannot be all-encompassing, but is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the structural/molecular mechanisms governing the most relevant thiol switching modifications with emphasis on the large genetic and functional diversity of redox controllers (i.e., redoxins). We also summarize the different proteomic-based approaches aimed at investigating the dynamics of redox modifications and the recent evidence that extends the possibility to monitor the cellular redox state in vivo. The physiological relevance of redox transitions is discussed based on reverse genetic studies confirming the importance of redox homeostasis in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Future Directions: In conclusion, we can firmly assume that redox biology has acquired an established significance that virtually infiltrates all aspects of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zaffagnini
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- 2 Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex Costa
- 4 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Geigenberger
- 6 Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Trost
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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49
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Kang Z, Qin T, Zhao Z. Thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductase in chloroplasts: A review. Gene 2019; 706:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Nikkanen L, Guinea Diaz M, Toivola J, Tiwari A, Rintamäki E. Multilevel regulation of non-photochemical quenching and state transitions by chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:211-225. [PMID: 30578537 PMCID: PMC6850073 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In natural growth habitats, plants face constant, unpredictable changes in light conditions. To avoid damage to the photosynthetic apparatus on thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts, and to avoid wasteful reactions, it is crucial to maintain a redox balance both within the components of photosynthetic electron transfer chain and between the light reactions and stromal carbon metabolism under fluctuating light conditions. This requires coordinated function of the photoprotective and regulatory mechanisms, such as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and reversible redistribution of excitation energy between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). In this paper, we show that the NADPH-dependent chloroplast thioredoxin system (NTRC) is involved in the control of the activation of these mechanisms. In plants with altered NTRC content, the strict correlation between lumenal pH and NPQ is partially lost. We propose that NTRC contributes to downregulation of a slow-relaxing constituent of NPQ, whose induction is independent of lumenal acidification. Additionally, overexpression of NTRC enhances the ability to adjust the excitation balance between PSII and PSI, and improves the ability to oxidize the electron transfer chain during changes in light conditions. Thiol regulation allows coupling of the electron transfer chain to the stromal redox state during these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Nikkanen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Manuel Guinea Diaz
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Jouni Toivola
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Arjun Tiwari
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Eevi Rintamäki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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