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Dumont ELP, Kaplan PD, Do C, Banerjee S, Barrer M, Ezzedine K, Zippin JH, Varghese GI. A randomized trial of a wearable UV dosimeter for skin cancer prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1259050. [PMID: 38495115 PMCID: PMC10940533 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1259050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the United States. Despite guidelines on ultraviolet (UV) avoidance, it remains difficult for people to assess their exposure, as UV is invisible and the onset of UV-induced symptoms is delayed. Methods In a prospective randomized trial, 97 elderly patients with a history of actinic keratoses (AK) were followed over 6 months. Fifty patients received UV counseling from a dermatologist and a wearable UV dosimeter that provided real-time and cumulative UV exposure. Forty-seven patients received only UV counseling from a dermatologist. Results Over 75% of participants recorded UV exposure at least once a week during the summer. After 6 months of intervention, when comparing the device group to the control group, we observed a non-significant 20% lower ratio of incidence rates of AKs (95% CI = [-41, 55%], p-value = 0.44) and a significant 95% lower ratio of incidence rates of NMSCs (95% CI = [33, 99.6%], p-value = 0.024). Surveys demonstrated that the control group's score in self-perceived ability to participate in social activities significantly increased by 1.2 (p-value = 0.04), while in the device group, this score non-significantly decreased by 0.9 (p-value = 0.1). We did not observe changes, or between-group differences, in anxiety and depression surveys. Conclusion This pilot clinical trial has a short duration and a small sample size. However, device adherence and quality of life questionnaires suggest a smartphone-connected wearable UV dosimeter is well accepted by an elderly population. This trial also indicates that a wearable UV dosimeter may be an effective behavioral change tool to reduce NMSC incidence in an elderly population with a prior history of AKs.Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03315286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L. P. Dumont
- Shade, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Hackensack Meridian Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | | | - Catherine Do
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Melissa Barrer
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jonathan H. Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - George I. Varghese
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Czerwińska A, Krzyścin J. Exposure to solar UV radiation of Polish teenagers after the first COVID-19 lockdown in March-April 2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:2021-2032. [PMID: 35913520 PMCID: PMC9340691 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Poland, schools were closed from March to June 2020 due to the COVID-19 epidemic. During the lockdown (March-April), everyone was advised to stay at home. From May, students were allowed to spend time outdoors. We examine their exposure to solar UV radiation during the period of virtual learning at schools (May-June), vacations (July-August) and the first month of typical learning (September). Primary and high school students aged 12-18 completed a questionnaire on the details of their outdoor activities and the weather at the exposure site. A total of 146 anonymous questionnaires were registered for the study. The survey responses provided input to a radiative transfer model to estimate erythemal and vitamin D doses obtained by teenagers during outdoor activities. The results from 48% of the questionnaires indicated that students' exposure exceeded 1 minimal erythema dose (MED) during the day. Corresponding doses of sun-synthesized vitamin D, in excess of 1000 international units (IU) and 2000 IU, were found in 77% and 66% of the surveys, respectively. Only 12% of the teenagers declared that they use sunscreen. The overexposure (> 1 MED) increased with age. It was found in 72% and 26% of surveys among the students aged 17-18 and 12-14, respectively. Teenagers seem to have tried to compensate for the lack of sunlight during the lockdown by engaging in outdoor activities permitted since May. While those activities could have improved their vitamin D levels, they also put them at a higher risk of developing erythema.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Czerwińska
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - J Krzyścin
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Bringing Light into Darkness-Comparison of Different Personal Dosimeters for Assessment of Solar Ultraviolet Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179071. [PMID: 34501660 PMCID: PMC8431201 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) Measuring personal exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses a major challenges for researchers. Often, the study design determines the measuring devices that can be used, be it the duration of measurements or size restrictions on different body parts. It is therefore of great importance that measuring devices produce comparable results despite technical differences and modes of operation. Particularly when measurement results from different studies dealing with personal UV exposure are to be compared with each other, the need for intercomparability and intercalibration factors between different measurement systems becomes significant. (2) Three commonly used dosimeter types—(polysulphone film (PSF), biological, and electronic dosimeters)—were selected to perform intercalibration measurements. They differ in measurement principle and sensitivity, measurement accuracy, and susceptibility to inaccuracies. The aim was to derive intercalibration factors for these dosimeter types. (3) While a calibration factor between PSF and electronic dosimeters of about 1.3 could be derived for direct irradiation of the dosimeters, this was not the case for larger angles of incidence of solar radiation with increasing fractions of diffuse irradiation. Electronic dosimeters show small standard deviation across all measurements. For biological dosimeters, no intercalibration factor could be found with respect to PSF and electronic dosimeters. In a use case, the relation between steady-state measurements and personal measurements was studied. On average, persons acquired only a small fraction of the ambient radiation.
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4
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Schmalwieser AW. Possibilities to estimate the personal UV radiation exposure from ambient UV radiation measurements. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 19:1249-1261. [PMID: 32794538 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) throughout their entire lives. Exposure to UVR is vital but also poses serious risks. The quantification of human UVR exposure is a complex issue. Personal UVR exposure is related to ambient UVR as well as to a variety of factors such as the orientation of the exposed anatomical site with respect to the sun and the duration of exposure. This is mainly determined by personal behaviour. A variety of efforts have been made in the past to measure or model the personal UVR exposure of people and often personal UVR exposure has been expressed as the percentage of ambient UVR. On the other hand, ambient UVR is being monitored at a variety of places and measurements are available even online. This suggests that both the knowledge of personal UVR exposure and measurements of ambient UVR is required. In this paper, a summary on the different methods, which use ambient UVR measurements to estimate personal UVR exposure of people, as well as a few examples, are given. Advantages and disadvantages will be discussed as well as possibilities and limitations. This also includes an overview of appropriate terminology, units and basic statistic parameters to describe personal UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois W Schmalwieser
- Institute of Biophysics and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Zölzer F, Bauer S. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Risk Estimates-A Comparison of Different Action Spectra and Detector Responsivities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094887. [PMID: 34064368 PMCID: PMC8125439 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies assessing the dose–response relationship for human skin cancer induction by solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) apply a range of methods to quantify relevant UVR doses, but information about the comparability of these datasets is scarce. We compared biologically weighted effectivities applying the most relevant UVR action spectra in order to test the ability of certain UVR detectors to mimic these biological effects at different times during the day and year. Our calculations were based on solar spectra measured at Dortmund, Germany (51.5° N) and at Townsville, Australia (19.3° S), or computed for latitudes 20° S and 50° N. Convolutions with the CIE action spectra for erythema and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and with ICNIRP’s weighting function showed comparable solar zenith angle (SZA) dependences with little influence of season or latitude. A different SZA dependence was found with Setlow’s action spectrum for melanoma induction. Calculations for a number of UVR detector responsivities gave widely discrepant absolute irradiances and doses, which were nevertheless related to those calculated with both CIE spectra by correction factors largely independent of the SZA. Commonly used detectors can thus provide quite accurate estimates of NMSC induction by solar UVR, whereas they may be inadequate to mimic melanoma induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedo Zölzer
- Institute of Radiology, Toxicology, and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37011 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-389-037-507
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), 44149 Dortmund, Germany;
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Cherrie JW, Nioi A, Wendelboe-Nelson C, Cowan S, Cherrie M, Rashid S, Cowie H, Ritchie P, Lansdown TC. Exposure to Solar UV During Outdoor Construction Work in Britain. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:176-182. [PMID: 32155239 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun in summer can cause skin cancer and in Britain there are around 1500 new cases of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) each year, caused by exposure to solar UV at work. Little is known about the magnitude of UV exposure amongst outdoor construction workers in Britain, although this is one of the main groups at risk. The aim of this paper is to summarise measurements of erythema-weighted UVB radiation amongst construction workers in Scotland and the Southeast of England and interpret the data in terms of the risk of NMSC. The measurements were made as part of an intervention study using short mobile phone text messages to alter worker behaviour to either reduce UV exposure in summer or increase serum vitamin D in winter; the intervention is only briefly reported here. Data were collected from 67 workers from 9 worksites, of whom 41 provided measures of UV exposure for 758 working days. Daily exposure ranged from 0 to 13.47 standard erythema dose (SED), with the mean exposure for outdoor workers being 2.0 SED and the corresponding value for indoor workers being 0.7 SED. These data were obtained from a sensor located on the back of the workers hard hat; others have measured exposure on the wrist or upper arm and these locations probably, on average, have higher levels of UV exposure. It is likely that an outdoor construction worker in Britain could accumulate sufficient solar UV exposure over 30-40 years of work to more than double their risk of NMSC. We argue that employers in Britain should take a more proactive approach to manage sun safety and they should take responsibility for skin health surveillance for their workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Cherrie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Occupational Medicine, Centre for Human Exposure Science, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda Nioi
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Sue Cowan
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Cherrie
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shahzad Rashid
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Centre for Human Exposure Science, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hilary Cowie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Centre for Human Exposure Science, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Ritchie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Centre for Human Exposure Science, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Terry C Lansdown
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Cadet JM, Bencherif H, Cadet N, Lamy K, Portafaix T, Belus M, Brogniez C, Auriol F, Metzger JM, Wright CY. Solar UV Radiation in the Tropics: Human Exposure at Reunion Island (21° S, 55° E) during Summer Outdoor Activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218105. [PMID: 33153111 PMCID: PMC7662767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reunion Island is a popular tourist destination with sandy beaches, an active volcano (Piton de la Fournaise), and Piton des Neiges, the highest and most dominant geological feature on the island. Reunion is known to have high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with an ultraviolet index (UVI) which can reach 8 in winter and 16 in summer (climatological conditions). UVR has been linked to skin cancer, melanoma, and eye disease such as cataracts. The World Health Organization (WHO) devised the UVI as a tool for expressing UVR intensity. Thresholds ranging from low (UVI 1-2) to extreme (UVI > 11) were defined depending on the risk to human health. The purpose of the study was to assess UVR exposure levels over three of the busiest tourist sites on the island. UVR was measured over several hours along popular hiking trails around Piton de la Fournaise (PDF), Piton des Neiges (PDN), and St-Leu Beach (LEU). The results were compared with those recorded by the local UV station at Saint-Denis. In addition, cumulative standard erythemal dose (SED) was calculated. Results showed that UVI exposure at PDF, PDN, and LEU were extreme (>11) and reached maximum UVI levels of 21.1, 22.5, and 14.5, respectively. Cumulative SEDs were multiple times higher than the thresholds established by the Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification. UVI measurements at the three study sites showed that Reunion Island is exposed to extreme UVR conditions. Public awareness campaigns are needed to inform the population of the health risks related to UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Maurice Cadet
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +26-22-6293-8297
| | - Hassan Bencherif
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Nicolas Cadet
- Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France;
| | - Kévin Lamy
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Thierry Portafaix
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Matthias Belus
- Conseil Régional de La Réunion, 5 Avenue René Cassin, Sainte-Clotilde 97490, La Réunion, France;
| | - Colette Brogniez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518–LOA–Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Frédérique Auriol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518–LOA–Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Jean-Marc Metzger
- Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de La Réunion, UMS 3365, 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France;
| | - Caradee Y. Wright
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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8
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Measurement of Personal Experienced Temperature Variations in Rural Households Using Wearable Monitors: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186761. [PMID: 32948077 PMCID: PMC7559266 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The time-varying data of air temperatures experienced by people in their daily lives is an important basis for studying human thermal sensation, adaptation, comfort, and health. It is also very important for designing targeted strategies to help people reduce uncomfortable experience. In this study, a small (98 mm × 49 mm × 25 mm), lightweight (~100 g), and portable temperature logger with a wide measurement range (−40 to 100 °C) and appropriate accuracy (±0.3 °C precision) was combined with a phone holder that was adapted as an armband sleeve to constitute a wearable monitor. Fourteen monitors were worn by 14 residents in 6 different households in rural Beijing, China, to monitor their personal thermal environment. In the context of having very similar living habits in winter and coping strategies for thermal discomfort, the temperatures that 14 residents experienced exhibited wide ranges and large variations during the two-day test period. The highest and lowest temperatures experienced by residents reached 30.6 and −16.6 °C, respectively. This paper provided new data and evidences about various temperatures experienced by residents, even though they were from the same family and lived together for decades. In terms of methodology, as an exploration, the present study indicated that using personal wearable monitors is a viable method to capture the real experienced thermal environment, which extended the method for collecting data regarding complex experiences in different environments to aid the study of human responses to the real-world thermal environment.
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9
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Cheng W, Brown R, Vernez D, Goldberg D. Estimation of Individual Exposure to Erythemal Weighted UVR by Multi-Sensor Measurements and Integral Calculation. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20154068. [PMID: 32707787 PMCID: PMC7435697 DOI: 10.3390/s20154068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can be hazardous to humans, especially children, and is associated with sunburn, melanoma, and the risk of skin cancer. Understanding and estimating adults’ and children’s UVR exposure is critical to the design of effective interventions and the production of healthy UVR environments. Currently, there are limitations to the ways computer modeling and field measurements estimate individual UVR exposure in a given landscape. To address these limitations, this study developed an approach of integral calculation using six-directional (up, down, south, north, east, and west) field-measured UVR data and the estimated body exposure ratios (ER) for both children and adults. This approach showed high agreement when compared to a validated approach using ambient UVR and estimated ER data with a high r-square value (90.72% for child and adult models), and a low mean squared error (6.0% for child model and 5.1% for adult model) in an open area. This approach acting as a complementary tool between the climatology level and individual level can be used to estimate individual UVR exposure in a landscape with a complicated shady environment. In addition, measuring daily UVR data from six directions under open sky conditions confirmed that personal dosimeters underestimate actual individual UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Cheng
- College of Architecture, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert Brown
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - David Vernez
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Daniel Goldberg
- Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Czerwińska A, Krzyścin J. Numerical estimations of the daily amount of skin-synthesized vitamin D by pre-school children in Poland. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 208:111898. [PMID: 32460118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
According to Polish guidelines, children need a daily dose of 600-1000 I·U. vitamin D, which could be skin-synthesized in the period May to September, after at least 15 min solar exposure between 10 am and 3 pm with uncovered forearms and lower legs. In Poland, doctors only prescribe oral supplementation to infants and small children up to 2 years old, rarely for the older children. Numerical estimates of the daily amount of vitamin D (expressed in I.U. vitamin D taken orally) due to the solar exposure for preschoolers have been made on the basis of an observation campaign in Warsaw, Poland. In the period from April to September, the observations of children's clothing of age 4-6 years and the measurements of UV index were carried out in the kindergarten playground and a nearby park (52.31oN, 21.06°E). It appears, that longer exposures (~45 min) are needed to gain the recommended dose. However, the estimation is burden with large uncertainties. The alternative scenario is to allow children to play outside for as long as possible without getting sunburn, i.e. until the personal erythemal threshold is reached. Then, sunscreens should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janusz Krzyścin
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Kohli I, Nicholson CL, Williams JD, Lyons AB, Seo I, Maitra P, Tian X, Atillasoy E, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH. Greater efficacy of SPF 100+ sunscreen compared with SPF 50+ in sunburn prevention during 5 consecutive days of sunlight exposure: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 82:869-877. [PMID: 31542406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beach vacations are high-risk settings for overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. OBJECTIVE To compare the sunburn protective efficacy of SPF 50+ and SPF 100+ sunscreens under actual use at the beach. METHODS A prospective, randomized, double-blind, single-center, split-body/face study of 55 healthy individuals. Each participant applied both sunscreens to randomized sides of the face/body for up to 5 consecutive days. Blinded clinical evaluation of erythema by a single grader and objective instrumental assessments, colorimetry, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were performed the morning after each sun exposure. RESULTS After 5 days, 31 (56%) participants had more sunburn on the SPF 50+ side compared to 4 (7%) on the SPF 100+ side. Overall, mean erythema intensity showed statistically significantly less erythema on the SPF 100+ side compared with the SPF 50+ side. The first observation of sunburn exclusively on the SPF 50+ side occurred after 1 day of sun exposure, whereas that for SPF 100+ occurred after 3 days of sun exposure. LIMITATIONS Only initial sunscreen application was monitored, only 1 participant with skin phototype I was recruited, and participants were recruited from a local beach area. CONCLUSION SPF 100+ was significantly more effective in protecting against ultraviolet radiation-induced erythema and sunburn than SPF 50+ in actual use in a beach vacation setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Cynthia L Nicholson
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Dermatology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Alexis B Lyons
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - InSeok Seo
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, Skillman, New Jersey
| | | | - Xiaoyan Tian
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, Skillman, New Jersey
| | | | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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12
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Schmalwieser AW, Schmalwieser VT, Schmalwieser SS. Influence of Air Temperature on the UV Exposure of Different Body Sites Due to Clothing of Young Women During Daily Errands. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1068-1075. [PMID: 30689211 PMCID: PMC6850624 DOI: 10.1111/php.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clothing is one of the main influencing factors for personal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure. Despite that, little attention was put on this topic till now. In this study, the clothing habits of young females have been investigated in dependence of meteorological conditions. Observations were made from spring to autumn during daylight in the urban region of Vienna, Austria. For this, a scheme dividing the body into six different sections was developed as well as a coding scale that corresponds to the different garments and indicates the body sites that are exposed. It was found that air temperature is the dominating factor for exposure. With increasing temperature, the first area of the body to be exposed to solar UVR is, aside from face and hands, the décolleté, followed by nape, ankles, instep and forearms. Observations further indicate that the frequency of people's being outdoors decreases significantly at temperatures higher than 30°C. This paper provides detailed frequency distributions of uncovered body sites in dependence of temperature. These can be used together with measurements of temperature and UVR to calculate the relative exposure at any time and at many locations, and could help to explain the body distribution of UVR caused skin alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois W Schmalwieser
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Heydenreich J, Wulf HC. Personal electronic UVR dosimeter measurements: specific and general uncertainties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1461-1470. [PMID: 30958489 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00379c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Personal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) dosimetry has been performed for decades to objectively measure human exposure to UVR. These measurements have been used to investigate solar behaviour and its negative effects on human health such as skin cancer and positive effects such as vitamin D formation. A specific electronic dosimeter is described with a spectral sensitivity as the erythema response for human skin and temperature measurements for compliance control. Technical, methodological and environmental causes of uncertainties regarding personal UV dosimetry are investigated using this dosimeter as an example, which enables us to show the dosimeter's limitations and enables readers to compare their dosimeters with that described and to increase awareness of imperfections of dosimeters. The dosimeter's spectral response, cosine response, linearity, temperature dependency and sensitivity are investigated. As opposed to biological and chemical dosimeters, electronic dosimeters do not measure UV radiation continuously but at time-intervals (sampling). The error introduced by sampling is investigated for sampling intervals from 1 second up to 60 seconds for 3 groups of people (n = 18, 1.1-4.6 hours of positive UV measurements) on sunny (n = 12) and cloudy (n = 6) days. Increasing the sample time by 1 second added on average an uncertainty of maximum +0.29% to -0.27% per added second compared to the 1-second sample time. The importance of dirt on the sensor was investigated in 24 dosimeters after 6 months use by farmers. The reduction in the registered dose due to the dirty sensor was 2.3% (median = 2.0%, inter-quartile range = 2.0%, max = 5%) suggesting that dirt on the sensor generally does not play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Heydenreich
- Department of Dermatology, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Blumthaler M. UV Monitoring for Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1723. [PMID: 30103479 PMCID: PMC6121668 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Overexposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a risk for public health. Therefore, it is important to provide information to the public about the level of solar UV. The UV-Index (UVI) is the relevant quantity, expressing the erythemally weighted irradiance to a horizontal plane on a simple scale. As solar UV irradiance is strongly variable in time and space, measurements within a network provide the best source of information, provided they can be made available rapidly. However, to ensure the information is reliable, strict quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures for the monitoring networks are necessary. Near real time presentation of the measured UVI on web-pages is the best way to inform the public. The interpretation of the data in terms of the individual 'allowable' exposure time is heavily impacted by skin type, behavior, and clothing, and must be learned for each person through experience and guidance. Nonetheless, reliable knowledge of the actual level of the intensity of erythemally weighted irradiance and its variability forms the basis of education and public awareness. The challenges and requirements in providing comprehensive UVI data for public health guidance are here considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Blumthaler
- Medical University Innsbruck, Division for Biomedical Physics, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Schmalwieser AW, Siani AM. Review on Nonoccupational Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:900-915. [PMID: 29856894 DOI: 10.1111/php.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation follows people during their whole life. Exposure to UV radiation is vital but holds serious risks, too. The quantification of human UV exposure is a complex issue. UV exposure is directly related to incoming UV radiation as well as to a variety of factors such as the orientation of the exposed anatomical site with respect to the sun and the duration of exposure. The use of badge-sensors allows assessing the UV exposure of differently oriented body sites. Such UV devices have been available for over 40 years, and a variety of measuring campaigns have been undertaken since then. This study provides an overview of those studies which reported measurements of the personal UV exposure (PE) during outdoor activities of people not related to their occupation. This overview is given chronologically to show the progress of knowledge in this research and is given with respect to different activities. Special focus is put on the ratio of personal exposure to ambient UV radiation. This ratio, when given as a function of solar elevation, allows estimating PE at any other location or date if ambient UV radiation is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois W Schmalwieser
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Rifai K, Hornauer M, Buechinger R, Schoen R, Barraza-Bernal M, Habtegiorgis S, Glasenapp C, Wahl S, Mappes T. Efficiency of ocular UV protection by clear lenses. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1948-1963. [PMID: 29675331 PMCID: PMC5905936 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocular UV doses accumulate all-day, not only during periods of direct sun exposure. The UV protection efficiency of three clear lenses was evaluated experimentally, validated by simulation, and compared to non-UV protection: a first spectacle lens with a tailored UV absorber, a second spectacle lens, minimizing UV back reflections, as well as a third spectacle lens, combining both. A tailored UV-absorber efficiently reduced overall UV irradiance to 7 %, whereas reduction of back-reflections still left UV irradiance at 42 %. Thus, clear lenses with a tailored UV absorber efficiently protect the eye from UV, supplementing sun glasses wear to an all-day protection scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Rifai
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
- These authors contributed equally
| | | | | | | | | | - Selam Habtegiorgis
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
| | - Timo Mappes
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany
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17
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Kuras ER, Richardson MB, Calkins MM, Ebi KL, Hess JJ, Kintziger KW, Jagger MA, Middel A, Scott AA, Spector JT, Uejio CK, Vanos JK, Zaitchik BF, Gohlke JM, Hondula DM. Opportunities and Challenges for Personal Heat Exposure Research. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:085001. [PMID: 28796630 PMCID: PMC5783663 DOI: 10.1289/ehp556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental heat exposure is a public health concern. The impacts of environmental heat on mortality and morbidity at the population scale are well documented, but little is known about specific exposures that individuals experience. OBJECTIVES The first objective of this work was to catalyze discussion of the role of personal heat exposure information in research and risk assessment. The second objective was to provide guidance regarding the operationalization of personal heat exposure research methods. DISCUSSION We define personal heat exposure as realized contact between a person and an indoor or outdoor environment that poses a risk of increases in body core temperature and/or perceived discomfort. Personal heat exposure can be measured directly with wearable monitors or estimated indirectly through the combination of time-activity and meteorological data sets. Complementary information to understand individual-scale drivers of behavior, susceptibility, and health and comfort outcomes can be collected from additional monitors, surveys, interviews, ethnographic approaches, and additional social and health data sets. Personal exposure research can help reveal the extent of exposure misclassification that occurs when individual exposure to heat is estimated using ambient temperature measured at fixed sites and can provide insights for epidemiological risk assessment concerning extreme heat. CONCLUSIONS Personal heat exposure research provides more valid and precise insights into how often people encounter heat conditions and when, where, to whom, and why these encounters occur. Published literature on personal heat exposure is limited to date, but existing studies point to opportunities to inform public health practice regarding extreme heat, particularly where fine-scale precision is needed to reduce health consequences of heat exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP556.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R Kuras
- Center for Policy Informatics, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Molly B Richardson
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Miriam M Calkins
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristie L Ebi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeremy J Hess
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristina W Kintziger
- Department of Public Health, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Meredith A Jagger
- Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority , Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ariane Middel
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Anna A Scott
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - June T Spector
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher K Uejio
- Department of Geography, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer K Vanos
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Benjamin F Zaitchik
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Julia M Gohlke
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - David M Hondula
- Center for Policy Informatics, Arizona State University , Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
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18
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Vanos JK, McKercher GR, Naughton K, Lochbaum M. Schoolyard Shade and Sun Exposure: Assessment of Personal Monitoring During Children's Physical Activity. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1123-1132. [PMID: 28097673 DOI: 10.1111/php.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major risk factor for the development of melanoma later in life. However, it is challenging to accurately determine personal outdoor exposure to UVR, specifically erythemally weighted UVR (UVEry ), due to technological constraints, variable time-activity patterns, and the influence of outdoor environmental design. To address this challenge, this study utilized mobile and stationary techniques to examine the UVEry exposures of 14 children in a schoolyard in Lubbock, TX, in spring 2016. The aims of the study were to examine the influence of artificial shade on personal UVEry exposures and to assess full sun exposure ratios (ERs) within the same playground microenvironment. On average, personal wrist dosimeters worn during play in the sun measured 18% of the total onsite UVEry measured by a stationary UV pyranometer. Shade was found to significantly reduce the personal UVEry exposures by 55%, UVB280-315 nm exposures by 91%, and the overall solar radiation by 84%. Substantial benefits can be garnered through focused design of children's recreational space to utilize shade-both natural and artificial-to reduce UVR exposures during play, and to extend safe outdoor stays. Finally, although the wrist is a practical location for a dosimeter, it often underestimates full exposures, particularly during physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Vanos
- Atmospheric Science Research Group, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.,Climate, Atmospheric Science, and Physical Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Grant R McKercher
- Atmospheric Science Research Group, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Kylie Naughton
- Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Marc Lochbaum
- Exercise & Sport Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.,KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
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19
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Yu J, Hua H, Liu Y, Liu Y. Distributions of Direct, Reflected, and Diffuse Irradiance for Ocular UV Exposure at Different Solar Elevation Angles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166729. [PMID: 27846278 PMCID: PMC5112793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze intensities of ocular exposure to direct (Eo,dir), reflected (Eo,refl), and diffuse (Eo,diff) ultraviolet (UV) irradiance at different solar elevation angles (SEAs), a rotating manikin and dual-detector spectrometer were used to monitor the intensity of ocular exposure to UV irradiation (Eo) and ambient UV radiation (UVR) under clear skies in Sanya, China. Eo,dir was derived as the difference between maximum and minimum measured Eo values. Eo,refl was converted from the value measured at a height of 160 cm. Eo,diff was calculated as the minimum measured Eo value minus Eo,refl. Regression curves were fitted to determine distributions of intensities and growth rates at different wavelengths and SEAs. Eo,dir differed from ambient UVR exposure. Linear, quadratic, and linear Eo,dir distributions were obtained in SEA ranges of 14°–30°, 30°–50°, and 50°–90°, respectively, with maximum Eo,dir at 32°–38° SEA. Growth rates of Eo,dir with increasing wavelength were fitted with quadratic functions in all SEA ranges. Distributions and growth rate of Eo,refl values were fitted with quadratic functions. Maximum Eo,diff was achieved at the same SEA for all fitted quadratic functions. Growth rate of Eo,diff with increasing wavelength was fitted with a linear function. Eo,dir distributions were fitted with linear or quadratic functions in different SEA ranges. All Eo,refl and Eo,diff distributions were fitted with quadratic functions. As SEA increased, the Eo,dir portion of Eo increased and then decreased; the Eo,refl portion increased from an initial minimum; and the Eo,diff portion first decreased and then increased. The findings may provide data supporting on construction of a mathematical model of ocular UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Yu
- Ophthalmology Department, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Hua
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Schrempf M, Haluza D, Simic S, Riechelmann S, Graw K, Seckmeyer G. Is Multidirectional UV Exposure Responsible for Increasing Melanoma Prevalence with Altitude? A Hypothesis Based on Calculations with a 3D-Human Exposure Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13100961. [PMID: 27690069 PMCID: PMC5086700 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, melanoma incidence rates for Austrian inhabitants living at higher altitudes were found to increase by as much as 30% per 100 m altitude. This strong increase cannot simply be explained by the known increase of erythemally-weighted irradiance with altitude, which ranges between 0.5% and 4% per 100 m. We assume that the discrepancy is partially explainable by upwelling UV radiation; e.g., reflected by snow-covered surfaces. Therefore, we present an approach where the human UV exposure is derived by integrating incident radiation over the 3D geometry of a human body, which enables us to take upwelling radiation into account. Calculating upwelling and downwelling radiance with a radiative transfer model for a snow-free valley and for snow-covered mountain terrain (with albedo of 0.6) yields an increase in UV exposure by 10% per 100 m altitude. The results imply that upwelling radiation plays a significant role in the increase of melanoma incidence with altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrempf
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany.
| | - Daniela Haluza
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Stana Simic
- Institute of Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria.
| | - Stefan Riechelmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig 38116, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Graw
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach 63067, Germany.
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany.
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21
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Liu Y, Hu L, Wang F, Gao Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. The angular distributions of ultraviolet spectral irradiance at different solar elevation angles under clear sky conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:63-72. [PMID: 25994798 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the angular distributions of UVA, UVB, and effective UV for erythema and vitamin D (vitD) synthesis, the UV spectral irradiances were measured at ten inclined angles (from 0° to 90°) and seven azimuths (from 0° to 180°) at solar elevation angle (SEA) that ranged from 18.8° to 80° in Shanghai (31.22° N, 121.55° E) under clear sky and the albedo of ground was 0.1. The results demonstrated that in the mean azimuths and with the back to the sun, the UVA, UVB, and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances increased with the inclined angles and an increase in SEA. When facing toward the sun at 0°-60° inclined angles, the UVA first increased and then decreased with an increase in SEA; at other inclined angles, the UVA increased with SEA. At 0°-40° inclined angles, the UVB and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances first increased and then decreased with an increase in SEA, and their maximums were achieved at SEA 68.7°; at other inclined angles, the above three irradiances increased with an increase in SEA. The maximum UVA, UVB, and erythemally and vitD-weighted irradiances were achieved at an 80° inclined angle at SEA 80° (the highest in our measurements); the cumulative exposure of the half day achieved the maximum at a 60° inclined angle, but not on the horizontal. This study provides support for the assessment of human skin sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - LiWen Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - YanYan Gao
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School fo Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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22
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King L, Xiang F, Swaminathan A, Lucas RM. Measuring sun exposure in epidemiological studies: Matching the method to the research question. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:373-9. [PMID: 26555640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sun exposure has risks and benefits for health. Testing these associations requires tools for measuring sun exposure that are feasible and relevant to the time-course of the health outcome. Recent sun exposure, e.g. the last week, is best captured by dosimeters and sun diaries. These can also be used for medium-term sun exposure e.g. over several weeks, but incur a high participant burden. Self-reported data on "typical time outdoors" for working and non-working days, is less detailed and not influenced by day-to-day variation. Over a longer period, e.g. the lifetime, or for particular life stages, proxies of sun exposure, such as latitude of residence or ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation levels (from satellites or ground-level monitoring) can be used, with additional detail provided by lifetime sun exposure calendars that include locations of residence, usual time outdoors, and detail of sunburn episodes. Objective measures of lifetime sun exposure include microtopography of sun-exposed skin (e.g. using silicone casts) or conjunctival UV autofluorescence. Potential modifiers of the association between sun exposure and the health outcome, such as clothing coverage and skin colour, may also need to be measured. We provide a systematic approach to selecting sun exposure measures for use in epidemiological health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura King
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.
| | - Fan Xiang
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Ashwin Swaminathan
- Acute and General Medicine Service, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra 2605, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
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23
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Baertschi SW, Clapham D, Foti C, Kleinman MH, Kristensen S, Reed RA, Templeton AC, Tønnesen HH. Implications of In-Use Photostability: Proposed Guidance for Photostability Testing and Labeling to Support the Administration of Photosensitive Pharmaceutical Products, Part 2: Topical Drug Product. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2688-701. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Reduction of Solar UV Radiation Due to Urban High-Rise Buildings--A Coupled Modelling Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135562. [PMID: 26263507 PMCID: PMC4532478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar UV radiation has both adverse and beneficial effects to human health. Using models (a radiative transfer model coupled to a building shading model), together with satellite and surface measurements, we studied the un-obstructed and obstructed UV environments in a sub-tropical urban environment featured with relatively high pollution (aerosol) loadings and high-rise buildings. Seasonal patterns of the erythemal UV exposure rates were governed by solar zenith angles, seasonal variations of aerosol loadings and cloud effects. The radiative transfer modelling results agreed with measurements of erythemal UV exposure rates and spectral irradiances in UVA and UVB ranges. High-rise buildings and narrow road width (height to width, H/W, ratios up to 15) reduced the modelled total UV (UVA+UVB) radiation and leave 10% of the un-obstructed exposure rate at ground-level at noon. No more than 80% of the un-obstructed exposure rate was received in the open area surrounded by 20-storey buildings. Our modelled reduction of UVB radiation in the urban environment was consistent with similar measurements obtained for Australia. However, our results in more extreme environments (higher H/W ratios) were for the first time reported, with 18% of the un-obstructed exposure rate remained at the ground-level center of the street canyon.
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25
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Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Bernhard G, Aucamp PJ, Ilyas M, Madronich S, Tourpali K. Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:19-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Percentage changes in the UV Index (UVI) for 2090 relative to 2015 due to changes in ozone (left) and aerosols (right) only. Large decreases are projected over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone recovery. Increases are projected for parts of Asia due to decreases in aerosols, partly reversing the possible large reductions in UVI after the 1950s.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - R. L. McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
- PB 50061 Omakau, Central Otago
- New Zealand
| | | | - P. J. Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Management Consultants
- Faerie Glen
- South Africa
| | - M. Ilyas
- School of Environmental Engineering
- University Malaysia Perlis
- Kangar
- Malaysia
| | - S. Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Boulder
- USA
| | - K. Tourpali
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
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26
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Downs N, Parisi A, Butler H, Turner J, Wainwright L. Minimum Exposure Limits and Measured Relationships Between the Vitamin D, Erythema and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Solar Ultraviolet. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:438-49. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Downs
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Centre for Health Sciences Research; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Alfio Parisi
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Harry Butler
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Joanna Turner
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Lisa Wainwright
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
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