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Strawsine M, van Galen LG, Lord JM, Larcombe MJ. Trophic facilitation in forest restoration: Can Nothofagus trees use ectomycorrhizal fungi of the pioneer shrub Leptospermum? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11442. [PMID: 38803610 PMCID: PMC11128459 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The benefits of plant-to-plant facilitation in ecological restoration are well recognized, yet the potential for indirect trophic facilitation remains understudied. Nothofagus (southern beech; Nothofagaceae) is an iconic southern hemisphere tree genus that is frequently the focus of ecological restoration efforts. One aspect of Nothofagus ecology that may limit restoration success is the availability of appropriate ectomycorrhizal fungi. It has been suggested that pioneer dual-mycorrhizal hosts such as Leptospermum species (Myrtaceae) could facilitate Nothofagus establishment by providing fungal inoculum, but the capacity for Nothofagus to use Leptospermum ectomycorrhizal fungi is unknown. To investigate potential indirect facilitation, we conducted a common garden pot trial to determine if Nothofagus cliffortioides (mountain beech) can use symbionts from Leptospermum scoparium (mānuka) ectomycorrhizal communities. Nothofagus and Leptospermum seedlings were grown in monoculture and mixed pairs with reciprocal "home" and "away" soil fungal inoculum. ITS2 metabarcoding of eDNA from hyphal ingrowth bags revealed that Nothofagus and Leptospermum inoculum contained different ectomycorrhizal fungal communities, but that half of the common ectomycorrhizal taxa identified were found in both soil types, suggesting generalist fungi exist. Nothofagus was able to form associations with some fungal species originating from Leptospermum inoculum, however, probable spore contamination meant that the proportion of root colonization associated with those species was ambiguous. Root ectomycorrhizal colonization rates were positively associated with seedling biomass, and there was some evidence of a home soil inoculum advantage in Nothofagus, but these effects were minor. Additionally, we found evidence that home inoculum provides a protective advantage against drought stress for Leptospermum seedlings. Our results indicate the potential for using Leptospermum to promote Nothofagus establishment in restoration plantings and highlight the possible benefits of considering fungal mutualists in ecological restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merissa Strawsine
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Present address:
Shasta‐Trinity National ForestReddingCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura G. van Galen
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks (SPUN)DoverDelawareUSA
| | - Janice M. Lord
- Department of BotanyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
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Larson AJS, Cartwright MM, Jones WD, Luce K, Chen MY, Petersen K, Nelson SV, Michaelis DJ, Madsen MD. Slow Release of GA 3 Hormone from Polymer Coating Overcomes Seed Dormancy and Improves Germination. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4139. [PMID: 38140466 PMCID: PMC10748187 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy often hinders direct seeding efforts that are attempting to restore degraded landscapes. Gibberellic acid (GA3) can be applied to physiologically dormant seeds to induce germination, but this hormone is rarely effective, as it can degrade or be leached from the seed. We tested different polymer matrixes (polylactic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and ethylcellulose) to apply and slowly release GA3 to the seed. These polymers were tested as seed coatings in either a powder, liquid, or a combination of powder and liquid forms. We found that a liquid ethylcellulose/GA3 coating generally outperformed the other polymers and applications methods using our test species Penstemon palmeri. With this top-performing treatment, seed germination was 3.0- and 3.9-fold higher at 15 °C and 25 °C, respectively. We also evaluated the liquid ethylcellulose/GA3 coating on P. comharrenus, P. strictus, P. pachyphyllus, and P. eatonii. Again, the coating had a strong treatment response, with the degree of difference related to the relative level of dormancy of the species. Growth studies were also performed in pots to ensure that the side effects of GA3 overdosing were not present. Here, we found minimal differences in root length, shoot length, or biomass between plants grown from untreated and GA3-coated seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. S. Larson
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.S.L.); (W.D.J.); (K.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (S.V.N.)
| | - Maureen M. Cartwright
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.S.L.); (W.D.J.); (K.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (S.V.N.)
| | - Whitney D. Jones
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.S.L.); (W.D.J.); (K.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (S.V.N.)
| | - Katrina Luce
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.S.L.); (W.D.J.); (K.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (S.V.N.)
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.S.L.); (W.D.J.); (K.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (S.V.N.)
| | - Kate Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (K.P.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Shannon V. Nelson
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.S.L.); (W.D.J.); (K.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (S.V.N.)
| | - David J. Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (K.P.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Madsen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.J.S.L.); (W.D.J.); (K.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (S.V.N.)
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Wu Y, Sun XR, Pritchard HW, Shen YB, Wu XQ, Peng CY. The metagenomics of soil bacteria and fungi and the release of mechanical dormancy in hard seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1187614. [PMID: 37441178 PMCID: PMC10335401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1187614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistence in the soil is a function of seed physiology, particularly non-germination and inherent lifespan. However, for seeds with mechanical dormancy, non-germination is also a function of the composition and activity of the soil microbiota. We attempted to screen out microorganisms in the soil that can specifically and rapidly decompose the hard fruit pericarps of Tilia miqueliana Maxim., a unique native tree species in China. Using the classical replica plating method, more than 100 different culturable microorganisms that could rapidly erode the pericarp were collected from the surface of pericarps under different culture conditions. At the same time, we successfully extended the concept of metagenomics and applied it to the identification of mixed artificial cultures. The decomposition process of the pericarps in soil was also simulated artificially. The physical and chemical data suggested a potential mechanism of microbial scarification and cracking in pericarp, whilst the embryos inside the eroded fruits retained good viability. Our discoveries could pave the way for the removal of physical and mechanical obstacles that prevent hard coat seeds from germinating. We anticipate that the use of this technology will improve the germination of other hard coat seeds. More research is needed to investigate the impacts on other seeds. The findings of this research can inform the design of experiments on the seed ecology of persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Sun
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hugh W. Pritchard
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst, Ardingly, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Bao Shen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Yin Peng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Southern Tree Inspection Center National Forestry Administration, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Prado-Tarango DE, Mata-González R, Hovland M. Response of Sagebrush Steppe Grass Species to AMF Inoculum Sources and Biochar. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1113. [PMID: 37317087 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The sagebrush steppe has presented increasing levels of degradation. The addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biochar have been suggested to restore ecosystems. However, little is known about their effects on sagebrush steppe plants. We tested three sources of AMF inoculum: soil from a disturbed site (Inoculum A), soil from an undisturbed site (Inoculum B), and commercial inoculum (Inoculum C), all with and without biochar, to test if they could mediate growth of Pseudoroegneria spicata (native perennial), Taeniatherum caput-medusae (early seral; exotic annual) and Ventenata dubia (early seral; exotic annual) under greenhouse conditions. We measured AMF colonization and biomass. We hypothesized that the plant species would be differently affected by the inoculum types. The colonization of T. caput-medusae and V. dubia was greatest when inoculated with Inoculum A (38.8% and 19.6%). In contrast, the colonization of P. spicata was greatest with Inoculum B and Inoculum C (32.1% and 32.2). Biochar decreased biomass production but increased colonization with Inoculum A for P. spicata and V. dubia and with Inoculum C for T. caput-medusae. This study reveals the response of early and late seral sagebrush steppe grass species to contrasting sources of AMF and suggests that late seral plant species respond better to late seral inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Mata-González
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Matthew Hovland
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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de Azevedo EB, Pagel R, Maggio LP, Chiapinotto DM, Conterato IF, Schneider AA, Schaedler CE, de David DB. Germination, overcoming seed dormancy and endozoochory dispersal by cattle of native species from natural grassland. AUSTRAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Bohrer de Azevedo
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Brazil
- Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Itaqui Brazil
| | - Reimar Pagel
- Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Itaqui Brazil
| | | | - Diego Martins Chiapinotto
- Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Itaqui Brazil
- Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) Pelotas Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Eduardo Schaedler
- Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Itaqui Brazil
- Sul‐Rio‐Grandense Federal Institute (IFSul) Bagé Brazil
| | - Diego Bitencourt de David
- Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA) Itaqui Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Agricultural Research (DDPA) São Gabriel Brazil
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6
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Tudor EP, Lewandrowski W, Tomlinson S. Integrating animal physiology into the adaptive management of restored landscapes. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023:10.1007/s00267-023-01800-5. [PMID: 36781454 PMCID: PMC10372129 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-023-01800-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global-scale ecological changes and intensifying habitat destruction and have caused alarming declines in wildlife populations, resulting in a great need for concerted efforts towards their conservation. Despite this, animals are frequently overlooked in restoration and management initiatives and therefore populations often do not reassemble following disturbance without re-establishing habitat that meets their abiotic and biotic requirements. However, restoration ecologists broadly lack insight into the physiological mechanisms that can govern the responses of fauna to environmental change and management. Therefore, we conducted a literature search for studies reporting a mechanistic understanding of faunal habitat suitability and selection in restored landscapes to deliver an updated perspective on the integration of animal ecophysiology and restoration ecology. Of the 75,442 studies that we identified discussing ecological restoration in the last 50 years, only 8,627 (11.4%) did so in the context of fauna from which 912 studies (1.2%) examined habitat selection, 35 studies (0.05%) integrated physiology and only 15 studies (0.02%) explored thermal biology, despite temperature being one of the most pervasive drivers of physiological functioning. To combat this, we developed a conceptual framework that can guide restoration ecophysiology and promote innovative, multidisciplinary research through an established adaptive management structure. While physiological tools and approaches are currently underutilised in restoration practice, integrating them into ecological restoration, and environmental management more broadly, will offer exciting new opportunities to describe, explain and predict the responses of fauna to environmental change occurring, and that yet to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Tudor
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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7
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Growth-survival trade-offs and the restoration of non-forested open ecosystems. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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8
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Gaiarsa MP, Bascompte J. Hidden effects of habitat restoration on the persistence of pollination networks. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2132-2141. [PMID: 36006740 PMCID: PMC9804604 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Past and recent studies have focused on the effects of global change drivers such as species invasions on species extinction. However, as we enter the United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration the aim must switch to understanding how invasive-species management affects the persistence of the remaining species in a community. Focusing on plant-pollinator interactions, we test how species persistence is affected by restoration via the removal of invasive plant species. Restoration had a clear positive effect on plant persistence, whereas there was no difference between across treatments for pollinator persistence in the early season, but a clear effect in late season, with higher persistence in unrestored sites. Network structure affected only pollinator persistence, while centrality had a strong positive effect on both plants and pollinators. Our results suggest a hidden effect of invasive plants-although they may compete with native plant species, invasive plants may provide important resources for pollinators, at least in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia P. Gaiarsa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- School of Natural SciencesUniversity of California, MercedMercedCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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9
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Elliott CP, Commander LE, Merino‐Martín L, Golos PJ, Stevens J, Miller BP. An approach to defining and achieving restoration targets for a threatened plant community. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2613. [PMID: 35366034 PMCID: PMC9539575 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Connecting scientific research and government policy is essential for achieving objectives in sustaining biodiversity in an economic context. Our approach to connecting theoretical ecology, applied ecology, and policy was devised using principles of restoration ecology and the requisite methodology to restore biodiverse ecosystems. Using a threatened ecological community (TEC) with >120 plant species, we posit our approach as a guide for interpreting and achieving regulatory compliance (i.e., government conditions) enacted to manage or offset environmental impacts of development. We inform the scientific approach necessary to delivering outcomes appropriate to policy intent and biodiverse restoration through theoretical and applied research into the ecological restoration of the highly endemic flora of banded ironstone formations of the Mid West of Western Australia. Our approach (1) defines scale-appropriate restoration targets that meet regulatory compliance (e.g., Government of Western Australia Ministerial Conditions); (2) determines the optimal method to return individual plant species to the restoration landscape; (3) develops a conceptual model for our system, based on existing restoration frameworks, to optimize and facilitate the pathway to the restoration of a vegetation community (e.g., TEC) using diverse research approaches; and (4) develops an assessment protocol to compare restoration achievements against the expected regulatory outcomes using our experimental restoration trials as a test example. Our approach systematically addressed the complex challenges in setting and achieving restoration targets for an entire vegetation community, a first for a semiarid environment. We interpret our approach as an industry application relevant to policy- or regulator-mediated mine restoration programs that seek to return biodiverse species assemblages at landscape scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. P. Elliott
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - L. E. Commander
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - L. Merino‐Martín
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Present address:
Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química inorgánicaESCET, Universidad Rey Juan CarlosMadridSpain
| | - P. J. Golos
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - J. Stevens
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - B. P. Miller
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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10
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Mohr JJ, Harrison PA, Stanhope J, Breed MF. Is the genomics 'cart' before the restoration ecology 'horse'? Insights from qualitative interviews and trends from the literature. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210381. [PMID: 35757881 PMCID: PMC9234818 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing new technologies is vital to achieve global imperatives to restore degraded ecosystems. We explored the potential of genomics as one such tool. We aimed to understand barriers hindering the uptake of genomics, and how to overcome them, via exploratory interviews with leading scholars in both restoration and its sister discipline of conservation-a discipline that has successfully leveraged genomics. We also conducted an examination of research trends to explore some insights that emerged from the interviews, including publication trends that have used genomics to address restoration and conservation questions. Our qualitative findings revealed varied perspectives on harnessing genomics. For example, scholars in restoration without genomics experience felt genomics was over-hyped. Scholars with genomics experience emphatically emphasized the need to proceed cautiously in using genomics in restoration. Both genomics-experienced and less-experienced scholars called for case studies to demonstrate the benefits of genomics in restoration. These qualitative data contrasted with our examination of research trends, which revealed 70 restoration genomics studies, particularly studies using environmental DNA as a monitoring tool. We provide a roadmap to facilitate the uptake of genomics into restoration, to help the restoration sector meet the monumental task of restoring huge areas to biodiverse and functional ecosystems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological complexity and the biosphere: the next 30 years'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakki J. Mohr
- College of Business, Institute on Ecosystems, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Peter A. Harrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jessica Stanhope
- School of Allied Health Science and Practice, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Martin F. Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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11
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Mansoor S, Farooq I, Kachroo MM, Mahmoud AED, Fawzy M, Popescu SM, Alyemeni MN, Sonne C, Rinklebe J, Ahmad P. Elevation in wildfire frequencies with respect to the climate change. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113769. [PMID: 34600426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forests have been undergoing through immense pressure due to the factors like human activities; procurement of forest products and climate change which is a major factor influencing this pressure buildup on forests. Climate change and temperature increase caused by anthropogenic activities have notably affected forests and wildlife on a global scale. High temperature increases the soil-water evaporation, resulting in drier soils, and water loss in forest flora. The incidence of forest fires has doubled since 1984 and these are linked to global warming. Drought influences fuel moisture by bringing about physiological changes in forest vegetation leading to forest fires. Forest resilience is hampered because of temperature and drought stress at the developing stage of plant's life cycle leading to the shift in plant species in those areas. Forest fire incidences can be managed with proper management strategies such as sustainable, community and urban forest management. A careful monitoring of stress precursors, subsistence uses of forests, ecological education and planting of near native and new indigenous plant species are the tools that can aid in efficient forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mansoor
- Division of Biochemistry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, India
| | - Iqra Farooq
- Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - M Mubashir Kachroo
- School of Agricultural Economics & Horti-Business Management, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Alaa El Din Mahmoud
- Environmental Sciences, Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Manal Fawzy
- Environmental Sciences, Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Simona Mariana Popescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering University of Craiova, Craiova, 200585, Romania
| | - M N Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jorg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Tomlinson S, Tudor EP, Turner SR, Cross S, Riviera F, Stevens J, Valliere J, Lewandrowski W. Leveraging the value of conservation physiology for ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
| | - Emily P. Tudor
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley Western Australia 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Shane R. Turner
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Sophie Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Fiamma Riviera
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Jason Stevens
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Justin Valliere
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson California 90747 US
| | - Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park, Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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13
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Valliere JM, Ruscalleda Alvarez J, Cross AT, Lewandrowski W, Riviera F, Stevens JC, Tomlinson S, Tudor EP, Wong WS, Yong JWH, Veneklaas EJ. Restoration ecophysiology: an ecophysiological approach to improve restoration strategies and outcomes in severely disturbed landscapes. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Valliere
- Department of Biology California State University Dominguez Hills Carson CA 90747 U.S.A
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Jaume Ruscalleda Alvarez
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Adam T. Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- EcoHealth Network, 1330 Beacon Street Brookline MA 02446 U.S.A
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Fiamma Riviera
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Jason C. Stevens
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Emily P. Tudor
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
| | - Wei San Wong
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Jean W. H. Yong
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| | - Erik J. Veneklaas
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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14
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Rowe HI, Sprague TA, Ball B, Langenfeld D, Rivera L. Restoring closed trails in the Sonoran Desert: interactions of seed timing, seed source, and ripping. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen I. Rowe
- Parsons Field Institute McDowell Sonoran Conservancy 7729 East Greenway Road, Suite 100 Scottsdale AZ 85260 U.S.A
- School of Earth and Sustainability Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 86011 U.S.A
| | - Tiffany A. Sprague
- Parsons Field Institute McDowell Sonoran Conservancy 7729 East Greenway Road, Suite 100 Scottsdale AZ 85260 U.S.A
| | - Becky Ball
- School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Arizona State University at the West Campus 4701 West Thunderbird Road Glendale AZ 85306 U.S.A
| | - Debbie Langenfeld
- Citizen Science Program McDowell Sonoran Conservancy 7729 East Greenway Road, Suite 100 Scottsdale AZ 85260 U.S.A
| | - Lisa Rivera
- Citizen Science Program McDowell Sonoran Conservancy 7729 East Greenway Road, Suite 100 Scottsdale AZ 85260 U.S.A
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15
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Elliott CP, Commander LE, Williams MR, Golos PJ. Seed movement in small‐scale vegetation restoration. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Díaz‐Redondo M, Cortés FM, Molina B, Álvarez‐Rodríguez J. Assessing multi‐temporal river‐floodplain dynamics as baseline for process‐oriented restoration in a large river: the Duero River, Spain. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Díaz‐Redondo
- Centre for Studies and Experimentation on Public Works (CEDEX) Alfonso XII, 3 Madrid 28014 Spain
| | - Francisco M. Cortés
- Centre for Studies and Experimentation on Public Works (CEDEX) Alfonso XII, 3 Madrid 28014 Spain
| | - Beatriz Molina
- Centre for Studies and Experimentation on Public Works (CEDEX) Alfonso XII, 3 Madrid 28014 Spain
| | - Javier Álvarez‐Rodríguez
- Centre for Studies and Experimentation on Public Works (CEDEX) Alfonso XII, 3 Madrid 28014 Spain
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Sigman
- Yale School of the Environment, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Jackson Institute for Global Affairs 195 Prospect Street
- 55 Hillhouse Avenue New Haven CT 06511 U.S.A
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18
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Lewandrowski W, Stevens JC, Webber BL, L. Dalziell E, Trudgen MS, Bateman AM, Erickson TE. Global change impacts on arid zone ecosystems: Seedling establishment processes are threatened by temperature and water stress. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8071-8084. [PMID: 34188872 PMCID: PMC8216921 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment for many arid-zone plant species is expected to be impacted by the projected increase in soil temperature and prolonged droughts associated with global climate change. As seed dormancy is considered a strategy to avoid unfavorable conditions, understanding the mechanisms underpinning vulnerability to these factors is critical for plant recruitment in intact communities, as well as for restoration efforts in arid ecosystems. This study determined the effects of temperature and water stress on recruitment processes in six grass species in the genus Triodia R.Br. from the Australian arid zone. Experiments in controlled environments were conducted on dormant and less-dormant seeds at constant temperatures of 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C, under well-watered (Ψsoil = -0.15 MPa) and water-limited (Ψsoil = -0.35 MPa) conditions. Success at three key recruitment stages-seed germination, emergence, and survival-and final seed viability of ungerminated seeds was assessed. For all species, less-dormant seeds germinated to higher proportions under all conditions; however, subsequent seedling emergence and survival were higher in the more dormant seed treatment. An increase in temperature (35-40°C) under water-limited conditions caused 95%-100% recruitment failure, regardless of the dormancy state. Ungerminated seeds maintained viability in dry soil; however, when exposed to warm (30-40°C) and well-watered conditions, loss of viability was greater from the less-dormant seeds across all species. This work demonstrates that the transition from seed to established seedling is highly vulnerable to microclimatic constraints and represents a critical filter for plant recruitment in the arid zone. As we demonstrate temperature and water stress-driven mortality between seeds and established seedlings, understanding how these factors influence recruitment in other arid-zone species should be a high priority consideration for management actions to mitigate the impacts of global change on ecosystem resilience. The knowledge gained from these outcomes must be actively incorporated into restoration initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Lewandrowski
- Kings Park ScienceDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jason C. Stevens
- Kings Park ScienceDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Bruce L. Webber
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityFloreatWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Western Australian Biodiversity Science InstitutePerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Emma L. Dalziell
- Kings Park ScienceDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Melinda S. Trudgen
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityFloreatWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Amber M. Bateman
- Kings Park ScienceDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- Kings Park ScienceDepartment of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKings ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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19
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Nolan M, Dewees S, Ma Lucero S. Identifying effective restoration approaches to maximize plant establishment in California grasslands through a
meta‐analysis. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Nolan
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
| | - Shane Dewees
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
| | - Stephanie Ma Lucero
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA 93106 U.S.A
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20
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Cowan EL, Standish RJ, Miller BP, Enright NJ, Fontaine JB. A framework for measuring the effects of disturbance in restoration projects. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebony L. Cowan
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Rachel J. Standish
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Ben P. Miller
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kings Park Science, Biodiversity and Conservation Science 1 Kattidj Close Kings Park Western Australia Australia
| | - Neal J. Enright
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Joseph B. Fontaine
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia
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21
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van Galen LG, Lord JM, Orlovich DA, Larcombe MJ. Restoration of southern hemisphere beech (Nothofagaceae) forests: a meta‐analysis. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura G. van Galen
- Department of Botany University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Janice M. Lord
- Department of Botany University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - David A. Orlovich
- Department of Botany University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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22
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Cooke SJ, Bergman JN, Madliger CL, Cramp RL, Beardall J, Burness G, Clark TD, Dantzer B, de la Barrera E, Fangue NA, Franklin CE, Fuller A, Hawkes LA, Hultine KR, Hunt KE, Love OP, MacMillan HA, Mandelman JW, Mark FC, Martin LB, Newman AEM, Nicotra AB, Raby GD, Robinson SA, Ropert-Coudert Y, Rummer JL, Seebacher F, Todgham AE, Tomlinson S, Chown SL. One hundred research questions in conservation physiology for generating actionable evidence to inform conservation policy and practice. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab009. [PMID: 33859825 PMCID: PMC8035967 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental change and biodiversity loss are but two of the complex challenges facing conservation practitioners and policy makers. Relevant and robust scientific knowledge is critical for providing decision-makers with the actionable evidence needed to inform conservation decisions. In the Anthropocene, science that leads to meaningful improvements in biodiversity conservation, restoration and management is desperately needed. Conservation Physiology has emerged as a discipline that is well-positioned to identify the mechanisms underpinning population declines, predict responses to environmental change and test different in situ and ex situ conservation interventions for diverse taxa and ecosystems. Here we present a consensus list of 10 priority research themes. Within each theme we identify specific research questions (100 in total), answers to which will address conservation problems and should improve the management of biological resources. The themes frame a set of research questions related to the following: (i) adaptation and phenotypic plasticity; (ii) human-induced environmental change; (iii) human-wildlife interactions; (iv) invasive species; (v) methods, biomarkers and monitoring; (vi) policy, engagement and communication; (vii) pollution; (viii) restoration actions; (ix) threatened species; and (x) urban systems. The themes and questions will hopefully guide and inspire researchers while also helping to demonstrate to practitioners and policy makers the many ways in which physiology can help to support their decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jordanna N Bergman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christine L Madliger
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - John Beardall
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erick de la Barrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, Mexico
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Rd, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Lucy A Hawkes
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - Kathleen E Hunt
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Oliver P Love
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Heath A MacMillan
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John W Mandelman
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, 1 Central Wharf, Boston, MA, 02110, USA
| | - Felix C Mark
- Department of Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Lynn B Martin
- Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Amy E M Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adrienne B Nicotra
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences (SEALS) and Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR 7372—La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Steven L Chown
- Securing Antarctica’s Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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23
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van der Heyde M, Bunce M, Dixon K, Wardell-Johnson G, White NE, Nevill P. Changes in soil microbial communities in post mine ecological restoration: Implications for monitoring using high throughput DNA sequencing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:142262. [PMID: 33370926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ecological restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity is a key intervention used to reverse the impacts of anthropogenic activities such as mining. Assessment of the performance of restoration against completion criteria relies on biodiversity monitoring. However, monitoring usually overlooks soil microbial communities (SMC), despite increased awareness of their pivotal role in many ecological functions. Recent advances in cost, scalability and technology has led to DNA sequencing being considered as a cost-effective biological monitoring tool, particularly for otherwise difficult to survey groups such as microbes. However, such approaches for monitoring complex restoration sites such as post-mined landscapes have not yet been tested. Here we examine bacterial and fungal communities across chronosequences of mine site restoration at three locations in Western Australia to determine if there are consistent changes in SMC diversity, community composition and functional capacity. Although we detected directional changes in community composition indicative of microbial recovery, these were inconsistent between locations and microbial taxa (bacteria or fungi). Assessing functional diversity provided greater understanding of changes in site conditions and microbial recovery than could be determined through assessment of community composition alone. These results demonstrate that high-throughput amplicon sequencing of environmental DNA (eDNA) is an effective approach for monitoring the complex changes in SMC following restoration. Future monitoring of mine site restoration using eDNA should consider archiving samples to provide improved understanding of changes in communities over time. Expansion to include other biological groups (e.g. soil fauna) and substrates would also provide a more holistic understanding of biodiversity recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van der Heyde
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Life and Molecular Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Westeren Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - M Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Life and Molecular Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Westeren Australia 6845, Australia; Environmental Protection Authority, 215 Lambton Quay, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - K Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - G Wardell-Johnson
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - N E White
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Life and Molecular Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Westeren Australia 6845, Australia
| | - P Nevill
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Life and Molecular Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Westeren Australia 6845, Australia
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24
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Zanetti M, Dayrell RLC, Wardil MV, Damasceno A, Fernandes T, Castilho A, Santos FMG, Silveira FAO. Seed Functional Traits Provide Support for Ecological Restoration and ex situ Conservation in the Threatened Amazon Ironstone Outcrop Flora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599496. [PMID: 33424895 PMCID: PMC7793850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cangas (ironstone outcrops) host a specialized flora, characterized by high degree of edaphic endemism and an apparent lack of natural history knowledge of its flora. Due to intense pressure from iron ore mining this ecosystem is under threat and in need of restoration. We studied seed functional traits that are relevant for restoration, translocation and ex situ conservation in 48 species from cangas in eastern Amazon. Were determined the thermal niche breadth, classified seed dormancy and determined methods to overcome it, determined the effect of seed storage on germination, tested the association between germination traits and functional groups, and tested whether seed traits are phylogenetically conserved. We found a broad interspecific variation in most seed traits, except for seed water content. Large interspecific variation in the temperature niche breadth was found among the studied species, but only four species, showed optimum germination at high temperatures of 35-40°C, despite high temperatures under natural conditions. Only 35% of the studied species produced dormant seeds. Mechanical scarification was effective in overcoming physical dormancy and application of gibberellic acid was effective in overcoming physiological dormancy in five species. For the 29 species that seeds were stored for 24 months, 76% showed decreases in the germination percentage. The weak association between germination traits and life-history traits indicate that no particular plant functional type requires specific methods for seed-based translocations. Exceptions were the lianas which showed relatively larger seeds compared to the other growth-forms. Dormancy was the only trait strongly related to phylogeny, suggesting that phylogenetic relatedness may not be a good predictor of regeneration from seeds in cangas. Our study provides support to better manage seed sourcing, use, storage and enhancement techniques with expected reduced costs and increased seedling establishment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Zanetti
- Bioma meio Ambiente LTDA, Nova Lima, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberta L. C. Dayrell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mariana V. Wardil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Amplo Engenharia e Gestão de Projetos LTDA, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Damasceno
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Tais Fernandes
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Castilho
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Fernando M. G. Santos
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. O. Silveira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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25
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Buisson E, Fidelis A, Overbeck GE, Schmidt IB, Durigan G, Young TP, Alvarado ST, Arruda AJ, Boisson S, Bond W, Coutinho A, Kirkman K, Oliveira RS, Schmitt MH, Siebert F, Siebert SJ, Thompson DI, Silveira FAO. A research agenda for the restoration of tropical and subtropical grasslands and savannas. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Buisson
- Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie ‐ IMBE, CNRS, IRD Aix Marseille Université, IUT d'Avignon, AGROPARC BP61207 Avignon cedex 9 84911 France
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Alessandra Fidelis
- Lab of Vegetation Ecology, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Av. 24A, 1515 Rio Claro SP 13506‐900 Brazil
| | - Gerhard E. Overbeck
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP Porto Alegre RS 91501‐970 Brazil
| | - Isabel B. Schmidt
- Department of Ecology University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Brasilia Brazil
| | - Giselda Durigan
- Floresta Estadual de Assis Instituto Florestal do Estado de São Paulo P.O. Box 104 Assis SP 19802‐970 Brazil
| | - Truman P. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | | | - André J. Arruda
- Avignon Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie ‐ IMBE, CNRS, IRD Aix Marseille Université, IUT d'Avignon, AGROPARC BP61207 Avignon cedex 9 84911 France
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP Belo Horizonte MG 31270‐901 Brazil
| | - Sylvain Boisson
- Université de Liège Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Biodiversity and Landscape, TERRA Gembloux Belgium
| | - William Bond
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - André Coutinho
- Ecology Graduate Program University of Brasília Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Brasília DF 70.910‐900 Brazil
| | - Kevin Kirkman
- School of Life Science University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg KwaZulu‐Natal South Africa
| | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Melissa H. Schmitt
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Ndlovu Node, Scientific Services Kruger National Park Private Bag X1021 Phalaborwa 1390 South Africa
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA U.S.A
| | - Frances Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University 11 Hoffman Street Potchefstroom North‐West 2531 South Africa
| | - Stefan J. Siebert
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management North‐West University 11 Hoffman Street Potchefstroom North‐West 2531 South Africa
| | - Dave I. Thompson
- South African Environmental Observation Network, Ndlovu Node, Scientific Services Kruger National Park Private Bag X1021 Phalaborwa 1390 South Africa
- School of Geography, Archaeology, and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3 WITS 2050 South Africa
| | - Fernando A. O. Silveira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP Belo Horizonte MG 31270‐901 Brazil
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26
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Standish RJ, Prober SM. Potential benefits of biodiversity to Australian vegetation projects registered with the Emissions Reduction Fund—is there a carbon‐biodiversity trade‐off? ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Turchetto F, Araujo MM, Griebeler AM, Rorato DG, Pasquetti Berghetti ÁL, Barbosa FM, Santos de Lima M. Can intensive silvicultural management minimize the effects of frost on restoration plantations in subtropical regions? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110830. [PMID: 32561021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main factors that influence field establishment of forest species. In high-altitude tropical regions and in subtropical regions, the occurrence of frost represents an important restriction in the trajectory and continuity of ecological processes. Thus, we aimed to characterize frost damage in nine native forest species under different silvicultural management schemes in plantations for the restoration of a riparian forest area in southern Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the Quarta Colônia State Park, and seedlings of nine native tree species, representing the Subtropical Seasonal Forest. Frost damage was measured using a visual damage scale based on the frost damage experienced in the winter of 2016. In addition, to evaluate the resilience of the species, height and diameter data were collected over the duration of the experiment. The species Solanum mauritianum was classified as frost resistant; therefore, we propose that it should be recommended for cultivation in regions where frost events usually occur. The other species studied, both the pioneers, S. terebinthifolius, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Ceiba speciosa, and Inga marginata, as well as the secondary ones, Actinostemon concolor, Trichilia elegans, T. claussenii, and Eugenia rostrifolia, were influenced by the silvicultural management schemes used. Plants managed under intensive silviculture showed lower levels of frost damage and higher survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Turchetto
- Department of Forestry Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen, Brazil.
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28
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Winkler DE, Massatti R. Unexpected hybridization reveals the utility of genetics in native plant restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Winkler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center Moab UT 84532 U.S.A
| | - Rob Massatti
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center Flagstaff AZ 86001 U.S.A
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Phillips RD, Reiter N, Peakall R. Orchid conservation: from theory to practice. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:345-362. [PMID: 32407498 PMCID: PMC7424752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the exceptional diversity of orchids (26 000+ species), improving strategies for the conservation of orchids will benefit a vast number of taxa. Furthermore, with rapidly increasing numbers of endangered orchids and low success rates in orchid conservation translocation programmes worldwide, it is evident that our progress in understanding the biology of orchids is not yet translating into widespread effective conservation. SCOPE We highlight unusual aspects of the reproductive biology of orchids that can have important consequences for conservation programmes, such as specialization of pollination systems, low fruit set but high seed production, and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal. Further, we discuss the importance of their reliance on mycorrhizal fungi for germination, including quantifying the incidence of specialized versus generalized mycorrhizal associations in orchids. In light of leading conservation theory and the biology of orchids, we provide recommendations for improving population management and translocation programmes. CONCLUSIONS Major gains in orchid conservation can be achieved by incorporating knowledge of ecological interactions, for both generalist and specialist species. For example, habitat management can be tailored to maintain pollinator populations and conservation translocation sites selected based on confirmed availability of pollinators. Similarly, use of efficacious mycorrhizal fungi in propagation will increase the value of ex situ collections and likely increase the success of conservation translocations. Given the low genetic differentiation between populations of many orchids, experimental genetic mixing is an option to increase fitness of small populations, although caution is needed where cytotypes or floral ecotypes are present. Combining demographic data and field experiments will provide knowledge to enhance management and translocation success. Finally, high per-fruit fecundity means that orchids offer powerful but overlooked opportunities to propagate plants for experiments aimed at improving conservation outcomes. Given the predictions of ongoing environmental change, experimental approaches also offer effective ways to build more resilient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, WA, Australia
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Noushka Reiter
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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30
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Wood G, Marzinelli EM, Vergés A, Campbell AH, Steinberg PD, Coleman MA. Using genomics to design and evaluate the performance of underwater forest restoration. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Wood
- Centre for Marine Science and InnovationSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Ezequiel M. Marzinelli
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Adriana Vergés
- Centre for Marine Science and InnovationSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Alexandra H. Campbell
- USC Seaweed Research Group University of the Sunshine Coast Sunshine Coast QLD Australia
| | - Peter D. Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Science and InnovationSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences Sydney NSW Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Melinda A. Coleman
- Department of Primary Industries National Marine Science Centre Coffs Harbour NSW Australia
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31
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Morris RL, Hale R, Strain EMA, Reeves SE, Vergés A, Marzinelli EM, Layton C, Shelamoff V, Graham TDJ, Chevalier M, Swearer SE. Key Principles for Managing Recovery of Kelp Forests through Restoration. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThere is increasing interest in mitigating the loss of kelp forests through restoration, but this has received scant attention relative to other coastal habitats. We evaluate current knowledge centered on key restoration principles to provide guidelines for best practice in kelp restoration. The cause and scale of degradation is fundamental in determining if kelp can be restored and the methods required to promote reestablishment. Removal of stressors may be adequate to achieve restoration goals where degradation is not too widespread or acute. Extensive losses of kelp forests will often require active reseeding of areas because of the low dispersal ability of many kelp species. Restoration efforts have generally taken a trial-and-error approach at experimental scales to develop techniques for establishing individuals. Furthermore, studies that inform cost–benefit analysis and the appropriate spatial scales for restoration of sustainable kelp forests are urgently needed for prioritizing and scaling up restoration efforts globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia during this work
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, in Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Elisabeth M A Strain
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Adriana Vergés
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales, in Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ezequiel M Marzinelli
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Sydney, Australia
- EMM is also affiliated with the University of Sydney's School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, in Sydney, Australia, and with the Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, at Nanyang Technological University, in Singapore. Mathilde Chevalier is affiliated with Agrocampus Ouest, in Rennes, France
| | - Cayne Layton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Australia
| | - Victor Shelamoff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Australia
| | - Tristan D J Graham
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mathilde Chevalier
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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32
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Cariveau DP, Bruninga-Socolar B, Pardee GL. A review of the challenges and opportunities for restoring animal-mediated pollination of native plants. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:ETLS20190073. [PMID: 32556128 PMCID: PMC7326338 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological restoration is increasingly implemented to reverse habitat loss and concomitant declines in biological diversity. Typically, restoration success is evaluated by measuring the abundance and/or diversity of a single taxon. However, for a restoration to be successful and persistent, critical ecosystem functions such as animal-mediated pollination must be maintained. In this review, we focus on three aspects of pollination within ecological restorations. First, we address the need to measure pollination directly in restored habitats. Proxies such as pollinator abundance and richness do not always accurately assess pollination function. Pollen supplementation experiments, pollen deposition studies, and pollen transport networks are more robust methods for assessing pollination function within restorations. Second, we highlight how local-scale management and landscape-level factors may influence pollination within restorations. Local-scale management actions such as prescribed fire and removal of non-native species can have large impacts on pollinator communities and ultimately on pollination services. In addition, landscape context including proximity and connectivity to natural habitats may be an important factor for land managers and conservation practitioners to consider to maximize restoration success. Third, as climate change is predicted to be a primary driver of future loss in biodiversity, we discuss the potential effects climate change may have on animal-mediated pollination within restorations. An increased mechanistic understanding of how climate change affects pollination and incorporation of climate change predictions will help practitioners design stable, functioning restorations into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Cariveau
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
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33
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Tomlinson S. The construction of small‐scale, quasi‐mechanistic spatial models of insect energetics in habitat restoration: A case study of beetles in Western Australia. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University of Technology Perth WA Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation an Attractions Kings Park Science Kings Park WA Australia
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34
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Cross SL, Craig MD, Tomlinson S, Dixon KW, Bateman PW. Using monitors to monitor ecological restoration: Presence may not indicate persistence. AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration; School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; Kent Street Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Michael D. Craig
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration; School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; Kent Street Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration; School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; Kent Street Bentley Perth WA 6102 Australia
| | - Philip W. Bateman
- Behavioural Ecology Laboratory; School of Molecular and Life Sciences; Curtin University; Bentley Perth WA Australia
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35
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Lane M, Hanley ME, Lunt P, Knight ME, Braungardt CB, Ellis JS. Chronosequence of former kaolinite open cast mines suggests active intervention is required for the restoration of Atlantic heathland. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lane
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA U.K
- SIBELCO Ltd., Headon Works, Cornwood Ivybridge Devon PL21 9PW U.K
| | - Mick E. Hanley
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA U.K
| | - Paul Lunt
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA U.K
| | - Mairi E. Knight
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA U.K
| | - Charlotte B. Braungardt
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA U.K
| | - Jonathan S. Ellis
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA U.K
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36
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Eufrázio S, Oliveira A, Miralto O, Medinas D, Silva C, Sá C, Mira A, Salgueiro PA. Unraveling the dynamics of a ground‐dwelling beetle population exposed to quarry exploitation and restoration practices. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Eufrázio
- UBC, Conservation Biology Lab, Department of BiologyUniversity of Évora Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
| | - Amália Oliveira
- UBC, Conservation Biology Lab, Department of BiologyUniversity of Évora Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
- ICAAM, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
| | - Otília Miralto
- UBC, Conservation Biology Lab, Department of BiologyUniversity of Évora Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
| | - Denis Medinas
- UBC, Conservation Biology Lab, Department of BiologyUniversity of Évora Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
| | - Carmo Silva
- UBC, Conservation Biology Lab, Department of BiologyUniversity of Évora Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
| | - Cátia Sá
- Centro Ciência Viva do Alviela, Carsoscópio, Louriceira Alcanena Portugal
| | - António Mira
- UBC, Conservation Biology Lab, Department of BiologyUniversity of Évora Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
- ICAAM, Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Salgueiro
- UBC, Conservation Biology Lab, Department of BiologyUniversity of Évora Évora 7002‐554 Portugal
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37
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Kildisheva OA, Dixon KW, Silveira FAO, Chapman T, Di Sacco A, Mondoni A, Turner SR, Cross AT. Dormancy and germination: making every seed count in restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Fernando A. O. Silveira
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and EvolutionFederal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Ted Chapman
- Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens KewMillennium Seed Bank Wakehurst, Ardingly West Sussex RH17 6TN UK
| | - Alice Di Sacco
- Conservation Science, Royal Botanic Gardens KewMillennium Seed Bank Wakehurst, Ardingly West Sussex RH17 6TN UK
| | - Andrea Mondoni
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Shane R. Turner
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and Attractions Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Adam T. Cross
- Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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38
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Cross SL, Bateman PW, Cross AT. Restoration goals: Why are fauna still overlooked in the process of recovering functioning ecosystems and what can be done about it? ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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39
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Cooke SJ, Bennett JR, Jones HP. We have a long way to go if we want to realize the promise of the “Decade on Ecosystem Restoration”. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Cooke
- Centre for Evidence‐based Conservation, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary ScienceCarleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Joseph R. Bennett
- Centre for Evidence‐based Conservation, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary ScienceCarleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Holly P. Jones
- Evidence‐based Restoration Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and EnergyNorthern Illinois University DeKalb Illinois
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40
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Gornish E, Arnold H, Fehmi J. Review of seed pelletizing strategies for arid land restoration. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
| | - Hannah Arnold
- School of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey Fehmi
- School of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
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41
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Jordan R, Breed MF, Prober SM, Miller AD, Hoffmann AA. How well do revegetation plantings capture genetic diversity? Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190460. [PMID: 31615374 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Revegetation plantings are a key management tool for ecological restoration. Revegetation success is usually measured using ecological traits, however, genetic diversity should also be considered as it can influence fitness, adaptive capacity and long-term viability of revegetation plantings and ecosystem functioning. Here we review the global literature comparing genetic diversity in revegetation plantings to natural stands. Findings from 48 studies suggest variable genetic outcomes of revegetation, with 46% demonstrating higher genetic diversity in revegetation than natural stands and 52% demonstrating lower diversity. Levels of genetic diversity were most strongly associated with the number of source sites used-where information was available, 69% of studies showing higher genetic diversity in revegetation reported using multiple provenances, compared with only 33% for those with lower diversity. However, with a few exceptions, it was unclear whether differences in genetic diversity between revegetation and natural stands were statistically significant. This reflected insufficient reporting of statistical error and metadata within the published studies, which limited conclusions about factors contributing to patterns. Nonetheless, our findings indicate that mixed seed sourcing can contribute to higher genetic diversity in revegetation. Finally, we emphasize the type of metadata needed to determine factors influencing genetic diversity in revegetation and inform restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jordan
- CSIRO, Land and Water, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Martin F Breed
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Prober
- CSIRO, Land and Water, Floreat, Western Australia 6014, Australia
| | - Adam D Miller
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Victoria 3280, Australia.,Deakin Genomics Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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42
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Shackelford N, Murray SM, Bennett JR, Lilley PL, Starzomski BM, Standish RJ. Ten years of pulling: Ecosystem recovery after long‐term weed management in Garry oak savanna. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Shackelford
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado
| | - Sean M. Murray
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | | | | | - Brian M. Starzomski
- School of Environmental StudiesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Hakai Institute Heriot Bay British Columbia Canada
| | - Rachel J. Standish
- School of Veterinary and Life SciencesMurdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
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43
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Masarei M, Guzzomi AL, Merritt DJ, Erickson TE. Factoring restoration practitioner perceptions into future design of mechanical direct seeders for native seeds. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monte Masarei
- School of EngineeringThe University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Andrew L. Guzzomi
- School of EngineeringThe University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - David J. Merritt
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and Attractions Kings Park Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
| | - Todd E. Erickson
- Kings Park Science, Department of BiodiversityConservation and Attractions Kings Park Western Australia 6005 Australia
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Western Australia Crawley Western Australia 6009 Australia
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44
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Mallen‐Cooper M, Bowker MA, Antoninka AJ, Eldridge DJ. A practical guide to measuring functional indicators and traits in biocrusts. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Mallen‐Cooper
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | | | - David J. Eldridge
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Joy Wallace
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Bruce D. Clarkson
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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46
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Bateman AM, Erickson TE, Merritt DJ, Muñoz-Rojas M. Inorganic soil amendments alter seedling performance of native plant species in post-mining arid zone rehabilitation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 241:179-186. [PMID: 30999267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rehabilitation of degraded drylands is challenged by environmental and anthropogenic constraints, such as limited availability of locally-sourced topsoil and poor quality alternative soil substrates. Current rehabilitation practices, at times, utilise inorganic soil amendments to improve the physicochemical and biological characteristics of reconstructed soil profiles. These approaches may be appropriate for dryland rehabilitation, but there is limited research available regarding the benefits of using these amendments. Here, we present a study in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, an arid landscape subject to intensive mining that currently uses inorganic soil amendments (gypsum and urea) in post-mining rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of these amendments to (1) promote seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling growth across five plant species and, (2) re-instate soil quality in mine waste substrates. A series of glasshouse experiments assessed eight application combinations of these amendments in two alternative substrates and compared these to unamended substrates and topsoil. Soil amendments had a limited influence on seed germination, were detrimental to seedling emergence and resulted in increased seedling mortality. Mortality in the waste ranged from 2 to 61% but increased to 7-92% in amended waste. Seedling growth improved with high doses of amendments in waste, with a 1.3-5.6-fold increase across all plant species. Soil quality was relatively unaffected by amendments with soil nitrogen ranging from 0.01 to 0.08%, organic carbon from 0.01 to 0.12% and soil microbial activity from 2.3 to 2.4 ppm-CO2 in the amended and unamended waste. The use of soil amendments in mine rehabilitation requires consideration of the trade-off between initial reductions in seedling recruitment and enhanced seedling development at later stages. Future rehabilitation should consider the timing of amendment application to avoid detrimental impacts on seedling recruitment and maximise the benefits to seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Bateman
- The University of Western Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia; (b)Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, 6005, WA, Australia.
| | - Todd E Erickson
- The University of Western Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia; (b)Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, 6005, WA, Australia
| | - David J Merritt
- The University of Western Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia; (b)Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, 6005, WA, Australia
| | - Miriam Muñoz-Rojas
- The University of Western Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia; (b)Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kings Park, 6005, WA, Australia; The University of New South Wales, Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Randwick, 2052, NSW, Australia
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47
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Fernandes K, Heyde M, Coghlan M, Wardell‐Johnson G, Bunce M, Harris R, Nevill P. Invertebrate DNA metabarcoding reveals changes in communities across mine site restoration chronosequences. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Fernandes
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Mieke Heyde
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Megan Coghlan
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Grant Wardell‐Johnson
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Richard Harris
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Paul Nevill
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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48
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Hale R, Mac Nally R, Blumstein DT, Swearer SE. Evaluating where and how habitat restoration is undertaken for animals. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology The University of Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Daniel T. Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA, U.S.A
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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Hoose BW, Call RS, Bates TH, Anderson RM, Roundy BA, Madsen MD. Seed conglomeration: a disruptive innovation to address restoration challenges associated with small‐seeded species. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Hoose
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Ryan S. Call
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Thomas H. Bates
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Rhett M. Anderson
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Bruce A. Roundy
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
| | - Matthew D. Madsen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife SciencesBrigham Young University Provo UT 84602 U.S.A
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50
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Chapman T, Miles S, Trivedi C. Capturing, protecting and restoring plant diversity in the UK: RBG Kew and the Millennium Seed Bank. PLANT DIVERSITY 2019; 41:124-131. [PMID: 31193132 PMCID: PMC6520460 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ex situ seed banking is a practical and cost-effective means of preserving wild plant diversity and a crucial complement to the in situ conservation and restoration of species and habitats. As pressures on the natural environment have grown, so has the call for seed banks to provide scientifically-robust, practical solutions to seed-related problems in nature conservation, from single-species recovery and reintroduction to the restoration of complex, dynamic communities at the largest scales. In this paper, we discuss how the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and its Millennium Seed Bank have responded to this call in the United Kingdom. We demonstrate that banked seed collections can provide a range of otherwise-unavailable, high quality, known-origin, genetically-diverse biological materials. The data, expertise and specialist facilities that accompany these collections are also valuable, helping overcome constraints to the collection, production and effective use of native seed. Challenges remain - to ensure ex situ collections protect the species and genetic diversity that will enable plants to adapt to a changing environment, and to find new ways for seed banks to mobilise their resources at a landscape scale.
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