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Schäfer S, Tröger J, Kray J. Modern scores for traditional tests - Review of the diagnostic potential of scores derived from word list learning tests in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychologia 2024; 201:108908. [PMID: 38744410 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Episodic memory impairment is one of the early hallmarks in Alzheimer's Disease. In the clinical diagnosis and research, episodic memory impairment is typically assessed using word lists that are repeatedly presented to and recalled by the participant across several trials. Until recently, total learning scores, which consist of the total number of words that are recalled by participants, were almost exclusively used for diagnostic purposes. The present review aims at summarizing evidence on additional scores derived from the learning trials which have recently been investigated more frequently regarding their diagnostic potential. These scores reflect item acquisition, error frequencies, strategy use, intertrial fluctuations, and recall consistency. Evidence was summarized regarding the effects of clinical status on these scores. Preclinical, mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's Disease stages were associated with a pattern of reduced item acquisition, more errors, less strategy use, and reduced access of items, indicating slowed and erroneous encoding. Practical implications and limitations of the present research will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jutta Kray
- Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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2
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Masala C, Loy F, Pinna I, Manis NA, Ercoli T, Solla P. Olfactory Function as a Potential Predictor of Cognitive Impairment in Men and Women. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:503. [PMID: 39056696 PMCID: PMC11274230 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different previous studies indicated olfactory function as a predictor of several types of cognitive impairment, in particular related to neurodegenerative disease. However, scanty data are available on the role of odor threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), and odor identification (OI) as a predictor of cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential correlations between each factor of the olfactory function versus each specific cognitive domain of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test on healthy subjects in relation to gender and age. METHODS Sniffin' Sticks and MoCA tests were used to determine olfactory function and cognitive abilities, respectively. RESULTS In men, significant correlations were found in OT versus language index score and OI versus language and executive index score, while in women, OD and OI were correlated to visuospatial index score. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that olfactory function (OT, OD, and OI) may be considered a predictor for cognitive impairment in relation to gender and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (I.P.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (I.P.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Ilenia Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (I.P.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Nicoletta Aurora Manis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (F.L.); (I.P.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Tommaso Ercoli
- Neurological Unit, AOU Sassari, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (P.S.)
| | - Paolo Solla
- Neurological Unit, AOU Sassari, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (T.E.); (P.S.)
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Rani A, Bean L, Budamagunta V, Kumar A, Foster TC. Failure of senolytic treatment to prevent cognitive decline in a female rodent model of aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1384554. [PMID: 38813533 PMCID: PMC11133672 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1384554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
There are sex differences in vulnerability and resilience to the stressors of aging and subsequent age-related cognitive decline. Cellular senescence occurs as a response to damaging or stress-inducing stimuli. The response includes a state of irreversible growth arrest, the development of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with aging and age-related diseases. Senolytics are compounds designed to eliminate senescent cells. Our recent work indicates that senolytic treatment preserves cognitive function in aging male F344 rats. The current study examined the effect of senolytic treatment on cognitive function in aging female rats. Female F344 rats (12 months) were treated with dasatinib (1.2 mg/kg) + quercetin (12 mg/kg) or ABT-263 (12 mg/kg) or vehicle for 7 months. Examination of the estrus cycle indicated that females had undergone estropause during treatment. Senolytic treatment may have increased sex differences in behavioral stress responsivity, particularly for the initial training on the cued version of the watermaze. However, pre-training on the cue task reduced stress responsivity for subsequent spatial training and all groups learned the spatial discrimination. In contrast to preserved memory observed in senolytic-treated males, all older females exhibited impaired episodic memory relative to young (6-month) females. We suggest that the senolytic treatment may not have been able to compensate for the loss of estradiol, which can act on aging mechanisms for anxiety and memory independent of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Linda Bean
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Vivekananda Budamagunta
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas C. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Bakhit M, Fujii M. Gender Differences in the Cortical Distribution of Corpus Callosum Fibers. Cureus 2024; 16:e55918. [PMID: 38601409 PMCID: PMC11004854 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research on gender-based disparities in human brain structure has spanned over a century, yielding conflicting results and ongoing debate. While some studies indicate minimal distinctions, others consistently highlight differences in the corpus callosum (CC), even after accounting for average brain size. Methods Diverging from previous approaches, this study examines the morphology of the entire CC fiber rather than solely focusing on its midsagittal structure. Utilizing advanced neuroimaging techniques and generalized Q-imaging tractography, CC streamlines were constructed to assess gender differences in fractional anisotropy (FA), volume ratio, and cortical distribution. Student's t-test was employed to examine the disparities in FA between gender groups, while gender-based distinctions in the normalized volume of the CC and its segments were assessed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with absolute whole white matter volume serving as a covariate. Results No significant gender-based disparities were found in either FA or normalized CC volume. While females exhibited consistently larger normalized volume CC streamlines than males, these differences lost statistical significance after adjusting for absolute total white matter volume as a covariate. Nonetheless, CC streamlines in females displayed a broader spatial distribution, encompassing various cortical regions, including the bilateral prefrontal cortex (medial and lateral surfaces), as well as medial parietal and temporal regions. Conclusion This study elucidates gender-related variations in the morphology of the brain's white matter pathways, indicating a more widespread cortical distribution of CC fibers in females compared to males. However, the study underscores the need for further investigations into connectivity patterns to fully elucidate these gender-based disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masazumi Fujii
- Neurosurgery, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, JPN
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Sang F, Zhao S, Li Z, Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Cortical thickness reveals sex differences in verbal and visuospatial memory. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae067. [PMID: 38451300 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have reported the sex differences in behavior/cognition and the brain, the sex difference in the relationship between memory abilities and the underlying neural basis in the aging process remains unclear. In this study, we used a machine learning model to estimate the association between cortical thickness and verbal/visuospatial memory in females and males and then explored the sex difference of these associations based on a community-elderly cohort (n = 1153, age ranged from 50.42 to 86.67 years). We validated that females outperformed males in verbal memory, while males outperformed females in visuospatial memory. The key regions related to verbal memory in females include the medial temporal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and some regions around the insula. Further, those regions are more located in limbic, dorsal attention, and default-model networks, and are associated with face recognition and perception. The key regions related to visuospatial memory include the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and some occipital regions. They overlapped more with dorsal attention, frontoparietal and visual networks, and were associated with object recognition. These findings imply the memory performance advantage of females and males might be related to the different memory processing tendencies and their associated network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shaokun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yiru Yang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Ekem-Ferguson G, Tetteh J, Malm K, Yawson AO, Biritwum R, Mensah G, Yawson AE. Determinants of semantic and episodic memory decline among older adults in Ghana: Evidence from the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health Ghana wave 2. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2023; 2:100118. [PMID: 38515495 PMCID: PMC10953951 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2023.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Objective Determined factors associated with semantic (SM) and episodic memory (EM) among older adults aged 50 years and older in Ghana. Methods Data from WHO Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) Ghana Wave 2 was used for this study. Semantic memory (SM) and Episodic memory (EM) were the main study outcomes separately. The study employed Nested Ordinary Least Square regression analysis by sequentially adding 6 blocks of variables and comparison tests between the nested models. Results The study involved 3575 adult Ghanaians aged 50 years and older with a mean ± standard deviation of 62.6 ± 18.4 years. The overall mean ± SD of EM and SM were 5.86 ± 2.51 and 11.69 ± 8.59 respectively. Overall, analysis from block 6 showed a significant variation in SM by approximately 16.9%(ΔR2 = 1.17%) where increasing age, never married (β = -1.55; 95% CI = -2.41-0.69), being resident in Greater Accra (regional disparity) (β = -3.45; 95% CI = -4.73-2.20), underweight (β = -0.81;95% CI = -1.34-0.27), and moderate self-rated health (SRH) (β = -0.98; 95% CI = -1.52-0.45) significantly decreased SM. Similarly, increasing age, separated/divorced (β = -0.22; 95% CI = -0.35-0.87), being resident in Greater Accra (β = -0.53; 95% CI = -0.80-0.26), and moderate SRH (β = -0.20; 95% CI = -0.36--0.04) significantly decrease EM with an overall significant variation of approximately 22.9%(ΔR2 = 2.7%). Conclusions Increasing age, sex, marital status, regional disparity, and poor SRH significantly decreased both Semantic memory and Episodic memory. Higher educational attainment and life satisfaction significantly influenced SM and EM. These provide pointers to important socio-demographic determinants of SM and EM with implications for the implementation of the Ghana national ageing policy 2010, 'ageing with security and dignity', and as a key consideration for healthy ageing towards 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Tetteh
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Keziah Malm
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ghana Health Service, Ghana
| | - Anita Ohenewa Yawson
- Ground Floor Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anaesthesia, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Richard Biritwum
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Mensah
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Alfred Edwin Yawson
- Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Reekes TH, Higginson CI, Sigvardt KA, King DS, Levine D, Wheelock VL, Disbrow EA. Sex differences in Parkinson disease-associated episodic memory and processing speed deficits. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2023; 29:813-820. [PMID: 36971238 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to address a gap in the data on cognitive sex differences in persons living with Parkinson disease (PD). There is some evidence that cognitive dysfunction is more severe in male PD, however data on episodic memory and processing speed is incomplete. METHODS One hundred and sixty-seven individuals with a diagnosis of PD were included in this study. Fifty-six of those individuals identified as female. The California Verbal Learning Test 1st edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale 3rd edition were used to evaluate verbal and visuospatial episodic memory and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3rd edition was used to evaluate processing speed. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to identify sex-specific differences across groups. RESULTS Our results show that males with PD performed significantly worse than females in verbal and visuospatial recall as well as a trend for the processing speed task of coding. CONCLUSIONS Our finding of superior performance among females with PD in verbal episodic memory is consistent with reports in both healthy and PD individuals; however, females outperforming males in measures of visuospatial episodic memory is unique to PD. Cognitive deficits preferentially affecting males appear to be associated with frontal lobe-related function. Therefore, males may represent a disease subgroup more susceptible to disease mechanisms affecting frontal lobe deterioration and cognitive disturbances in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler H Reekes
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- LSU Health Shreveport Center for Brain Health, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | | | - Karen A Sigvardt
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David S King
- Clinical Functional Neuroscience Department, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Levine
- Clinical Functional Neuroscience Department, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Vicki L Wheelock
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Clinical Functional Neuroscience Department, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Disbrow
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- LSU Health Shreveport Center for Brain Health, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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8
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Hartman CA, Chen Q, Solberg BS, Du Rietz E, Klungsøyr K, Cortese S, Dalsgaard S, Haavik J, Ribasés M, Mostert JC, Libutzki B, Kittel-Schneider S, Cormand B, Vos M, Larsson H, Reif A, Faraone SV, Bellato A. Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in adult men and women with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a substantive and methodological overview. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105209. [PMID: 37149075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge on psychiatric comorbidity in adult ADHD is essential for prevention, detection, and treatment of these conditions. This review (1) focuses on large studies (n> 10,000; surveys, claims data, population registries) to identify (a) overall, (b) sex- and (c) age-specific patterns of comorbidity of anxiety disorders (ADs), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) in adults with ADHD relative to adults without ADHD; and (2) describes methodological challenges relating to establishing comorbidity in ADHD in adults as well as priorities for future research. Meta-analyses (ADHD: n=550,748; no ADHD n=14,546,814) yielded pooled odds ratios of 5.0(CI:3.29-7.46) for AD, 4.5(CI:2.44-8.34) for MDD, 8.7(CI:5.47-13.89) for BD and 4.6(CI:2.72-7.80) for SUDs, indicating strong differences in adults with compared to adults without ADHD. Moderation by sex was not found: high comorbidity held for both men and women with sex-specific patterns as in the general population: higher prevalences of ADs, MDD and BD in women and a higher prevalence of SUDs in men. Insufficient data on different phases of the adult lifespan prevented conclusions on developmental changes in comorbidity. We discuss methodological challenges, knowledge gaps, and future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina A Hartman
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit Skretting Solberg
- Child- and adolescent psychiatric outpatient unit, Hospital Betanien, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Ebba Du Rietz
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kari Klungsøyr
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Søren Dalsgaard
- NCRR - National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark; CIRRAU - Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway; Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeanette C Mostert
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Cognition, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Berit Libutzki
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bru Cormand
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Melissa Vos
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt - Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alessio Bellato
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Hirnstein M, Stuebs J, Moè A, Hausmann M. Sex/Gender Differences in Verbal Fluency and Verbal-Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:67-90. [PMID: 35867343 PMCID: PMC9896545 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221082116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Women are thought to fare better in verbal abilities, especially in verbal-fluency and verbal-memory tasks. However, the last meta-analysis on sex/gender differences in verbal fluency dates from 1988. Although verbal memory has only recently been investigated meta-analytically, a comprehensive meta-analysis is lacking that focuses on verbal memory as it is typically assessed, for example, in neuropsychological settings. On the basis of 496 effect sizes and 355,173 participants, in the current meta-analysis, we found that women/girls outperformed men/boys in phonemic fluency (ds = 0.12-0.13) but not in semantic fluency (ds = 0.01-0.02), for which the sex/gender difference appeared to be category-dependent. Women/girls also outperformed men/boys in recall (d = 0.28) and recognition (ds = 0.12-0.17). Although effect sizes are small, the female advantage was relatively stable over the past 50 years and across lifetime. Published articles reported stronger female advantages than unpublished studies, and first authors reported better performance for members of their own sex/gender. We conclude that a small female advantage in phonemic fluency, recall, and recognition exists and is partly subject to publication bias. Considerable variance suggests further contributing factors, such as participants' language and country/region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hirnstein
- Department of Biological and Medical
Psychology, University of Bergen
| | - Josephine Stuebs
- Department of Biological and Medical
Psychology, University of Bergen
- Department of Neuropsychology and
Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University
- Institute of Clinical Medicine,
University of Oslo
| | - Angelica Moè
- Department of General Psychology,
University of Padua
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10
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Skorve E, Lundervold AJ, Torkildsen Ø, Riemer F, Grüner R, Myhr KM. Brief international cognitive assessment for MS (BICAMS) and global brain volumes in early stages of MS - A longitudinal correlation study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104398. [PMID: 36462469 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is common in patients with multiple sclerosis, even in the early stages of the disease. The Brief International Cognitive Assessment for multiple sclerosis (BICAMS) is a short screening tool developed to assess cognitive function in everyday clinical practice. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between volumetric brain measures derived from a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination and performance on BICAMS subtests in early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS BICAMS was used to assess cognitive function in 49 MS patients at baseline and after one and two years. The patients were separated into two groups (with or without cognitive impairment) based on their performances on BICAMSs subtests. MRI data were analysed by a software tool (MSMetrix), yielding normalized measures of global brain volumes and lesion volumes. Associations between cognitive tests and brain MRI measures were analysed by running correlation analyses, and differences between subgroups and changes over time with independent and paired samples tests, respectively. RESULTS The strongest baseline correlations were found between the BICAMS subtests and normalized whole brain volume (NBV) and grey matter volume (NGV); processing speed r = 0.54/r = 0.48, verbal memory r = 0.49/ r = 0.42, visual memory r = 0.48 /r = 0.39. Only the verbal memory test had significant correlations with T2 and T1 lesion volumes (LV) at both time points; T2LV r = 0.39, T1LV r = 0.38. There were significant loss of grey matter and white matter volume overall (NGV p<0.001, NWV p = 0.003), as well as an increase in T1LV (p = 0.013). The longitudinally defined confirmed cognitively impaired (CCI) and preserved (CCP) patients showed significant group differences on all MRI volume measures at both time points, except for NWV. Only the CCI subgroup showed significant white matter atrophy (p = 0.006) and increase in T2LV (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS The present study found strong correlations between whole brain and grey matter volumes and performance on the BICAMS subtests as well as significant changes in global volumes from baseline to follow-up with clear differences between patients defined as cognitively impaired and preserved at both baseline and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Skorve
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Riemer
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre (MMIV), Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Renate Grüner
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre (MMIV), Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Van Etten E, Sumida C, Graves L, Holden H, Lopez F, Mustafa A, Gilbert PE. Age-related differences in memory for "who," "when," and "where" are detectable in middle-aged adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:733-745. [PMID: 33829947 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.1908513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our study examined age-related differences across the adult lifespan using a recently developed test assessing memory for "who, when, and where" in addition to associations among these elements. Young (ages 18-25), middle-aged (ages 40-55), and older adults (ages 60+) were asked to remember a sequence of pictures of different faces paired with different places and place the pairs in the correct sequence. Young adults remembered significantly mores face-place pairs in the correct sequence than middle-aged (p < .05) and older adults (p < .05), but there were no significant differences between middle-aged and older adults. Furthermore, young adults remembered significantly more face-place pairs irrespective of sequence than older adults (p < .05). However, there were no other significant differences among the groups.Using a rapidly administered test that integrates aspects of everyday episodic memory, we found evidence for age-related differences in test performance beginning in middle age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Van Etten
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Sumida
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lisa Graves
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heather Holden
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Lopez
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Mustafa
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paul E Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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12
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Lou F, Yang G, Cai L, Yu L, Zhang Y, Shi C, Zhang N. Effects of age, sex, and education on California Verbal Learning Test-II performance in a Chinese-speaking population. Front Psychol 2022; 13:935875. [PMID: 36092060 PMCID: PMC9454604 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II), is a commonly used tool to assess episodic memory. This study analyzed learning and memory characteristics in a cognitively healthy Chinese population, as well as the effects of age, sex and education on CVLT-II factors. In total, 246 healthy people aged 20–80 years and 29 persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) were included in this study and completed the CVLT-II. Factors including total learning, learning strategy, serial position effects, short-delay free and cued recall, long-delay free and cued recall, repetitions and intrusions during recall, hits and false positives of recognition, and total recognition discriminability were calculated. The effects of age, sex and education on these factors were analyzed using ANCOVA or independent two-sample t-tests and further confirmed by multiple regression analysis. The regression-based normative data were then computed by the equivalent scores method. Moreover, differences in learning and memory were compared between persons with MS and age-, sex- and education-matched healthy individuals. Most CVLT-II factors significantly differed between different age and education groups; in particular, better performance in total learning, recall, semantic clustering and recognition was observed in the younger and more educated groups than in the older and less educated groups. Male participants showed higher recency effect scores, more repetitions and fewer hits than female participants. Compared with healthy individuals, persons with MS showed extensive impairments in memory processes, such as learning, recall, learning strategy and recognition (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that verbal learning and memory were highly dependent on age and educational level but not strongly affected by sex. The CVLT-II effectively assesses episodic memory impairment in the Chinese-speaking population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghua Lou
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huang He Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guotao Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Cai
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lechang Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin TEDA Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuan Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuan Shi,
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Nan Zhang,
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13
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Aerobic Exercise with Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay Diet Promotes Brain Cells’ Longevity despite Sex Hormone Deficiency in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4146742. [PMID: 35419166 PMCID: PMC9001064 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4146742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the combined impact of aerobic exercise and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet on brain cells longevity in spite of sex hormones deficiency in obese postmenopausal women. Design A parallel randomized clinical trial. Subjects/Patients. Sixty-eight eligible postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to one of two groups, one experimental and one control. The participants' age ranged from 60 to 75 years, and their body mass index ranged from 30 to 39.9 kg/m2. Methods An experimental group whose members followed moderate-intensity treadmill exercise three times/week for three months with MIND diet and a control group whose members followed the MIND diet only. In addition to serum sex hormones, pre- and post-12-week assessments were performed to measure serum sex hormones as well as cognitive and functional levels. Results The experimental group showed after intervention highly significant changes (p < 0.01) in sex hormones, cognitive functions, and functional levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, no correlation was found between the measured variables in both groups after intervention (p > 0.05). Conclusion Aerobic exercise combined with the MIND diet improves cognitive and functional levels and substitutes sex hormones deficiency in postmenopausal women, which affects the longevity of brain health.
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14
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Nordfalk JM, Holmøy T, Thomas O, Nylenna M, Gulbrandsen P. Training physicians in providing complex information to patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e049817. [PMID: 35292486 PMCID: PMC8928319 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of a specific communication training for neurologists on how to provide complex information about treatment options to patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). DESIGN Single-centre, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. SETTING One university hospital in Norway. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four patients with early-stage MS. INTERVENTION A 3-hour training for neurologists on how to provide complex information about MS escalation therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient recall rate, measured with a reliable counting system of provided and recalled information about drugs. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Number of information units provided by the physicians. Effects on patient involvement through questionnaires. METHODS Patients with MS were instructed to imagine a disease development and were randomised and blinded to meet a physician to receive information on escalation therapy, before or after the physician had participated in a 3-hour training on how to provide complex information. Consultations and immediate patient recall interviews were video-recorded and transcribed verbatim. RESULTS Patient recall rate was 0.37 (SD=0.10) pre-intervention and 0.39 (SD=0.10) post-intervention. The effect of the intervention on recall rate predicted with a general linear model covariate was not significant (coefficient parameter 0.07 (SE 0.04, 95% CI (-0.01 to 0.15)), p=0.099).The physicians tended to provide significantly fewer information units after the training, with an average of 91.0 (SD=30.3) pre-intervention and 76.5 (SD=17.4) post-intervention; coefficient parameter -0.09 (SE 0.02, 95% CI (-0.13 to -0.05)), p<0.001. There was a significant negative association between the amount of provided information and the recall rate (coefficient parameter -0.29 (SE 0.05, 95% CI (-0.39 to -0.18)), p<0.001). We found no significant effects on patient involvement using the Control Preference Scale, Collaborate or Four Habits Patient Questionnaire. CONCLUSION A brief course for physicians on providing complex information reduced the amount of information provided, but did not improve patient recall rate. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN42739508.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Nordfalk
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital Neuroclinic, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Owen Thomas
- Health Services Research Unit HØKH, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Magne Nylenna
- Institute of Health and Society, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pal Gulbrandsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway
- Health Services Research Unit HØKH, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
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15
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Yildirim M, Gaynes BN, Keskinocak P, Pence BW, Swann J. DIP: Natural history model for major depression with incidence and prevalence. J Affect Disord 2022; 296:498-505. [PMID: 34624435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression is a treatable disease, and untreated depression can lead to serious health complications. Therefore, prevention, early identification, and treatment efforts are essential. Natural history models can be utilized to make informed decisions about interventions and treatments of major depression. METHODS We propose a natural history model of major depression. We use steady-state analysis to study the discrete-time Markov chain model. For this purpose, we solved the system of linear equations and tested the parameter and transition probabilities empirically. RESULTS We showed that bias in parameters might collectively cause a significant mismatch in a model. If incidence is correct, then lifetime prevalence is 33.2% for females and 20.5% for males, which is higher than reported values. If prevalence is correct, then incidence is .0008 for females and .00065 for males, which is lower than reported values. The model can achieve feasibility if incidence is at low levels and recall bias of the lifetime prevalence is quantified to be 31.9% for females and 16.3% for males. LIMITATIONS This model is limited to major depression, and patients who have other types of depression are assumed healthy. We assume that transition probabilities (except incidence rates) are correct. CONCLUSION We constructed a preliminary model for the natural history of major depression. We determined the lifetime prevalences are underestimated and the average incidence rates may be underestimated for males. We conclude that recall bias needs to be accounted for in modeling or burden estimates, where the recall bias should increase with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Yildirim
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering and Center for Health and Humanitarian Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bradley N Gaynes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pinar Keskinocak
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering and Center for Health and Humanitarian Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brian W Pence
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie Swann
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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16
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Sokołowski DR, Hansen TI, Rise HH, Reitlo LS, Wisløff U, Stensvold D, Håberg AK. 5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:742587. [PMID: 34867275 PMCID: PMC8637860 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aerobic exercise is proposed to attenuate cognitive decline in aging. We investigated the effect of different aerobic exercise interventions and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) upon cognition throughout a 5-year exercise intervention in older adults. Methods: 106 older adults (52 women, age 70-77 years) were randomized into high-intensity interval training (HIIT; ∼90% peak heart rate), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; ∼70% peak heart rate), or control for 5 years. The HIIT and MICT groups performed supervised training twice weekly, while the control group was asked to follow the national physical activity guidelines (30 min of physical activity/day). At baseline, 1-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up, participants partook in cognitive testing (spatial memory, verbal memory, pattern separation, processing speed, working memory, and planning ability), underwent clinical testing, and filled out health-related questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effects of the exercise group and CRF (measured as peak and max oxygen uptake) on each cognitive test. The effects of changes in CRF on changes in each cognitive test score throughout the intervention were also assessed. The associations between baseline CRF and cognitive abilities at the follow-ups were investigated using linear regressions. Results: There was no group-by-time interaction on the cognitive measures, and neither HIIT nor MICT participation was associated with better cognitive performance than control at any time point during the 5-year intervention. All groups increased their CRF similarly during the 1st year and subsequently declined back to baseline levels after 5 years. A higher CRF was associated with higher processing speed throughout the intervention while increasing CRF during the intervention was associated with better working memory and worse pattern separation. Higher CRF at baseline predicted consistently better processing speed and verbal memory performance. Conclusion: In this first 5-year randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of HIIT, MICT, and physical activity according to national guidelines on cognition, we observed no effect of exercise intervention group on cognition when compared to following the national physical activity guidelines. Still, the results showed that higher CRF and increasing CRF benefited multiple, but not all, cognitive abilities in older adults. Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT01666340].
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Sokołowski
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor I Hansen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henning H Rise
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Line S Reitlo
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Zhvania MG, Japaridze N, Tizabi Y, Lomidze N, Pochkhidze N, Lordkipanidze T. Age-related cognitive decline in rats is sex and context dependent. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136262. [PMID: 34560192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we had observed age-related cognitive decline in male rats compared to adolescent and adult rats. This was shown in both a multi-branched maze test (MBM), as well as in the Morris water maze test (MWM). In the present study, we compared the behavior of similar age groups in both male and female rats using the same paradigms. The results confirmed the increase in errors and time spent in MBM in aged male rats compared to other age groups. However, no such differences were observed in female rats. In the acquisition phase of MWM, aged male rats did not differ significantly from the other two groups in terms of time spent in quadrants, whereas aged female rats spent significantly more time in quadrants compared to the other 2 age groups. Aged male rats also travelled significantly more than the other 2 age groups during the acquisition phase, whereas no such differences were observed in female rats. In both short term (30 min post acquisition) and long term (24 h after acquisition) retrieval phases of MWM, significant gender-related differences were also observed in all age groups. These findings suggest gender- and context-dependent alterations in cognitive functions during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mzia G Zhvania
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 3/5 K/Cholokashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Neuron Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua Street, 9160 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Nadezhda Japaridze
- Department of Neuron Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua Street, 9160 Tbilisi, Georgia; School of Medicine, New Vision University, 1A Evgeni Mikeladze Street, 0159 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nino Lomidze
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 3/5 K/Cholokashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Pochkhidze
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 3/5 K/Cholokashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Neuron Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua Street, 9160 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Lordkipanidze
- School of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Ilia State University, 3/5 K/Cholokashvili Avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia; Department of Neuron Ultrastructure and Nanoarchitecture, Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua Street, 9160 Tbilisi, Georgia
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18
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Pruitt PJ, Tang L, Hayes JM, Ofen N, Damoiseaux JS. Age moderation of the association between negative subsequent memory effects and episodic memory performance. AGING BRAIN 2021; 1:100021. [PMID: 36911506 PMCID: PMC9997129 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2021.100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative subsequent memory effects in functional MRI studies of memory formation have been linked to individual differences in memory performance, yet the effect of age on this association is currently unclear. To provide insight into the brain systems related to memory across the lifespan, we examined functional neuroimaging data acquired during episodic memory formation and behavioral performance from a memory recognition task in a sample of 109 participants, including three developmental age groups (8-12, 13-17, 18-25 year-olds) and one additional group of older adults (55-85 year-olds). Young adults showed the highest memory performance and strongest negative subsequent memory effects, while older adults showed reduced negative subsequent memory effects relative to young adults. Across the sample, negative subsequent memory effects were associated with better memory performance, and there was a significant interaction between negative subsequent memory effects and memory performance by age group. Posthoc analyses revealed that this moderation effect was driven by a stronger association between negative subsequent memory effects and memory performance in young adults than children, and that neither children nor older adults showed a significant association. These findings suggest that negative subsequent memory effects may differentially support memory performance across a lifespan trajectory characterized by developmental maturation and support further investigation of this effect in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Pruitt
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 E. Ferry St., Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Lingfei Tang
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 E. Ferry St., Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave. 7th Floor Suite 7908, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Jessica M. Hayes
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 E. Ferry St., Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave. 7th Floor Suite 7908, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Noa Ofen
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 E. Ferry St., Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave. 7th Floor Suite 7908, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Jessica S. Damoiseaux
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 E. Ferry St., Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave. 7th Floor Suite 7908, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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19
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Chadjikyprianou A, Hadjivassiliou M, Papacostas S, Constantinidou F. The Neurocognitive Study for the Aging: Longitudinal Analysis on the Contribution of Sex, Age, Education and APOE ɛ4 on Cognitive Performance. Front Genet 2021; 12:680531. [PMID: 34326860 PMCID: PMC8314766 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The effects of normal cognitive aging on executive functions (EF), Verbal Episodic Memory (VEM) and the contribution of age, sex, education, and APOΕ ε4 in a group of old Greek Cypriots across a five-year period were investigated. Design: NEUROAGE, the first project on cognitive aging in Cyprus, is a prospective longitudinal study with a rolling admission process. Participants are assessed at baseline and retested every 24–30 months. Subjects: 170 participants completed all three testing cycles; 86 men and 84 women with ages ranging between 60 and 88 years (mean = 73.21, SD = 5.84); education, 2–20 years (mean = 9.07, SD = 4.27). Results: Α Repeated Measures Multivariate Analysis of Covariance was conducted with one between-subject factor: sex; two covariates: age and education, while Time (time 1, time 2, time 3) served as a within – subject factor. Time did not have an effect on mini mental status examination in Greek (MMSE), EF or VEM. Also, sex had no effect on MMSE, EF and VEM. There was no time by sex interaction. Age and Education significantly predicted the EF performance, F(1, 168) = 11.23, p < 0.05; F(1, 158) = 90.03, p < 0.001 and VEM performance, F(1, 171) = 17.22, p < 0.001; F(1, 171) = 61.25, p < 0.001. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction effect between time and education, for EF, F(2, 167) = 7.02, p < 0.001. Performance of the APOE ε4 carriers did not differ on any of the above measures as compared to performance of non-carriers in this older adult group. Conclusion: Cognitively healthy adults maintained overall cognitive performance across the five-year period. Male and female participants performed similarly and the pattern of change over time was similar across the two sexes. Education was predictive of VEM and EF performance across time. Furthermore, those with higher education maintained higher levels of EF performance. APOE results did not differentiate performance at baseline. Implications of findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Chadjikyprianou
- Department of Psychology and Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marilena Hadjivassiliou
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics and Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Savvas Papacostas
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, The University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fofi Constantinidou
- Department of Psychology and Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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20
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Hsu CCH, Huang CC, Tsai SJ, Chen LK, Li HC, Lo CYZ, Lin CP. Differential Age Trajectories of White Matter Changes Between Sexes Correlate with Cognitive Performances. Brain Connect 2021; 11:759-771. [PMID: 33858197 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aging is accompanied by a gradual deterioration in multiple cognitive abilities and brain structures. Both cognitive function and white matter (WM) structure are found to be associated with neurodegeneration diseases and correlated with sex during aging. However, it is still unclear whether the brain structural change could be attributable to sex, and how sex would affect cognitive performances during aging. Materials and Methods: Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were performed on 1127 healthy participants (age range: 21-89) at a single site. The age trajectories of the WM tract microstructure were delineated to estimate the turning age and changing rate between sexes. The canonical correlation analysis and moderated mediation analysis were used to examine the relationship between sex-linked WM tracts and cognitive performances. Results: The axon intactness and demyelination of sex-linked tracts during aging were multifaceted. Sex-linked tracts in females peak around 5 years later than those in males but change significantly faster after the turning age. Projection and association tracts (e.g., corticospinal tracts and parahippocampal cingulum) contributed to a significant decrease in visuospatial functions (VS) and executive functions (E). We discovered that there is a stronger indirect effect of sex-linked tracts on cognitive functions in females than in males. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the vulnerable projection and association tracts in females may induce negative impacts on integrating multiple functions, which results in a faster decrease in VS and E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chin Heather Hsu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chung Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kung Chen
- Center of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Zac Lo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Lundervold AJ, Vartiainen H, Jensen D, Haavik J. Test-Retest Reliability of the 25-item version of Wender Utah Rating Scale. Impact of Current ADHD Severity on Retrospectively Assessed Childhood Symptoms. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:1001-1009. [PMID: 31583933 DOI: 10.1177/1087054719879501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate test-retest reliability of the 25-item version of Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-25) and factors influencing retrospective reports of childhood behavior in adults with ADHD. Method: Eighty-five adults with ADHD and 189 controls completed the WURS-25 and the adult ADHD Self-Rating Scale (ASRS) at two time points (mean interval = 7 years) and provided information about dyslexia, somatic, and psychiatric disorders. Results: The correlation between WURS-25 scores at the two time points was strong, and reports from 60% of the adults with ADHD showed no change in severity level. Reports on the WURS-25 were positively associated with current ADHD symptoms at both time points and the presence of dyslexia and mood disorders, with the strongest association found among adults reporting the most severe WURS-25 score. Conclusion: Although our study showed an acceptable test-retest reliability of WURS-25, the substantial contribution from current ADHD symptoms to the WURS scores emphasizes the importance of collateral information from family members and others who knew the adult in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Henna Vartiainen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Jensen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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22
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Hilgarter K, Schmid-Zalaudek K, Csanády-Leitner R, Mörtl M, Rössler A, Lackner HK. Phasic heart rate variability and the association with cognitive performance: A cross-sectional study in a healthy population setting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246968. [PMID: 33647023 PMCID: PMC7920382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sympathovagal balance measured by heart rate variability is a core component of psychophysiological research. Through the close link of physiological and psychological aspects, often a reduced heart rate variability is associated with impaired cognitive function. A better understanding of the associations between cognitive and cardiovascular dysfunctions is necessary to prevent the manifestation of diseases. Therefore, this study investigated phasic heart rate variability using rest, anticipatory, stress, and recovery periods and the association with high and low cognitive performance in a generally healthy population setting. Methods 114 healthy individuals (40 males, 74 females) aged 20 to 70 participated in the cross-sectional study. The heart rate variability based on standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), and the root means square of successive differences (RMSSD), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio and its association with high and low cognitive performance measured by the California Verbal Learning Task II were examined. Results The results of this study indicate that the paradigm was successful in producing stress and showed a significant association between phasic heart rate variability (SDNN) and verbal episodic memory performance, irrespective of age and sex. Discussion The results of this study suggest that a reduced heart rate variability is associated with reduced cognitive function regardless of age and sex and seem to be an early indicator of sympathovagal disbalance. Conclusion This leads to the conclusion that differences between high and low cognitive performance might show differences in heart rate variability at an early stage, where no diseases are yet manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Hilgarter
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Karin Schmid-Zalaudek
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Csanády-Leitner
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred Mörtl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Centre Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Andreas Rössler
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Karl Lackner
- Division of Physiology, Otto Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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23
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Moustafa AA, Tindle R, Alashwal H, Diallo TMO. A longitudinal study using latent curve models of groups with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 350:109040. [PMID: 33345945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores how mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop over time. NEW METHOD: this study involves a new application of latent curve models (LCM) to examine the development trajectory of a healthy, MCI, and AD groups on a series of clinical and neural measures. Multiple-group latent curve models were used to compare the parameters of the trajectories across groups. RESULTS LCM results showed that a linear functional form of growth was adequate for all the clinical and neural measures. Positive and significant differences in initial levels were seen across groups on all of the clinical and neural measures. In all groups, the following measures increased slightly, or considerably, over time: Clinical Dementia Rating, Alzheimer's disease Cognitive Assessment, and Montreal Assessment Test for Dementia. In contrast, a slight or a greatly decreasing trajectory was observed on the following measures: Fluorodeoxyglucose, Mini-Mental State Exam, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test as well as Hippocampus, Fusiform and Entorhinal Cortex volume measures. However, a constant mean trajectory was seen on Cognition Self Report Memory and languages scores. COMPARISION WITH EXISTING METHODS: there are no prior studies that applied LCM on large AD datasets. CONCLUSIONS cognitive decline occurs in the cognitively normal (CN), MCI, and AD groups but at different rates. Further, some important cognitive, neural, and clinical variables that (a) best differentiate between CN, MCI, and AD as well as (b) differentially change over time in MCI and AD, which may explain disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- MARCS Institute for Brain and Behaviour & School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Tindle
- School of Psychology, Charles Stuart University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
| | - Hany Alashwal
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Thierno M O Diallo
- School of Social Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Statistiques & M.N., Canada
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24
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Skorve E, Lundervold AJ, Torkildsen Ø, Myhr KM. A two-year longitudinal follow-up of cognitive performance assessed by BICAMS in newly diagnosed patients with MS. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102577. [PMID: 33296975 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and may occur at any stage and with any subtype of the disease. Screening and monitoring of cognitive function should therefore be implemented into everyday clinical neurology practice. The Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) was developed for this purpose. Although several cross-sectional studies have validated BICAMS, longitudinal studies evaluating its use as part of a clinical follow-up routine are still lacking. OBJECTIVE To investigate cognitive function and trajectories of change assessed by the BICAMS test battery in a cohort of newly diagnosed relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients examined at baseline and after 12 and 24 months. METHODS BICAMS was used to assess cognitive function in 58 RRMS patients, who also filled in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC), and underwent standard neurological evaluations at baseline and at the two follow-ups. RESULTS A total of 27 patients (46.6%) were defined as cognitively impaired at baseline on at least one test, and 22 (37.9%) were defined as impaired at follow-up after 24 months. Throughout the study, 8 (13.8%) and 4 (6.9%) patients were consistently defined as impaired on two or three tests, respectively. The mean raw scores on two BICAMS subtests (SDMT and CVLT-II) improved significantly from baseline to the first follow-up, and then remained stable the next year, whereas the visual memory test (BVMT-R) were overall unchanged from baseline to the end of the study. The correlations between the scores on HADS, FSMC and the BICAMS subtests were non-significant at baseline, but weak to moderate negative correlations were found at the one- and two-year follow-ups. CONCLUSION The patients showed improved test results from baseline to the first follow-up examination, indicating that an effect of previous practise should be taken into account when interpreting the results. With results showing both trajectories of stability and change, our study supported the validity of including BICAMS as part of a clinical follow-up routine of RRMS patients. Anxiety, depression, fatigue and cognition should always be assessed at the same time to reveal interaction effects that are expected to affect the daily-life functioning of at least some of the RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Skorve
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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25
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Chen Y, Ma CN, Luo L, Yin J, Gao Z, Yu Z, Wan Z. The cross-sectional association between mean corpuscular volume level and cognitive function in Chinese over 45 years old: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243227. [PMID: 33270788 PMCID: PMC7714155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fewer studies have focused on the independent association between mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and cognitive performance. This study was designed to characterize the cross-sectional association between MCV and cognitive performance in a large sample of Chinese residents (age≥45 years) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 4023 male and 4173 female adults with MCV ≥ 80 fl were included for analysis. By multivariable linear regression analysis, for the total subjects, MCV level was significantly negatively associated with global cognitive function and episodic memory. When adjusted by sex, only in male subjects, higher MCV level was associated with reduced scores for global cognitive function, episodic memory and mental status. Via binary logistic regression analysis, the higher MCV level (MCV>100 fl) was associated with poor global cognitive function (OR = 1.601; 95% CI = 1.198–2.139; p = 0.001), episodic memory (OR = 1.679; 95% CI = 1.281–2.201; p<0.001), and mental status (OR = 1.422; 95% CI = 1.032–1.959; p = 0.031) for the whole participants. When testing this association by sex, the significant relationship between higher MCV level with worse episodic memory was observed both in male (OR = 1.690; 95% CI = 1.211–2.358; p = 0.002) and female (OR = 1.729; 95% CI = 1.079–2.770; p = 0.023) subjects; while the association between higher MCV level and poor global cognitive function (OR = 1.885; 95% CI = 1.329, 2.675; p<0.001) and mental status (OR = 1.544; 95% CI = 1.034, 2.306; p = 0.034) only existed in male subjects. Further studies are warranted to clarify the association between MCV level and cognitive performance by considering sex into consideration both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chen’Xi’ Nan Ma
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lan Luo
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jieyun Yin
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (ZY)
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (ZY)
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26
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Song M, Jahng S, Kim S, Kang Y. A Normative Study of the Full Version of Story Memory in the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd Edition: Expanded Version (K-MMSE-2: EV). Dement Neurocogn Disord 2020; 19:161-169. [PMID: 33377669 PMCID: PMC7781735 DOI: 10.12779/dnd.2020.19.4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd edition: Expanded version (MMSE-2: EV) involves an immediate recall (IR) of story memory (SM). A full version of SM has been developed and standardized; it includes delayed recall (DR) and recognition tests in addition to IR to increase its clinical utility as an independent story recall test. This study was conducted to provide norms for the full version of SM in the Korean version of MMSE-2: EV for clinical use. METHODS A total of 1,168 participants (496 males and 672 females) were included in the study. The ages ranged from 19 to 90 years, and the education level ranged from illiterate to post-graduate. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the relative contributions of demographic variables (age, education, and sex) on the SM measures. RESULTS We stratified age into 11 groups, and categorized the education level into 6 groups. It was found that the IR, DR, and recognition scores of SM were affected by age, education level, and sex. We provided corrected means and standard deviations of the IR, DR, and recognition scores of the SM for the demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the importance of considering demographic variables in interpreting the full version of SM measures. The normative data we have provided in this study should be useful in clinical and research settings for detecting the impairment in verbal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Song
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seungmin Jahng
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yeonwook Kang
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea.
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27
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Alsayyad E, Helmy AA, Kishk NA, Farghaly M, Ragab AH, El-Jaafary SI. Gender difference in health issues and cognitive functions among an Egyptian normal elderly population. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-020-0146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Aging is associated with changes in cognitive functions. However, many other factors may affect cognitive functions and this interaction needs further assessment.
Objectives
To detect gender differences in sleep quality, nutritional status, and health-related quality of life and their impact on performance in verbal fluency tasks among apparently healthy elderly.
Subjects and methods
The study was conducted on 102 normal aged subjects, 51 males and 51 females. Subjects were divided according to age into group ≥ 60 years and group < 60 years as a control. They were subjected to clinical assessment, Medical outcome study Short-Form 36-item Health Survey, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, mini nutritional assessment and Category Verbal fluency for animals and girls’ names.
Results
Among the older group, females had significantly poorer physical and mental health, sleep quality and nutritional status than males (p value 0.001, 0.003, 0.012, and 0.014, respectively). Older females had significantly lower performance in verbal fluency (girls’ names) compared to younger females (p value 0.013), but no significant gender difference was found among the older group. Verbal fluency tasks are correlated to the level of education in both males and females (r 0.392 and 0.42, p value 0.029 and 0.019, respectively), However, in older males, it is also correlated to sleep latency (r 0.41 and p value 0.021).
Conclusion
Older females had poorer sleep quality, lower health-related quality of life and lower nutritional status. No gender difference was found in verbal fluency tasks. Although no single variable could independently affect verbal fluency, education remains the main player in the difference in performance.
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Corboy H, Blanco-Campal A, Bates R, Bramham J, Libon DJ, Greene C. The development, validation and normative data study of the English in Ireland adaption of the Philadelphia repeatable Verbal Learning Test (EirPrVLT-12) for use in an older adult population. Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 34:83-109. [PMID: 32924790 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1815854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cultural adaptations of verbal serial list-learning tests such as the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and the Philadelphia (repeatable) Verbal Learning Test (P(r)VLT) have been shown to be clinically necessary. This paper aimed to culturally adapt, validate and provide normative data for an English in Ireland adaptation of the P(r)VLT, i.e. the EirPrVLT-12, in order to improve episodic memory assessments for Irish adults. Method: EirPrVLT-12 word lists were constructed using a word frequency study of Irish adults (n = 58). Two twelve-word, four-trial forms were constructed (standard and alternate form). A normative study included 145 participants who met strict inclusion criteria. Results: EirPrVLT-12 performance varied depending on age, gender, education, estimated IQ and socioeconomic status. Construct validity was established by correlations with other cognitive tests. Principal component analysis yielded a three-factor solution relating to general verbal learning, intrusions and interference. Normed EirPrVLT-12 scaled scores and percentiles stratified by age are available on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/vjzsp/, as are regression equations to predict individual scores based on age, gender and education. Conclusions: The data obtained underscores the clinical ultility of the EirPrVLT-12 to assess episodic memory in Irish older adults. Future research was recommended to validate the EirPrVLT-12 in a clinical population, extend normative data to younger populations and develop norms for the alternate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Corboy
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alberto Blanco-Campal
- Department of Psychiatry for the Older Person, Memory Clinic Services, Health Service Executive, Louth, Ireland
| | - Rachel Bates
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessica Bramham
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Libon
- Department of Geriatric and Gerontology, and the Department of Psychology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Ciara Greene
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Loper AJ, Ramos AA, Hamdan AC. Fidelity of visual long-term memory in the ageing process ( Fidelidad de la memoria visual a largo plazo en el proceso de envejecimiento). STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2020.1794715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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30
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Riphagen JM, Schmiedek L, Gronenschild EHBM, Yassa MA, Priovoulos N, Sack AT, Verhey FRJ, Jacobs HIL. Associations between pattern separation and hippocampal subfield structure and function vary along the lifespan: A 7 T imaging study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7572. [PMID: 32371923 PMCID: PMC7200747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern separation (PS) describes the process by which the brain discriminates similar stimuli from previously encoded stimuli. This fundamental process requires the intact processing by specific subfields in the hippocampus and can be examined using mnemonic discrimination tasks. Previous studies reported different patterns for younger and older individuals between mnemonic discrimination performance and hippocampal subfield activation. Here, we investigated the relationship between the lure discrimination index (LDI) and hippocampal subfield volume and activity across the adult lifespan (20-70 years old). Using ultra-high field functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T, we found that lower DG volume and higher CA3 activation was associated with worse LDI performance in individuals (>60 years), suggesting that this higher activation may be an indication of aberrant neurodegenerative-related processes. In fact, higher activation in the CA1 and DG was associated with lower volumes in these subfields. For individuals around 40-50 years old, we observed that greater left and right DG volume, and greater activity in the CA3 was associated with lower LDI performance. Taken together, these results suggest that the relationship between memory and hippocampal subfield structure or function varies nonlinearly and possibly reciprocally with age, with midlife being a critically vulnerable period in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost M Riphagen
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lisa Schmiedek
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ed H B M Gronenschild
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nikos Priovoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans R J Verhey
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi I L Jacobs
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO BOX 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Febo M, Rani A, Yegla B, Barter J, Kumar A, Wolff CA, Esser K, Foster TC. Longitudinal Characterization and Biomarkers of Age and Sex Differences in the Decline of Spatial Memory. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:34. [PMID: 32153384 PMCID: PMC7044155 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The current longitudinal study examined factors (sex, physical function, response to novelty, ability to adapt to a shift in light/dark cycle, brain connectivity), which might predict the emergence of impaired memory during aging. Male and female Fisher 344 rats were tested at 6, 12, and 18 months of age. Impaired spatial memory developed in middle-age (12 months), particularly in males, and the propensity for impairment increased with advanced age. A reduced response to novelty was observed over the course of aging, which is inconsistent with cross-sectional studies. This divergence likely resulted from differences in the history of environmental enrichment/impoverishment for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Animals that exhibited lower level exploration of the inner region on the open field test exhibited better memory at 12 months. Furthermore, males that exhibited a longer latency to enter a novel environment at 6 months, exhibited better memory at 12 months. For females, memory at 12 months was correlated with the ability to behaviorally adapt to a shift in light/dark cycle. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, conducted at 12 months, indicated that the decline in memory was associated with altered functional connectivity within different memory systems, most notably between the hippocampus and multiple regions such as the retrosplenial cortex, thalamus, striatum, and amygdala. Overall, some factors, specifically response to novelty at an early age and the capacity to adapt to shifts in light cycle, predicted spatial memory in middle-age, and spatial memory is associated with corresponding changes in brain connectivity. We discuss similarities and differences related to previous longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, as well as the role of sex differences in providing a theoretical framework to guide future longitudinal research on the trajectory of cognitive decline. In addition to demonstrating the power of longitudinal studies, these data highlight the importance of middle-age for identifying potential predictive indicators of sexual dimorphism in the trajectory in brain and cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brittney Yegla
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jolie Barter
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher A Wolff
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Karyn Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Conner MR, Adeyemi OM, Anderson BJ, Kritzer MF. Domain-specific contributions of biological sex and sex hormones to what, where and when components of episodic-like memory in adult rats. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2705-2723. [PMID: 31943448 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory involves the integration and recall of discrete events that include information about what happened, where it happened and when it occurred. Episodic memory function is critical to daily life, and its dysfunction is both a first identifiable indicator and an enduring core feature of cognitive decline in ageing and in neuropsychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Available evidence from human studies suggests that biological sex and sex hormones modulate episodic memory function in health and disease. However, knowledge of how this occurs is constrained by the limited availability and underutilization of validated animal models in investigating hormone impacts on episodic-like memory function. Here, adult female, adult male and gonadally manipulated adult male rats were tested on the what-where-when episodic-like memory task to determine whether rats model human sex differences in episodic memory and how the hormonal milieu impacts episodic-like memory processes in this species. These studies revealed salient ways in which rats model human sex differences in episodic memory, including a male advantage in spatial episodic memory performance. They also identified domain-specific roles for oestrogens and androgens in modulating what, where and when discriminations in male rats that were unlike those engaged in corresponding novel object recognition and novel object location tasks. These studies thus identify rats and the what-where-when task as suitable for investigating the neuroendocrine bases of episodic-like memory, and provide new information about the unique contributions that sex and sex hormones make to this complex mnemonic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan R Conner
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Brenda J Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mary F Kritzer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Williams ME, Graves LV, Van Etten EJ, Holden HM, Delano-Wood L, Bondi MW, Corey-Bloom J, Delis DC, Gilbert PE. The emergence of age-related changes in recognition memory in healthy middle-aged adults using the CVLT-II. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:854-863. [PMID: 31809687 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1700897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although age-related memory differences between young and older adults have been well documented, fewer studies have investigated memory changes in middle age. We examined the performance of healthy middle-aged adults (40-55 years of age; n = 32) in relation to healthy young (18-25 years of age; n = 57) and older adults (65+ years of age; n = 55) on variations of recognition discriminability (RD) indices derived from the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II). Middle-aged adults performed significantly worse (ps < .05) than young adults on multiple RD indices that incorporate semantically related distractor items, suggesting memory changes in middle age may be associated with increased susceptibility to semantic interference. Moreover, middle-aged adults performed comparably to older adults across all RD indices, indicating the recognition profile of middle-aged adults on RD indices more closely resembles that of older adults than young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mckenna E Williams
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa V Graves
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego , San Diego/La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily J Van Etten
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Heather M Holden
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego , San Diego/La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- Department of Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego , San Diego/La Jolla, CA, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System , La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark W Bondi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego , San Diego/La Jolla, CA, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System , La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jody Corey-Bloom
- Department of Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego , San Diego/La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dean C Delis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego , San Diego/La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul E Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California San Diego , San Diego/La Jolla, CA, USA
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Demographic and Lifestyle Factors and Memory in European Older People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234727. [PMID: 31783491 PMCID: PMC6926502 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate associations between demographic and lifestyle factors and memory performance in European people aged ≥60 years. Methods: Data from 23,641 people with a mean age of 70.2 (95 % CI 70.1–70.3) were analyzed and drawn from the fourth wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Generalized linear models were carried out to estimate the associations for both men and women. Memory performance was tested using two word-list learning tests with immediate and delayed recall in SHARE. Results: age, severe limitations in physical activities, and any past alcohol problem were all negatively associated with memory performance. Contrarily, education level, higher nonalcoholic fluid intake, and engagement in sports activities more than once a week and in activities requiring a moderate level of energy were all positively associated with memory performance. Smoking showed a significant negative association only in the immediate recall test for both men and women together, whilst long-term illness showed association only in the delayed recall. Alcohol consumption was positively associated with memory performance in women, but in men, it depended on the drinking frequency. Conclusions: Demographic and lifestyle factors are associated with memory performance in the older population.
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Siedlecki KL, Falzarano F, Salthouse TA. Examining Gender Differences in Neurocognitive Functioning Across Adulthood. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:1051-1060. [PMID: 31378214 PMCID: PMC7331091 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has shown that women have an advantage on verbal episodic memory and processing speed tasks, while men show an advantage on spatial ability measures. Previous work has also found differences in cognition across age. The current study examines gender differences in neurocognitive functioning across adulthood, whether age moderates this effect, and whether these differences remain consistent with practice across multiple testing sessions. METHOD Data from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project were used, which included participants between the ages of 18 and 99 years (N = 5125). Participants completed measures assessing five cognitive domains: episodic memory, processing speed, reasoning, spatial visualization, and vocabulary. RESULTS Results showed that gender was significantly related to memory, speed, and spatial visualization, but not to vocabulary or reasoning. Results of invariance analyses across men and women provided evidence of configural and metric invariance, along with partial scalar invariance. Additionally, there was little evidence that age or practice influenced the gender effect on neurocognition. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the previous research, these results suggest that there is a female advantage in episodic memory and processing speed, and a male advantage in spatial visualization. Gender was shown to influence cognition similarly across adulthood. Furthermore, the influence of gender remained the same across three sessions, which is consistent with the previous work that has shown that training does not differentially impact performance on spatial ability measures for females compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy A. Salthouse
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
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Verney SP, Suchy-Dicey AM, Cholerton B, Calhoun D, Nelson L, Montine TJ, Ali T, Longstreth WT, Buchwald D. The associations among sociocultural factors and neuropsychological functioning in older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Neuropsychology 2019; 33:1078-1088. [PMID: 31343235 PMCID: PMC8048411 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Valid neuropsychological assessment is critical to the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of diverse populations. American Indians and Alaska Natives experience substantial health disparities relative to the general U.S. POPULATION Given the dearth of studies on neuropsychological health in this population, we aimed to characterize neuropsychological performance among older American Indians with respect to age, sex, education, income, and language use. METHOD From 2010 to 2014, we recruited 818 American Indians aged 60 and older from the Cerebrovascular Disease and Its Consequences in American Indians Study, who comprised all of the surviving members of a cardiovascular study (Strong Heart Study). This cohort from 11 tribes resided on or near their home reservations in three geographic regions (Northern Plains, Southern Plains, and Southwest). Using a cross-sectional design investigating potential vascular brain injury, we administered a brief, targeted neuropsychological and motor function assessments. RESULTS Higher scores on neuropsychological tests were associated with younger age, female sex, more education, higher income, and less Native American language use. Similar associations were found for the motor tests, although men had higher scores on both motor function tests. After accounting for other sociocultural and health factors, age, sex, education, income, and Native American language use all had significant associations to the test scores. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may be used to guide research and inform clinical practice. The development of future normative studies for older American Indians will be more culturally appropriate when sociocultural factors are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Verney
- Department of Psychology and Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center
| | | | | | | | - Lonnie Nelson
- Institute for Education and Research to Advance Community Health
| | | | | | | | - Dedra Buchwald
- Institute for Education and Research to Advance Community Health
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Ousdal OT, Kaufmann T, Kolskår K, Vik A, Wehling E, Lundervold AJ, Lundervold A, Westlye LT. Longitudinal stability of the brain functional connectome is associated with episodic memory performance in aging. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:697-709. [PMID: 31652017 PMCID: PMC7268077 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain functional connectome forms a relatively stable and idiosyncratic backbone that can be used for identification or “fingerprinting” of individuals with a high level of accuracy. While previous cross‐sectional evidence has demonstrated increased stability and distinctiveness of the brain connectome during the course of childhood and adolescence, less is known regarding the longitudinal stability in middle and older age. Here, we collected structural and resting‐state functional MRI data at two time points separated by 2–3 years in 75 middle‐aged and older adults (age 49–80, SD = 6.91 years) which allowed us to assess the long‐term stability of the functional connectome. We show that the connectome backbone generally remains stable over a 2–3 years period in middle and older age. Independent of age, cortical volume was associated with the connectome stability of several canonical resting‐state networks, suggesting that the connectome backbone relates to structural properties of the cortex. Moreover, the individual longitudinal stability of subcortical and default mode networks was associated with individual differences in cross‐sectional and longitudinal measures of episodic memory performance, providing new evidence for the importance of these networks in maintaining mnemonic processing in middle and old age. Together, the findings encourage the use of within‐subject connectome stability analyses for understanding individual differences in brain function and cognition in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Kolskår
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Vik
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eike Wehling
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of physical medicine and rehabilitation, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arvid Lundervold
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars T Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low educational attainment is a risk factor for more rapid cognitive aging, but there is substantial variability in cognitive trajectories within educational groups. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that confer resilience to memory decline within educational strata. METHODS We selected 2573 initially nondemented White, African American, and Hispanic participants from the longitudinal community-based Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project who had at least two visits. We estimated initial memory (intercept) and the rate of memory decline (slope) using up to five occasions of measurement. We classified groups according to the educational attainment groups as low (≤5 years), medium (6-11 years), and high (≥12 years). We used a multiple-group latent growth model to identify the baseline predictors of initial memory performance and rate of memory decline across groups. The model specification considered the influence of demographic, socioeconomic, biomedical, and cognitive variables on the intercept and the slope of memory trajectory. RESULTS Our results indicated that the three educational groups do not benefit from the same factors. When allowed to differ across groups, the predictors were related to cognitive outcomes in the highly educated group, but we found no unique predictor of cognition for the low educated older adults. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight that memory-protective factors may differ across older adults with distinct educational backgrounds, and the need to evaluate a broader range of potential resilience factors for older adults with few years of school.
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Lundervold AJ, Halleland HB, Brevik EJ, Haavik J, Sørensen L. Verbal Memory Function in Intellectually Well-Functioning Adults With ADHD: Relations to Working Memory and Response Inhibition. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:1188-1198. [PMID: 25903587 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715580842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate verbal memory function with relation to working memory (WM) and response inhibition (RI) in adults with ADHD. Method: Verbal memory function was assessed by the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II), WM by the Paced Serial Addition Test, and RI by the Color-Word Interference Test from Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System in a sample of adults with normal to high intellectual function (IQ). Results: The ADHD group (n = 74) obtained lower scores than controls on measures of learning, recall, and immediate memory (CVLT-II). WM and RI explained a substantial part of verbal memory performance in both groups. A group to executive function (EF) interaction effect was identified for the total number of intrusions and false positive responses on the CVLT-II recognition trial. Conclusion: Verbal memory performance only partially overlaps with EF in intellectually well-functioning adults with ADHD. Both EF and verbal memory function should be assessed as part of a neuropsychological evaluation of adults with ADHD. (J. of Att. Dis. XXXX; XX(X) XX-XX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri J Lundervold
- 1 Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.,2 K. G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Helene Barone Halleland
- 1 Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.,2 K. G. Jebsen Center for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Norway.,3 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jan Haavik
- 4 Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,5 Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lin Sørensen
- 1 Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
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Kramer AO, Casaletto KB, Umlauf A, Staffaroni AM, Fox E, You M, Kramer JH. Robust normative standards for the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) ages 60-89: A tool for early detection of memory impairment. Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 34:384-405. [PMID: 31322042 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1619838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To detect cognitive "impairment," neuropsychologists rely on normative data to compare patient performance to "normal" peers. However, the true normality of normative samples may be called into question given the high prevalence of preclinical proteinopathies amongst clinically normal older adults. Given its common use in memory clinics, we aimed to develop a robust California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) normative standard reflecting only the most cognitively stable sample of older adults available.Method: Two hundred and twenty-eight older adults (mean age = 69.9, range = 60-89, 91% White, mean education = 17.6 years) who were clinically normal at baseline and demonstrated clinical stability on longitudinal assessment completed the CVLT at baseline. We applied a standardized algorithm to convert raw scores into normalized scaled scores and then regressed on age, sex, and education using fractional polynomial modeling.Results: There were significant main effects of age and sex across CVLT metrics, but not education. Means and standard deviations were higher and less variable in our robust normative data than the data used to create the CVLT-II and CVLT-3 normative standards.Conclusions: These norms set a higher standard for what should be considered "normal" in the spectrum of age-related memory changes and may help clinicians identify patients with memory and potential neurodegenerative changes in the earliest stages, further optimizing clinical management and clinical trial stratification. As with any standard, these robust norms are only appropriately utilized with patients that closely match the demographic profile of the individuals represented in the sample used for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail O Kramer
- San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Fox
- PGSP-Stanford Psy.D. Consortium, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michelle You
- San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Golchert J, Roehr S, Luck T, Wagner M, Fuchs A, Wiese B, van den Bussche H, Brettschneider C, Werle J, Bickel H, Pentzek M, Oey A, Eisele M, König HH, Weyerer S, Mösch E, Maier W, Scherer M, Heser K, Riedel-Heller SG. Women Outperform Men in Verbal Episodic Memory Even in Oldest-Old Age: 13-Year Longitudinal Results of the AgeCoDe/AgeQualiDe Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 69:857-869. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Golchert
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Roehr
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE – Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Luck
- Department of Economic and Social Sciences & Institute of Social Medicine, Rehabilitation Sciences and Healthcare Research (ISRV), University of Applied Sciences Nordhausen, Nordhausen, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Angela Fuchs
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Birgitt Wiese
- Work Group Medical Statistics and IT-Infrastructure, Institute for General Practice, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hendrik van den Bussche
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Christian Brettschneider
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Werle
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Bickel
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pentzek
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anke Oey
- Work Group Medical Statistics and IT-Infrastructure, Institute for General Practice, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Eisele
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weyerer
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Edelgard Mösch
- Department of Psychiatry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Scherer
- Department of Primary Medical Care, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Joint last authors
| | - Steffi G. Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health (ISAP), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Joint last authors
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Lundervold AJ, Vik A, Lundervold A. Lateral ventricle volume trajectories predict response inhibition in older age-A longitudinal brain imaging and machine learning approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0207967. [PMID: 30939173 PMCID: PMC6445521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In a three-wave 6 yrs longitudinal study we investigated if the expansion of lateral ventricle (LV) volumes (regarded as a proxy for brain tissue loss) predicts third wave performance on a test of response inhibition (RI). Participants and methods Trajectories of left and right lateral ventricle volumes across the three waves were quantified using the longitudinal stream in Freesurfer. All participants (N = 74;48 females;mean age 66.0 yrs at the third wave) performed the Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT). Response time on the third condition of CWIT, divided into fast, medium and slow, was used as outcome measure in a machine learning framework. Initially, we performed a linear mixed-effect (LME) analysis to describe subject-specific trajectories of the left and right LV volumes (LVV). These features were input to a multinomial logistic regression classification procedure, predicting individual belongings to one of the three RI classes. To obtain results that might generalize, we evaluated the significance of a k-fold cross-validated f1-score with a permutation test, providing a p-value that approximates the probability that the score would be obtained by chance. We also calculated a corresponding confusion matrix. Results The LME-model showed an annual ∼ 3.0% LVV increase. Evaluation of a cross-validated score using 500 permutations gave an f1-score of 0.462 that was above chance level (p = 0.014). 56% of the fast performers were successfully classified. All these were females, and typically older than 65 yrs at inclusion. For the true slow performers, those being correctly classified had higher LVVs than those being misclassified, and their ages at inclusion were also higher. Conclusion Major contributions were: (i) a longitudinal design, (ii) advanced brain imaging and segmentation procedures with longitudinal data analysis, and (iii) a data driven machine learning approach including cross-validation and permutation testing to predict behaviour, solely from the individual’s brain “signatures” (LVV trajectories).
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri J. Lundervold
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexandra Vik
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Arvid Lundervold
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Cornelis MC, Wang Y, Holland T, Agarwal P, Weintraub S, Morris MC. Age and cognitive decline in the UK Biobank. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213948. [PMID: 30883587 PMCID: PMC6422276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age-related cognitive decline is a well-known phenomenon after age 65 but little is known about earlier changes and prior studies are based on relatively small samples. We investigated the impact of age on cognitive decline in the largest population sample to date including young to old adults. METHOD Between 100,352 and 468,534 participants aged 38-73 years from UK Biobank completed at least one of seven self-administered cognitive functioning tests: prospective memory (PM), pairs matching (Pairs), fluid intelligence (FI), reaction time (RT), symbol digit substitution, trail making A and B. Up to 26,005 participants completed at least one of two follow-up assessments of PM, Pairs, FI and RT. Multivariable regression models examined the association between age (<45[reference], 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65+) and cognition scores at baseline. Mixed models estimated the impact of age on cognitive decline over follow-up (~5.1 years). RESULTS FI was higher between ages 50 and 64 and lower at 65+ compared to <45 at baseline. Performance on all other baseline tests was lower with older age: with increasing age category, difference in test scores ranged from 2.5 to 7.8%(P<0.0001). Compared to <45 at baseline, RT and Pairs performance declined faster across all older age cohorts (3.0 and 1.2% change, respectively, with increasing age category, P<0.0001). Cross-sectional results yielded 8 to 12-fold higher differences in RT and Pairs with age compared to longitudinal results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that declines in cognitive abilities <65 are small. The cross-sectional differences in cognition scores for middle to older adult years may be due in part to age cohort effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C. Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yamin Wang
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas Holland
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Puja Agarwal
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martha Clare Morris
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Brunet HE, Caldwell JZK, Brandt J, Miller JB. Influence of sex differences in interpreting learning and memory within a clinical sample of older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:18-39. [PMID: 30663493 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1566433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sex is an important factor to consider when evaluating memory with older adults. This present study aimed to examine sex differences in memory within a clinical sample of older adults (N = 1084). Raw learning and recall scores on the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Revised (HVLT-R) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Revised (BVMT-R) were compared between sexes within the entire sample and cohorts stratified by age. Within the entire sample, women outperformed men in HVLT-R learning and recall, and there were no sex differences in BVMT-R performance. These sex differences, however, were absent or reversed for those with impaired HVLT-R performance and functional deficits, indicating that women retain an early advantage in verbal memory, which is lost with greater indication of disease severity. These findings indicate that women retain an advantage in verbal learning and memory, at least before significant levels of impairment, within a sample of older adults seen at an outpatient neurology clinic, which may have implications for diagnosing memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Brunet
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Jessica Z K Caldwell
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Jason Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Justin B Miller
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, USA
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Graves LV, Moreno CC, Seewald M, Holden HM, Van Etten EJ, Uttarwar V, McDonald CR, Delano-Wood L, Bondi MW, Woods SP, Delis DC, Gilbert PE. Effects of Age and Gender on Recall and Recognition Discriminability. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 32:972-979. [PMID: 28334345 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recall and recognition memory abilities are known to decline with increasing age, yet much of the evidence stems from studies that used simple measures of total target recall or recognition. The California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) includes a new measure of recall discriminability that is analogous to recognition discriminability. These discriminability measures yield more thorough assessments of recall and recognition by accounting for intrusion and false positive errors, respectively. Research also has shown that women outperform men on verbal episodic memory tests. However, gender differences in recall and recognition discriminability and the age-by-gender interaction on these constructs have not been thoroughly examined. Method Cognitively healthy adults (N = 223) 18-91 years in age completed the CVLT-II. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine effects of age, gender, and the age-by-gender interaction on CVLT-II subtypes of recall and recognition discriminability. Results Discriminability scores decreased with increasing age, and women outperformed men. There was an age-by-gender interaction on total, immediate, and free recall discriminability - the negative association between age and scores was stronger in men than in women. Exploratory analyses revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between age and recall discriminability scores in women. Conclusions The present findings support and expand upon the extant literature on aging, gender, and verbal episodic memory, plus describe a novel age-by-gender interaction intrinsic to subtypes of recall discriminability. The findings suggest that methods traditionally used to assess recognition memory function can be used to elucidate age- and gender-related changes in recall ability across the adult lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V Graves
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
| | - Charles C Moreno
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Michelle Seewald
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Heather M Holden
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA
| | - Emily J Van Etten
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
| | - Vedang Uttarwar
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carrie R McDonald
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.,Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark W Bondi
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven Paul Woods
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Dean C Delis
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paul E Gilbert
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, 92120, USA.,Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
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Loprinzi PD, Frith E. The Role of Sex in Memory Function: Considerations and Recommendations in the Context of Exercise. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7060132. [PMID: 29857518 PMCID: PMC6028920 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7060132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that biological sex plays a critical role in memory function, with sex differentially influencing memory type. In this review, we detail the current evidence evaluating sex-specific effects on various memory types. We also discuss potential mechanisms that explain these sex-specific effects, which include sex differences in neuroanatomy, neurochemical differences, biological differences, and cognitive and affect-related differences. Central to this review, we also highlight that, despite the established sex differences in memory, there is little work directly comparing whether males and females have a differential exercise-induced effect on memory function. As discussed herein, such a differential effect is plausible given the clear sex-specific effects on memory, exercise response, and molecular mediators of memory. We emphasize that future work should be carefully powered to detect sex differences. Future research should also examine these potential exercise-related sex-specific effects for various memory types and exercise intensities and modalities. This will help enhance our understanding of whether sex indeed moderates the effects of exercise and memory function, and as such, will improve our understanding of whether sex-specific, memory-enhancing interventions should be developed, implemented, and evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Emily Frith
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
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Sousa A, Gomar JJ, Ragland JD, Conejero-Goldberg C, Buthorn J, Keehlisen L, Huey TE, Koppel J, Gordon ML, Christen E, Goldberg TE. The Relational and Item-Specific Encoding Task in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 42:265-277. [PMID: 27723653 DOI: 10.1159/000448170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Relational and Item-Specific Encoding task (RISE) measures episodic memory subcomponents, including item-specific and relational encoding of to-be-remembered stimuli. These memory components are neurobiologically relevant because they may engage distinct subregions of the medial temporal lobe, perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, parahippocampus, and hippocampus. METHODS A total of 125 participants, including 84 healthy controls (HC), 22 mild cognitive impairment-diagnosed and 19 Alzheimer disease (AD)-diagnosed participants, were administered the RISE and neuropsychological measures. Stepwise linear regressions assessed prediction of functional ability from RISE d' measures. ANOVAs and logistic regressions determined the ability of the RISE to discriminate between the diagnostic groups. In addition, the psychometric properties of the RISE were examined. RESULTS RISE measures predicted diagnosis with pseudo R2 values in the range of 0.25-0.30. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated adequate sensitivity and specificity with areas under the curve in the range of 0.78-0.98. Memory following relational encoding was a significant predictor of everyday functional competence. The RISE had acceptable psychometric properties, with the exception of floor effects in the AD group. CONCLUSION The RISE measures significantly predicted diagnosis and predicted everyday functional competence. The RISE offers unique advantages in the assessment of HC and individuals with preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Sousa
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, N.Y., USA
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Davis D, Bendayan R, Muniz Terrera G, Hardy R, Richards M, Kuh D. Decline in Search Speed and Verbal Memory Over 26 Years of Midlife in a British Birth Cohort. Neuroepidemiology 2017; 49:121-128. [PMID: 29145205 DOI: 10.1159/000481136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive capabilities change in later life, although their onset and rate of decline, and how they are shaped by lifetime socioeconomic position, childhood cognition and adult health status are all unclear. METHODS From the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, we analysed 3,192 participants undergoing one or more cognitive assessments at ages 43, 53, 60-64 and 69. Linear mixed models described cognitive trajectories, adjusting for factors across the life course. RESULTS For both search speed and verbal memory, better performance at age 43 (the intercept) was associated with higher paternal and own education, childhood cognition, and adult occupational class. For search speed, the trajectory was best described as a quadratic function (decline of 45.6 letters/5-years + 4.6 letters). Verbal memory showed a linear decline of 0.20 words/5-years between ages 43 and 60 and a steeper linear decline of 0.95 words/5-years between ages 60 and 69. Decline in verbal memory in the latter period was steeper in those with higher educational achievements at age 26 (additional 0.28 words/5-years for highest attainment). CONCLUSIONS Decline in verbal memory and search speed across midlife is evident, though with different non-linear trajectories. By implication, pathways to cognitive impairment and dementia in older age may have their origins in this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Davis
- MRC Unit of Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Bendayan
- MRC Unit of Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Unit of Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit of Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit of Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, United Kingdom
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Hansen TI, Olsen SE, Haferstrom ECD, Sand T, Frier BM, Håberg AK, Bjørgaas MR. Cognitive deficits associated with impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:971-979. [PMID: 28280899 PMCID: PMC5423963 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to compare cognitive function in adults with type 1 diabetes who have impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia with those who have normal awareness of hypoglycaemia. A putative association was sought between cognitive test scores and a history of severe hypoglycaemia. METHODS A total of 68 adults with type 1 diabetes were included: 33 had impaired and 35 had normal awareness of hypoglycaemia, as confirmed by formal testing. The groups were matched for age, sex and diabetes duration. Cognitive tests of verbal memory, object-location memory, pattern separation, executive function, working memory and processing speed were administered. RESULTS Participants with impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia scored significantly lower on the verbal and object-location memory tests and on the pattern separation test (Cohen's d -0.86 to -0.55 [95% CI -1.39, -0.05]). Participants with impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia had reduced planning ability task scores, although the difference was not statistically significant (Cohen's d 0.57 [95% CI 0, 1.14]). Frequency of exposure to severe hypoglycaemia correlated with the number of cognitive tests that had not been performed according to instructions. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia was associated with diminished learning, memory and pattern separation. These cognitive tasks all depend on the hippocampus, which is vulnerable to neuroglycopenia. The findings suggest that hypoglycaemia contributes to the observed correlation between impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia and impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor I Hansen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sandra E Olsen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elise C D Haferstrom
- Department of Radiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Sand
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Brian M Frier
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Asta K Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Radiology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit R Bjørgaas
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, PO Box 8905, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Endocrinology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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50
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Alioto AG, Kramer JH, Borish S, Neuhaus J, Saloner R, Wynn M, Foley JM. Long-term test-retest reliability of the California Verbal Learning Test - second edition. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 31:1449-1458. [PMID: 28387582 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1310300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging is often associated with declines in episodic memory. Reliable tracking of memory requires assessment instruments that are stable over time to better understand changes potentially attributable to neurodegenerative disease. While prior studies support the test-retest reliability of memory instruments over brief intervals, follow-up testing in clinical settings typically occurs at least one-year later. The present study evaluated the long-term test-retest reliability of the California Verbal Learning Test - second edition (CVLT-2), a widely used measure of episodic learning and memory. METHOD One hundred and fifty seven healthy older adults (mean age = 68.47 years; education = 17.28 years) underwent repeat assessment at an average of 1.30 years apart. Participants underwent repeat assessment using either parallel or alternate forms at follow-up. We utilized a standardized regression-based (SRB) approach to determine statistically significant changes in test scores over time. RESULTS This study revealed modest 1-year test-retest correlation coefficients for the primary CVLT-2 measures (range = .57-.69) Results of SRB formulae are provided to assist clinicians with defining clinically relevant cognitive change on the CVLT-2 while controlling for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study support repeat test administration of the CVLT-2 over longer periods, and may enhance its applicability in determining longitudinal change in memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Alioto
- a Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- a Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Sarah Borish
- a Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - John Neuhaus
- a Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Rowan Saloner
- a Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Matthew Wynn
- a Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jessica M Foley
- a Department of Neurology , University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco , CA , USA
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