1
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Vivaldi RA, Rose SE. A cross-cultural study of children's graphic representations of men- and women-dominated occupations. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 42:461-477. [PMID: 38924547 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Occupational gender stereotypes develop from early age and contribute to occupational gender imbalance. Previous research used questionnaires or interviews to investigate children's explicit stereotypes and where drawings have been used, mostly men-dominated occupations have been considered. This study used drawings and interviews to assess implicit stereotypes of both men and women-dominated occupations and whether children's sex, age and cultural background predicted these stereotypes. Two hundred and forty-three 6-to-7-year-olds and 10-to-11-year-olds in Britain and Argentina-encompassing both Global South and Global North perspectives- drew five human figures: (i) person of their choice, (ii) dancer, (iii) nanny (iv) firefighter and (v) pilot. In interviews, children confirmed and justified their gender choices for each drawing. Results indicate gender stereotypes in children from both countries, especially towards women-dominated occupations. Girls exhibited more rigid gender views than boys. These findings suggest widespread and culturally consistent occupational gender stereotypes, potentially limiting children's future job choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina A Vivaldi
- Department of Psychology, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Sarah E Rose
- Department of Psychology, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire, UK
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2
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Scott D, Derrett S, Rupel VP, Jelsma J, Gurung G, Oduro GY, Withey-Rila C. He/She/They - gender inclusivity in developing and using health-related questionnaires: a scoping review. Qual Life Res 2024:10.1007/s11136-024-03765-2. [PMID: 39207629 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-024-03765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To ensure the recognition and participation of all potential respondents in health research, surveys and care, including LGBTQIA + broadly, and trans people, specifically, the use of inclusive language should be considered. This scoping review aimed to identify and describe strategies considered for gender inclusivity in development and use of health questionnaires and Patient Reported Outcomes Measures (PROMs). METHODS A systematic search of peer reviewed publications between January 2000 and September 2022 was conducted in Scopus, ProQuest Central, Ovid Medline (PubMed and EBSCO). Two reviewers independently screened identified publications titles and abstracts, followed by full text screening and data extraction from eligible articles. RESULTS The search of over 5000 publications, retained 18; most acknowledged gaps in representation and advocated for gender-inclusive language. Eight articles discussed exclusion from health care and health research for gender minority groups due to the use of gendered language. Improved reliability, validity and response rates were associated with the use of gender-neutral language in seven articles. Only one article reported finding irritation among cisgender males when non-binary gender response options were used. One paper, focussing on instruments for Rheumatoid Arthritis, discussed gaps in representation if diverse gender identities were not considered when developing PROMs. CONCLUSION This scoping review points to the importance of adopting gender-inclusive language in health questionnaires and surveys to reduce the risk of excluding gender minority groups. Despite finding very few specific examples of how others have used gender-inclusive language in health questionnaires, many strengths of gender-inclusive language usage were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Scott
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Sarah Derrett
- Ngāi Tahu Māori Health Research Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Jennifer Jelsma
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gagan Gurung
- Department of General Practice and Rural Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Health New Zealand, Te Whatu Ora, National Public Health Service, Te Waipounamu, New Zealand
| | - Georgina Yaa Oduro
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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3
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Ribeiro G, Nitschke FT. Jurors' perceptions of transgender victims of sexual assault: A literature review of empirical research and policy review of judicial instructions. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2024. [PMID: 39199009 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Sexual assault affects many people of all gender identities, yet most cases do not result in conviction. This may be due to common, inaccurate misperceptions juries hold about how sexual assault is perpetrated and how victims respond to sexual assault. Research has examined misperceptions relating to cisgender victims, yet little is known about the unique misconceptions and stereotypes that may unfairly disadvantage transgender victims or whether courts are attempting to safeguard against them. This article presents a literature review of empirical research on (mock) jurors' perceptions of transgender victims and a review of judicial instructions about gender identity. We find that empirical research is extremely limited with mixed findings, but many jurisdictions allow for judicial instructions warning jurors against prejudice based on gender identity. Further research is urgently needed to identify common misperceptions jurors may have that are specific to transgender victims to inform legal safeguards and improve justice outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Ribeiro
- School of Law and Justice, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Faye T Nitschke
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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4
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Liu L, Qian J, Zheng W. Anxiety in the family: A five-wave random-intercept cross-lagged panel analysis of dynamic reciprocal associations between father, mother, and child anxiety. FAMILY PROCESS 2024. [PMID: 39096040 DOI: 10.1111/famp.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
This five-wave longitudinal study examined the between- and within-family dynamic associations between father, mother, and child anxiety and the moderating effects of child gender in Chinese culture. Five hundred and twenty-two father-mother dyads of children (59% boys; Mage T1 = 8.34 years) completed measures of father, mother, and child anxiety at five time points, 6 months apart. Between-family associations suggested that children whose parents had more anxiety symptoms showed higher anxiety levels, and mothers or fathers whose partners had more anxiety symptoms showed higher anxiety levels. At the within-family level, after periods with higher child anxiety symptoms, mothers reported higher anxiety symptoms and vice versa. However, no reciprocal associations were found between father and child anxiety and between father and mother anxiety. Finally, the associations between father, mother, and child anxiety did not differ across boys and girls. Our findings highlight the importance of distinguishing among between-family and within-family associations and help to develop effective programs to prevent anxiety disorders in families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxuan Qian
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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5
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Merrill BM, Hare MM, Piscitello J, Schatz NK, Fabiano GA, Wells EL, Robertson EL, Aloe AM, Pelham WE, Macphee F, Ramos M, Zhao X, Altszuler AR, Javadi N, Morris SSJ, Smyth A, Ward L, Jones HA. Diversity and representation in ADHD psychosocial treatment research: A comprehensive synthesis with data from over 10,000 participants. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 112:102461. [PMID: 38945033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Demographic data from nearly 50 years of treatment research for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are synthesized. Comprehensive search identified ADHD treatment studies that were between-group designs, included a psychosocial, evidence-based treatment, and were conducted in the United States. One hundred and twenty-six studies that included 10,604 youth were examined. Reporting of demographics varied with 48% of studies (k = 61) reporting ethnicity, 73% (k = 92) reporting race, 80% (k = 101) reporting age (M age = 8.81, SD = 2.82), and 88% (k = 111) reporting gender. Most participants identified as non-Hispanic/Latine (15.99% Hispanic/Latine), White (62.54%), and boys (74.39%; 24.47% girls). Since the 1970s, zero youth in ADHD treatment studies identified as Middle Eastern/North African, 0.1% were American Indian/Alaskan Native or Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander, 1.77% were Asian, 15.10% were Black, and 3.14% were Multiracial. Based on publication year, the proportions of girls, racially minoritized youth, and Hispanic/Latine youth included in ADHD treatment research have increased over time. Girls, non-binary and non-cisgender youth, young children, adolescents, Hispanic/Latine youth, and youth from all racial groups other than White are underrepresented in ADHD treatment research. Research gaps are discussed, and recommendations for comprehensive demographic reporting in child and adolescent psychological research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Merrill
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
| | - Megan M Hare
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Piscitello
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Nicole K Schatz
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Fabiano
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Erica L Wells
- Pediatric Psychology Associates, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Emily L Robertson
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Ariel M Aloe
- Center for Advanced Studies in Measurement and Assessment (CASMA) Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - William E Pelham
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Fiona Macphee
- Evidence Based Treatment Centers of Seattle (EBTCS), Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Marcela Ramos
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Xin Zhao
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Amy R Altszuler
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Natalie Javadi
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Stephanie S J Morris
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Smyth
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Leah Ward
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Heather A Jones
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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6
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Goh T, Hope C, Devenish L, Barrett MS, Canham N, Burke RL, Hall C. Beyond the gender binary: a survey of gender marginalization and social boundaries in Australian jazz and improvisation. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1412511. [PMID: 39105147 PMCID: PMC11299115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Jazz and improvisation have typically been associated with ideals of freedom and liberty; however, in practice these genres are known to be constrained by entrenched patterns of male domination and gender discrimination. Despite a large number of qualitative accounts evidencing persistent sexism and gender exclusion in the field, there exists a lack of empirical data to assess the scale of this phenomenon and substantiate smaller-scale research on gender inequality. In this paper, we employ boundary theory to report on a quantitative investigation of gender marginalization in jazz and improvisation in the Australian context, positioning gender as a symbolic boundary resulting in the social exclusion and marginalization of gender diverse individuals and women. An anonymous survey (n=124) was run over a period of five months, to explore the beliefs, attitudes, and experiences concerning gender, of people participating in Australian jazz and improvisation. A means comparison found that gender was a statistically significant indicator (p ≤0.05) on almost all measures, with gender diverse respondents significantly more likely to report the effects of marginalization than their (cisgender) counterparts. Additionally, the results indicated contrasting forms of musical engagement and marginalization across gender groups, with women perceiving exclusion to a lesser extent than gender diverse practitioners, and differing in their opinions regarding work opportunities. Lastly, a widespread but historically unspoken awareness of sexual harassment in the Australian jazz and improvisation industry was reported by all genders. This paper concludes with three recommendations for future research, policy and practice: 1. Specific targeted strategies are needed to address the manifold and complex forms of marginalization experienced by gender diverse people; 2. Heightened institutional visibility for marginalized groups is needed to change gendered narratives and highlight awareness of inequities; and 3. Enhanced safety measures are critically needed to address sexual harassment throughout the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talisha Goh
- Sir Zelman Cowen School of Music and Performance, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Cat Hope
- Sir Zelman Cowen School of Music and Performance, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Devenish
- Sir Zelman Cowen School of Music and Performance, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret S. Barrett
- Sir Zelman Cowen School of Music and Performance, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole Canham
- Sir Zelman Cowen School of Music and Performance, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert L. Burke
- Sir Zelman Cowen School of Music and Performance, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare Hall
- Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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7
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Jackson EF, Bussey K. Conceptualizing transgender experiences in psychology: Do we have a 'true' gender? Br J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 39016149 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Psychological research has acknowledged that the commonly accepted definitions of 'transgender', 'sex' and 'gender' within psychological research have resulted in limitations in accounting for the lived realities of transgender individuals. Such limitations include, but are not limited to, the continued pathologization of transgender experiences through idealizing sex and gender congruence and incapacity to account for non-normative and non-binary transition pathways. This paper provides a review of these limitations to first demonstrate how the incongruence definition of 'transgender' is reliant on the idea of a 'true' gender, and next suggest that problematising the idea of a 'true' gender allows new conceptions of transgender experiences to be advanced. To undertake this problematization, the work of Judith Butler and Sara Ahmed is used to consider how gender could be conceptualized otherwise in psychology and then applied to transgender experiences. In all, this paper theorizes transgender experiences without a reliance on the assertion of a true gender, to suggest instead a focus on contextualized transgender experiences. Last, the limitations and implications of this definition of transgender are briefly discussed. Overall, transgender experiences are conceptualized as those experiences that run counter to the dominant (re)production of binary sexed gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Jackson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kay Bussey
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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8
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Coffin T, Brower E, Adekar S. Contraception Requirements in Clinical Research Consent Forms: Assessing and Supporting Gender Inclusive Practices. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2024; 19:135-142. [PMID: 38462948 DOI: 10.1177/15562646241238301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Gender-diverse individuals are underserved in clinical research settings. Reliance on gendered language throughout the consent process for clinical research contributes to the marginalization of these populations. The research objective was to assess use of gender-inclusive language used to describe the contraception requirement in consent forms. We categorized and analyzed contraception language in 289 clinical trial consent forms using a deductive and summative content analysis approach. We found that 79% (n = 227) of consent forms contained gender-inclusive language, 80% (n = 231) used terms that fell under the biological sex language, and 91% (n = 264) used gendered language. No consent forms used exclusively gender-inclusive language and the majority 63% (n = 182) featuring a combination of all three language types. There were many consent forms which would have been entirely gender-inclusive language if section headings with references to biological-sex-specific contraceptives were excluded, suggesting that gender-inclusive language may be attainable with minor revisions.
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9
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Chuning AE, Durham MR, Killgore WDS, Smith R. Psychological Resilience and Hardiness as Protective Factors in the Relationship Between Depression/Anxiety and Well-Being: Exploratory and Confirmatory Evidence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2024; 225:112664. [PMID: 38706834 PMCID: PMC11067692 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Previous research shows depression and anxiety are negatively correlated with subjective well-being. Additionally, there is evidence psychological resilience positively influences well-being. The present study explored whether the relationship between depression/anxiety and subjective well-being might also be moderated by aspects of psychological resilience - such that depression and anxiety do not reduce well-being to the same extent in individuals high in psychological resilience traits. Participants from an exploratory sample (N = 236, Mage = 23.49) and confirmatory sample (N = 196, Mage = 24.99) completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety, well-being, resilience, and hardiness (i.e., CDRISC and DRS-15). As expected, results showed strong negative correlations between anxiety/depression and both well-being and resilience/hardiness, as well as positive correlations between well-being and resilience/hardiness. A significant interaction was also present between both resilience/hardiness and depression/anxiety in predicting well-being in the first sample. Results partially replicated in the confirmatory sample (i.e., for hardiness but not resilience). These findings add to prior work by highlighting hardiness (as measured by the DRS-15), one aspect of psychological resilience, as an important protective factor in mental health. Namely, results suggest individuals with symptoms of affective disorders may remain capable of living subjectively fulfilling lives if they possess traits of psychological resilience such as hardiness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research
- University of Arizona
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10
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Efstathiou M, Delicato LS, Sedda A. Emotional body representations: more pronounced effect of hands at a more explicit level of awareness. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1595-1608. [PMID: 38760470 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
To understand conditions such as body dysmorphic disorder, we need to understand healthy individuals' perceptual, conceptual, and emotional representations of their bodies. Not much is known about the differences in these representations across body districts, for example, hands, feet, and whole-body, despite their differences at sensory and functional levels. To understand this, we developed more implicit and explicit measures of body satisfaction for these body districts. Sixty-seven participants (age M = 30.66, SD = 11.19) completed a series of online Implicit Association Tests (IAT) and a Body Image Satisfaction Visual Analogue Scale (BISVAS; explicit) for each body district (hands/feet/whole body). The results show no differences in the more implicit level of awareness in hands, feet and whole body, while differences are apparent at a more explicit level of awareness, with higher scores for body image satisfaction for the hands than the whole body and marginally significant lower scores for feet than hands. Those findings suggest that visual attention, level of concern attributed to a body district, and disgust drivers are possible factors affecting the experience of attitudinal body image satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Efstathiou
- Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Louise S Delicato
- Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Sedda
- Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Kaya B, Boerner KE, Lord RC, Potter E, Dale C, Moayedi M. Body image, sex, gender, and pain: towards an improved understanding of pain mechanisms. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00637. [PMID: 38968443 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Batu Kaya
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katelynn E Boerner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R Cassandra Lord
- Department of Historical Studies, Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies Program, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Women and Gender Studies Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emery Potter
- Women's College Hospital, Department of Surgery, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Craig Dale
- University of Toronto, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Tory Trauma Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Massieh Moayedi
- Centre for Multimodal Sensorimotor and Pain Research, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Toronto Centre for the Study of Pain, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Perez-Brumer A, Valdez N, Scheim AI. The anti-gender threat: An ethical, democratic, and scientific imperative for NIH research/ers. Soc Sci Med 2024; 351 Suppl 1:116349. [PMID: 38825371 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Anti-gender campaigns in the United States and globally have promoted policies and legislation that significantly limit bodily autonomy for women, transgender, and nonbinary people. This attack on the human rights of women and gender-diverse communities not only reflects implicit and explicit bias but also detrimentally impacts population health and well-being. We outline the domestic and global rise of anti-gender campaigns and their deep historical connections to broader forms of discrimination and inequality to argue that there is an ethical, democratic, and scientific imperative to more critically center and contextualize gender in health research. While the inclusion of gender as a complex concept in research design, implementation, and dissemination is important, we emphasize that gender inequities must be understood as inextricable from other systems of discrimination and exclusion. To that end, this commentary outlines two actions: for researchers to advance critical approaches to gender as part of a broader landscape of discrimination, and for the US National Institutes of Health to integrate both sex and gender into funded research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Perez-Brumer
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health Sciences, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Natali Valdez
- Department of Anthropology and Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Yale University, United States; Department of Anthropology, Purdue University, United States
| | - Ayden I Scheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Canada
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13
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Spangler DP, Li EY, Revi GS, Kubota JT, Cloutier J, Lauharatanahirun N. The psychological costs of behavioral immunity following COVID-19 diagnosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9899. [PMID: 38688942 PMCID: PMC11061184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Prior COVID-19 infection may elevate activity of the behavioral immune system-the psychological mechanisms that foster avoidance of infection cues-to protect the individual from contracting the infection in the future. Such "adaptive behavioral immunity" may come with psychological costs, such as exacerbating the global pandemic's disruption of social and emotional processes (i.e., pandemic disruption). To investigate that idea, we tested a mediational pathway linking prior COVID infection and pandemic disruption through behavioral immunity markers, assessed with subjective emotional ratings. This was tested in a sample of 734 Mechanical Turk workers who completed study procedures online during the global pandemic (September 2021-January 2022). Behavioral immunity markers were estimated with an affective image rating paradigm. Here, participants reported experienced disgust/fear and appraisals of sickness/harm risk to images varying in emotional content. Participants self-reported on their previous COVID-19 diagnosis history and level of pandemic disruption. The findings support the proposed mediational pathway and suggest that a prior COVID-19 infection is associated with broadly elevated threat emotionality, even to neutral stimuli that do not typically elicit threat emotions. This elevated threat emotionality was in turn related to disrupted socioemotional functioning within the pandemic context. These findings inform the psychological mechanisms that might predispose COVID survivors to mental health difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P Spangler
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Evaline Y Li
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabriela S Revi
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer T Kubota
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jasmin Cloutier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Martin S, Ancillotti M, Slokenberga S, Matar A. A comparative ethical analysis of the Egyptian clinical research law. BMC Med Ethics 2024; 25:48. [PMID: 38689214 PMCID: PMC11059645 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-024-01040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we examined the ethical implications of Egypt's new clinical trial law, employing the ethical framework proposed by Emanuel et al. and comparing it to various national and supranational laws. This analysis is crucial as Egypt, considered a high-growth pharmaceutical market, has become an attractive location for clinical trials, offering insights into the ethical implementation of bioethical regulations in a large population country with a robust healthcare infrastructure and predominantly treatment-naïve patients. METHODS We conducted a comparative analysis of Egyptian law with regulations from Sweden and France, including the EU Clinical Trials Regulation, considering ethical human subject research criteria, and used a directed approach to qualitative content analysis to examine the laws and regulations. This study involved extensive peer scrutiny, frequent debriefing sessions, and collaboration with legal experts with relevant international legal expertise to ensure rigorous analysis and interpretation of the laws. RESULTS On the rating of the seven different principles (social and scientific values, scientific validity, fair selection of participants, risk-benefit ratio, independent review, informed consent and respect for participants) Egypt, France, and EU regulations had comparable scores. Specific principles (Social Value, Scientific Value, and Fair selection of participants) were challenging to directly identify due to certain regulations embodying 'implicit' principles more than explicitly stated ones. CONCLUSION The analysis underscores Egypt's alignment with internationally recognized ethical principles, as outlined by Emanuel et al., through its comparison with French, Swedish, and EU regulations, emphasizing the critical need for Egypt to continuously refine its ethical regulations to safeguard participant protection and research integrity. Key issues identified include the necessity to clarify and standardize the concept of social value in research, alongside concerns regarding the expertise and impartiality of ethical review boards, pointing towards a broader agenda for enhancing research ethics in Egypt and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Martin
- Center for Research and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mirko Ancillotti
- Center for Research and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Amal Matar
- Center for Research and Bioethics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Department, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Lonnen E, Paskell R. Gender, sex and complex PTSD clinical presentation: a systematic review. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2320994. [PMID: 38506757 PMCID: PMC10956909 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2320994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence and clinical presentation reportedly vary with gender and/or sex. Equivalent complex PTSD (CPTSD) research is in its relative infancy and to date no systematic review has been conducted on this topic.Objective: To systematically review the literature and provide a narrative addressing the question of whether gender and/or sex differences exist in CPTSD prevalence and clinical presentation.Method: Embase, PsycINFO, PTSDpubs, PubMed, Web of Science, EThOS and Google Scholar were searched. Twelve papers were eligible for inclusion. Data were extracted and synthesised narratively.Results: Four themes were identified: (i) the reporting of gender and/or sex; (ii) index trauma; (iii) CPTSD prevalence rates; and (iv) CPTSD clinical presentation. Findings were mixed. Nine papers reported prevalence rates: eight found no gender and/or sex differences; one found higher diagnostic rates among women and/or females. Four papers reported clinical presentation: one reported higher cluster-level scores among women and/or females; two used single gender and/or sex samples; and one found higher scores in two clusters in men and/or males. Most papers failed to report in gender- and/or sex-sensitive ways.Conclusions: Gender- and sex-sensitive research and clinical practice is needed. Awareness in research and clinical practice is recommended regarding the intersect between identity and the experience and expression of complex trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Lonnen
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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16
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Kodagoda Gamage MW, Pu L, Todorovic M, Moyle W. Factors related to nurses' beliefs regarding pain assessment in people living with dementia. J Clin Nurs 2024. [PMID: 38459722 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.17093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate registered nurses' beliefs and related factors regarding pain assessment in people living with dementia. DESIGN A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted between July 2022 and April 2023. METHODS An online survey comprised of demographics, knowledge scale, and beliefs scale relating to pain assessment in dementia was distributed to registered nurses (RNs) caring for people living with dementia in Australia. RESULTS RNs (N = 131) completed the survey. Most respondents were females (87.0%) and self-identified as Caucasian (60.3%). The mean beliefs score was 72.60 (±6.39) out of a maximum possible score of 95. RNs' beliefs about pain assessment varied based on their education, dementia pain assessment knowledge, nursing experience, and ethnicity. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed factors significantly related to the beliefs score (i.e. education and dementia pain assessment knowledge). CONCLUSION The relationship between education and knowledge, and the beliefs score indicates the potential to improve RNs' knowledge and overcome their erroneous beliefs about pain assessment in dementia. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE Education and training in assessing pain in people living with dementia should be tailored to overcome RNs' misconceived beliefs. These programmes should be integrated into continuous learning programmes. IMPACT Some RNs' beliefs about pain assessment in dementia were not evidence-based, and knowledge and educational status were the strongest factors related to RNs' beliefs. RNs' erroneous beliefs about pain assessment in dementia need to be addressed to improve pain assessment and management. Researchers should explore the potential of educational interventions to overcome RNs' misconceived beliefs about pain assessment in dementia. REPORTING METHOD This study was reported adhering to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION RNs caring for people living with dementia participated as survey respondents. Additionally, RNs were involved in the pre-testing of the study's survey instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madushika Wishvanie Kodagoda Gamage
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka
| | - Lihui Pu
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Todorovic
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Australia
| | - Wendy Moyle
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nathan, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Zhang IY, Izad T, Cartmill EA. Embodying Similarity and Difference: The Effect of Listing and Contrasting Gestures During U.S. Political Speech. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13428. [PMID: 38528790 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Public speakers like politicians carefully craft their words to maximize the clarity, impact, and persuasiveness of their messages. However, these messages can be shaped by more than words. Gestures play an important role in how spoken arguments are perceived, conceptualized, and remembered by audiences. Studies of political speech have explored the ways spoken arguments are used to persuade audiences and cue applause. Studies of politicians' gestures have explored the ways politicians illustrate different concepts with their hands, but have not focused on gesture's potential as a tool of persuasion. Our paper combines these traditions to ask first, how politicians gesture when using spoken rhetorical devices aimed at persuading audiences, and second, whether these gestures influence the ways their arguments are perceived. Study 1 examined two rhetorical devices-contrasts and lists-used by three politicians during U.S. presidential debates and asked whether the gestures produced during contrasts and lists differ. Gestures produced during contrasts were more likely to involve changes in hand location, and gestures produced during lists were more likely to involve changes in trajectory. Study 2 used footage from the same debates in an experiment to ask whether gesture influenced the way people perceived the politicians' arguments. When participants had access to gestural information, they perceived contrasted items as more different from one another and listed items as more similar to one another than they did when they only had access to speech. This was true even when participants had access to only gesture (in muted videos). We conclude that gesture is effective at communicating concepts of similarity and difference and that politicians (and likely other speakers) take advantage of gesture's persuasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icy Yunyi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Tina Izad
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Erica A Cartmill
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles
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18
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Roth S, Owczarzak J, Baker K, Davidson H, Jamal L. Experiences of hereditary cancer care among transgender and gender diverse people: "It's gender. It's cancer risk…it's everything". J Genet Couns 2024:10.1002/jgc4.1867. [PMID: 38342966 PMCID: PMC11316848 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals are a significant yet underrepresented population within genetic counseling research and broader LGBTQI+ health studies. This underrepresentation perpetuates a cycle of exclusion from the production of medical knowledge, impacting the quality and equity of care received by TGD individuals. This issue is particularly poignant in cancer genetic counseling, where TGD individuals with elevated cancer risk receive risk assessment, counseling, and referral to support based on risk figures and standards of care developed for cisgender individuals. The experiences of TGD individuals navigating inherited cancer syndromes remain largely undocumented in medical literature, posing challenges to the provision of inclusive care by genetics providers. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted a cross-sectional qualitative study. Nineteen semi-structured interviews were held with gender diverse adults having hereditary cancer syndromes, family histories of such syndromes, or personal histories of chest cancer. Our study employed thematic analysis using combined inductive and deductive methods to illuminate how hereditary cancer care intersects with participants' gender identities, gender expression, and gender-affirming care experiences. Participants reflected on care experiences that felt affirming or triggered gender dysphoria. Participants also discussed the interplay between risk-reducing mastectomy and top surgery, exploring co-emergent dynamics between cancer risk management and gender expression. Significantly, participants identified actionable strategies for healthcare providers to enhance support for gender diverse patients, including the mindful use of gendered language, collaborative decision-making, and conveying allyship. These findings offer valuable insights into tailoring genetic counseling to meet the unique needs of TGD individuals, advancing the path toward inclusive and appropriate care for LGBTQI+ individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Roth
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Precision Health Research, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jill Owczarzak
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kellan Baker
- Whitman-Walker Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Hannah Davidson
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Precision Health Research, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leila Jamal
- Department of Bioethics, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Corrick S, Lesyk N, Yang E, Campbell S, Villa-Roel C, Rowe BH. Role of sex and gender in concussion outcome differences among patients presenting to the emergency department: a systematic review. Inj Prev 2023; 29:537-544. [PMID: 37507213 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2022-044822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to identify research involving adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) with a concussion to document the reporting of sex and/or gender according to the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) guidelines, the prevalence of sex and gender-based analysis (SGBA) and to summarise sex and/or gender-based differences in ED presentation, management and outcomes. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Electronic databases and grey literature were searched to identify studies that recruited adult patients with concussion from the ED. Two independent reviewers identified eligible studies, assessed quality and extracted data. A descriptive summary of the evidence was generated, and sex and/or gender reporting was examined for accuracy according to standardised criteria. RESULTS Overall, 126 studies were included in the analyses. A total of 80 (64%) studies reported sex and/or gender as demographic information, of which 51 (64%) included sex and/or gender in their analysis; however, 2 (3%) studies focused on an SGBA. Sex was more accurately reported in alignment with CIHR definitions than gender (94% vs 12%; p<0.0001). In total, 25 studies used an SGBA for outcomes of interest. Males and females experience different causes of concussion, 60% of studies documented that females had less frequent CT scanning while in the ED, and 57% of studies reported that postconcussion syndrome was more prevalent in females and women. CONCLUSION This systematic review highlighted that sex is reported more accurately than gender, approximately half of studies did not report either sex and/or gender as demographic information, and one-third of studies did not include SGBA. There were important sex and gender differences in the cause, ED presentation, management and outcomes of concussions. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021258613.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina Corrick
- Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas Lesyk
- Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Esther Yang
- Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandra Campbell
- John W. Scott Health Sciences Library, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cristina Villa-Roel
- Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian H Rowe
- Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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20
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Karran EL, Cashin AG, Barker T, Boyd MA, Chiarotto A, Dewidar O, Mohabir V, Petkovic J, Sharma S, Tejani S, Tugwell P, Moseley GL. Using PROGRESS-plus to identify current approaches to the collection and reporting of equity-relevant data: a scoping review. J Clin Epidemiol 2023; 163:70-78. [PMID: 37802205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to identify what and how data relating to the social determinants of health are collected and reported in equity-relevant studies and map these data to the PROGRESS-Plus framework. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We performed a scoping review. We ran two systematic searches of MEDLINE and Embase for equity-relevant studies published during 2021. We included studies in any language without limitations to participant characteristics. Included studies were required to have collected and reported at least two participant variables relevant to evaluating individual-level social determinants of health. We applied the PROGRESS-Plus framework to identify and organize these data. RESULTS We extracted data from 200 equity-relevant studies, providing 962 items defined by PROGRESS-Plus. A median of 4 (interquartile range = 2) PROGRESS-Plus items were reported in the included studies. 92% of studies reported age; 78% reported sex/gender; 65% reported educational attainment; 49% reported socioeconomic status; 45% reported race; 44% reported social capital; 33% reported occupation; 14% reported place and 9% reported religion. CONCLUSION Our synthesis demonstrated that researchers currently collect a limited range of equity-relevant data, but usefully provides a range of examples spanning PROGRESS-Plus to inform the development of improved, standardized practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Karran
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Aidan G Cashin
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor Barker
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark A Boyd
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alessandro Chiarotto
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Omar Dewidar
- Bruyere Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vina Mohabir
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Petkovic
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; Bruyere Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saurab Sharma
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sinan Tejani
- InBalance Physiotherapy, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter Tugwell
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; Department of Medicine and School of Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- The 'Identifying Social Factors that Stratify Health Opportunities and Outcomes (ISSHOOs) in Pain Research' Collaboration; IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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21
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Rioux C. Sex and gender measurement for scientific rigor and data harmonization across studies. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2023; 16:100199. [PMID: 38108030 PMCID: PMC10724730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2023.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Rioux
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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22
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Bose D, Pettit JW, Silk JS, Ladouceur CD, Olino TM, Forbes EE, Siegle GJ, Dahl RE, Kendall PC, Ryan ND, McMakin DL. Therapeutic Alliance, Attendance, and Outcomes in Youths Receiving CBT or Client-Centered Therapy for Anxiety. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37796228 PMCID: PMC10995113 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2023.2261547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Positive associations between therapeutic alliance and outcome (e.g. youth symptom severity) have been documented in the youth anxiety literature; however, little is known about the conditions under which early alliance contributes to positive outcomes in youth. The present study examined the relations between therapeutic alliance, session attendance, and outcomes in youths (N = 135; 55.6% female) who participated in a randomized clinical trial testing the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy or client-centered therapy for anxiety. METHOD We evaluated a conceptual model wherein: (1) early alliance indirectly contributes to positive outcomes by improving session attendance; (2) alliance-outcome associations differ by intervention type, with stronger associations in cognitive-behavioral therapy compared to client-centered therapy; and (3) alliance-outcome associations vary across outcome measurement timepoints, with the effect of early alliance on outcomes decaying over time. RESULTS Contrary to hypotheses, provider ratings of early alliance predicted greater youth-rated anxiety symptom severity post-treatment (i.e. worse treatment outcomes). Session attendance predicted positive youth-rated outcomes, though there was no indirect effect of early alliance on outcomes through session attendance. CONCLUSIONS Results show that increasing session attendance is important for enhancing outcomes and do not support early alliance as a predictor of outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Bose
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jeremy W. Pettit
- Department of Psychology and Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Jennifer S. Silk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA
| | - Cecile D. Ladouceur
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA
| | - Thomas M. Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erika E. Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA
| | - Greg J. Siegle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA
| | - Ronald E. Dahl
- School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | | | - Neal D. Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA
| | - Dana L. McMakin
- Department of Psychology and Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL
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23
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Fox KA, Nick E, Nesi J, Telzer EH, Prinstein MJ. Why Haven't You Texted Me Back? Adolescents' Digital Entrapment, Friendship Conflict, and Perceived General Health. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37796196 PMCID: PMC10995108 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2023.2261543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many adolescents feel pressure to be constantly available and responsive to others via their smartphones and social media. This phenomenon has been understudied using quantitative methods, and no prior study has examined adolescents' specific stress about meeting digital availability expectations within a best friendship, or entrapment. The present study offers an important preliminary examination of this unique digital stressor in a developmental context by examining prospective associations between digital entrapment, psychosocial adjustment, and health in adolescence. METHOD Students in a rural, lower-income school district in the southeastern US (n = 714; 53.8% female; 45.9% White, 22.7% Black, 24.0% Hispanic/Latino) completed self-report measures of digital entrapment, perceived general health, friendship conflict, and depressive symptoms at two timepoints, one year apart. RESULTS Digital entrapment, which 76.3% of the sample reported experiencing, was associated prospectively with higher levels of friendship conflict and worse perceived general health one year later among boys, but not girls. Findings suggest that digital entrapment is an extremely common experience for adolescents that may disproportionally affect boys. Entrapment was not prospectively associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results offer insight into how boys may have different social media experiences significant to their development and health, while much work exploring gender differences in social media use thus far has elucidated negative effects for girls. Boys may perceive and respond to novel social norms of digital environments differently such that digital entrapment has the potential to be detrimental to their friendships and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A. Fox
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elizabeth Nick
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jacqueline Nesi
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, RI
- Bradley/Hasbro Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital
| | - Eva H. Telzer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Mitchell J. Prinstein
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, NC
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24
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Duarte-Díaz A, Aparicio Betancourt M, Seils L, Orrego C, Perestelo-Pérez L, Barrio-Cortes J, Beca-Martínez MT, Bermejo-Caja CJ, González-González AI. COVID-19 healthcare and social-related needs from the perspective of Spanish patients and healthcare providers: a qualitative analysis of responses to open-ended questions. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1166317. [PMID: 37780448 PMCID: PMC10538718 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1166317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Identifying stakeholders' needs is crucial to informing decisions and policy development. This study aims to identify healthcare and social-related needs and effective strategies associated with COVID-19 from the first-person perspectives of patients and healthcare providers. Methods Cross-sectional online survey design including qualitative open-ended questions, conducted in primary care and hospital settings across Spain, with 12 out of 19 regions represented. Adults aged 18 years and older, who (a) resided in Spain and had a history of COVID-19 or (b) worked as healthcare providers delivering direct or indirect care for people with COVID-19 in Spanish primary care or hospitals during 2020 were eligible to participate. Recruitment was conducted via social-media networks (Twitter, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp) and communication channels of key organizations including patient and professional associations and groups. A total of 182 people were invited to complete the surveys and 76 people completed the surveys (71% women), of which 33 were home-isolated patients, 14 were hospitalized patients, 16 were primary care professionals, and 13 were hospital care professionals. Results A total of 327 needs and 86 effective strategies and positive aspects were identified across surveys and classified into the following overarching themes: (i) Accessibility, (ii) Basic needs, (iii) Clinical care, (iv) Person-and-family centered care, (v) Caring for the healthcare professional, (vi) Protocolization, information, health campaigns, and education, (vii) Resource availability, (viii) and Organizational needs/strategies. Discussion Findings indicate the Spanish health and social care systems were generally unprepared to combat COVID-19. Implications for research, practice, and policy focus on integrating first-person perspectives as best practice to identify, prioritize and address needs to increase health and social care systems capacity and preparedness, as well as providing well-co-coordinated responses across government, healthcare, and non-government sectors to promote and protect the physical and mental health of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Duarte-Díaz
- Canary Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (FIISC), El Rosario, Spain
- Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana Aparicio Betancourt
- Avedis Donabedian Research Institute (FAD), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Seils
- Avedis Donabedian Research Institute (FAD), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carola Orrego
- Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Madrid, Spain
- Avedis Donabedian Research Institute (FAD), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lilisbeth Perestelo-Pérez
- Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Madrid, Spain
- Evaluation Unit (SESCS), Canary Islands Health Service (SCS), El Rosario, Spain
| | - Jaime Barrio-Cortes
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Para la Investigación e Innovación Biosanitaria en Atención Primaria, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Jesús Bermejo-Caja
- Unidad de Apoyo Técnico Dirección Técnica de Sistemas de Información, Gerencia Asistencial Atención Primaria, Servicio Madrileño de Salud, Madrid, Spain
- Nursing Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel González-González
- Network for Research on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Innovación y Proyectos Internacionales, Subdirección General de Investigación Sanitaria y Documentación, Dirección General Investigación y Docencia, Consejería de Sanidad, Madrid, Spain
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Dunn CB, Farrell AD. Patterns of alcohol use among middle school students in rural communities: Associations with community violence exposure. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 72:157-169. [PMID: 37421594 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress-coping theory posits that exposure to stressors, such as community violence, increases risk for early alcohol initiation. The current study identified patterns of alcohol use in an ethnically diverse sample of early adolescents in rural communities, and examined relations between different forms of exposure to community violence and severity of adolescents' alcohol use patterns. Participants were 5011 middle school students (46.4% non-Hispanic White, 25.5% Latinx, and 13.4% Black; 50% female) living in rural communities in the southeastern United States. Latent class analysis identified subgroups that differed in their patterns of lifetime and past 30-day alcohol use, and subgroup differences in exposure to community violence. Five subgroups were identified: abstainers (56.5%), initiators of wine and beer (12.5%); moderately frequent wine and beer users (10.3%); moderately frequent wine, beer, and liquor users who got drunk (12.0%); and highly frequent wine, beer, and liquor users who got drunk (8.6%). Subgroups differed across sex, grade, and racial-ethnic background. Subgroups characterized by severe alcohol use reported more frequent exposure to community violence and physical victimization, while controlling for nonviolent stressors. Consistent with stress-coping theory, the results indicate that experiencing physical victimization and witnessing community violence robustly relate to adolescents' high-risk alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney B Dunn
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Albert D Farrell
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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26
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Call CC, Eckstrand KL, Kasparek SW, Boness CL, Blatt L, Jamal-Orozco N, Novacek DM, Foti D. An Ethics and Social-Justice Approach to Collecting and Using Demographic Data for Psychological Researchers. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:979-995. [PMID: 36459692 PMCID: PMC10235209 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221137350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The collection and use of demographic data in psychological sciences has the potential to aid in transforming inequities brought about by unjust social conditions toward equity. However, many current methods surrounding demographic data do not achieve this goal. Some methods function to reduce, but not eliminate, inequities, whereas others may perpetuate harmful stereotypes, invalidate minoritized identities, and exclude key groups from research participation or access to disseminated findings. In this article, we aim to (a) review key ethical and social-justice dilemmas inherent to working with demographic data in psychological research and (b) introduce a framework positioned in ethics and social justice to help psychologists and researchers in social-science fields make thoughtful decisions about the collection and use of demographic data. Although demographic data methods vary across subdisciplines and research topics, we assert that these core issues-and solutions-are relevant to all research within the psychological sciences, including basic and applied research. Our overarching aim is to support key stakeholders in psychology (e.g., researchers, funding agencies, journal editors, peer reviewers) in making ethical and socially-just decisions about the collection, analysis, reporting, interpretation, and dissemination of demographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Derek M. Novacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA and Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
| | - Dan Foti
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University
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Aikens ML, Kulacki AR. Identifying Group Work Experiences That Increase Students' Self-Efficacy for Quantitative Biology Tasks. CBE LIFE SCIENCES EDUCATION 2023; 22:ar19. [PMID: 36862802 PMCID: PMC10228271 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.22-04-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative skills are a critical competency for undergraduates pursuing life science careers. To help students develop these skills, it is important to build their self-efficacy for quantitative tasks, as this ultimately affects their achievement. Collaborative learning can benefit self-efficacy, but it is unclear what experiences during collaborative learning build self-efficacy. We surveyed introductory biology students about self-efficacy-building experiences they had during collaborative group work on two quantitative biology assignments and examined how students' initial self-efficacy and gender/sex related to the experiences they reported. Using inductive coding, we analyzed 478 responses from 311 students and identified five group work experiences that increased students' self-efficacy: accomplishing the problems, getting help from peers, confirming answers, teaching others, and consulting with a teacher. Higher initial self-efficacy significantly increased the odds (odds ratio: 1.5) of reporting that accomplishing the problems benefited self-efficacy, whereas lower initial self-efficacy significantly increased the odds (odds ratio: 1.6) of reporting peer help benefited self-efficacy. Gender/sex differences in reporting peer help appeared to be related to initial self-efficacy. Our results suggest that structuring group work to facilitate collaborative discussions and help-seeking behaviors among peers may be particularly beneficial for building self-efficacy in low self-efficacy students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Aikens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Alexander R. Kulacki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
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Malik HB, Norman JB. Best Practices and Methodological Strategies for Addressing Generalizability in Neuropsychological Assessment. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2023; 9:47-63. [PMID: 37250805 PMCID: PMC10182845 DOI: 10.1007/s40817-023-00145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Generalizability considerations are widely discussed and a core foundation for understanding when and why treatment effects will replicate across sample demographics. However, guidelines on assessing and reporting generalizability-related factors differ across fields and are inconsistently applied. This paper synthesizes obstacles and best practices to apply recent work on measurement and sample diversity. We present a brief history of how knowledge in psychology has been constructed, with implications for who has been historically prioritized in research. We then review how generalizability remains a contemporary threat to neuropsychological assessment and outline best practices for researchers and clinical neuropsychologists. In doing so, we provide concrete tools to evaluate whether a given assessment is generalizable across populations and assist researchers in effectively testing and reporting treatment differences across sample demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinza B. Malik
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5612 USA
| | - Jasmine B. Norman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403-5612 USA
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Wierenga KL, Perkins SM, Forster AK, Alwine J, Ofner S, Mulkey MA, Hacker ED, Pressler SJ, Moore SE. Impact of risk for severe COVID-19 illness on physical activity during the pandemic. Heart Lung 2023; 61:84-91. [PMID: 37187106 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precautions to mitigate spread of COVID-19 such as the closing of exercise facilities impacted physical activity behaviors. Varied risks for severe COVID-19 may have influenced participation in regular physical activity to maintain precautions. OBJECTIVE Describe differences in the amount and intensity of physical activity between adults at high versus low risk for severe COVID-19 illness during the pandemic. We hypothesized that over 13 months, 1) high-risk adults would have greater odds of inactivity than low-risk adults, and 2) when active, high-risk adults would have lower metabolic equivalent of task minutes (MET-min) than low-risk adults. METHODS This longitudinal observational cohort study surveyed U.S. adults' demographics, health history, and physical activity beginning March 2020 using REDCap. Using self-report, health history was assessed with a modified Charlson Comorbidity Index and physical activity with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Repeated physical activity measurements were conducted in June, July, October, and December of 2020, and in April of 2021. Two models, a logistic model evaluating physical inactivity (hypothesis 1) and a gamma model evaluating total MET-min for physically active individuals (hypothesis 2), were used. Models were controlled for age, gender, and race. RESULTS The final sample consisted of 640 participants (mean age 42.7 ± 15.7, 78% women, 90% white), with n = 175 categorized as high-risk and n = 465 as low-risk. The odds of inactivity for the high-risk adults were 2.8 to 4.1 times as high than for low-risk adults at baseline and 13 months. Active high-risk adults had lower MET-min levels than low-risk adults in March (28%, p = 0.001), June (29%, p = 0.002), and July of 2020 (30%, p = 0.005) only. CONCLUSIONS Adults at high risk of severe COVID-19 illness were disproportionately more likely to be physically inactive and exhibit lower MET-min levels than adults at low risk during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Wierenga
- Indiana University School of Nursing, 600 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Susan M Perkins
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, 410W 10th St, Suite 3000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anna K Forster
- Indiana University School of Nursing, 600 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jennifer Alwine
- Indiana University School of Nursing, 600 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Susan Ofner
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, 410W 10th St, Suite 3000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Malissa A Mulkey
- University of South Carolina College of Nursing, 1601 Greene Street, WMBB323, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Eileen Danaher Hacker
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, FC2.2046, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susan J Pressler
- Indiana University School of Nursing, 600 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Scott Emory Moore
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7343, USA
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Murray K, Rieger E, Brown PM, Brichacek A, Walker I. Body image explains differences in intuitive eating between men and women: Examining indirect effects across negative and positive body image. Body Image 2023; 45:369-381. [PMID: 37087957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Intuitive eating is an adaptive and flexible form of eating. Men report higher rates of intuitive eating than women. Objectification processes are proposed to underlie this (binary) gender difference due to the intense body-related pressures that disrupt body image in women. The current study is the first known to test whether body image indirectly explains lower levels of intuitive eating in women relative to men. A cross-sectional sample of 498 adults aged 18-74 years recruited through Prolific completed an online survey assessing intuitive eating and negative and positive body image indicators. Women reported poorer body image and lower levels of intuitive eating compared to men. Significant indirect effects suggested body image explained gender differences in intuitive eating, controlling for age and body mass index. In women relative to men, greater body surveillance and lower aesthetic satisfaction explained lower total intuitive eating and reliance on hunger and satiety, greater aesthetic investment explained lower total intuitive eating and eating for physical reasons, and lower functionality investment explained lower body-food choice congruence. More research is needed, but findings suggest programs may benefit from decreasing critical views of appearance and strengthening functionality investment in women to reduce gender differences in intuitive eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Murray
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Building 12, Faculty of Health, Bruce ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Rieger
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Patricia M Brown
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Building 12, Faculty of Health, Bruce ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Anna Brichacek
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Building 12, Faculty of Health, Bruce ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Iain Walker
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Building 39, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Bölte S, Neufeld J, Marschik PB, Williams ZJ, Gallagher L, Lai MC. Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:136-159. [PMID: 36747038 PMCID: PMC10154737 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Health-related conditions often differ qualitatively or quantitatively between individuals of different birth-assigned sexes and gender identities, and/or with different gendered experiences, requiring tailored care. Studying the moderating and mediating effects of sex-related and gender-related factors on impairment, disability, wellbeing and health is of paramount importance especially for neurodivergent individuals, who are diagnosed with neurodevelopmental conditions with uneven sex/gender distributions. Researchers have become aware of the myriad influences that sex-related and gender-related variables have on the manifestations of neurodevelopmental conditions, and contemporary work has begun to investigate the mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. Here we describe topical concepts of sex and gender science, summarize current knowledge, and discuss research and clinical challenges related to autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other neurodevelopmental conditions. We consider sex and gender in the context of epidemiology, behavioural phenotypes, neurobiology, genetics, endocrinology and neighbouring disciplines. The available evidence supports the view that sex and gender are important contributors to the biological and behavioural variability in neurodevelopmental conditions. Methodological caveats such as frequent conflation of sex and gender constructs, inappropriate measurement of these constructs and under-representation of specific demographic groups (for example, female and gender minority individuals and people with intellectual disabilities) limit the translational potential of research so far. Future research and clinical implementation should integrate sex and gender into next-generation diagnostics, mechanistic investigations and support practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bölte
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Curtin Autism Research Group, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Janina Neufeld
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter B Marschik
- Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen and Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
- iDN - interdisciplinary Developmental Neuroscience, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zachary J Williams
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Frist Center for Autism and Innovation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gilchrist G, Potts LC, Connolly DJ, Winstock A, Barratt MJ, Ferris J, Gilchrist E, Davies E. Experience and perpetration of intimate partner violence and abuse by gender of respondent and their current partner before and during COVID-19 restrictions in 2020: a cross-sectional study in 13 countries. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:316. [PMID: 36782157 PMCID: PMC9924203 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) includes controlling behaviours, psychological, physical, sexual and financial abuse. Globally, surveys and emergency services have recorded an increase in IPVA since restrictions were imposed to limit COVID-19 transmission. Most studies have only included heterosexual women. METHODS Data from the Global Drug Survey (an annual, anonymous, online survey collecting data on drug use) Special Edition were analysed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on people's lives, including their intimate relationships. Five relationship groupings were created using respondents' lived gender identity: women partnered with men (46.9%), women partnered with women (2.1%), men partnered with men (2.9%), men partnered with women (47.2%), and partnerships where one or both partners were non-binary (1%). Self-reported experience and perpetration of IPVA in the past 30 days before (February) and during COVID-19 restrictions (May or June) in 2020 (N = 35,854) was described and compared for different relationship groupings using Fishers Exact Tests. Changes in IPVA during restrictions were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS During restrictions, 17.8 and 16.6% of respondents had experienced or perpetrated IPVA respectively; 38.2% of survivors and 37.6% of perpetrators reported this had increased during restrictions. Greater proportions of non-binary respondents or respondents with a non-binary partner reported experiencing or perpetrating IPVA (p < .001) than other relationship groupings. 22.0% of respondents who were non-binary or had a non-binary partner, 19.5% of men partnered with men, 18.9% of men partnered with women, 17.1% of women partnered with women and 16.6% of women partnered with men reported experiencing IPVA. Respondents with higher psychological distress, poor coping with pandemic-related changes, relationship tension and changes (increases or increases and decreases) in alcohol consumption reported increased experience of IPVA during restrictions. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed that IPVA can occur in all intimate relationships, regardless of gender of the perpetrator or survivor. Non-binary respondents or respondents with non-binary partners reported the highest use and experience of IPVA. Most IPVA victim support services have been designed for heterosexual, cisgender women. IPVA support services and perpetrator programmes must be tailored to support all perpetrators and survivors during the pandemic and beyond, regardless of their sexual or gender identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Gilchrist
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Laura C Potts
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dean J Connolly
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Barts Health NHS Trust, Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Adam Winstock
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
- Global Drug Survey, London, UK
| | - Monica J Barratt
- Social and Global Studies Centre and Digital Ethnography Research Centre, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Randwick, Australia
| | - Jason Ferris
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Emma Davies
- Centre for Psychological Research, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Tully S, Bucci S, Alkotob Y, Penn G, Berry K. Sex differences in functional outcome after hospitalisation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2023; 323:115095. [PMID: 36889159 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this review were to determine: i) how many studies have examined global functioning outcomes from a psychiatric inpatient stay disaggregated by sex; and ii) if women have worse global functioning outcomes than men following an admission. A systematic review following PRISMA guidance and meta-analysis were conducted. Thirty-six studies met eligibility criteria for inclusion in the review. Of these, eleven papers provided sufficient data to conduct a meta-analysis of global functioning outcomes comparing men and women. Overall, differences between men and women were small. The meta-analysis revealed either no difference or a small significant difference in global functioning outcomes in favour of women, contrary to expectations. As many as 93% of otherwise eligible studies had to be excluded for not disaggregating data by sex. Women may have slightly superior functioning outcomes than men suggesting that inpatient services should be more heavily focused on applying principles of gender-informed care for men as well as women. The finding that so many potential studies had to be excluded for not reporting sex differences is consistent with other mental health literature and highlights a need for better reporting practices in relation to sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tully
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - S Bucci
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Y Alkotob
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Penn
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - K Berry
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Cameron JJ, Chee K, MacGregor JCD. Impressions of self-esteem influence impressions of close others and predictions for hypothetical events. SELF AND IDENTITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2164346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Reavis KM, Bisgaard N, Canlon B, Dubno JR, Frisina RD, Hertzano R, Humes LE, Mick P, Phillips NA, Pichora-Fuller MK, Shuster B, Singh G. Sex-Linked Biology and Gender-Related Research Is Essential to Advancing Hearing Health. Ear Hear 2023; 44:10-27. [PMID: 36384870 PMCID: PMC10234332 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is robust evidence that sex (biological) and gender (behavioral/social) differences influence hearing loss risk and outcomes. These differences are noted for animals and humans-in the occurrence of hearing loss, hearing loss progression, and response to interventions. Nevertheless, many studies have not reported or disaggregated data by sex or gender. This article describes the influence of sex-linked biology (specifically sex-linked hormones) and gender on hearing and hearing interventions, including the role of sex-linked biology and gender in modifying the association between risk factors and hearing loss, and the effects of hearing loss on quality of life and functioning. Most prevalence studies indicate that hearing loss begins earlier and is more common and severe among men than women. Intrinsic sex-linked biological differences in the auditory system may account, in part, for the predominance of hearing loss in males. Sex- and gender-related differences in the effects of noise exposure or cardiovascular disease on the auditory system may help explain some of these differences in the prevalence of hearing loss. Further still, differences in hearing aid use and uptake, and the effects of hearing loss on health may also vary by sex and gender. Recognizing that sex-linked biology and gender are key determinants of hearing health, the present review concludes by emphasizing the importance of a well-developed research platform that proactively measures and assesses sex- and gender-related differences in hearing, including in understudied populations. Such research focus is necessary to advance the field of hearing science and benefit all members of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Reavis
- VA RR&D National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Barbara Canlon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judy R. Dubno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D. Frisina
- Department of Medical Engineering and Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ronna Hertzano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Genome Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Larry E. Humes
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul Mick
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | | | - Benjamin Shuster
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Raile ANW, Kwapisz A, Bratton VK, Leary M, Aytes K, Black LJ, Bryant SE. Business as usual is not working for women in business schools: Student perceptions of business people and entrepreneurs. GENDER WORK AND ORGANIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/gwao.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. W. Raile
- Jake Jabs College of Business and Entrepreneurship Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Agnieszka Kwapisz
- Jake Jabs College of Business and Entrepreneurship Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Virginia K. Bratton
- Jake Jabs College of Business and Entrepreneurship Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Myleen Leary
- Jake Jabs College of Business and Entrepreneurship Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Kregg Aytes
- Jake Jabs College of Business and Entrepreneurship Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Laura J. Black
- Jake Jabs College of Business and Entrepreneurship Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Scott E. Bryant
- Jake Jabs College of Business and Entrepreneurship Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
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The relative importance of transdiagnostic factors associated with problematic smartphone use. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Zinchuk M, Kustov G, Beghi M, Voinova N, Pashnin E, Beghi E, Avedisova A, Guekht A. Factors Associated with Non-Binary Gender Identity in Psychiatric Inpatients with Suicidal Ideation Assigned Female at Birth: A Case-Control Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2022; 51:3601-3612. [PMID: 36109451 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate factors associated with non-binary gender identity in Russian female psychiatric inpatients with suicidal ideation. This case-control study included 38 female inpatients with non-binary gender identity and a control group-76 cisgender women matched for age (age range 19-35 years, M age, 21.5 years); both groups were psychiatric inpatients with suicidal thoughts. All patients underwent the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview and completed the brief Reasons for Living Inventory. We also used the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-100) and the Life Style Index (LSI). Non-binary gender identity in inpatients with suicidal ideation was associated with lower educational level, higher unemployment rate, being more socially reticent in preschool, and lifetime sexual experience with both male and female partners. In addition, they were younger at the time of the first suicidal ideation, suicide plan development, and attempt. Non-binary inpatients had lower scores in freedom, physical safety, and security facets of WHOQOL-100 and a higher level of intellectualization on LSI. People with non-binary gender identity face educational, employment, and communication issues. They also have distinct suicidal thoughts and behavioral profiles. These issues and differences mean unique approaches to suicide prevention for a population of inpatients with non-binary gender identity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Zinchuk
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, 43, Donskaya ul., Moscow, 115419, Russian Federation.
| | - Georgii Kustov
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, 43, Donskaya ul., Moscow, 115419, Russian Federation
| | | | - Nadezhda Voinova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, 43, Donskaya ul., Moscow, 115419, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii Pashnin
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, 43, Donskaya ul., Moscow, 115419, Russian Federation
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Laboratory of Neurological Disorders, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alla Avedisova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, 43, Donskaya ul., Moscow, 115419, Russian Federation
- Federal Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alla Guekht
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of the Healthcare Department of Moscow, 43, Donskaya ul., Moscow, 115419, Russian Federation
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Gender Differences in the Relationship between State and Trait Anxiety and Empathy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Jackson EF, Bussey K. Broadening gender self‐categorization development to include transgender identities. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma F. Jackson
- School of Psychological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Kay Bussey
- School of Psychological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney Australia
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41
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Nitschke FT, McKimmie BM, Vanman EJ. The Effect of Heuristic Cues on Jurors’ Systematic Information Processing in Rape Trials. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03616843221118018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is concern that jurors’ decisions in rape trials might be influenced by misleading cues (e.g., victim stereotypes) potentially explaining disproportionately low conviction rates. We investigated the bias hypothesis from the heuristic–systematic model as an explanation for how jurors may be influenced by misleading stereotypes even while they are effortfully processing rape trial evidence. We expected that when case evidence was ambiguous, stereotypes would guide motivated participants’ effortful information processing, but not when case evidence was strong. Mock jurors ( N = 901) were asked to make decisions about a rape trial with either ambiguous or strong evidence in which the complainant was either stereotypically distressed or unemotional giving evidence. Participants were either placed under high motivation conditions to encourage effortful information processing or in a control condition with low motivation instructions to encourage less effortful processing as a comparison. Participants’ information processing and case decisions were measured as key dependent variables. We found partial support for the hypothesized interaction and the bias hypothesis, suggesting that the types of evidence participants attended to in decision-making were influenced by misleading stereotypical cues. Our findings have implications for interventions to reduce the effect of misleading stereotypes on decisions in rape trials. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/03616843221118018 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye T. Nitschke
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Q4072, Australia
| | - Blake M. McKimmie
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Q4072, Australia
| | - Eric J. Vanman
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Q4072, Australia
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Rioux C, Weedon S, London-Nadeau K, Paré A, Juster RP, Roos LE, Freeman M, Tomfohr-Madsen LM. Gender-inclusive writing for epidemiological research on pregnancy. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:823-827. [PMID: 35764388 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
People who have a uterus but are not cisgender women may carry pregnancies. Unfortunately, to date, academic language surrounding pregnancy remains largely (cis) woman-centric. The exclusion of gender-diverse people in the language of pregnancy research in English is pervasive. In reviewing a random sample of 500 recent articles on pregnancy or pregnant populations across health research fields, we found that only 1.2% of articles used gender-inclusive language (none of them in epidemiology), while the remaining 98.8% used (cis) woman-centric language. First and foremost, recent recommendations highlight the need to include trans, non-binary and gender-diverse people in study design. Meanwhile, there remains a lack of awareness that all research on pregnancy can contribute to inclusiveness, including in dissemination and retroactive description. We explain how the ubiquitous use of (cis) woman-centric language in pregnancy-related research contributes to (1) the erasure of gender diversity; (2) inaccurate scientific communication and (3) negative societal impacts, such as perpetuating the use of exclusionary language by students, practitioners, clinicians, policy-makers and the media. We follow with recommendations for gender-inclusive language in every section (ie, introductions, methods, results, discussions) of epidemiological articles on pregnant populations. The erasure of gender-diverse people in the rhetoric of research about pregnant people can be addressed immediately, including in the dissemination of results from ongoing studies that did not take gender diversity into consideration. This makes gender-inclusive language a crucial first step towards the inclusion of gender-diverse people in epidemiological research on pregnant people and other health research more globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Rioux
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott Weedon
- Department of English, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Kira London-Nadeau
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Pediatric Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ash Paré
- School of Social Work, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leslie E Roos
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Harvard University Center on the Developing Child, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Makayla Freeman
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lianne M Tomfohr-Madsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Arrighi L, Hausmann M. Spatial anxiety and self-confidence mediate sex/gender differences in mental rotation. Learn Mem 2022; 29:312-320. [PMID: 36206394 PMCID: PMC9488019 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053596.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A recent meta-synthesis study with a sample of >12 million participants revealed that the male advantage in mental rotation (MR) is the largest cognitive sex/gender difference found in psychological literature. MR requires test takers to mentally rotate three-dimensional cubic figures under time restrictions. Previous studies have investigated how biological and social factors contribute to cognitive sex/gender differences in tasks of this type. Spatial anxiety and self-confidence in MR tasks have received less attention. The present study investigated the contribution of these psychological factors to sex/gender differences in MR performance. Participants (n = 269) completed two MR tasks that differed in task difficulty. Participants also indicated their self-confidence (for each item) and spatial anxiety. The results revealed that pronounced sex/gender differences in spatial anxiety and self-confidence mediate sex/gender in MR performance, especially when task demands are high. The current findings suggest that task-irrelevant factors that are not spatial cognitive in nature contribute largely to the well-known medium to large sex/gender differences in MR. Future studies should further explore mechanisms underlying cognitive sex/gender differences within a biopsychosocial approach.
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Albert K, Delano M. Sex trouble: Sex/gender slippage, sex confusion, and sex obsession in machine learning using electronic health records. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 3:100534. [PMID: 36033589 PMCID: PMC9403398 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
False assumptions that sex and gender are binary, static, and concordant are deeply embedded in the medical system. As machine learning researchers use medical data to build tools to solve novel problems, understanding how existing systems represent sex/gender incorrectly is necessary to avoid perpetuating harm. In this perspective, we identify and discuss three factors to consider when working with sex/gender in research: "sex/gender slippage," the frequent substitution of sex and sex-related terms for gender and vice versa; "sex confusion," the fact that any given sex variable holds many different potential meanings; and "sex obsession," the idea that the relevant variable for most inquiries related to sex/gender is sex assigned at birth. We then explore how these phenomena show up in medical machine learning research using electronic health records, with a specific focus on HIV risk prediction. Finally, we offer recommendations about how machine learning researchers can engage more carefully with questions of sex/gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Albert
- Cyberlaw Clinic, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Maggie Delano
- Engineering Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19146, USA
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de Valle MK, Wade TD. Targeting the link between social media and eating disorder risk: A randomized controlled pilot study. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1066-1078. [PMID: 35708162 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a self-criticism intervention addressing the link between appearance-motivated social media use and eating disorder risk. Another condition, designed to help users curate their social media feed to reduce negative impacts on wellbeing, was also trialed as an active and credible comparison. METHOD University students aged 17-25 (N = 170) were screened and randomized (n = 130) to the self-criticism intervention, social media curation, or waitlist control group. The intervention comprised self-guided cognitive behavior therapy delivered in four modules over 1 week. Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability. Secondary outcomes were appearance motivations for social media use, appearance comparison, self-criticism, body image flexibility, and disordered eating (at baseline, one-week postrandomization, and two-weeks postrandomization). TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12621000353897. RESULTS Participants completed an average of 82% of the intervention modules and 77% of the homework exercises within the week allocated. The intervention was well-accepted; participants reported a range of positive aspects, alongside suggested modifications to the intervention and study design to improve acceptability. Group by time interactions suggested groups changed at a different rate on three secondary outcomes; between-groups effect sizes suggested this was due to greater improvements in the self-criticism group than waitlist control. DISCUSSION This was the first study to evaluate an intervention for the link between appearance-related social media use and eating disorder risk for young adults. Positive findings relating to feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy suggest a larger randomized controlled trial, with modifications to the intervention and study design, is warranted. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Appearance-related social media use has been linked to poorer body image and disordered eating, necessitating treatments that can disrupt this relationship. The self-criticism intervention evaluated in this study shows promise as a strategy to address this need. It is the first intervention focused on appearance-related social media use to be designed for and tested in young adults, who are at heightened risk of developing an eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine K de Valle
- Discipline of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tracey D Wade
- Discipline of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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46
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Biological sex, by-products, and other continuous variables. Behav Brain Sci 2022; 45:e144. [PMID: 35875948 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x22000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sex/gender is a continuous variable that researchers frequently treat as dichotomous. This practice can mask continuous underlying adaptive traits and yield spurious dichotomous "sex differences." As such, many sex differences in self-protection may be evolutionary by-products of underlying adaptations rather than adaptations themselves. Binary analysis of continuous sex/gender is ill-considered science that can contribute to inequality and counterproductive public policy.
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47
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Klein S, Krikova K, Antons S, Brand M, Klucken T, Stark R. Reward Responsiveness, Learning, and Valuation Implicated in Problematic Pornography Use — a Research Domain Criteria Perspective. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-022-00423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
Problematic pornography use (PPU) describes a pattern of behavior characterized by excessive time spent using or thinking about pornography and continued use despite negative consequences. To help advance the understanding of transdiagnostic underlying psychological and neurobiological mechanisms in PPU, we aim to review existing evidence on these mechanisms focusing on positive valence systems within the transdiagnostic Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.
Recent Findings
Reward anticipation processes seem to be increased in individuals with PPU symptoms when they anticipate sexual stimuli compared with other rewards. Studies further suggest that the initial neural and attentional responses to sexual rewards compared with different control stimuli are also increased in individuals with PPU symptoms, as are conditioned responses in sexual reward learning paradigms. Sexual reward valuation studies point towards an increased neural value differentiation with increasing PPU symptoms.
Summary
The current state of evidence indicates that positive valence systems are altered in persons with PPU. This framework of organizing evidence may aid in elucidating PPU development and maintenance as well as planning future studies.
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48
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Błeszyński J, Rumińska A, Hamerlińska A, Stefańska-Klar R, Warszawa A. The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic by persons with ASD: Social aspects. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267123. [PMID: 35709250 PMCID: PMC9202849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While causing a variety of social restrictions, the COVID-19 pandemic has also precipitated the digitalisation of public services and official procedures, reducing many, until recently necessary, immediate social interactions. This study has been conducted to investigate their perception of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on their current and future social interactions. To this end, semi-structured narrative interviews were conducted. Ten adults on the autism spectrum participated in the study. The phenomenological analysis of the narratives focused on categories related to the social functioning of the study participants. The interpretation of the narratives has shown that autistic people can experience a sense of loss due to the lack of direct contact. On the other hand, we also talked to the participants who expressed their satisfaction with the situation of obligatory social distance. The respondents also discussed the subject of changing the form of interaction in some areas of public life to one that is more adjusted to the needs of people with their condition. The study concludes with a suggestion that autistic people might benefit from technological progress in institutions and the availability of the option to prefer online contact for interactions that are not strictly necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Błeszyński
- Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences Institute of Pedagogical Science, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Hamerlińska
- Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences Institute of Pedagogical Science, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Warszawa
- Autism Team Foundation, (Institutum Investigationis Scovorodianum), Łódź, Poland
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Rioux C, Paré A, London-Nadeau K, Juster RP, Weedon S, Levasseur-Puhach S, Freeman M, Roos LE, Tomfohr-Madsen LM. Sex and gender terminology: a glossary for gender-inclusive epidemiology. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:jech-2022-219171. [PMID: 35725304 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increased interest in inclusion, diversity and representativeness in epidemiological and community health research. Despite this progress, misunderstanding and conflation of sex and gender have precluded both the accurate description of sex and gender as sample demographics and their inclusion in scientific enquiry aiming to distinguish health disparities due to biological systems, gendered experiences or their social and environmental interactions. The present glossary aims to define and improve understanding of current sex-related and gender-related terminology as an important step to gender-inclusive epidemiological research. Effectively, a proper understanding of sex, gender and their subtleties as well as acknowledgement and inclusion of diverse gender identities and modalities can make epidemiology not only more equitable, but also more scientifically accurate and representative. In turn, this can improve public health efforts aimed at promoting the well-being of all communities and reducing health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Rioux
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ash Paré
- School of Social Work, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kira London-Nadeau
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Pediatric Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Mental Health University Institute Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Scott Weedon
- Department of English, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Makayla Freeman
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leslie E Roos
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lianne M Tomfohr-Madsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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50
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Faniko K, Ellemers N, Derks B. Lack of ambition or lack of support? Diverging career experiences of men and women explain the persistence of gender bias. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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