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de Klerk J, Tildesley M, Robbins A, Gorsich E. Parameterisation of a bluetongue virus mathematical model using a systematic literature review. Prev Vet Med 2024; 232:106328. [PMID: 39191049 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BT) is a vector-borne virus that causes a disease, called bluetongue, which results in significant economic loss and morbidity in sheep, cattle, goats and wild ungulates across all continents of the world except Antarctica. Despite the geographical breadth of its impact, most BT epidemiological models are informed by parameters derived from the 2006-2009 BTV-8 European outbreak. The aim of this study was to develop a highly adaptable model for BT which could be used elsewhere in the world, as well as to identify the parameters which most influence outbreak dynamics, so that policy makers can be properly informed with the most current information to aid in disease planning. To provide a framework for future outbreak modelling and an updated parameterisation that reflects natural variation in infections, a newly developed and parameterised two-host, two-vector species ordinary differential equation model was formulated and analysed. The model was designed to be adaptable to be implemented in any region of the world and able to model both epidemic and endemic scenarios. It was parameterised using a systematic literature review of host-to-vector and vector-to-host transmission rates, host latent periods, host infectious periods, and vaccine protection factors. The model was demonstrated using the updated parameters, with South Africa as a setting based on the Western Cape's known cattle and sheep populations, local environmental parameters, and Culicoides spp. presence data. The sensitivity analysis identified that the duration of the infectious period for sheep and cows had the greatest impact on the outbreak length and number of animals infected at the peak of the outbreak. Transmission rates from cows and sheep to C. imicola midges greatly influenced the day on which the peak of the outbreak occurred, along with the duration of incubation period, and infectious period for cows. Finally, the protection factor of the vaccine had the greatest influence on the total number of animals infected. This knowledge could aid in the development of control measures. Due to gradual climate and anthropological change resulting in alterations in vector habitat suitability, BT outbreaks are likely to continue to increase in range and frequency. Therefore, this research provides an updated BT modelling framework for future outbreaks around the world to explore transmission, outbreak dynamics and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna de Klerk
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Michael Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Adam Robbins
- Selworthy Vets, Stumpy Post Surgery, Kingsbridge, Devon TQ7 4BL, UK
| | - Erin Gorsich
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Iyer M, Ravichandran N, Karuppusamy PA, Gnanarajan R, Yadav MK, Narayanasamy A, Vellingiri B. Molecular insights and promise of oncolytic virus based immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:419-492. [PMID: 38762277 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Discovering a therapeutic that can counteract the aggressiveness of this disease's mechanism is crucial for improving survival rates for cancer patients and for better understanding the most different types of cancer. In recent years, using these viruses as an anticancer therapy has been thought to be successful. They mostly work by directly destroying cancer cells, activating the immune system to fight cancer, and expressing exogenous effector genes. For the treatment of tumors, oncolytic viruses (OVs), which can be modified to reproduce only in tumor tissues and lyse them while preserving the healthy non-neoplastic host cells and reinstating antitumor immunity which present a novel immunotherapeutic strategy. OVs can exist naturally or be created in a lab by altering existing viruses. These changes heralded the beginning of a new era of less harmful virus-based cancer therapy. We discuss three different types of oncolytic viruses that have already received regulatory approval to treat cancer as well as clinical research using oncolytic adenoviruses. The primary therapeutic applications, mechanism of action of oncolytic virus updates, future views of this therapy will be covered in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Nandita Ravichandran
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Roselin Gnanarajan
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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Acevedo AM, Postic L, Curiel M, Gondard M, Bréard E, Zientara S, Vorimore F, Tran ML, Turpaud M, Savini G, Lorusso A, Marcacci M, Vitour D, Dujardin P, Perera CL, Díaz C, Obret Y, Sailleau C. Detection, Characterization and Sequencing of BTV Serotypes Circulating in Cuba in 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:164. [PMID: 38275974 PMCID: PMC10819738 DOI: 10.3390/v16010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In Cuba, despite a high sero-prevalence of bluetongue virus (BTV), circulating serotypes remain unknown. The aim of this study was to identify circulating BTV serotypes in farms throughout the western region of Cuba. Blood samples were collected from 200 young cattle and sheep between May and July 2022 for virological analyses (PCR, viral isolation and virus neutralization) and genome sequencing. The results confirmed viral circulation, with viro-prevalence of 25% for BTV. The virus was isolated from 18 blood samples and twelve BTV serotypes were identified by sequencing RT-PCR products targeting the segment 2 of the BTV genome (BTV-1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22 and 24). Finally, the full genome sequences of 17 Cuban BTV isolates were recovered using a Sequence Independent Single Primer Amplification (SISPA) approach combined to MinION Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology. All together, these results highlight the co-circulation of a wide diversity of BTV serotypes in a quite restricted area and emphasize the need for entomological and livestock surveillance, particularly in light of recent changes in the global distribution and nature of BTV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Acevedo
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (A.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.L.P.); (C.D.); (Y.O.)
| | - Lydie Postic
- ANSES/INRAE/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology, Laboratoire de santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France; (L.P.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (M.T.); (D.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Maray Curiel
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (A.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.L.P.); (C.D.); (Y.O.)
| | - Mathilde Gondard
- ANSES/INRAE/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology, Laboratoire de santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France; (L.P.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (M.T.); (D.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- ANSES/INRAE/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology, Laboratoire de santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France; (L.P.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (M.T.); (D.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- ANSES/INRAE/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology, Laboratoire de santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France; (L.P.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (M.T.); (D.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.V.); (M.-L.T.)
| | - Mai-Lan Tran
- Genomics Platform IdentyPath, Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.V.); (M.-L.T.)
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- ANSES/INRAE/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology, Laboratoire de santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France; (L.P.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (M.T.); (D.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (G.S.); (A.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES/INRAE/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology, Laboratoire de santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France; (L.P.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (M.T.); (D.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Pascal Dujardin
- ANSES/INRAE/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology, Laboratoire de santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France; (L.P.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (M.T.); (D.V.); (P.D.)
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (A.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.L.P.); (C.D.); (Y.O.)
| | - Cristian Díaz
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (A.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.L.P.); (C.D.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yalainne Obret
- National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado Postal 10, San José de las Lajas, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (A.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.L.P.); (C.D.); (Y.O.)
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES/INRAE/ENVA-UPEC, UMR 1161 Virology, Laboratoire de santé animale, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France; (L.P.); (M.G.); (E.B.); (S.Z.); (M.T.); (D.V.); (P.D.)
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Kim HJ, Choi JG, Seong DS, Jeong JU, Kim HJ, Park SW, Yun SP, Roh IS. The First Report on the Complete Sequence Characterization of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 in the Republic of Korea. Vet Sci 2024; 11:29. [PMID: 38250935 PMCID: PMC10821305 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The bluetongue virus (BTV) is a significant animal pathogen with economic implications in the ruminant industry. Despite global reports on BTV detection and epidemiologic investigations, limited studies have focused on the virus in the ROK. In this study, BTV epidemiological research was conducted on blood samples from cattle and goat farms across nine regions during 2013-2014. The results showed that 3.33% of bovine blood samples (194/5824) and 0.19% of goat blood samples (2/1075) tested positive for BTV antibodies using ELISA. In Jeju-do, BTV RNA amplification occurred in 51 of 422 samples (12.1%) using real-time reverse transcription (RT-qPCR). The isolation of one sample revealed it as serotype 3, as indicated by the sequence of segments 2 (Seg-2) and 6 (Seg-6), associated with the eastern BTV topotype. However, based on Seg-1, -3, -4, -5, -7, -8, -9, and -10 analyses, the BTV-3/JJBB35 strain is more closely related to distinct BTV strains. These findings imply BTV circulation and that the Korean-isolated BTV might originate from Asian BTV strains due to multiple reassortment events. This study provides foundational data for ongoing BTV monitoring and disease-control policies in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Central Scientific Instrumentation Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Da-Seul Seong
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jong-Uk Jeong
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soon Roh
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si 39660, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.K.)
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Gamsjäger L, Chigerwe M. Clinical presentation, medical management, and outcomes in 35 hospitalized sheep diagnosed with bluetongue virus disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:514-519. [PMID: 38038181 PMCID: PMC10800201 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is only limited information on the clinical presentation, medical management, and outcomes of hospitalized sheep diagnosed with bluetongue virus (BTV) disease. OBJECTIVES To describe the signalment, history, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, medical management, and clinical outcomes of sheep diagnosed with BTV disease. ANIMALS Thirty-five hospitalized sheep with BTV disease. METHODS Retrospective case series. Medical records from 1989 to 2021 were evaluated. History, signalment, clinical signs, laboratory test results, treatments, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS BTV disease was diagnosed from July to December, with a peak proportion (43%; 15/35) of diagnoses recorded in October. Pyrexia and anorexia, respiratory disease, vasculitis, coronitis and lameness, and ulcerative mucosal lesions were present in 71%, 71%, 66%, 49%, and 22% of sheep, respectively. BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 were identified, with serotype 17 (75%) being the most frequent. Management of cases included administration of antimicrobials (89%), anti-inflammatories (77%), IV fluids (60%), vitamins (20%), proton-pump inhibitors (14%), diuretics (9%), and antioxidants (9%). Six ewes were pregnant on presentation, but none aborted. Six (17%) sheep died or were euthanized because of clinical deterioration, whereas 83% were discharged. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The proportion of sheep that survived BTV disease after treatment was relatively high. Serotyping of BTV is recommended because of the mismatch between frequently identified serotypes and the serotype present in the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gamsjäger
- Department of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Munashe Chigerwe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologySchool of Veterinary Medicine, University of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Souiai O, Arbi M, Hanachi M, Sallami A, Larbi I, Chaouch M, Harigua-Souiai E, Benkahla A. Retrospective Phylodynamic and Phylogeographic Analysis of the Bluetongue Virus in Tunisia. Evol Bioinform Online 2023; 19:11769343231212266. [PMID: 38033662 PMCID: PMC10683408 DOI: 10.1177/11769343231212266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus considered as a major threat for the global livestock economy. Since 1999, Tunisia has experienced several incursions of BTV, during which numerous cases of infection and mortality have been reported. However, the geographical origin and epidemiological characteristics of these incursions remained unclear. To understand the evolutionary history of BTV emergence in Tunisia, we extracted from Genbank the segment 6 sequences of 7 BTV strains isolated in Tunisia during the period 2000 to 2017 and blasted them to obtain a final dataset of 67 sequences. We subjected the dataset to a Bayesian phylogeography framework inferring geographical origin and serotype as phylodynamic models. Our results suggest that BTV-2 was first introduced in Tunisia in the 1960s and that since 1990s, the country has witnessed the emergence of other typical and atypical BTV serotypes notably BTV-1, BTV-3 and BTV-Y. The reported serotypes have a diverse geographical origin and have been transmitted to Tunisia from countries in the Mediterranean Basin. Interserotype reassortments have been identified among BTV-1, BTV-2 and BTV-Y. This study has provided new insights on the temporal and geographical origin of BTV in Tunisia, suggesting the contribution of animal trade and environment conditions in virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussema Souiai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Hanachi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ameny Sallami
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR20IPT03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Melek Chaouch
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology-LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alia Benkahla
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Ishaq M, Shah SAA, Khan N, Jamal SM. Prevalence and risk factors of bluetongue in small and large ruminants maintained on Government farms in North-western Pakistan. Res Vet Sci 2023; 161:38-44. [PMID: 37321009 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study reports prevalence of antibodies against bluetongue virus (BTV) in animals kept on Government farms/research stations in North-western Pakistan and its association with different risk factors. In total, 1257 blood samples were collected, at random, from animals on 12 separate Government farms/research stations. The prevalence of antibodies against BTV was evaluated using a competitive ELISA. Mixed effects univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were applied to ascertain different risk factors associated with the prevalence of the infection using farm as random effect variable. The overall weighted seroprevalence was recorded as 52%. In univariate analysis, a significant association between sero-conversion to BTV infection and species (P < 0.0001), sex (P < 0.0001), herd size (P = 0.0295) and age of animal (P < 0.0001) was recorded. In multivariate mixed effects logistic regression analysis, prevalence of the infection was found to be 7 (95% CI =2-28) times higher in goats and buffalo than in sheep. Prevalence of the infection was found to be 2.5 (95% CI =1.7-3.3) times higher in female than male animals. However, no significant association was found between sero-conversion of BTV and herd size in multivariate mixed effects logistic regression. Age was found to be a risk factor for the sero-conversion; odds of sero-conversion to BTV increased by 1.29, 1.4, 1.32 and 1.6 times per year increase in age of sheep, goats, buffalo and cattle, respectively. Prevalence of bluetongue was found higher in animals maintained on Government owned farms than that in individual holdings, as previously reported in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishaq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Syed Asad Ali Shah
- Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nadar Khan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Spedicato M, Di Teodoro G, Teodori L, Iorio M, Leone A, Bonfini B, Testa L, Pisciella M, Casaccia C, Portanti O, Rossi E, Di Febo T, Ferri N, Savini G, Lorusso A. Intravenous Infection of Small Ruminants Suggests a Goat-Restricted Host Tropism and Weak Humoral Immune Response for an Atypical Bluetongue Virus Isolate. Viruses 2023; 15:257. [PMID: 36680297 PMCID: PMC9864981 DOI: 10.3390/v15010257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of bluetongue (BT), a viral WOAH-listed disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants, primarily sheep. The outermost capsid protein VP2, encoded by S2, is the virion's most variable protein, and the ability of reference sera to neutralize an isolate has so far dictated the differentiation of 24 classical BTV serotypes. Since 2008, additional novel BTV serotypes, often referred to as "atypical" BTVs, have been documented and, currently, the full list includes 36 putative serotypes. In March 2015, a novel atypical BTV strain was detected in the blood of asymptomatic goats in Sardinia (Italy) and named BTV-X ITL2015. The strain re-emerged in the same region in 2021 (BTV-X ITL2021). In this study, we investigated the pathogenicity and kinetics of infection of BTV-X ITL2021 following subcutaneous and intravenous infection of small ruminants. We demonstrated that, in our experimental settings, BTV-X ITL2021 induced a long-lasting viraemia only when administered by the intravenous route in goats, though the animals remained healthy and, apparently, did not develop a neutralizing immune response. Sheep were shown to be refractory to the infection by either route. Our findings suggest a restricted host tropism of BTV-X and point out goats as reservoirs for this virus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Daif S, El Berbri I, Lhor Y, Fassi Fihri O. Serological and molecular prevalence study of bluetongue virus in small domestic ruminants in Morocco. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19448. [PMID: 36376352 PMCID: PMC9663439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, affecting domestic and wild ruminants. The current study aims to assess the seroprevalence of the bluetongue virus (BTV) and confirm its active circulation among sheep and goats populations in Morocco, as well as study the risk factors associated with BTV infection. To this end, a total of 1651 samples were randomly collected from 1376 sheep and 275 goats in eight (out of 12) regions of the country between March 2018 and July 2021.These samples were primarily tested using competitive ELISA (c-ELISA). Subsequently, 65% of c-ELISA positives (n = 452) were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results revealed an overall BTV seroprevalence in small ruminants in Morocco of 41.7%, including 42.6% in sheep and 37.5% in goats. The RT-qPCR results showed that the overall BTV viropositivity rate was 46.7%, including 48.1% in sheep and 41.8% in goats. These viro-serological rates varied significantly by age, sex, and breed of the tested animals, husbandry method, season, and geographic origin. This indicates that these parameters constitute risk factors for BTV transmission routes in Morocco. The findings also indicate that goats play a role as reservoirs in maintaining the BTV in Morocco. It appears from this study that bluetongue is endemic in Morocco. The environmental and climate conditions as well as the husbandry methods adopted in the country are particularly favorable for the virus transmission throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Daif
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ikhlass El Berbri
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Lhor
- grid.31143.340000 0001 2168 4024National Office of Food Safety (ONSSA), Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat-Instituts, BP: 6202, Rabat, Morocco
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10
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Qi Y, Wang F, Chang J, Jiang Z, Sun C, Lin J, Wu J, Yu L. Genetic characteristics and pathogenicity of the first bluetongue virus serotype 20 strain isolated in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2164-e2174. [PMID: 35403352 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae, is transmitted by biting midges and causes severe disease in domestic and wild ruminants. In the present study, a BTV strain, BTV-20/GX015/China/2013 (GX015), was isolated from sentinel cattle in Guangxi, China. Virus neutralization tests and phylogenetic analyses based on genomic segments 2 (S2) and 6 (S6) indicated that GX015 belongs to BTV serotype 20 (BTV-20) and represents a new topotype within BTV-20 strains, which makes GX015 the first BTV-20 strain isolated in China. Genomic analyses suggested that the 10 genomic segments of GX015 originated from a reassortment event, in which S2 and S6 are derived from exotic BTV-20 strains (South Africa or Australia), whereas the remaining eight genomic segments are apparently of Chinese origin and most likely share the same ancestor with a Taiwanese BTV-12 strain. Importantly, we evaluated the infectivity and pathogenicity of the BTV-20 strain in mice lacking the interferon receptor (IFNAR-/- mice, a good animal model for studying the pathogenesis, virulence and transmission of BTVs) and sheep for the first time, and found that GX015 causes severe disease and death in IFNAR-/- mice and clinical signs and viraemia in the natural host sheep. These results improve our understanding of the genetic characteristics, diversity and pathogenicity of BTVs, which is important for developing diagnostic methods and vaccines for the surveillance and prevention of bluetongue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - JiTao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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11
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Spedicato M, Compagni ED, Caporale M, Teodori L, Leone A, Ancora M, Mangone I, Perletta F, Portanti O, Di Giallonardo F, Bonfini B, Savini G, Lorusso A. Reemergence of an atypical bluetongue virus strain in goats, Sardinia, Italy. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:36-41. [PMID: 35853329 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the etiologic agent of bluetongue, a WOAH (founded as Office International des Épizooties, OIE)-notifiable economically important disease of ruminants. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and 24 different "classical" serotypes have been reported to date. In recent years, several putative novel BTV serotypes, often referred to as "atypical" BTVs, have been documented. These are characterized by unusual biological characteristics, most notably avirulence and vector-independent transmission. Here, we describe the recurrence of such an atypical virus strain BTV-X ITL2021 detected in goats six years after its first discovery in Sardinia, Italy. Combined serological and genome analysis results clearly suggest that the two strains belong to the same BTV serotype. However, unlike the 2015 strain, BTV-X ITL2021 was successfully isolated in BSR cell-culture allowing further serological characterization. Lastly, seropositivity for BTV-X ITL2021 was detected by virus-neutralization in approximately 74% of animals tested, suggesting that this atypical BTV serotype has been circulating undetected in asymptomatic animals for years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy.
| | | | - Marialuigia Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Leone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Iolanda Mangone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Perletta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Bonfini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
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12
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Vaccination as a Strategy to Prevent Bluetongue Virus Vertical Transmission. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111528. [PMID: 34832683 PMCID: PMC8622840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) produces an economically important disease in ruminants of compulsory notification to the OIE. BTV is typically transmitted by the bite of Culicoides spp., however, some BTV strains can be transmitted vertically, and this is associated with fetus malformations and abortions. The viral factors associated with the virus potency to cross the placental barrier are not well defined. The potency of vertical transmission is retained and sometimes even increased in live attenuated BTV vaccine strains. Because BTV possesses a segmented genome, the possibility of reassortment of vaccination strains with wild-type virus could even favor the transmission of this phenotype. In the present review, we will describe the non-vector-based BTV infection routes and discuss the experimental vaccination strategies that offer advantages over this drawback of some live attenuated BTV vaccines.
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13
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Bluetongue Virus Infections in Cattle Herds of Manabí Province of Ecuador. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111445. [PMID: 34832601 PMCID: PMC8623054 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a viral disease transmitted by Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to domestic and wild ruminants. Infections in cattle are mainly subclinical, but severe necrotic and hemorrhagic illness and death may occur depending on the strain of the virus and other factors; cattle act as a reservoir for the virus. Although the Ecuadorian coast has climatic conditions that favor the presence of the vector, there are few serologic or virologic BTV studies available. Manabí is a coastal province in which livestock farming is mostly implemented in the northern part. We conducted two studies to assess, for the first time, the presence of active BTV infections in Manabí province. We collected 430 serum samples from 38 randomly selected farms between March and July 2019 to perform BTV competitive ELISA. In addition, six seropositive farms were selected to place eight sentinel BTV-naive calves. All these calves were blood sampled and the presence of BTV RNA and antibodies was tested for by RT-PCR and competitive ELISA, respectively, once a week for 6-8 weeks until seroconversion was evidenced. A high individual seroprevalence (99%) was obtained, and all investigated farms had BTV seropositive animals. All sentinel calves became BTV viremic and seroconverted. The first viremia appeared after 2-5 weeks from arrival at the farm; they seroconverted 1-3 weeks later. We demonstrate for the first time that there is a high level of BTV circulation north of Manabí, with active infections on these farms. Integrated control strategies such as hygienic measures on farms to reduce midge populations would be advisable for the owners as mitigation measures.
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14
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Chand S, Chand K, Biswas SK, Singh P. Development of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatography assay for the detection of group-specific antibodies against VP7 protein of bluetongue virus in multiple species. J Immunol Methods 2021; 499:113166. [PMID: 34653504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue disease infects many domestic and wild ruminants. In the present study, colloidal gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) was developed to detect the group-specific antibodies to BTV in serum samples of sheep, goats, cattle, and camel. The recombinant VP7 protein of BTV conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles (GNPs) was used as a detector reagent. Recombinant streptococcal protein G and monoclonal antibody to BTV group-specific antigen were immobilized as the test and the control line, respectively on a nitrocellulose membrane. The protein G could capture the specific antibodies to BTV present in the serum of multiple ruminant species susceptible to BTV in a common test format and could eliminate the requirement of multiple anti-species antibodies. Upon addition of serum sample, GNP-rVP7 protein-serum complex migrated laterally onto the strip via capillary action and results were analyzed based on appearance of red colour band at test and control line. Serum samples (n = 481) of sheep, goats, cattle, and camel segregated as positive and negative by the commercial competitive-ELISA (c-ELISA) kit were tested in the fabricated LFIA strips to analyze the performance of the assay. In comparison with c-ELISA, the relative diagnostic sensitivity (DSn) of 95.2% with 91.6-97.6 (95%)) confidence interval and relative diagnostic specificity (DSp) of 99.6% 97.8-100.0 (95%) confidence interval were obtained for the optimized LFIA. The agreement between the LFIA and the c-ELISA was excellent as indicated by the kappa coefficient value of 0.949 (SE = 0.0142) with 0.9219 to 0.9779 (95%) confidence interval. The recombinant protein G based LFIA is a sensitive, specific, rapid, one-step test that can be used in the field or poorly equipped laboratories for serological diagnosis and serosurveillance of bluetongue in multiple susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Chand
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Virology, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Karam Chand
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Virology, Mukteswar Campus, Nainital 263138, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, ERS, Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Spedicato M, Savini G, van Gennip RGP. Pentavalent Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA)/DIVA Vaccine Provides Protection in Sheep and Cattle against Different Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101150. [PMID: 34696258 PMCID: PMC8537505 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a midge-borne OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). There are at least 29 BTV serotypes as determined by serum neutralization tests and genetic analyses of genome segment 2 encoding serotype immunodominant VP2 protein. Large parts of the world are endemic for multiple serotypes. The most effective control measure of BT is vaccination. Conventionally live-attenuated and inactivated BT vaccines are available but have their specific pros and cons and are not DIVA compatible. The prototype Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA)/DIVA vaccine based on knockout of NS3/NS3a protein of live-attenuated BTV, shortly named DISA8, fulfills all criteria for modern veterinary vaccines of sheep. Recently, DISA8 with an internal in-frame deletion of 72 amino acid codons in NS3/NS3a showed a similar ideal vaccine profile in cattle. Here, the DISA/DIVA vaccine platform was applied for other serotypes, and pentavalent DISA/DIVA vaccine for “European” serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 was studied in sheep and cattle. Protection was demonstrated for two serotypes, and neutralization Ab titers indicate protection against other included serotypes. The DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is flexible in use and generates monovalent and multivalent DISA vaccines to combat specific field situations with respect to Bluetongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A. van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8200 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.A.M.-V.); (R.G.P.v.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-320-238-686
| | - Mieke A. Maris-Veldhuis
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8200 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.A.M.-V.); (R.G.P.v.G.)
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- Public Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Public Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (M.S.); (G.S.)
| | - René G. P. van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), 8200 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (M.A.M.-V.); (R.G.P.v.G.)
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16
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Murota K, Ishii K, Mekaru Y, Araki M, Suda Y, Shirafuji H, Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Yanase T. Isolation of Culicoides- and Mosquito-Borne Orbiviruses in the Southwestern Islands of Japan Between 2014 and 2019. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:796-808. [PMID: 34463150 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulation of arboviruses in livestock ruminants has often gone unrecognized owing to the fact that a significant percentage of arboviruses probably induce subclinical infections and/or negligible symptoms in infected animals. To determine the current situation of arbovirus circulation in the Yaeyama Islands, attempts to isolate viruses from bovine blood samples collected between 2014 and 2019 have been made. In total, 308 blood samples were collected during the study period, and 43 of them induced cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cell cultures. The identification of the CPE agents was performed by reported RT-PCR assays and a high-throughput analysis with a next-generation sequencing platform. The obtained viruses consisted of an orthobunyavirus (Peaton virus), Culicoides-borne orbiviruses (bluetongue virus serotypes 12 and 16, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus [EHDV] serotypes 5, 6, and 7, D'Aguilar virus, and Bunyip Creek virus), and potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses (Yunnan orbivirus, Guangxi orbivirus, and Yonaguni orbivirus). Most of the orbiviruses were recovered from washed blood cells with mosquito cell cultures, suggesting that this combination was more efficient than other combinations such as plasma/blood cells and hamster cell lines. This marked the first time that the isolation of EHDV serotypes 5 and 6 and three potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses was recorded in Japan, showing a greater variety of orbiviruses on the islands than previously known. Genetic analysis of the isolated orbiviruses suggested that the Yaeyama Islands and its neighboring regions were epidemiologically related. Some of the viruses, especially the potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses, were isolated during several consecutive years, indicating their establishment on the islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Murota
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Uruma, Japan
| | - Yuji Mekaru
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Uruma, Japan
| | - Miho Araki
- Yaeyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ishigaki, Japan
| | - Yuto Suda
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
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17
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King S, Flannery J, Batten C, Rajko-Nenow P. Development of real-time RT-qPCR assays for the typing of two novel bluetongue virus genotypes derived from sheeppox vaccine. J Virol Methods 2021; 298:114288. [PMID: 34536487 PMCID: PMC8543067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported the detection of two novel bluetongue virus (BTV) strains (SPvvvv/02 and SPvvvv/03), possibly representing new BTV genotypes, in a batch of sheeppox vaccine. We developed type-specific RT-qPCR assays (targeting genome segment 2) for these two new BTV strains. The limit of detection of both assays was 10 genome copies/μl and no cross-reactivity with other BTV genotypes was observed. The performance of three other BTV group-specific diagnostic assays was also tested against the putative novel genotypes. RT-qPCR assays targeting BTV segment 9 and 10 detected both strains (SPvvvv/02 and SPvvvv/03) whereas a BTV segment 1 RT-qPCR assay was unable to detect either BTV strain. The work presented here expands upon the current repertoire of RT-qPCR assays for BTV genotype determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie Batten
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Rajko-Nenow
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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18
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Saminathan M, Singh KP, Khorajiya JH, Dinesh M, Vineetha S, Maity M, Rahman AF, Misri J, Malik YS, Gupta VK, Singh RK, Dhama K. An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India. Vet Q 2021; 40:258-321. [PMID: 33003985 PMCID: PMC7655031 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1831708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. BT is caused by BT virus (BTV) and it belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides midges and causes clinical disease in sheep, white-tailed deer, pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, and subclinical manifestation in cattle, goats and camelids. BT is a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) listed multispecies disease and causes great socio-economic losses. To date, 28 serotypes of BTV have been reported worldwide and 23 serotypes have been reported from India. Transplacental transmission (TPT) and fetal abnormalities in ruminants had been reported with cell culture adopted live-attenuated vaccine strains of BTV. However, emergence of BTV-8 in Europe during 2006, confirmed TPT of wild-type/field strains of BTV. Diagnosis of BT is more important for control of disease and to ensure BTV-free trade of animals and their products. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, agar gel immunodiffusion assay and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are found to be sensitive and OIE recommended tests for diagnosis of BTV for international trade. Control measures include mass vaccination (most effective method), serological and entomological surveillance, forming restriction zones and sentinel programs. Major hindrances with control of BT in India are the presence of multiple BTV serotypes, high density of ruminant and vector populations. A pentavalent inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine is administered currently in India to control BT. Recombinant vaccines with DIVA strategies are urgently needed to combat this disease. This review is the first to summarise the seroprevalence of BTV in India for 40 years, economic impact and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - At Faslu Rahman
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Rivera NA, Varga C, Ruder MG, Dorak SJ, Roca AL, Novakofski JE, Mateus-Pinilla NE. Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease in the United States of America at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface. Pathogens 2021; 10:915. [PMID: 34451380 PMCID: PMC8402076 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) cases have increased worldwide, causing significant economic loss to ruminant livestock production and detrimental effects to susceptible wildlife populations. In recent decades, hemorrhagic disease cases have been reported over expanding geographic areas in the United States. Effective BT and EHD prevention and control strategies for livestock and monitoring of these diseases in wildlife populations depend on an accurate understanding of the distribution of BT and EHD viruses in domestic and wild ruminants and their vectors, the Culicoides biting midges that transmit them. However, national maps showing the distribution of BT and EHD viruses and the presence of Culicoides vectors are incomplete or not available at all. Thus, efforts to accurately describe the potential risk of these viruses on ruminant populations are obstructed by the lack of systematic and routine surveillance of their hosts and vectors. In this review, we: (1) outline animal health impacts of BT and EHD in the USA; (2) describe current knowledge of the distribution and abundance of BT and EHD and their vectors in the USA; and (3) highlight the importance of disease (BT and EHD) and vector surveillance for ruminant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelda A. Rivera
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (S.J.D.); (J.E.N.)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
| | - Mark G. Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Sheena J. Dorak
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (S.J.D.); (J.E.N.)
| | - Alfred L. Roca
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Jan E. Novakofski
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (S.J.D.); (J.E.N.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1503 S. Maryland Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nohra E. Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; (S.J.D.); (J.E.N.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802, USA;
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1503 S. Maryland Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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20
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van Rijn PA, Boonstra J. Critical parameters of real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostics: Sensitivity and specificity for bluetongue virus. J Virol Methods 2021; 295:114211. [PMID: 34126108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new variant of bluetongue virus serotype 3, BTV3 ITL 2018 (here named: BTV3), was included in serial dilutions in the BT Proficiency Test 2020. Although the OIE-recommended panBTV real time RT-PCR test targeting genome segment 10 (Seg-10) detected this variant, we showed that reverse transcription (RT) at 61 °C instead of 50 °C completely abolished detection. Another Seg-10 panBTV real time RT-PCR test detected BTV3, irrespective of the temperature of RT. In silico validation showed that each of the OIE-recommended PCR primers using IVI-primers contain single mismatches at the -3 position for BTV3. In contrast, WBVR-primers of a second test completely match to the BTV3 variant. Our results suggest that single mismatches caused false negative PCR results for BTV3 at high RT temperature. Indeed, correction of both IVI-primers for BTV3 led to positive results for BTV3 but negative results for all other samples of the BT Proficiency Test 2020. Apparently, variability of the -3 position is sufficient for discriminative PCR detection, although the single mismatch in the IVI-reverse primer was the most important for this phenomenon. Extensive in silico validation showed that targets of both Seg-10 panBTV RT-PCR tests are not completely conserved, and the detailed effect of single mismatches are hard to predict. Therefore, we recommend at least two panBTV RT-PCR tests to minimize the risk of false negatives. Preferably, their PCR targets should be located at completely different and highly conserved regions of the BTV genome to guarantee adequate detection of future BTV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, South Africa.
| | - Jan Boonstra
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, the Netherlands
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21
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The Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) Vaccine Platform Based on Deletion NS3/NS3a Protein Is Safe and Protective in Cattle and Enables DIVA. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050857. [PMID: 34067226 PMCID: PMC8151055 DOI: 10.3390/v13050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), an OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants. At least 29 BTV serotypes are described as determined by the outer shell proteins VP2 and VP5. Vaccination is the most effective control measure. Inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently available. These vaccines have their specific pros and cons, and both are not DIVA vaccines. The BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform is based on LAV without nonessential NS3/NS3a expression and is applicable for many serotypes by the exchange of outer shell proteins. The DISA vaccine is effective and completely safe. Further, transmission of the DISA vaccine by midges is blocked (DISA principle). Finally, the DISA vaccine enables DIVA because of a lack of antibodies against the immunogenic NS3/NS3a protein (DIVA principle). The deletion of 72 amino acids (72aa) in NS3/NS3a is sufficient to block virus propagation in midges. Here, we show that a prototype DISA vaccine based on LAV with the 72aa deletion enables DIVA, is completely safe and induces a long-lasting serotype-specific protection in cattle. In conclusion, the in-frame deletion of 72-aa codons in the BT DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is sufficient to fulfil all the criteria for modern veterinary vaccines.
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22
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Yang H, Gu W, Li Z, Zhang L, Liao D, Song J, Shi B, Hasimu J, Li Z, Yang Z, Zhong Q, Li H. Novel putative bluetongue virus serotype 29 isolated from inapparently infected goat in Xinjiang of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2543-2555. [PMID: 33190404 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the 'type' species of the genus Orbivirus causing bluetongue (BT) in sheep, bovine and other ruminants. Twenty-four serotypes and several atypical serotypes of BTV were identified worldwide. In present study, a novel strain of BTV (V196/XJ/2014) was isolated from an asymptomatic sentinel goat in Yuli County, Xinjiang of China. Serotype identification of this isolate exhibited uniform negative results by serotype-specific conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR for BTV-1 to BTV-27, and virus neutralization tests using reference sera of BTV-1 to BTV-24. Genomic analysis showed V196/XJ/2014 grouped with atypical serotypes of BTV-25 to BTV-28, BTV-X/XJ1407, BTV-X/ITL2015 and BTV-Y/TUN2017, while segment 2 and VP2 protein of V196/XJ/2014 shared <63.4%/61.4% nucleic acids and amino acids sequence identities with other recognized BTV serotypes and its segment 2 formed a separate 'nucleotype' in phylogenetic tree. These results indicated V196/XJ/2014 does not belong to any reported serotypes of BTV. Further studies of infectivity and pathogenicity showed that goats infected with V196/XJ/2014 did not exhibit observed clinical symptoms, but high level of virus amplification and homologous neutralization antibodies were detected post-infection. Our studies suggested a novel putative serotype of BTV-29 was isolated in Xinjiang of China, which expands our knowledge about the diversity of BTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wenxi Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Defang Liao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jianling Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Baoxin Shi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jiapaer Hasimu
- Yuli Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Yuli, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Huachun Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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23
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Ries C, Vögtlin A, Hüssy D, Jandt T, Gobet H, Hilbe M, Burgener C, Schweizer L, Häfliger-Speiser S, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Putative Novel Atypical BTV Serotype '36' Identified in Small Ruminants in Switzerland. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050721. [PMID: 33919269 PMCID: PMC8143309 DOI: 10.3390/v13050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a putative novel atypical BTV serotype '36' in Swiss goat flocks. In the initial flock clinical signs consisting of multifocal purulent dermatitis, facial oedema and fever were observed. Following BTV detection by RT-qPCR, serotyping identified BTV-25 and also a putative novel BTV serotype in several of the affected goats. We successfully propagated the so-called "BTV-36-CH2019" strain in cell culture, developed a specific RT-qPCR targeting Segment 2, and generated the full genome by high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, we experimentally infected goats with BTV-36-CH2019. Regularly, EDTA blood, serum and diverse swab samples were collected. Throughout the experiment, neither fever nor clinical disease was observed in any of the inoculated goats. Four goats developed BTV viremia, whereas one inoculated goat and the two contact animals remained negative. No viral RNA was detected in the swab samples collected from nose, mouth, eye, and rectum, and thus the experimental infection of goats using this novel BTV serotype delivered no indications for any clinical symptoms or vector-free virus transmission pathways. The subclinical infection of the four goats is in accordance with the reports for other atypical BTVs. However, the clinical signs of the initial goat flock did most likely not result from infection with the novel BTV-36-CH0219.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ries
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Andrea Vögtlin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.V.); (D.H.); (T.J.); (H.G.)
| | - Daniela Hüssy
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.V.); (D.H.); (T.J.); (H.G.)
| | - Tabea Jandt
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.V.); (D.H.); (T.J.); (H.G.)
| | - Hansjörg Gobet
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Mittelhäusern, Switzerland and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.V.); (D.H.); (T.J.); (H.G.)
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.H.); (C.B.)
| | - Carole Burgener
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (M.H.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Rupner RN, VinodhKumar OR, Karthikeyan R, Sinha DK, Singh KP, Dubal ZB, Tamta S, Gupta VK, Singh BR, Malik YS, Dhama K. Bluetongue in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis with emphasis on diagnosis and seroprevalence. Vet Q 2021; 40:229-242. [PMID: 32886028 PMCID: PMC7534259 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1810356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious viral disease which affects a wide range of ruminants and was first reported in India in 1964. In view of the absence of comprehensive information on the BT status in India, this study presents the seroprevalence on BT in farm animals of India based-on a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic review was conducted to identify the published articles (2001–2018) reporting the seroprevalence of BT in sheep, goats, cattle, buffalo, camels, and Mithun (Bos frontalis) from India. From 409 research articles, 71 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and meta-analysis for proportions was carried out targeting the eligible studies. From these, 144 strata level data were extracted with a sample size of 14048 sheep, 14696 goats, 5218 cattle, 2653 buffaloes, 2062 camels, and 222 Mithun. Overall, the analyses showed that the BT seroprevalence of 43% (95% CI: 38–49%) in goats, 39% (95% CI: 33–46%) in sheep, 38% (95% CI: 25–45%) in cattle, 34% (95% CI: 20–51%) in buffaloes, 16% (95% CI: 10–22%) in camels, and 66% (95% CI: 17–95%) in Mithun. Furthermore, the meta-regression analysis suggested that serological tests, geographical region, and sample size were the prime moderators. Meta-analytic study indicates the BT seropositivity in 25.35 million sheep (95% CI: 21.5–29.9), 58 million goats (95% CI: 51.3–66.2), 66.8 million cattle (95% CI: 47.7–86), 37.0 million buffaloes (95% CI: 21.7–55.4), 0.06 million camels (95% CI: 0.04–0.09), and 0.19 million Mithun (95% CI: 0.05–0.28). The findings highlight the variation of BT seropositivity in different geographical regions of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar N Rupner
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - O R VinodhKumar
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - R Karthikeyan
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - D K Sinha
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - K P Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Z B Dubal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shikha Tamta
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - V K Gupta
- CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - B R Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Y S Malik
- Division of Biological Standardisation, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - K Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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25
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Legisa D, Dus Santos MJ. Bluetongue virus in South America: current status based on phylogenetic analysis. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33528348 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an insect-borne disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of the BT disease. BT outbreaks have been widely recorded worldwide. However, in the South American subcontinent, accurate information about the disease and molecular epidemiology is still lacking because little effort has been made to cover the region. This study comprises an exhaustive phylogenetic analysis including all BTV sequences available in databases and reports new Argentinean sequences for Seg 8 and Seg 9. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses were conducted for Seg 2, Seg 3, Seg 6, Seg 7, Seg 8, Seg 9 and Seg 10. Throughout the study, wide circulation and genetic continuity along the American continent were detected. Also, reassortment events are reported, and the historical virus introduction path into and through South America is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Legisa
- Industrial Biotechnology R&D Centre, National Institute of Industrial Technology (INTI), Gral San Martin, Argentina
| | - Maria José Dus Santos
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), INTA-CONICET. Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Ries C, Sharav T, Tseren-Ochir EO, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Putative Novel Serotypes '33' and '35' in Clinically Healthy Small Ruminants in Mongolia Expand the Group of Atypical BTV. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010042. [PMID: 33383902 PMCID: PMC7824028 DOI: 10.3390/v13010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 2015 and 2018, we identified the presence of three so-far-unknown Bluetongue virus (BTV) strains (BTV-MNG1/2018, BTV-MNG2/2016, and BTV-MNG3/2016) circulating in clinical healthy sheep and goats in Mongolia. Virus isolation from EDTA blood samples of BTV-MNG1/2018 and BTV-MNG3/2016 was successful on the mammalian cell line BSR using blood collected from surveillance. After experimental inoculation of goats with BTV-MNG2/2016 positive blood as inoculum, we observed viraemia in one goat and with the EDTA blood of the experimental inoculation, the propagation of BTV-MNG2/2016 in cell culture was successful on mammalian cell line BSR as well. However, virus isolation experiments for BTV-MNG2/2016 on KC cells were unsuccessful. Furthermore, we generated the complete coding sequence of all three novel Mongolian strains. For atypical BTV, serotyping via the traditional serum neutralization assay is not trivial. We therefore sorted the ‘putative novel atypical serotypes’ according to their segment-2 sequence identities and their time point of sampling. Hence, the BTV-MNG1/2018 isolate forms the ‘putative novel atypical serotype’ 33, the BTV-MNG3/2016 the ‘putative novel atypical serotype’ 35, whereas the BTV-MNG2/2016 strain belongs to the same putative novel atypical serotype ‘30’ as BTV-XJ1407 from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ries
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Tumenjargal Sharav
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-uul District, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia or (T.S.); (E.-O.T.-O.)
| | - Erdene-Ochir Tseren-Ochir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Khan-uul District, Zaisan 17024, Mongolia or (T.S.); (E.-O.T.-O.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17943 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (C.R.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Ulisse S, Iorio M, Armillotta G, Laguardia C, Testa L, Capista S, Centorame P, Traini S, Serroni A, Monaco F, Caporale M, Mercante MT, Di Ventura M. Production and Easy One-Step Purification of Bluetongue Recombinant VP7 from Infected Sf9 Supernatant for an Immunoenzymatic Assay (ELISA). Mol Biotechnol 2020; 63:40-52. [PMID: 33078348 PMCID: PMC7820184 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is non-contagious, vector-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and is caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV is the type species of the Orbivirus genus within the Reoviridae family and possesses a genome consisting of 10 double-stranded RNA segments encoding 7 structural and 4 nonstructural proteins. Viral Protein 7 (VP7) is the major sera group-specific protein and is a good antigen candidate for immunoenzymatic assays for the BT diagnosis. In our work, BTV-2 recombinant VP7 (BTV-2 recVP7), expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells using a baculovirus system, was produced and purified by affinity chromatography from the supernatant of infected cell culture. The use of the supernatant allowed us to obtain a high quantity of recombinant protein with high purity level by an easy one-step procedure, rather than the multistep purification from the pellet. RecVP7-BTV2 was detected using a MAb anti-BTV in Western blot and it was used to develop an immunoenzymatic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ulisse
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - M Iorio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy.
| | - G Armillotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - C Laguardia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - L Testa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - S Capista
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - P Centorame
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - S Traini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - A Serroni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - F Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - M Caporale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - M T Mercante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - M Di Ventura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Teramo, Italy
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28
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Ashby M, Rajko-Nenow P, Batten C, Flannery J. Simultaneous Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serotypes Using xMAP Technology. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101564. [PMID: 33050655 PMCID: PMC7650804 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is an economically important disease of ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV is serologically diverse, which complicates vaccination strategies. Rapid identification of the causative BTV serotypes is critical, however, real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) can be costly and time consuming to perform when the circulating serotypes are unknown. The Luminex xMAP technology is a high-throughput platform that uses fluorescent beads to detect multiple targets simultaneously. We utilized existing BTV serotyping RT-qPCR assays for BTV-1 to BTV-24 and adapted them for use with the xMAP platform. The xMAP assay specifically detected all 24 BTV serotypes when testing reference strains. In all BTV-positive samples, the sensitivity of the BTV xMAP was 87.55% whereas the sensitivity of the serotype-specific RT-qPCR was 79.85%. The BTV xMAP assay allowed for the specific detection of BTV serotypes 1-24 at a lower cost than current RT-qPCR assays. Overall, the assay provides a useful novel diagnostic tool, particularly when analyzing large sample sets. The use of the BTV xMAP assay will allow for the rapid assessment of BTV epidemiology and may inform decision-making related to control and prevention measures.
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29
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Serological Investigations of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) among Sheep and Goats in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:8863971. [PMID: 33062245 PMCID: PMC7547342 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8863971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, noncontagious, vector-borne viral disease of wild and domestic ruminants. BTV is a member of the Orbivirus genus of the family Reoviridae. The present study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of BTV in sheep and goats in Kassala State, Sudan. It also aimed to determine risk factors associated with BTV infection. The study was carried out by a structured questionnaire survey, and a total of 809 serum samples were collected from sheep (n = 459) and goats (n = 350) from 9 different localities in Kassala state. These samples were analyzed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for the detection of BTV antibodies. The overall seroprevalence of BTV was 91.2% (738/809). In goats, the prevalence of BTV antibodies was comparatively higher (100%) than in sheep (84.5%). The prevalence differed between localities and was the highest in the center section of Kassala and Western Kassala (100%). Animals aged 6–11 months were highly infected (93.9%) compared to 1-year-old (85.5%). Caprine species was more likely to be infected (100%) than ovine (84.5%), and females were highly infected (92.8%) than males (85.5%). BTV infections were higher in the winter season (91.4%). Risk factors that showed significant associations with cELISA positivity included locality and sex (p ≤ 0.003) and species and age (p ≤ 0.000). Factors significantly associated with cELISA positivity in multivariate analysis were localities, species, age, and sex. BTV infection is prevalent in sheep and goat populations in Kassala state.
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30
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Isolation and Cultivation of a New Isolate of BTV-25 and Presumptive Evidence for a Potential Persistent Infection in Healthy Goats. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090983. [PMID: 32899808 PMCID: PMC7552037 DOI: 10.3390/v12090983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, several so-called “atypical” Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes were discovered, including BTV-25 (Toggenburg virus), in Switzerland. Most “atypical” BTV were identified in small ruminants without clinical signs. In 2018, two goats from a holding in Germany tested positive for BTV-25 genome by RT-qPCR prior to export. After experimental inoculation of the two goats with the BTV-25 positive field blood samples for generation of reference materials, viremia could be observed in one animal. For the first time, the BTV-25-related virus was isolated in cell culture from EDTA-blood and the full genome of isolate “BTV-25-GER2018” could be generated. BTV-25-GER2018 was only incompletely neutralized by ELISA-positive sera. We could monitor the BTV-25 occurrence in the respective affected goat flock of approximately 120 goats over several years. EDTA blood samples were screened with RT-qPCR using a newly developed BTV-25 specific assay. For serological surveillance, serum samples were screened using a commercial cELISA. BTV-25-GER2018 was detected over 4.5 years in the goat flock with intermittent PCR-positivity in some animals, and with or without concomitantly detected antibodies since 2015. We could demonstrate the viral persistence of BTV-25-GER2018 in goats for up to 4.5 years, and the first BTV-25 isolate is now available for further characterization.
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Bréard E, Viarouge C, Donnet F, Sailleau C, Rossi S, Pourquier P, Vitour D, Comtet L, Zientara S. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for detection of epizootic haemorrhagic disease antibodies in domestic and wild ruminant sera. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2475-2481. [PMID: 32310339 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) are vector-borne viral diseases affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Both are notifiable under OIE rules. BT and EHD viruses (BTV and EHDV) are closely related Orbiviruses with structural, antigenic and molecular similarities. Both viruses can produce analogous clinical signs in susceptible animals. Serological tests are commonly used for BT and EHD diagnosis and surveillance. Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) is the most widely used serological test for the specific detection of BTV or EHDV viral protein 7 (VP7) antibodies (Abs). The specificity and sensitivity of the BTV c-ELISA kits available on the market are recognized for the detection of BTV Abs. Concerning EHD, a single commercial EHDV c-ELISA kit (ELISA A kit) commonly used for diagnosis in Europe and Africa was available between 2011 and 2018 but is now no longer on the market. In this study, we evaluated a new commercial c-ELISA to detect ruminant EHDV VP7 Abs in 2,199 serum samples from cattle, sheep, goats, wild deer and zoo animals. The results showed that this ELISA kit is specific and can detect the presence of IgG anti-EHDV VP7 with a very good diagnostic specificity and a satisfactory sensitivity in domestic ruminants, zoo animals and wild deer. Therefore, the evaluated c-ELISA can detect the introduction of EHDV into an area where BTV-seropositive domestic animals are present. The performance of this kit is similar to that of the c-ELISA A kit and can thus be used for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bréard
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Rossi
- Wildlife Diseases Unit, Research Department, ONCFS, Le Perray-en-Yvelines, France
| | | | - Damien Vitour
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Stéphan Zientara
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale d'Alfort, ANSES, ENVA, INRA, UMR 1161 VIROLOGIE, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Ries C, Beer M, Hoffmann B. BlueTYPE - A low density TaqMan-RT-qPCR array for the identification of all 24 classical Bluetongue virus serotypes. J Virol Methods 2020; 282:113881. [PMID: 32413478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is a double-stranded RNA virus with 10 genome segments. VP2 is the primary target for neutralising antibodies and defines the serotype. Today, more than 27 serotypes are known, 24 are defined as "classical", and new serotypes are under investigation. Beside group-specific BTV-genome detection, additional serotype characterisation is important for disease control and epidemiological investigations. Therefore, a low-density RT-qPCR array representing a panel of group- and serotype-specific assays, was combined with an internal control system. For BTV serotype detection, both published and the newly developed in-house PCR systems were combined. The different primer-probe-mixes were placed in advance into a 96-well plate stored at -20 °C until use. At the time of analysis, the only template RNA was added to the prepared primer-probe-mixes and heat denatured at 95 °C for 3 min. After cooling, the master mix was added to each well and the PCR could run for around 90 min. The presented low-density TaqMan-RT-qPCR array enables fast and precise characterisation of the BTV serotype in clinical cases. Furthermore, mixed infections can be easily identified. In addition, the newly developed low-density RT-qPCR-array can easily be adapted to novel BTV strain variants or extended for relevant differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ries
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17943 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
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Rocchigiani AM, Tilocca MG, Portanti O, Vodret B, Bechere R, Di Domenico M, Savini G, Lorusso A, Puggioni G. Development of a Digital RT-PCR Method for Absolute Quantification of Bluetongue Virus in Field Samples. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:170. [PMID: 32373633 PMCID: PMC7186476 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a major Office International des Epizooties (OIE)-listed disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by several serotypes of Bluetongue virus (BTV), a virus with a segmented dsRNA genome belonging to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus. BTV is transmitted through the bites of Culicoides midges. The aim of this study was to develop a new method for quantification of BTV Seg-10 by droplet digital RT-PCR (RTdd-PCR), using nucleic acids purified from complex matrices such as blood, tissues, and midges, that notoriously contain strong PCR inhibitors. First, RTdd-PCR was optimized by using RNAs purified from serially 10-fold dilutions of a BTV-1 isolate (105.43TCID50/ml up to 10−0.57 TCID50/ml) and from the same dilutions spiked into fresh ovine EDTA-blood and spleen homogenate. The method showed a good degree of linearity (R2 ≥ 0.995). The limit of detection (LoD) and the limit of quantification (LoQ) established were 10−0.67TCID50/ml (0.72 copies/μl) and 100.03TCID50/ml (3.05 copies/μl) of BTV-1, respectively. Second, the newly developed test was compared, using the same set of biological samples, to the quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) detecting Seg-10 assay widely used for the molecular diagnosis of BTV from field samples. Results showed a difference mean of 0.30 log between the two assays with these samples (p < 0.05). Anyway, the analysis of correlation demonstrated that both assays provided similar measurements with a very close agreement between the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Rocchigiani
- Department of Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria G Tilocca
- Department of Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Bruna Vodret
- Department of Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Department of Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Department of Sanità Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
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Yanase T, Murota K, Hayama Y. Endemic and Emerging Arboviruses in Domestic Ruminants in East Asia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:168. [PMID: 32318588 PMCID: PMC7154088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootic congenital abnormalities caused by Akabane, Aino, and Chuzan viruses have damaged the reproduction of domestic ruminants in East Asia for many years. In the past, large outbreaks of febrile illness related to bovine ephemeral fever and Ibaraki viruses severely affected the cattle industry in that region. In recent years, vaccines against these viruses have reduced the occurrence of diseases, although the viruses are still circulating and have occasionally caused sporadic and small-scaled epidemics. Over a long-term monitoring period, many arboviruses other than the above-mentioned viruses have been isolated from cattle and Culicoides biting midges in Japan. Several novel arboviruses that may infect ruminants (e.g., mosquito- and tick-borne arboviruses) were recently reported in mainland China based on extensive surveillance. It is noteworthy that some are suspected of being associated with cattle diseases. Malformed calves exposed to an intrauterine infection with orthobunyaviruses (e.g., Peaton and Shamonda viruses) have been observed. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 caused a sudden outbreak of hemorrhagic disease in cattle in Japan. Unfortunately, the pathogenicity of many other viruses in ruminants has been uncertain, although these viruses potentially affect livestock production. As global transportation grows, the risk of an accidental incursion of arboviruses is likely to increase in previously non-endemic areas. Global warming will also certainly affect the distribution and active period of vectors, and thus the range of virus spreads will expand to higher-latitude regions. To prevent anticipated damages to the livestock industry, the monitoring system for arboviral circulation and incursion should be strengthened; moreover, the sharing of information and preventive strategies will be essential in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Yanase
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayama
- Viral Disease and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
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Golender N, Bumbarov V, Eldar A, Lorusso A, Kenigswald G, Varsano JS, David D, Schainin S, Dagoni I, Gur I, Kaplan A, Gorohov A, Koren O, Oron E, Khinich Y, Sclamovich I, Meir A, Savini G. Bluetongue Serotype 3 in Israel 2013-2018: Clinical Manifestations of the Disease and Molecular Characterization of Israeli Strains. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:112. [PMID: 32211429 PMCID: PMC7068852 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the results of the diagnostic activities on Bluetongue virus serotype 3 (BTV-3) conducted at Kimron Veterinary Institute (Beit Dagan, Israel) between 2013 and 2018 are reported. Bluetongue virus is the causative agent of bluetongue (BT), a disease of ruminants, mostly transmitted by competent Culicoides species. In Israel, BTV-3 circulation was first detected in 2013 from a sheep showing classical BT clinical signs. It was also evidenced in 2016, and, since then, it has been regularly detected in Israeli livestock. Between 2013 and 2017, BTV-3 outbreaks were limited in sheep flocks located in the southern area only. In 2018, BTV-3 was instead found in the Israeli coastal area being one of the dominant BTV serotypes isolated from symptomatic sheep, cattle and goats. In Israeli sheep, BTV-3 was able to cause BT classical clinical manifestations and fatalities, while in cattle and goats infection ranged from asymptomatic forms to death cases, depending on either general welfare of the herds or on the occurrence of viral and bacterial co-infections. Three different BTV-3 strains were identified in Israel between 2013 and 2018: ISR-2019/13 isolated in 2013, ISR-2153/16 and ISR-2262/2/16 isolated in 2016. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of these strains showed more than 99% identity by segment (Seg) 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8 sequences. In contrast, a wide range of diversity among these strains was exhibited in other viral gene segments, implying the occurrence of genome reassortment between these local circulating strains and those originating from Africa. The genome sequences of the BTV-3 isolated in 2017 and 2018 were most closely related to those of the ISR-2153/16 strain suggesting their common ancestor. Comparison of BTV-3 Israeli strains with those recently detected in the Mediterranean region uncovered high percentage identity (98.19–98.28%) only between Seg-2 of all Israeli strains and the BTV-3 Zarzis/TUN2016 strain. A 98.93% identity was also observed between Seg-4 sequences of ISR-2019/13 and the BTV-3 Zarzis/TUN2016 strain. This study demonstrated that BTV-3 has been circulating in the Mediterranean region at least since 2013, but, unlike the other Mediterranean strains, Israeli BTV-3 were able to cause clinical signs also in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Golender
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Velizar Bumbarov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Avi Eldar
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | | | | | - Dan David
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Ilan Dagoni
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Iosef Gur
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Alon Kaplan
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Anna Gorohov
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ori Koren
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Eldad Oron
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Yevgeny Khinich
- Department of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Abraham Meir
- Hachaklait Veterinary Services, Caesarea, Israel
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZSAM), Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
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Koltsov A, Tsybanov S, Gogin A, Kolbasov D, Koltsova G. Identification and Characterization of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 14 in Russia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:26. [PMID: 32181261 PMCID: PMC7059698 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a case of bluetongue virus (BTV) infection in the Smolensk and Kaluga regions of Russia in 2011-2012. The virus was initially detected in heifers transferred in Russia from Germany through Poland and Belarus in 2011. On day 27 of quarantine, RNA and infectious viruses of BTV were detected in four heifers, but five were serologically positive. However, on day 3 before shipment, all heifers were seronegative and PCR-negative for BTV. Thus, a few animals from this consignment were viremic without any evident subclinical infection. Based on Seg-2 (VP2 gene) and Seg-5 (NS1 gene) sequencing, the recovered virus had 99.86-100% nucleotide identity with BTV-14-like viruses such as the vaccine BTV-14 strain RSArrrr/BTV 14 and the BTV-14 isolates detected in Lithuania and Poland in 2012. Subsequently, BTV-14 was also reported in local animals in two regions of Russia. During the monitoring survey, 1623 local animals within a 300-km radius were tested, of which 471 tested positive by ELISA and 183 by PCR for BTV-14 RNA. No other serotypes were identified in either imported or aboriginal animals within that radius. The Culicoides midges trapped at the site of the outbreak in May 2012 tested positive for the BTV-14 genome, indicating that the possible mechanism of spread most likely occurs via vector bites. However, further investigation is required to confirm this hypothesis, which would provide an improved understanding of the circulation and overwintering of BTV in northern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Koltsov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Sodnom Tsybanov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Andrey Gogin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Denis Kolbasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
| | - Galina Koltsova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Pokrov, Russia
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Ain KU, Biswas SK, Inbaraj S, Chand K, Saxena A, Ramakrishnan MA, Sunder J, Kundu A, Pandey AB. Deciphering type-specific neutralizing antibodies to bluetongue virus in goats of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2715-2719. [PMID: 32100170 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of antibodies to bluetongue virus (BTV) and the viral antigen is reported recently from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a group of islands at the juncture of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. A retrospective study was conducted to investigate the presence of neutralizing antibodies to different BTV serotypes in the seroconverted goats of the Islands. Thirty six samples out of 186 serum samples tested were selected on the basis of high antibody titre as predicted in an indirect ELISA. Each of the selected serum samples was used for neutralization of six BTV serotypes (BTV-1, BTV-2, BTV-9, BTV-10, BTV-16 and BTV-23), the most commonly reported serotypes in India. Out of 36 serum samples used in the neutralization study, neutralizing antibodies could be determined in 15 samples. The neutralizing antibodies to BTV-10 were found in more number of the serum samples followed by BTV-1, BTV-2 and BTV-23 and BTV-9 and BTV-16. Many of the serum samples could neutralize more than one BTV serotypes indicating possible widespread superinfections by multiple BTV serotypes in goats in the Islands. Majority of the serum samples used in the neutralization study could not neutralize any of the six BTV serotypes commonly reported from India indicating possible circulation of other BTV serotypes yet to confirm. The present study reveals circulation of multiple BTV serotypes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands where there was no such report available earlier. The findings are laudable as the baseline information for further investigations to identify and characterize the virus and competent vectors and for implementing appropriate suitable control strategies for bluetongue in the Islands and the nearby territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurat Ul Ain
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Kumaon, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Kumaon, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sophia Inbaraj
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Karam Chand
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Kumaon, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arpit Saxena
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Kumaon, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Jai Sunder
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Anandamoy Kundu
- ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Awadh Bihari Pandey
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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van Rijn PA. Prospects of Next-Generation Vaccines for Bluetongue. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:407. [PMID: 31824966 PMCID: PMC6881303 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a haemorrhagic disease of wild and domestic ruminants with a huge economic worldwide impact on livestock. The disease is caused by BT-virus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and disease control without vaccination is hardly possible. Vaccination is the most feasible and cost-effective way to minimize economic losses. Marketed BT vaccines are successfully used in different parts of the world. Inactivated BT vaccines are efficacious and safe but relatively expensive, whereas live-attenuated vaccines are efficacious and cheap but are unsafe because of under-attenuation, onward spread, reversion to virulence, and reassortment events. Both manufactured BT vaccines do not enable differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) and protection is limited to the respective serotype. The ideal BT vaccine is a licensed, affordable, completely safe DIVA vaccine, that induces quick, lifelong, broad protection in all susceptible ruminant species. Promising vaccine candidates show improvement for one or more of these main vaccine standards. BTV protein vaccines and viral vector vaccines have DIVA potential depending on the selected BTV antigens, but are less effective and likely more costly per protected animal than current vaccines. Several vaccine platforms based on replicating BTV are applied for many serotypes by exchange of serotype dominant outer shell proteins. These platforms based on one BTV backbone result in attenuation or abortive virus replication and prevent disease by and spread of vaccine virus as well as reversion to virulence. These replicating BT vaccines induce humoral and T-cell mediated immune responses to all viral proteins except to one, which could enable DIVA tests. Most of these replicating vaccines can be produced similarly as currently marketed BT vaccines. All replicating vaccine platforms developed by reverse genetics are classified as genetic modified organisms. This implies extensive and expensive safety trails in target ruminant species, and acceptance by the community could be hindered. Nonetheless, several experimental BT vaccines show very promising improvements and could compete with marketed vaccines regarding their vaccine profile, but none of these next generation BT vaccines have been licensed yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Bumbarov V, Golender N, Jenckel M, Wernike K, Beer M, Khinich E, Zalesky O, Erster O. Characterization of bluetongue virus serotype 28. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:171-182. [PMID: 31469936 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (Reoviridae; Orbivirus, BTV), which is usually transmitted by biting midges, affects wild and domestic ruminants worldwide, thereby causing an economically important disease. Recently, a putative new BTV strain was isolated from contaminated vaccine batches. In this study, we investigated the genomic and clinical characteristics of this isolate, provisionally designated BTV-28. Phylogenetic analysis of BTV-28 segment 2 (Seg-2) showed that it is related to Seg-2 from BTV serotypes 4, 10, 11, 17, 20 and 24, sharing 64%-66% identity in nucleotide sequences (nt) and 59%-62% in amino acid (aa) sequences of BTV VP2. BTV-28 Seg-6 is related to the newly reported XJ1407 BTV isolate, sharing 76.70% nt and 90.87% aa sequence identity. Seg-5 was most closely related to a South African BTV-4 strain, and all other segments showed close similarity to BTV-26. Experimental infection by injection of 6-month-old ewes caused clinical signs in all injected animals, lasting from 2 to 3 days to several weeks post-infection, including high body temperature, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge and rhinitis, facial oedema, oral hyperaemia, coronitis, cough, depression and tongue cyanosis. Naïve control animals, placed together with the infected sheep, displayed clinical signs and were positive for viral RNA, but their acute disease phase was shorter than that of BTV-injected ewes. Control animals that were kept in a separated pen did not display any clinical signs and were negative for viral RNA presence throughout the experiment. Seroconversion was observed in the injected and in one of the two contact-infected animals. These findings demonstrate that BTV-28 infection of sheep can result in clinical manifestation, and the clinical signs detected in the contact animals suggest that it might be directly transmitted between the mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velizar Bumbarov
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Natalia Golender
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Maria Jenckel
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Evgeny Khinich
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Olga Zalesky
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Oran Erster
- Division of Virology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
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Kundlacz C, Pourcelot M, Fablet A, Amaral Da Silva Moraes R, Léger T, Morlet B, Viarouge C, Sailleau C, Turpaud M, Gorlier A, Breard E, Lecollinet S, van Rijn PA, Zientara S, Vitour D, Caignard G. Novel Function of Bluetongue Virus NS3 Protein in Regulation of the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2019; 93:e00336-19. [PMID: 31167915 PMCID: PMC6675888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00336-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by blood-feeding midges to a wide range of wild and domestic ruminants. In this report, we showed that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), is able to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, as assessed by phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and the translation initiation factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). By combining immunoprecipitation of BTV-NS3 and mass spectrometry analysis from both BTV-infected and NS3-transfected cells, we identified the serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF), a crucial player in the MAPK/ERK pathway, as a new cellular interactor of BTV-NS3. BRAF silencing led to a significant decrease in the MAPK/ERK activation by BTV, supporting a model wherein BTV-NS3 interacts with BRAF to activate this signaling cascade. This positive regulation acts independently of the role of BTV-NS3 in counteracting the induction of the alpha/beta interferon response. Furthermore, the intrinsic ability of BTV-NS3 to bind BRAF and activate the MAPK/ERK pathway is conserved throughout multiple serotypes/strains but appears to be specific to BTV compared to other members of Orbivirus genus. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway with U0126 reduced viral titers, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own replication. Altogether, our data provide molecular mechanisms that unravel a new essential function of NS3 during BTV infection.IMPORTANCE Bluetongue virus (BTV) is responsible of the arthropod-borne disease bluetongue (BT) transmitted to ruminants by blood-feeding midges. In this report, we found that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), interacts with BRAF, a key component of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In response to growth factors, this pathway promotes cell survival and increases protein translation. We showed that BTV-NS3 enhances the MAPK/ERK pathway, and this activation is BRAF dependent. Treatment of MAPK/ERK pathway with the pharmacologic inhibitor U0126 impairs viral replication, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own benefit. Our results illustrate, at the molecular level, how a single virulence factor has evolved to target a cellular function to increase its viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Kundlacz
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie Pourcelot
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Fablet
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Thibaut Léger
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, CNRS, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Bastien Morlet
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, CNRS, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Axel Gorlier
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Hwang JM, Kim JG, Yeh JY. Serological evidence of bluetongue virus infection and serotype distribution in dairy cattle in South Korea. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:255. [PMID: 31337392 PMCID: PMC6651986 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bluetongue is a vector-borne viral disease, and bluetongue virus (BTV) outbreaks can cause substantial economic losses. Even subclinical infection may carry significant associated costs, including a loss of condition, reduced milk yield, and infertility and abortion, and indirect costs, largely due to the export restrictions and surveillance requirements imposed to limit the spread of the virus. However, the BTV epidemiology in the Far East remains incompletely understood, especially in the cattle population in South Korea. In this study, the seroprevalence of BTV antibodies and distribution of BTV serotypes in dairy cattle in South Korea were evaluated to improve the understanding of the BTV epidemiological situation in the Asia-Pacific region. Results Between 2012 and 2013, a total of 37 out of 171 dairy cattle herds (21.6%) and 85 out of 466 dairy cattle heads (18.2%) showed antibodies against BTV. Neutralizing antibodies to BTV-1, − 2, − 3, − 4, − 7, − 15, and − 16 serotypes were identified, and the RNAs of the BTV-1, − 2, − 3, − 15, and − 16 serotypes were detected, indicating that BTV was circulating in the dairy cattle population in South Korea. Conclusions These findings indicate that BTV is widespread and has circulated in dairy cattle in South Korea. This is the first report presenting evidence of circulating antibodies against BTV and the serotype distribution in bovine populations in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Hwang
- Veterinary Research Center, Green Cross Veterinary Products Co., Ltd, Kugal-dong 227-5, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17066, South Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea
| | - Jung-Yong Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Academy-ro 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, South Korea. .,Emerging & Exotic Diseases Research Laboratory, Foreign Animal Diseases Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang-ro 175, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14089, South Korea.
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Bluetongue Virus in France: An Illustration of the European and Mediterranean Context since the 2000s. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070672. [PMID: 31340459 PMCID: PMC6669443 DOI: 10.3390/v11070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious animal disease transmitted by midges of the Culicoides genus. The etiological agent is the BT virus (BTV) that induces a variety of clinical signs in wild or domestic ruminants. BT is included in the notifiable diseases list of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) due to its health impact on domestic ruminants. A total of 27 BTV serotypes have been described and additional serotypes have recently been identified. Since the 2000s, the distribution of BTV has changed in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, with continuous BTV incursions involving various BTV serotypes and strains. These BTV strains, depending on their origin, have emerged and spread through various routes in the Mediterranean Basin and/or in Europe. Consequently, control measures have been put in place in France to eradicate the virus or circumscribe its spread. These measures mainly consist of assessing virus movements and the vaccination of domestic ruminants. Many vaccination campaigns were first carried out in Europe using attenuated vaccines and, in a second period, using exclusively inactivated vaccines. This review focuses on the history of the various BTV strain incursions in France since the 2000s, describing strain characteristics, their origins, and the different routes of spread in Europe and/or in the Mediterranean Basin. The control measures implemented to address this disease are also discussed. Finally, we explain the circumstances leading to the change in the BTV status of France from BTV-free in 2000 to an enzootic status since 2018.
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Emergence of a Novel Reassortant Strain of Bluetongue Serotype 6 in Israel, 2017: Clinical Manifestations of the Disease and Molecular Characterization. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070633. [PMID: 31295819 PMCID: PMC6669665 DOI: 10.3390/v11070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment contributes to the evolution of RNA viruses with segmented genomes, including Bluetongue virus (BTV). Recently, co-circulation of natural and vaccine BTV variants in Europe, and their ensuing reassortment, were proposed to promote appearance of novel European BTV strains, with potential implications for pathogenicity, spread and vaccination policies. Similarly, the geographical features of the Mediterranean basin, which spans over portions of three continents, may facilitate the appearance of clinically relevant reassortants via co-circulation of BTV strains of African, Asian and European origins. In August–October 2017, BTV serotype 6 (BTV-6) was identified in young animals exhibiting classical clinical signs of Bluetongue (BT) at Israeli sheep and cattle farms. Sequencing and pairwise analysis of this Israeli BTV-6 isolate revealed the closest sequence homology of its serotype-defining Segment 2 was with that of South African reference BTV-6 strain 5011 (93.88% identity). In contrast, the other viral segments showed highest homology (97.0%–99.47% identity) with BTV-3, -4 and -9 of Mediterranean and African origins. Specifically, four viral segments were nearly identical (99.13%–99.47%), with Tunisian and Italian BTV-3 strains (TUN2016 and SAD2018, correspondingly). Together, our data suggest that Mediterranean co-circulation and reassortment of BTV-3 and BTV-6 drove the emergence of a novel and virulent BTV-6 strain
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Replication kinetics and cellular tropism of emerging reoviruses in sheep and swine respiratory ex vivo organ cultures. Vet Microbiol 2019; 234:119-127. [PMID: 31213267 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo organ cultures (EVOCs) are extensively used to study the cellular tropism and infectivity of different pathogens. In this study, we used ovine and porcine respiratory EVOCs to investigate the replication kinetics and cellular tropism of selected emerging reoviruses namely Pteropine orthoreovirus, an emerging bat-borne zoonotic respiratory virus, and atypical Bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes which, unlike classical serotypes, do not cause Bluetongue, a major OIE-listed disease of ruminants. BTV failed to replicate in ovine EVOCs. Instead, PRV showed slight replication in porcine lower respiratory EVOCs and a more sustained replication in all ovine respiratory tissues. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, PRV was demonstrated to infect bronchiolar and type I pneumocytes of ovine tissues. Overall, respiratory EVOCs from different animal species, eventually obtained at slaughterhouse, are a useful tool for testing and preliminarily characterize novel and emerging viruses addressing the essential in vivo animal work. Further experiments are, indeed, warranted in order to characterize the pathogenesis and transmission of these emerging reoviruses.
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Presence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in Egypt in 2016 and 2017. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:221-226. [PMID: 31051272 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BTV and EHDV are closely-related orbiviruses that are transmitted between domestic and wild ruminants via the bites of hematophagous midges. Previous studies have reported seropositivity against BTV antibodies in sheep and goats in two Egyptian governorates (Beni Suef and Menoufia). However, no recent data are available on the BTV serotype(s) circulating in Egypt and the likely presence of EHDV has never been explored. This study investigated the presence of BTV and EHDV among cattle which had been found BTV-seropositive by ELISA method. These cattle living in proximity to sheep and goats previously found BTV-seropositive. These cattle displayed no clinical signs of BT but reproductive problems had been reported in herds. A total of 227 cattle blood samples were therefore collected in 2016 and 2017. Ninety-four of the 227 animals tested by a BTV ELISA were positive for BTV antibodies (41.4%). Of these 94 ELISA-positive cattle, only 83 EDTA-blood samples were available and therefore tested for BTV and EHDV genome detection by RT-PCR and sequencing. Of the cattle sampled in 2016, results revealed that two were RT-PCR-positive for BTV and seven for EHDV. Sequencing showed the presence of EHDV-1 and BTV-3 genome sequences. EHDV-1 S2 shared 99.5% homology with an EHDV-1 S2 from a strain isolated in 2016 in Israel. BTV-3 S2 and S8 sequences shared >99.8% nucleotide similarity with the BTV-3 Zarzis S2 and S8 sequences (Tunisian BTV, also detected in 2016). Of the 66 blood samples tested following their collection in 2017, they were all EHDV-negative by RT-qPCR while five were BTV- positive by RT-qPCR. However, attempts to identify the BTV serotype of these five samples were unsuccessful. Only part of BTV S8 was sequenced and it showed 79% nucleotide similarity with S8 of atypical BTV serotypes (particularly with BTV-26 and another BTV serotype strain isolated from a sheep pox vaccine). Overall, these findings demonstrate that both BTV and EHDV were circulating in Egypt in 2016 and 2017.
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Curini V, Marcacci M, Tonelli A, Di Teodoro G, Di Domenico M, D'Alterio N, Portanti O, Ancora M, Savini G, Panfili M, Camma' C, Lorusso A. Molecular typing of Bluetongue virus using the nCounter ® analysis system platform. J Virol Methods 2019; 269:64-69. [PMID: 30951789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a segmented double-stranded RNA virus, existing in multiple serotypes, belonging to the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. BTV causes Bluetongue (BT), a major OIE-listed disease of ruminants. Identification of BTV serotype is accomplished using multiple typing assays and tends to be executed based on the known epidemiological situation within a given country. Samples containing multiple serotypes, particularly those containing novel introductions, may therefore be missed. The aim of this work was to optimize the nCounter® Analysis System Microarray platform (NanoString technologies), that would simultaneously identify all BTV serotypes and co-infections in analyzed samples. Probes were designed according to all Seg-2 sequences, coding for VP2 proteins which determine serotype specificity, available on line. A specific BTV CodeSet of probes was optimized. Experiments were performed with 30 BTV isolates and with 46 field samples previously shown to be infected with BTV by classical molecular assays. All BTV isolates were correctly identified and the expected BTV serotype was recognized in 35 field samples with CT values between 22.0-33.0. In turn, it was unable to identify 11 samples with CT values between 29.0-38.0. Although specificity of the assay needs to be further investigated against a larger panel of BTVs collected worldwide, RNA loads, which are normally detected in blood samples during the acute phase of infection, are within the range of CT values detectable by the BTV CodeSet. We propose the NanoString RNA microarray as a first-line molecular diagnostic tool for identification and typing of BTV. Once identification of the index cases is performed, diagnosis of the following samples may be performed by specific, more sensitive and cheaper PCR-based tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Curini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alfreda Tonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Teodoro
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Di Domenico
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alterio
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Savini
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Cesare Camma'
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Bluetongue, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, Teramo, Italy; National Reference Center for Whole Genome Sequencing of Microbial Pathogens: Database and Bioinformatic Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise, Teramo, Italy.
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Stevens LM, Moffat K, Cooke L, Nomikou K, Mertens PPC, Jackson T, Darpel KE. A low-passage insect-cell isolate of bluetongue virus uses a macropinocytosis-like entry pathway to infect natural target cells derived from the bovine host. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:568-582. [PMID: 30843784 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an economically important disease in domestic and wildlife ruminants and is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. In ruminants, BTV has a wide cell tropism that includes endothelial cells of vascular and lymphatic vessels as important cell targets for virus replication, and several cell types of the immune system including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, cell-entry represents a particular challenge for BTV as it infects many different cell types in widely diverse vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Improved understanding of BTV cell-entry could lead to novel antiviral approaches that can block virus transmission from cell to cell between its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Here, we have investigated BTV cell-entry using endothelial cells derived from the natural bovine host (BFA cells) and purified whole virus particles of a low-passage, insect-cell isolate of a virulent strain of BTV-1. Our results show that the main entry pathway for infection of BFA cells is dependent on actin and dynamin, and shares certain characteristics with macropinocytosis. The ability to use a macropinocytosis-like entry route could explain the diverse cell tropism of BTV and contribute to the efficiency of transmission between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Stevens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,‡Present address: Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katy Moffat
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Lyndsay Cooke
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karin E Darpel
- 2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
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Dommergues L, Viarouge C, Métras R, Youssouffi C, Sailleau C, Zientara S, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C. Evidence of bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic disease circulation on the island of Mayotte. Acta Trop 2019; 191:24-28. [PMID: 30590029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the epidemiological situation in Mayotte regarding two orbiviruses: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV). In all, 385 individual asymptomatic cattle were blood-sampled (one EDTA and one serum tube per animal) between February and June 2016. Antibody (ELISA) and genome prevalence (PCR) was assessed. Almost all the selected cattle showed antibodies against both BTV and EHDV, at 99.5% (CI95% [98.00, 100]) and 96.9% (CI95% [94.5, 98.3]), respectively. Most of the cattle acquired antibodies in their first years of age. EHDV and BTV genomes were detected in 25.2% (CI95% [21.1, 29.8]) and 18.2% (CI95% [14.6, 22.4]) of samples, respectively. Coinfection with BTV and EHDV was observed in 9.4% of samples (CI95% [6.8, 12.7]). Cattle under three years old were more frequently reported as positive for genome detection by PCR than older cattle. Five serotypes of BTV and one serotype of EHDV were identified from eight samples: BTV-4, BTV-9, BTV-11, BTV-15, BTV-19 and EHDV-6, of which some were reported in neighbouring areas. BTV and EHDV both circulate in Mayotte and in its surrounding territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des éleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France.
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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49
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Rojas JM, Rodríguez-Martín D, Avia M, Martín V, Sevilla N. Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Fusion and Hemagglutinin Proteins Trigger Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3172. [PMID: 30693004 PMCID: PMC6339941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system utilizes multiple effector mechanisms to clear viral infections. Among those antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) can help recognize and clear virus-infected cells. In the present work we evaluated ADCC contribution to immunity in two economically important viral diseases that affect ruminants: bluetongue and peste des petits ruminants. Immune sera obtained from sheep experimentally infected with bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 or peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) IC'89 were used for this study. PPRV immune sera could bind to the surface of PPRV-infected ovine B cells while BTV immune sera was unable to bind to the surface of BTV-infected sheep cells but could recognize intracellular BTV antigens. BTV and PPRV immune serum ADCC potency was established using an ovine autologous cytotoxicity assay that employed an NK cell-enriched fraction as effector cells and a virus-infected B cell-enriched fraction as target cells. In this system, immune sera triggered ADCC against PPRV-infected cells, but not against BTV-infected cells. PPRV immune sera could recognize PPRV fusion and hemagglutinin proteins on the surface of transfected cells, and enhanced lysis of these cells in ADCC assays. This indicated that these viral antigens are natural ADCC targets during PPRV infection. The present work describes a novel effector immune mechanism against PPRV in the natural host that could contribute to virus clearance highlighting the importance of studying protective immune mechanisms to improve current vaccines by invoking all effector arms of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Maclachlan NJ, Zientara S, Wilson WC, Richt JA, Savini G. Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses: recent developments with these globally re-emerging arboviral infections of ruminants. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:56-62. [PMID: 30654271 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are globally re-emerging diseases of domestic and wild ruminants, respectively caused by BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus. Both viruses are transmitted by hematophagous midges; however, newly recognized BTV serotypes may be transmitted horizontally without requirement for any biological vector. The global range of these viruses and/or their associated diseases have changed remarkably in recent years, most notably with the invasion of Europe by multiple serotypes of BTV since 1998. Although not zoonoses, the unanticipated emergence of BT and EHD in several different areas of the world provides a uniquely sobering and unambiguous reminder of the potential consequences of climate change on the distribution and severity of vector-borne diseases. Recent experiences with these viruses have also emphasized the need for effective, DIVA-compatible vaccines to combat anticipated future incursions, as existing vaccines have serious inherent deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel James Maclachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, OIE Reference Laboratory for BTV, Teramo, Italy
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