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Porras N, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Kosowska A, Barasona JÁ. Tertiary lymphoid organs in wild boar exposed to a low-virulent isolate of African swine fever virus. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-13. [PMID: 38533618 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2331525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the great interest in the development of a vaccine against African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar, the immunological mechanisms that induce animal protection are still unknown. For this purpose, tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) of wild boar were characterised and compared with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) by histopathology, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry (CD3, CD79, PAX5, LYVE1, fibronectin). In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (p72) were used to evaluate the presence of ASF virus (ASFV) in blood and tissues samples, respectively. TLOs were observed in animals infected with a low-virulent ASFV isolate (LVI), animals co-infected with low and high-virulent ASFV isolates (LVI-HVI) and animals infected only with the high virulence isolate (HVI). TLOs in LVI and LVI-HVI groups were located adjacent to the mucosa and presented a similar structure to MALT. Immunoexpresion of p72 observed in the inflammatory cells adjacent to TLOs/MALTs confirmed its development and reactivity generated by ASF attenuated isolates. Immunohistochemical evaluation, based on cellular composition (T and B lymphocytes), and histomorphometrical study revealed a more pronounced maturation of TLOs/MALTs in the LVI-HVI group. It is currently unclear whether these formations play a protective role by contributing to local immunity in chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the structural similarities between TLOs and MALTs and the location of TLOs close to the mucosa suggest that they may perform a similar function, facilitating a local protective response. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted to assess the cellular and humoral dynamics of these lymphoid organs induced by attenuated isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Porras
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Kosowska
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Á Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Wu P, McDaniel AJ, Rodríguez YY, Blakemore L, Schumann KR, Chung CJ, Jia W. Evaluation of an in-house indirect immunoperoxidase test for detection of antibodies against African swine fever virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024:10406387241267883. [PMID: 39243119 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241267883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a high-consequence transboundary animal disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Given that vaccines are not widely available, ASFV detection, including by molecular and serologic assays, is paramount to efficacious control and mitigation of ASF. ASFV-specific antibodies can be detected as early as 7-10 d postinfection in infected animals and may persist for several months or longer. Accurate detection of ASFV-specific antibody is critical for the identification of chronically infected, subclinically infected, or recovered animals. ELISAs are commonly used for the rapid screening of large numbers of animals for ASFV antibodies. The World Organisation for Animal Health recommends that ELISA-positive results should be confirmed with a second serologic method, such as an indirect immunofluorescent assay, indirect immunoperoxidase test (IPT), or immunoblot test. Commercial kits are not available for those tests. We developed and validated an in-house IPT by using a currently circulating genotype II ASFV strain as antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of the in-house IPT are comparable to the reference IPT developed by an international ASFV reference laboratory and superior to a commercial blocking ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Aric J McDaniel
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Yelitza Y Rodríguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Leslie Blakemore
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Kate R Schumann
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Chungwon J Chung
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Wei Jia
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, NY, USA
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Truong QL, Wang L, Nguyen TA, Nguyen HT, Le AD, Nguyen GV, Vu AT, Hoang PT, Le TT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen HTT, Lai HLT, Bui DAT, Huynh LMT, Madera R, Li Y, Retallick J, Matias-Ferreyra F, Nguyen LT, Shi J. A Non-Hemadsorbing Live-Attenuated Virus Vaccine Candidate Protects Pigs against the Contemporary Pandemic Genotype II African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:1326. [PMID: 39205300 PMCID: PMC11359042 DOI: 10.3390/v16081326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and severe hemorrhagic transboundary swine viral disease with up to a 100% mortality rate, which leads to a tremendous socio-economic loss worldwide. The lack of safe and efficacious ASF vaccines is the greatest challenge in the prevention and control of ASF. In this study, we generated a safe and effective live-attenuated virus (LAV) vaccine candidate VNUA-ASFV-LAVL3 by serially passaging a virulent genotype II strain (VNUA-ASFV-L2) in an immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (3D4/21, 50 passages). VNUA-ASFV-LAVL3 lost its hemadsorption ability but maintained comparable growth kinetics in 3D4/21 cells to that of the parental strain. Notably, it exhibited significant attenuation of virulence in pigs across different doses (103, 104, and 105 TCID50). All vaccinated pigs remained healthy with no clinical signs of African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection throughout the 28-day observation period of immunization. VNUA-ASFV-LAVL3 was efficiently cleared from the blood at 14-17 days post-infection, even at the highest dose (105 TCID50). Importantly, the attenuation observed in vivo did not compromise the ability of VNUA-ASFV-LAVL3 to induce protective immunity. Vaccination with VNUA-ASFV-LAVL3 elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs, achieving 100% protection against a lethal wild-type ASFV (genotype II) challenge at all tested doses (103, 104, and 105 TCID50). Furthermore, a single vaccination (104 TCID50) provided protection for up to 2 months. These findings suggest that VNUA-ASFV-LAVL3 can be utilized as a promising safe and efficacious LAV candidate against the contemporary pandemic genotype II ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Lam Truong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Lihua Wang
- Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tuan Anh Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Hoa Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Anh Dao Le
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Giap Van Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (G.V.N.); (L.M.T.H.)
| | - Anh Thi Vu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Phuong Thi Hoang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Trang Thi Le
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Huyen Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Hang Thu Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Huong Lan Thi Lai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Dao Anh Tran Bui
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Le My Thi Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (G.V.N.); (L.M.T.H.)
| | - Rachel Madera
- Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jamie Retallick
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (J.R.); (F.M.-F.)
| | - Franco Matias-Ferreyra
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (J.R.); (F.M.-F.)
| | - Lan Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (A.D.L.); (A.T.V.); (P.T.H.); (T.T.L.); (H.T.N.); (H.T.T.N.); (H.L.T.L.); (D.A.T.B.)
| | - Jishu Shi
- Center on Biologics Development and Evaluation, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (R.M.); (Y.L.)
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Porras N, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Barasona JÁ, Gómez-Buendía A, Cadenas-Fernández E, Rodríguez-Bertos A. Histopathologic evaluation system of African swine fever in wild boar infected with high (Arm07) and low virulence (Lv17/WB/Riel) isolates. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241266944. [PMID: 39078034 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241266944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
To understand the clinicopathological forms of African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar, it is crucial to possess a basic knowledge of the biological characteristics of the currently circulating ASF virus isolates. The aim of this work is to establish an accurate and comprehensive histopathologic grading system to standardize the assessment of the ASF lesions in wild boar. The study evaluated the differences between animals infected with a high virulence genotype II isolate (Arm07) (HVI) through intramuscular (IM) (n = 6) and contact-infected (n = 12) routes, alongside those orally infected with a low virulence isolate (Lv17/WB/Riel) (LVI) (n = 6). The assessment included clinical (CS), macroscopic (MS), and histopathologic (HS) scores, as well as viral loads in blood and tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Tissues examined included skin, lymph nodes, bone marrow, palatine tonsil, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, thymus, heart, adrenal glands, pancreas, urinary bladder, brain, and gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. The HVI group exhibited a 100% mortality rate with elevated CS, MS, and HS values. Animals infected by contact (CS = 12; MS = 58.5; HS = 112) and those intramuscularly infected (CS = 14.8; MS = 47; HS = 104) demonstrated similar values, indicating that the route of infection does not decisively influence the severity of clinical and pathological signs. The LVI group showed a 0% mortality rate, an inconspicuous clinical form, minimal lesions (CS = 0; MS = 12; HS = 29), and a lower viral load. Histopathologic evaluation has proven valuable in advancing our comprehension of ASF pathogenesis in wild boar and paves the groundwork for further research investigating protective mechanisms in vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Porras
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Á Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Chu X, Ge S, Zuo Y, Cui J, Sha Z, Han N, Wu B, Ni B, Zhang H, Lv Y, Wang Z, Xiao Y. Thoughts on the research of African swine fever live-attenuated vaccines. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00693-5. [PMID: 38906762 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious and fatal disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can infect pigs of all breeds and ages. Most infected pigs have poor prognosis, leading to substantial economic losses for the global pig industry. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a safe and efficient commercial vaccine against ASF. The development of ASF vaccine can be traced back to 1960. However, because of its large genome, numerous encoded proteins, and complex virus particle structure, currently, no effective commercial vaccine is available. Several strategies have been applied in vaccine design, some of which are potential candidates for vaccine development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis on the safety and effectiveness, suboptimal immunization effects at high doses, absence of standardized evaluation criteria, notable variations among strains of the same genotype, and the substantial impact of animal health on the protective efficacy against viral challenge. All the information will be helpful to the ASF vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Shengqiang Ge
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Bioengineering and Animal Disease Research, Qingdao 266032, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Warning Prevention and Control (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zuo
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Jin Cui
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Naijun Han
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Bingrong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Bo Ni
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Yan Lv
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China.
| | - Yihong Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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Zhu J, Liu Q, Li L, Zhang R, Chang Y, Zhao J, Liu S, Zhao X, Chen X, Sun Y, Zhao Q. Nanobodies against African swine fever virus p72 and CD2v proteins as reagents for developing two cELISAs to detect viral antibodies. Virol Sin 2024; 39:478-489. [PMID: 38588947 PMCID: PMC11280129 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or treatments available to combat ASFV infection in pigs. The primary means of controlling the spread of the disease is through rapid detection and subsequent elimination of infected pig. Recently, a lower virulent ASFV isolate with a deleted EP402R gene (CD2v-deleted) has been reported in China, which further complicates the control of ASFV infection in pig farms. Furthermore, an EP402R-deleted ASFV variant has been developed as a potential live attenuated vaccine candidate strain. Therefore, it is crucial to develop detection methods that can distinguish wild-type and EP402R-deleted ASFV infections. In this study, two recombinant ASFV-p72 and -CD2v proteins were expressed using a prokaryotic system and used to immunize Bactrian camels. Subsequently, eight nanobodies against ASFV-p72 and ten nanobodies against ASFV-CD2v were screened. Following the production of these nanobodies with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) fusion proteins, the ASFV-p72-Nb2-HRP and ASFV-CD2v-Nb22-HRP fusions were selected for the development of two competitive ELISAs (cELISAs) to detect anti-ASFV antibodies. The two cELISAs exhibited high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability, and stability. The coincidence rate between the two cELISAs and commercial ELISA kits was 98.6% and 97.6%, respectively. Collectively, the two cELISA for detecting antibodies against ASFV demonstrated ease of operation, a low cost, and a simple production process. The two cELISAs could determine whether pigs were infected with wild-type or CD2v-deleted ASFV, and could play an important role in monitoring ASFV infections in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Liuya Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Runyu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yueting Chang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jiakai Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Pedrera M, Soler A, Simón A, Casado N, Pérez C, García-Casado MA, Fernández-Pacheco P, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Arias M, Gallardo C. Characterization of the Protective Cellular Immune Response in Pigs Immunized Intradermally with the Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Lv17/WB/Rie1. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:443. [PMID: 38675825 PMCID: PMC11054368 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Candidate vaccines against African swine fever virus (ASFV) based on naturally attenuated or genetically modified viruses have the potential to generate protective immune responses, although there is no consensus on what defines a protective immune response against ASFV. Studies, especially in sensitive host species and focused on unravelling protective mechanisms, will contribute to the development of safer and more effective vaccines. The present study provides a detailed analysis of phenotypic and functional data on cellular responses induced by intradermal immunization and subsequent boosting of domestic pigs with the naturally attenuated field strain Lv17/WB/Rie1, as well as the mechanisms underlying protection against intramuscular challenge with the virulent genotype II Armenia/07 strain. The transient increase in IL-8 and IL-10 in serum observed after immunization might be correlated with survival. Protection was also associated with a robust ASFV-specific polyfunctional memory T-cell response, where CD4CD8 and CD8 T cells were identified as the main cellular sources of virus-specific IFNγ and TNFα. In parallel with the cytokine response, these T-cell subsets also showed specific cytotoxic activity as evidenced by the increased expression of the CD107a degranulation marker. Along with virus-specific multifunctional CD4CD8 and CD8 T-cell responses, the increased levels of antigen experienced in cytotoxic CD4 T cells observed after the challenge in immunized pigs might also contribute to controlling virulent infection by killing mechanisms targeting infected antigen-presenting cells. Future studies should elucidate whether the memory T-cell responses evidenced in the present study persist and provide long-term protection against further ASFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pedrera
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Simón
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Casado
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Pérez
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. García-Casado
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Sunwoo SY, García-Belmonte R, Walczak M, Vigara-Astillero G, Kim DM, Szymankiewicz K, Kochanowski M, Liu L, Tark D, Podgórska K, Revilla Y, Pérez-Núñez D. Deletion of MGF505-2R Gene Activates the cGAS-STING Pathway Leading to Attenuation and Protection against Virulent African Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:407. [PMID: 38675789 PMCID: PMC11054455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent causing African swine fever (ASF), affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, which is currently the biggest animal epidemic in the world and a major threat to the swine sector. At present, some safety concerns about using LAVs against ASFV still exist despite a commercial vaccine licensed in Vietnam. Therefore, the efforts to identify virulence factors and their mechanisms, as well as to generate new vaccine prototypes, are of major interest. In this work, we have identified the MGF505-2R gene product as an inhibitor of the cGAS/STING pathway, specifically through its interaction with STING protein, controlling IFN-β production. In addition, immunization of a recombinant virus lacking this gene, Arm/07-ΔMGF505-2R, resulted in complete attenuation, demonstrating its involvement in ASFV virulence. Finally, immunization with Arm/07-ΔMGF505-2R induced the generation of antibodies and proved to be partially protective against virulent ASFV strains. These results identify MGF505-2R, as well as its mechanism of action, as a gene contributing to understanding the molecular mechanisms of ASFV virulence, which will be of great value in the design of future vaccine prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Dae-Min Kim
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-M.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Krzesimir Szymankiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-M.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
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9
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Ambagala A, Goonewardene K, Kanoa IE, Than TT, Nguyen VT, Lai TNH, Nguyen TL, Erdelyan CNG, Robert E, Tailor N, Onyilagha C, Lamboo L, Handel K, Nebroski M, Vernygora O, Lung O, Le VP. Characterization of an African Swine Fever Virus Field Isolate from Vietnam with Deletions in the Left Variable Multigene Family Region. Viruses 2024; 16:571. [PMID: 38675912 PMCID: PMC11054794 DOI: 10.3390/v16040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report the characterization of a genetically modified live-attenuated African swine fever virus (ASFV) field strain isolated from Vietnam. The isolate, ASFV-GUS-Vietnam, belongs to p72 genotype II, has six multi-gene family (MGF) genes deleted, and an Escherichia coli GusA gene (GUS) inserted. When six 6-8-week-old pigs were inoculated with ASFV-GUS-Vietnam oro-nasally (2 × 105 TCID50/pig), they developed viremia, mild fever, lethargy, and inappetence, and shed the virus in their oral and nasal secretions and feces. One of the pigs developed severe clinical signs and was euthanized 12 days post-infection, while the remaining five pigs recovered. When ASFV-GUS-Vietnam was inoculated intramuscularly (2 × 103 TCID50/pig) into four 6-8 weeks old pigs, they also developed viremia, mild fever, lethargy, inappetence, and shed the virus in their oral and nasal secretions and feces. Two contact pigs housed together with the four intramuscularly inoculated pigs, started to develop fever, viremia, loss of appetite, and lethargy 12 days post-contact, confirming horizontal transmission of ASFV-GUS-Vietnam. One of the contact pigs died of ASF on day 23 post-contact, while the other one recovered. The pigs that survived the exposure to ASFV-GUS-Vietnam via the mucosal or parenteral route were fully protected against the highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007/1 challenge. This study showed that ASFV-GUS-Vietnam field isolate is able to induce complete protection in the majority of the pigs against highly virulent homologous ASFV challenge, but has the potential for horizontal transmission, and can be fatal in some animals. This study highlights the need for proper monitoring and surveillance when ASFV live-attenuated virus-based vaccines are used in the field for ASF control in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Ian El Kanoa
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Thi Tam Than
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.T.); (T.N.H.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Van Tam Nguyen
- Institute of Veterinary Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Thi Ngoc Ha Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.T.); (T.N.H.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Thi Lan Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.T.); (T.N.H.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Cassidy N. G. Erdelyan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Erin Robert
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Lindsey Lamboo
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Katherine Handel
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Michelle Nebroski
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Oksana Vernygora
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.T.); (T.N.H.L.); (T.L.N.)
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10
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Penrith ML, van Emmenes J, Hakizimana JN, Heath L, Kabuuka T, Misinzo G, Odoom T, Wade A, Zerbo HL, Luka PD. African Swine Fever Diagnosis in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Pathogens 2024; 13:296. [PMID: 38668251 PMCID: PMC11054189 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The global spread of African swine fever (ASF) in recent decades has led to the need for technological advances in sampling and diagnostic techniques. The impetus for these has been the need to enable sampling by lay persons and to obtain at least a preliminary diagnosis in the field for early control measures to be put in place before final laboratory confirmation. In rural Africa, rapid diagnosis is hampered by challenges that include lack of infrastructure as well as human and financial resources. Lack of animal health personnel, access to affordable means to transport field samples to a laboratory, and lack of laboratories with the capacity to make the diagnosis result in severe under-reporting of ASF, especially in endemic areas. This review summarizes the challenges identified in gap analyses relevant to low- and middle-income countries, with a focus on Africa, and explore the opportunities provided by recent research to improve field diagnosis and quality of diagnostic samples used. Sampling techniques include invasive sampling techniques requiring trained personnel and non-invasive sampling requiring minimal training, sampling of decomposed carcass material, and preservation of samples in situations where cold chain maintenance cannot be guaranteed. Availability and efficacy of point-of-care (POC) tests for ASF has improved considerably in recent years and their application, as well as advantages and limitations, are discussed. The adequacy of existing laboratory diagnostic capacity is evaluated and opportunities for networking amongst reference and other laboratories offering diagnostic services are discussed. Maintaining laboratory diagnostic efficiency in the absence of samples during periods of quiescence is another issue that requires attention, and the role of improved laboratory networking is emphasized. Early diagnosis of ASF is key to managing the disease spread. Therefore, the establishment of the Africa Chapter of the Global African Swine Fever Research Alliance (GARA) increases opportunities for collaboration and networking among the veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Emmenes
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (J.v.E.); (L.H.)
| | - Jean N. Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania; (J.N.H.); (G.M.)
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (J.v.E.); (L.H.)
| | - Tonny Kabuuka
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda;
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3297, Tanzania; (J.N.H.); (G.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3019, Tanzania
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Veterinary Services Directorate, Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Accra P.O. Box M161, Ghana;
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua P.O. Box 503, Cameroon;
| | - Habibata L. Zerbo
- Ministry of Agriculture, Animal and Fisheries Resources, Ouagadougou 03 BP 907, Burkina Faso;
| | - Pam D. Luka
- Biotechnology Centre, National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 1, Vom 930103, Nigeria
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11
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Vu HLX, McVey DS. Recent progress on gene-deleted live-attenuated African swine fever virus vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38480758 PMCID: PMC10937926 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly lethal viral disease in swine, with mortality rates approaching 100%. The disease has spread to many swine-producing countries, leading to significant economic losses and adversely impacting global food security. Extensive efforts have been directed toward developing effective ASF vaccines. Among the vaccinology approaches tested to date, live-attenuated virus (LAV) vaccines produced by rational deleting virulence genes from virulent African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) strains have demonstrated promising safety and efficacy in experimental and field conditions. Many gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates have been generated in recent years. The virulence genes targeted for deletion from the genome of virulent ASFV strains can be categorized into four groups: Genes implicated in viral genome replication and transcription, genes from the multigene family located at both 5' and 3' termini, genes participating in mediating hemadsorption and putative cellular attachment factors, and novel genes with no known functions. Some promising LAV vaccine candidates are generated by deleting a single viral virulence gene, whereas others are generated by simultaneously deleting multiple genes. This article summarizes the recent progress in developing and characterizing gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep L X Vu
- Department of Animal Science, and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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12
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Cho KH, Hong SK, Kim DY, Sohn HJ, Yoo DS, Kang HE, Kim YH. Disease Course of Korean African Swine Fever Virus in Domestic Pigs Exposed Intraorally, Intranasally, Intramuscularly, and by Direct Contact with Infected Pigs. Viruses 2024; 16:433. [PMID: 38543798 PMCID: PMC10974542 DOI: 10.3390/v16030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal contagious disease affecting swine. The first Korean ASF virus (ASFV) isolate (Korea/Pig/Paju1/2019) was used to compare the disease course of ASFV in pigs inoculated via the four routes. In the challenge experiment, domestic pigs were infected via the intraoral (IO) and intranasal (IN) routes with a 106 50% hemadsorbing dose (HAD50) and an intramuscular (IM) injection of 103 HAD50. In the direct contact (DC) group, five naïve pigs were brought into direct contact with two IM-ASFV-infected pigs. IO-, IN-, and IM-inoculated pigs showed similar disease courses, whereas DC pigs had comparable ASF syndrome after a 7-day latent period. The disease course in the DC route, one of the most common routes of infection, was not significantly different from that in the IO and IN routes. IM and DC groups differed in terms of the severity of fever and hemorrhagic lesions in the lymph nodes and spleen, indicating that the IM route, suitable for early vaccine development trials, is not appropriate for studying the ASFV infection mechanism, including early stage of infection, and IO and IN challenges with a designated dose can be alternatives in trials for assessing ASFV pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Sohn
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61168, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
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13
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Gao H, Di D, Wu Q, Li J, Liu X, Xu Z, Xu S, Wu C, Gong L, Sun Y, Zhang G, Chen H, Wang H. Pathogenicity and horizontal transmission evaluation of a novel isolated African swine fever virus strain with a three-large-fragment-gene deletion. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:110002. [PMID: 38295489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever has caused substantial economic losses to China`s pig industry in recent years. Currently, the highly pathogenic African swine fever virus strain of genotype II is predominantly circulating in China, accompanied by a series of emerging isolates displaying unique genetic variations. The pathogenicity of these emerging strains is still unclear. Recently, a novel ASFV strain with a distinguishable three-large-fragment gene deletion was obtained from the field specimens, and its in vivo pathogenicity and transmission were evaluated in this study. The animal experiment involved inoculating a high dose of YNFN202103 and comparing its effects with those of the highly pathogenic strain GZ201801_2. Results showed that pigs infected by YNFN202103 exhibited significantly prolonged onset and survival time, lower viremia levels, and less severe histopathological lesions compared to GZ201801_2. These findings contributed valuable insights into the pathogenicity and transmission of ASFV and its prevention and eradication strategies in practical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Di
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Avagyan H, Hakobyan S, Baghdasaryan B, Arzumanyan H, Poghosyan A, Bayramyan N, Semerjyan A, Sargsyan M, Voskanyan H, Vardanyan T, Karalyan N, Hakobyan L, Abroyan L, Avetisyan A, Karalova E, Semerjyan Z, Karalyan Z. Pathology and Clinics of Naturally Occurring Low-Virulence Variants of African Swine Fever Emerged in Domestic Pigs in the South Caucasus. Pathogens 2024; 13:130. [PMID: 38392868 PMCID: PMC10893001 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Shortly after the establishment of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II in 2007, cases of acute fatal infection were observed. However, after several years of circulation in the Eurasian region, the clinical signs of the disease changed. Currently, this disease can occur acutely, subclinically, chronically, or asymptomatically. Cases of the complete recovery of infected pigs, and the disappearance of ASFV from their tissues and secretions have been described. This form of the disease first appeared in Armenia at the end of 2011. This virus was described and identified as the Dilijan2011IMB strain. The goal of our research was to study the main features of clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and genetic parameters involved in the development of new forms of African swine fever (ASF). Chronic ASF was characterized with low titers of the virus and a decrease in the intensity of hemadsorption. Additionally, a reduced intensity in clinical symptoms and pathoanatomical results was noted. The absolute, but not the relative number of immune cells changes; the neutropenia (in bone marrow and spleen), lymphopenia (in bone marrow), lymphocytosis (only in spleen), lymphoid cell depletion (in bone marrow), and pancytopenia (in bone marrow) observed in the chronic form of ASF were less pronounced compared to in the acute form. When comparing the late stage of chronic ASF to the acute form, the key cytological indicators in the spleen, lymph nodes, and blood were less severe in the chronic stage. Bone marrow failure in the chronic form, expressed in a pronounced decrease in all cell types, generally coincided with the data in the acute form of ASF. The same data were obtained after assessing serum TNF-alpha levels. Thus, we can conclude that the chronic form of ASF occurs due to a less pronounced immune response, as well as a decrease in virus titers in the blood and tissues of infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hranush Avagyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Sona Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bagrat Baghdasaryan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Hranush Arzumanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Arpine Poghosyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Nane Bayramyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Anna Semerjyan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
| | - Mariam Sargsyan
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan 0009, Armenia;
| | - Henry Voskanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Tigranuhi Vardanyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Naira Karalyan
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Clinical Morphology, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
| | - Lina Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Liana Abroyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
| | - Aida Avetisyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Elena Karalova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Zara Semerjyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Experimental Laboratory, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Zaven Karalyan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Virology, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Armenia; (H.A.); (S.H.); (B.B.); (H.A.); (A.P.); (N.B.); (H.V.); (T.V.); (L.H.); (L.A.); (A.A.); (E.K.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsy, Yerevan 0025, Armenia;
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15
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Trevisan G, Morris P, Silva GS, Nakkirt P, Wang C, Main R, Zimmerman J. Active Participatory Regional Surveillance for Notifiable Swine Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:233. [PMID: 38254402 PMCID: PMC10812401 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluated an active participatory design for the regional surveillance of notifiable swine pathogens based on testing 10 samples collected by farm personnel in each participating farm. To evaluate the performance of the design, public domain software was used to simulate the introduction and spread of a pathogen among 17,521 farms in a geographic region of 1,615,246 km2. Using the simulated pathogen spread data, the probability of detecting ≥ 1 positive farms in the region was estimated as a function of the percent of participating farms (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), farm-level detection probability (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%), and regional farm-level prevalence. At 0.1% prevalence (18 positive farms among 17,521 farms) and a farm-level detection probability of 30%, the participatory surveillance design achieved 67%, 90%, and 97% probability of detecting ≥ 1 positive farms in the region when producer participation was 20%, 40%, and 60%, respectively. The cost analysis assumed that 10 individual pig samples per farm would be pooled into 2 samples (5 pigs each) for testing. Depending on the specimen collected (serum or swab sample) and test format (nucleic acid or antibody detection), the cost per round of sampling ranged from EUR 0.017 to EUR 0.032 (USD 0.017 to USD 0.034) per pig in the region. Thus, the analysis suggested that an active regional participatory surveillance design could achieve detection at low prevalence and at a sustainable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Trevisan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Patterson Hall, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; (G.T.); (G.S.S.); (C.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Snedecor Hall, 2438 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-4009, USA; (P.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Gustavo S. Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Patterson Hall, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; (G.T.); (G.S.S.); (C.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Pormate Nakkirt
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Snedecor Hall, 2438 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-4009, USA; (P.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Patterson Hall, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; (G.T.); (G.S.S.); (C.W.); (R.M.)
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Snedecor Hall, 2438 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-4009, USA; (P.M.); (P.N.)
| | - Rodger Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Patterson Hall, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA; (G.T.); (G.S.S.); (C.W.); (R.M.)
| | - Jeffrey Zimmerman
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Snedecor Hall, 2438 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-4009, USA; (P.M.); (P.N.)
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16
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Desmet C, Coelho-Cruz B, Mehn D, Colpo P, Ruiz-Moreno A. ASFV epitope mapping by high density peptides microarrays. Virus Res 2024; 339:199287. [PMID: 38029799 PMCID: PMC10711508 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly infectious disease. It is a threat to animal health with major potential economic and societal impact. Despite decades of ASF vaccine research, still some gaps in knowledge are hindering the development of a functional vaccine. Worth mentioning are gaps in understanding the mechanism of ASF infection and immunity, as well as the fact that - in case of this disease - virus proteins, so-called protective antigens, responsible for inducing protective immune responses in pigs are not identified yet. In this paper we elaborate on a methodology to identify protective antigens based on epitope mapping by microarray technology. High density peptide microarrays, combined with fluorescence scanning, have been used to analyze the interaction of peptide sequences of African swine fever virus (ASFV) proteins with antibodies present in inactivated serum from infected and healthy animals. The study evidenced ASFV proteins already under the radar for vaccine development, such as p54, and identified specific sequences in those proteins that may become the focus for future vaccine candidates. Such methodology is amenable to automation and high-throughput and may help developing better targeting for next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Desmet
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Pascal Colpo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ana Ruiz-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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17
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Petrini S, Righi C, Mészáros I, D’Errico F, Tamás V, Pela M, Olasz F, Gallardo C, Fernandez-Pinero J, Göltl E, Magyar T, Feliziani F, Zádori Z. The Production of Recombinant African Swine Fever Virus Lv17/WB/Rie1 Strains and Their In Vitro and In Vivo Characterizations. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1860. [PMID: 38140263 PMCID: PMC10748256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lv17/WB/Rie1-Δ24 was produced via illegitimate recombination mediated by low-dilution serial passage in the Cos7 cell line and isolated on PAM cell culture. The virus contains a huge ~26.4 Kb deletion in the left end of its genome. Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD-ΔGL was generated via homologous recombination, crossing two ASFV strains (Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD and Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔGL containing eGFP and mCherry markers) during PAM co-infection. The presence of unique parental markers in the Lv17/WB/Rie1-ΔCD-ΔGL genome indicates at least two recombination events during the crossing, suggesting that homologous recombination is a relatively frequent event in the ASFV genome during replication in PAM. Pigs infected with Lv17/WB/Rie1-Δ24 and Lv17/WB/Rie1/ΔCD-ΔGL strains have shown mild clinical signs despite that ASFV could not be detected in their sera until a challenge infection with the Armenia/07 ASFV strain. The two viruses were not able to induce protective immunity in pigs against a virulent Armenia/07 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (C.R.); (F.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (C.R.); (F.D.); (M.P.)
| | - István Mészáros
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute (VMRI), Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.M.); (V.T.); (F.O.); (E.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Federica D’Errico
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (C.R.); (F.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Vivien Tamás
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute (VMRI), Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.M.); (V.T.); (F.O.); (E.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Michela Pela
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (C.R.); (F.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute (VMRI), Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.M.); (V.T.); (F.O.); (E.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.)
| | - Jovita Fernandez-Pinero
- European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF (EURL-ASF), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA, CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain; (C.G.)
| | - Eszter Göltl
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute (VMRI), Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.M.); (V.T.); (F.O.); (E.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Tibor Magyar
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute (VMRI), Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.M.); (V.T.); (F.O.); (E.G.); (T.M.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Centre for Pestiviruses and Asfivirus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (C.R.); (F.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute (VMRI), Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.M.); (V.T.); (F.O.); (E.G.); (T.M.)
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18
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Pérez-Núñez D, García-Belmonte R, Riera E, Fernández-Sesma MH, Vigara-Astillero G, Revilla Y. Signal peptide and N-glycosylation of N-terminal-CD2v determine the hemadsorption of African swine fever virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0103023. [PMID: 37768082 PMCID: PMC10617588 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01030-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of the current major animal epidemic worldwide. This disease affects domestic pigs and wild boars, has spread since 2007 through Russia, Eastern Europe, and more recently to Western European countries, and since 2018 emerged in China, from where it spread throughout Southeast Asia. Recently, outbreaks have appeared in the Caribbean, threatening the Americas. It is estimated that more than 900,000 animals have died directly or indirectly from ASFV since 2021 alone. One of the features of ASFV infection is hemoadsorption (HAD), which has been linked to virulence, although the molecular and pathological basis of this hypothesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we have analyzed and identified the key players responsible of HAD, contributing to the identification of new determinants of ASFV virulence, the understanding of ASFV pathogenesis, and the rational development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta H. Fernández-Sesma
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Lim JW, Vu TTH, Le VP, Yeom M, Song D, Jeong DG, Park SK. Advanced Strategies for Developing Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for African Swine Fever. Viruses 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 38005846 PMCID: PMC10674204 DOI: 10.3390/v15112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam;
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
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20
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Li L, Qiao S, Wang S, Liu J, Zhao K, Zhou Y, Li G, Jiang Y, Liu C, Tong G, Tong W, Gao F. Expression of ASFV p17 in CHO cells and identification of one novel epitope using a monoclonal antibody. Virus Res 2023; 336:199194. [PMID: 37579847 PMCID: PMC10470389 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
As a highly pathogenic large DNA virus, African swine fever virus (ASFV) has huge particles and numerous encoded proteins. At present, few of the existing studies on ASFV proteins have investigated the function of p17. Specific antibodies against p17 to promote the development of prevention techniques against African swine fever (ASF) are urgently needed. Herein, we successfully expressed ASFV p17 in CHO cells using a suspension culture system and generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against p17. The mAb recognized a novel linear epitope (8LLSHNLSTREGIK20) and exhibited specific reactivity, which was conducive to the identification of ectopically expressed p17, the recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus expressing p17, and the ASFV-SY18. The epitope was conservative among genotype I and genotype II ASFV strains. Overall, the mAb against p17 revealed efficient detection and promising application prospects, making it a useful tool for future vaccine research on ASF. Determination of the conserved linear epitope of p17 would contribute to the in-depth exploration of the biological function of ASFV antigen protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shumao Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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21
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Niu S, Guo Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Sun L, Dai H, Peng G. Innate immune escape and adaptive immune evasion of African swine fever virus: A review. Virology 2023; 587:109878. [PMID: 37708611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs. The continued spread of the virus in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of an effective vaccine limits disease control. ASFV has evolved a variety of encoded immune escape proteins and can evade host adaptive immunity, inducing cellular inflammation, autophagy, or apoptosis in host cells. Frequent persistent infections hinder the development of a viral vaccine and impose technical barriers. Currently, knowledge of the virulence-related genes, main pathogenic genes and immunoregulatory mechanism of ASFV is not comprehensive. We explain that ASFV invades the host to regulate its inflammatory response, interferon production, antigen presentation and cellular immunity. Furthermore, we propose potential ideas for ASFV vaccine target design, such as knocking out high-virulence genes in ASFV and performing data mining to identify the main genes that induce antiviral responses. To support a rational strategy for vaccine development, a better understanding of how ASFV interacts with the host and regulates the host's response to infection is needed. We review the current knowledge about ASFV targeting of host innate and adaptive immunity and the mechanisms by which the affected immune pathways are suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Limeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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22
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Sereda AD, Namsrayn S, Balyshev VM, Vlasov ME, Sindryakova IP, Koltsova G, Kolbasov DV. Seroimmunotyping of African swine fever virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1225587. [PMID: 37808306 PMCID: PMC10556738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1225587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The extreme genetic and immunobiological heterogeneity exhibited by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been a significant impediment in the development of an efficacious vaccine against this disease. Consequently, the lack of internationally accepted protocols for the laboratory evaluation of candidate vaccines has become a major concern within the scientific community. The formulation of such protocols necessitates the establishment of a consensus at the international level on methods for the determination of homologous and heterologous isolates/strains of ASFV. The present article provides a comprehensive description of biological techniques employed in the classification of ASFV by seroimmunotypes. These techniques involve a holistic evaluation of ASFV isolates/strains based on their antigenic properties as determined by the hemadsorption inhibiting test (HAdI) using type-specific sera and an immunological test (IT) conducted on pigs inoculated with attenuated strains. The article outlines the methods for setting up the HAdI test, an IT on pigs, and the processes involved in the acquisition of type-specific serums for the HAdI test. It is pertinent to note that the definitive classification of seroimmunotype can only be ascertained after conducting an IT on pigs. The findings from the HAdI test or the phylogenetic analysis of the EP402R gene should be considered preliminary in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey D. Sereda
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVIM), Vladimir Region, Volginsky, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Irina P. Sindryakova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVIM), Vladimir Region, Volginsky, Russia
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23
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Pakotiprapha D, Kuhaudomlarp S, Tinikul R, Chanarat S. Bridging the Gap: Can COVID-19 Research Help Combat African Swine Fever? Viruses 2023; 15:1925. [PMID: 37766331 PMCID: PMC10536364 DOI: 10.3390/v15091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Despite being harmless to humans, ASF poses significant challenges to the swine industry, due to sudden losses and trade restrictions. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spurred an unparalleled global research effort, yielding remarkable advancements across scientific disciplines. In this review, we explore the potential technological spillover from COVID-19 research into ASF. Specifically, we assess the applicability of the diagnostic tools, vaccine development strategies, and biosecurity measures developed for COVID-19 for combating ASF. Additionally, we discuss the lessons learned from the pandemic in terms of surveillance systems and their implications for managing ASF. By bridging the gap between COVID-19 and ASF research, we highlight the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological spillovers in the battle against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sittinan Chanarat
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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24
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Cho KH, Hong SK, Kim DY, Jang MK, Kim JH, Lee H, Kim EM, Park JH, Suh TY, Choi JG, Yoo DS, Kang HE, Kim YH. Pathogenicity and Pathological Characteristics of African Swine Fever Virus Strains from Pig Farms in South Korea from 2022 to January 2023. Pathogens 2023; 12:1158. [PMID: 37764966 PMCID: PMC10534632 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first African swine fever (ASF) outbreak occurred at a pig farm in South Korea in September 2019, as of 31 January 2023, 31 ASF cases have occurred at pig farms, while 2799 ASF virus (ASFV)-infected wild boars have been identified. The circulation of ASFV in wild boar populations poses a high risk of spillover to pig farms in the country. However, information on the changes in the pathogenicity of Korean ASFV strains from wild boars is not available. Investigating the pathogenicity of ASFV strains from pig farms is the only way to predict their alterations. In a previous study, no changes in the pathogenicity of ASFV strains circulating during 2019-2021 were identified through animal experiments. In this study, we chose two ASFV strains with potentially reduced pathogenicity among ten viruses obtained from pig premises from 2022 to January 2023 and estimated their pathogenicities and pathological characteristics. All the inoculated pigs died 8-10 days post-inoculation after showing pyrexia, depression, anorexia, and recumbency together with the common pathological lesions of enlarged hemorrhagic lymph nodes and splenomegaly with infarction. These results support that the pathogenicity among ASFV isolates in South Korea still remained unchanged during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Min-Kyung Jang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Jong-Ho Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (H.L.); (E.-M.K.)
| | - Ji-Hoon Park
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Tae-Young Suh
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-K.J.); (J.-H.P.); (T.-Y.S.); (J.-G.C.); (H.-E.K.)
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25
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Martínez Avilés M, Bosch J, Ivorra B, Ramos ÁM, Ito S, Barasona JÁ, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Epidemiological impacts of attenuated African swine fever virus circulating in wild boar populations. Res Vet Sci 2023; 162:104964. [PMID: 37531717 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II has been present in wild boar in the European Union since 2014. Control measures have reduced the incidence of the ASF, but highly virulent as well as attenuated ASFV strains continue to circulate. We present the intraherd epidemiological parameters of low and highly virulent ASFV in wild boar from experimental data, and for the first time, evaluate the impact of attenuated strain circulation through unique deterministic compartmental model simulations under various potential scenarios and hypotheses. Using an estimated PCR infectious threshold of TPCR = 36.4, we obtained several transmission parameters, like an Rx (experimental intraherd R0) value of 4.5. We also introduce two novel epidemiological parameters: infectious power and resistance power, which indicate the ability of animals to transmit the infection and the reduction in infectiousness after successive exposures to varying virulence strains, respectively. The presence of ASFV attenuated strains results in 4-17% of animals either remaining in a carrier state or becoming susceptible again when exposed to highly virulent ASFV for more than two years. The timing between exposures to viruses of different virulence also influences the percentage of animals that die or remain susceptible. The findings of this study can be utilized in epidemiological modelling and provide insight into important risk situations that should be considered for surveillance and future potential ASF vaccination strategies in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martínez Avilés
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (Animal Health Research Centre), CISA-INIA, CSIC. Madrid, 28130, Spain.
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Animal Health Health Surveillance Centre (VISAVET) and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - Benjamin Ivorra
- Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute (IMI), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Manuel Ramos
- Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute (IMI), Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Animal Health Health Surveillance Centre (VISAVET) and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - José Ángel Barasona
- Animal Health Health Surveillance Centre (VISAVET) and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Animal Health Health Surveillance Centre (VISAVET) and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040, Spain
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26
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Kosowska A, Barasona JA, Barroso-Arévalo S, Blondeau Leon L, Cadenas-Fernández E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Low transmission risk of African swine fever virus between wild boar infected by an attenuated isolate and susceptible domestic pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1177246. [PMID: 37635760 PMCID: PMC10448392 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1177246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal infectious disease that affects domestic and wild pigs. This complex virus has already affected five continents and more than 70 countries and is considered to be the main threat to the global swine industry. The disease can potentially be transmitted directly through contact with infectious animals, or indirectly by means of contaminated feed or environments. Nevertheless, the knowledge regarding the transmission patterns of different ASF virus isolates at the wildlife-livestock interface is still limited. We have, therefore, assessed the potential transmission of an attenuated ASF virus isolate between infectious wild boar and directly exposed domestic pig. We registered 3,369 interspecific interactions between animals, which were brief and mostly initiated by wild boar. The major patterns observed during the study were head-to-head contact owing to sniffing, thus suggesting a high probability of pathogen transmission. However, only one of the five domestic pigs had a short period of viremia and became serologically positive for ASF virus antibodies. It was additionally discovered that the wild boar did not transmit the virulent virus isolate to the domestic pigs, which suggests that the presence of attenuated ASF virus isolates in affected areas may control the spreading of other more virulent isolates. These outcomes may help make decisions related to large-scale targeted management actions against ASF in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kosowska
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Blondeau Leon
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Franzoni G, Petrini S, Mészáros I, Dei Giudici S, Righi C, Olasz F, Zinellu S, Tamás V, Pela M, Gallardo C, Zádori Z, Oggiano A, Feliziani F. Evaluation of Haematological and Immunological Parameters of the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 Strain and Its Derived Mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L against ASFV Challenge Infection in Domestic Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1277. [PMID: 37515092 PMCID: PMC10383595 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a haemorrhagic disease that threatens the global pig industry. There is an urgency to develop a safe and efficient vaccine, but the knowledge of the immune-pathogenetic mechanisms behind ASFV infection is still very limited. In this paper, we evaluated the haematological and immunological parameters of domestic pigs vaccinated with the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 strain or its derived mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L and then challenged with virulent Armenia/07 ASFV. Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), 13 key cytokines and 11 haematological parameters were evaluated throughout the study. Lv17/WB/Rie1 triggered an inflammatory response, with increased levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induced lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and a decline in red blood cell (RBC) parameters, although this was transitory. Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L triggered only transitory thrombocytopenia and a mild inflammatory reaction, with no increase in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but it raised IL-1Ra levels. Both strains counteracted several adverse reactions elicited by virulent challenge, like thrombocytopenia, a decline in RBC parameters, and inflammation. Within this paper, we provided a deep portrayal of the impact of diverse ASFV strains on the domestic pig's immune system. A better understanding of these immune-pathological mechanisms would help to design suitable vaccines against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Vivien Tamás
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michela Pela
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
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28
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Zuo X, Peng G, Xia Y, Xu L, Zhao Q, Zhu Y, Wang C, Liu Y, Zhao J, Wang H, Zou X. A quadruple fluorescence quantitative PCR method for the identification of wild strains of african swine fever and gene-deficient strains. Virol J 2023; 20:150. [PMID: 37452402 PMCID: PMC10347796 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Originating in Africa, African swine fever (ASF) was introduced to China in 2018. This acute and highly virulent infectious disease affects domestic pigs. The World Organization for Animal Health has listed it as a statutory reportable disease, and China has listed it as a category A infectious disease. METHODS Primers and probes were designed for four ASFV genes (B646L, EP402R, MGF505-3R, and A137R). The primers/probes were highly conserved compared with the gene sequences of 21 ASFV strains. RESULTS After optimization, the calibration curve showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99), the minimum concentration of positive plasmids that could be detected was 50 copies/µL, and the minimum viral load detection limit was 102 HAD50/mL. Furthermore, quadruple quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with nucleic acids from three porcine-derived DNA viruses and cDNAs from eight RNA viruses did not show amplification curves, indicating that the method was specific. In addition, 1 × 106, 1 × 105, and 1 × 104 copies/µL of mixed plasmids were used for the quadruple qPCR; the coefficient of variation for triplicate determination between groups was < 2%, indicating the method was reproducible. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained by testing clinical samples containing detectable EP402R, MGF505-3R, and A137R strains with different combinations of gene deletions were as expected. Therefore, the established quadruple qPCR method was validated for the molecular diagnosis of ASF using gene-deleted ASFV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guorui Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yingju Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Qizu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yebing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xingqi Zou
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China.
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29
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Koltsov A, Krutko S, Kholod N, Sukher M, Belov S, Korotin A, Koltsova G. Deletion of the CD2 Gene in the Virulent ASFV Congo Strain Affects Viremia in Domestic Swine, but Not the Virulence. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2002. [PMID: 37370512 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease that causes the most significant losses to the pig industry. One of the effective methods for combating this disease could be the development of vaccines. To date, experimental vaccines based on the use of live attenuated strains of the ASF virus (ASFV) obtained by the deletion of viral genes responsible for virulence are the most effective. Deletion of the EP402R gene encoding a CD2-like protein led to the attenuation of various strains of the ASFV, although the degree of attenuation varies among different isolates. Here we have shown that the deletion of the EP402R gene from the genome of a high-virulent Congo isolate did not change either the virulence of the virus or its ability to replicate in the swine macrophage cell cultures in vitro. However, in vivo, animals infected with ΔCongo-v_CD2v had a delay in the onset of the disease and viremia compared to animals infected with the parental strain. Thus, deletion of the CD2 gene in different isolates of the ASFV has a different effect on the virulence of the virus, depending on its genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Koltsov
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Sergey Krutko
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Natalia Kholod
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Mikhail Sukher
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Sergey Belov
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Alexey Korotin
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Galina Koltsova
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
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Yu Z, Xie L, Shuai P, Zhang J, An W, Yang M, Zheng J, Lin H. New perspective on African swine fever: a bibliometrics study and visualization analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1085473. [PMID: 37266383 PMCID: PMC10229902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1085473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that can have devastating effects on domestic pigs and wild boars. Over the past decade, there has been a new wave of this ancient disease spreading around the world, prompting many scholars to dedicate themselves to researching this disease. This research aims to use bibliometric methods to organize, analyze and summarize the scientific publications on ASF that have been amassed in the past two decades. Methods This paper used VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and a bibliometric online analysis platform to conduct performance analysis and visualization studies on 1,885 academic papers about ASF in the Web of Science from January 2003 to December 2022. Results The amount of literature published on ASF has increased exponentially in recent years, and the development trend of related research is good. A group of representative scholars have appeared in this research field, and some cooperative networks have been formed. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases is the journal with the most publications in this field, while Virus Research is the journal with the most citation per article. High-productivity countries are led by China in terms of the number of articles published followed by the United States and Spain. In regard to the average number of citations, the scholars in the UK are in the lead. The institution with the most articles was the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The analysis of high-frequency keywords showed that the pathogens and epidemiology of ASF were the research hotspots in this field, and the research content was closely related to molecular biology and immunology. The burst keywords "transmission", "identification", "virulence", "replication", and "gene" reflects the research frontier. In addition, by collating and analyzing highly cited journals and highly co-cited references, we explored the knowledge structure and theoretical basis of this field. Discussion This is the first bibliometric analysis report on ASF research, which highlights the key characteristics of ASF research and presents the research status and evolution trend in this field from a new perspective. It provides a valuable reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiqiang Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
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Tamás V, Righi C, Mészáros I, D'Errico F, Olasz F, Casciari C, Zádori Z, Magyar T, Petrini S, Feliziani F. Involvement of the MGF 110-11L Gene in the African Swine Fever Replication and Virulence. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040846. [PMID: 37112759 PMCID: PMC10145817 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal hemorrhagic viral disease that causes extensive economic and animal welfare losses in the Eurasian pig (Sus scrofa) population. To date, no effective and safe vaccines have been marketed against ASF. A starting point for vaccine development is using naturally occurring attenuated strains as a vaccine base. Here, we aimed to remove the multigene family (MGF) 110 gene of unknown function from the Lv17/WB/Rie1 genome to improve the usability of the virus as a live-attenuated vaccine, reducing unwanted side effects. The MGF 110-11L gene was deleted using the CRISPR/Cas9 method, and the safety and efficacy of the virus were tested in pigs after isolation. The vaccine candidates administered at high doses showed reduced pathogenicity compared to the parental strain and induced immunity in vaccinated animals, although several mild clinical signs were observed. Although Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L cannot be used as a vaccine in its current form, it was encouraging that the undesirable side effects of Lv17/WB/Rie1 at high doses can be reduced by additional mutations without a significant reduction in its protective capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Tamás
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Righi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federica D'Errico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cristina Casciari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Magyar
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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32
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Han N, Qu H, Xu T, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Ge S. Summary of the Current Status of African Swine Fever Vaccine Development in China. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040762. [PMID: 37112673 PMCID: PMC10145671 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly lethal and contagious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. There is still no credible commercially available vaccine. The only existing one, issued in Vietnam, is actually used in limited quantities in limited areas, for large-scale clinical evaluation. ASF virus is a large complex virus, not inducing full neutralizing antibodies, with multiple genotypes and a lack of comprehensive research on virus infection and immunity. Since it was first reported in China in August 2018, ASF has spread rapidly across the country. To prevent, control, further purify and eradicate ASF, joint scientific and technological research on ASF vaccines has been carried out in China. In the past 4 years (2018–2022), several groups in China have been funded for the research and development of various types of ASF vaccines, achieving marked progress and reaching certain milestones. Here, we have provided a comprehensive and systematic summary of all of the relevant data regarding the current status of the development of ASF vaccines in China to provide a reference for further progress worldwide. At present, the further clinical application of the ASF vaccine still needs a lot of tests and research accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijun Han
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Hailong Qu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Tiangang Xu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Shengqiang Ge
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (South), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-53-2856-21552
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A Spontaneously Occurring African Swine Fever Virus with 11 Gene Deletions Partially Protects Pigs Challenged with the Parental Strain. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020311. [PMID: 36851524 PMCID: PMC9966947 DOI: 10.3390/v15020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious Suidae disease caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). Adaptation to less susceptible, non-target host cells is one of the most common techniques used to attenuate virulent viruses. However, this may induce many mutations and large-scale rearrangements in the viral genome, resulting in immunostimulatory potential loss of the virus in vivo. This study continuously maintained the virulent ASFV strain, Armenia2007 (Arm07), to establish an attenuated ASFV strain with minimum genetic alteration in a susceptible host cell line, immortalized porcine kidney macrophage (IPKM). A mutant strain was successfully isolated via repeated plaque purification in combination with next-generation sequencing analysis. The isolated strain, Arm07ΔMGF, which was obtained from a viral fluid at a passage level of 20, lacked 11 genes in total in the MGF300 and MGF360 regions and showed marked reduction in virulence against pigs. Moreover, all the pigs survived the challenge with the parental strain when pigs were immunized twice with 105 TCID50 of Arm07ΔMGF, although viremia and fever were not completely prevented after the challenge infection. These findings suggest that this naturally attenuated, spontaneously occurring ASFV strain may provide a novel platform for ASF vaccine development.
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Li L, Qiao S, Liu J, Zhou Y, Tong W, Dong S, Liu C, Jiang Y, Guo Z, Zheng H, Zhao R, Tong G, Li G, Gao F. A highly efficient indirect ELISA and monoclonal antibody established against African swine fever virus pK205R. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1103166. [PMID: 36700212 PMCID: PMC9868132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1103166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious infectious disease with high lethality which continuously threatens the global pig industry causing huge economic losses. Currently, there are no commercially available vaccines or antiviral drugs that can effectively control ASF. The pathogen of ASF, ASF virus (ASFV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome ranging from 170 to 193 kb and 151 to 167 open reading frames in various strains, which encodes 150-200 proteins. An effective method of monitoring ASFV antibodies, and specific antibodies against ASFV to promote the development of prevention techniques are urgently needed. In the present study, pK205R of ASFV was successfully expressed in mammalian cells using a suspension culture system. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the purified pK205R was established and optimized. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against pK205R recognized a conservative linear epitope (2VEPREQFFQDLLSAV16) and exhibited specific reactivity, which was conducive to the identification of the recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) expressing pK205R. The ELISA method efficiently detected clinical ASFV infection and revealed good application prospects in monitoring the antibody level in vivo for recombinant PRRSV live vector virus expressing the ASFV antigen protein. The determination of the conserved linear epitope of pK205R would contribute to further research on the structural biology and function of pK205R. The indirect ELISA method and mAb against ASFV pK205R revealed efficient detection and promising application prospects, making them ideal for epidemiological surveillance and vaccine research on ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqiang Guo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Xiamen Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guoxin Li, ; Fei Gao,
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guoxin Li, ; Fei Gao,
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35
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Barroso-Arévalo S, Díaz-Frutos M, Kosowska A, Pérez-Sancho M, Domínguez L, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. A useful tool for the safe diagnosis and control of the two main pandemics of the XXI century: COVID-19 and African Swine Fever disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282632. [PMID: 36877705 PMCID: PMC9987814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and the disease triggered by the African Swine Fever virus are currently two of the main problems regarding public and animal health, respectively. Although vaccination seems to be the ideal tool for controlling these diseases, it has several limitations. Therefore, early detection of the pathogen is critical in order to apply preventive and control measures. Real-time PCR is the main technique used for the detection of both viruses, which requires previous processing of the infectious material. If the potentially infected sample is inactivated at the time of sampling, the diagnosis will be accelerated, impacting positively on the diagnosis and control of the disease. Here, we evaluated the inactivation and preservation properties of a new surfactant liquid for non-invasive and environmental sampling of both viruses. Our results demonstrated that the surfactant liquid effectively inactivates SARS-CoV-2 and African Swine Fever virus in only five minutes, and allows for the preservation of the genetic material for long periods even at high temperatures such as 37°C. Hence, this methodology is a safe and useful tool for recovering SARS-CoV-2 and African Swine Fever virus RNA/DNA from different surfaces and skins, which has significant applied relevance in the surveillance of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz-Frutos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Kosowska
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Sancho
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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36
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Zhang H, Zhao S, Zhang H, Qin Z, Shan H, Cai X. Vaccines for African swine fever: an update. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139494. [PMID: 37180260 PMCID: PMC10173882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal infectious disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, the disease is listed as a legally notifiable disease that must be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The economic losses to the global pig industry have been insurmountable since the outbreak of ASF. Control and eradication of ASF are very critical during the current pandemic. Vaccination is the optimal strategy to prevent and control the ASF epidemic, but since inactivated ASFV vaccines have poor immune protection and there aren't enough cell lines for efficient in vitro ASFV replication, an ASF vaccine with high immunoprotective potential still remains to be explored. Knowledge of the course of disease evolution, the way of virus transmission, and the breakthrough point of vaccine design will facilitate the development of an ASF vaccine. In this review, the paper aims to highlight the recent advances and breakthroughs in the epidemic and transmission of ASF, virus mutation, and the development of vaccines in recent years, focusing on future directions and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Saisai Zhao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Qin
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
| | - Xiulei Cai
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Xiulei Cai,
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Jiang W, Jiang D, Li L, Wang J, Wang P, Shi X, Zhao Q, Liu B, Ji P, Zhang G. Identification of Two Novel Linear B Cell Epitopes on the CD2v Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2022; 15:131. [PMID: 36680174 PMCID: PMC9866794 DOI: 10.3390/v15010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious viral pathogen that endangers the global pig industry, and no effective vaccine is available thus far. The CD2v protein is a glycoprotein on the outer envelope of ASFV, which mediates the transmission of the virus in the blood and recognition of the virus serotype, playing an important role in ASFV vaccine development and disease prevention. Here, we generated two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 6C11 and 8F12 (subtype IgG1/kappa-type), against the ASFV CD2v extracellular domain (CD2v-ex, GenBank: MK128995.1, 1-588 bp) and characterized their specificity. Peptide scanning technology was used to identify the epitopes recognized by mAbs 6C11 and 8F12. As a result, two novel B cell epitopes, 38DINGVSWN45 and 134GTNTNIY140, were defined. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that the defined epitopes were conserved in all referenced ASFV strains from various regions of China including the highly pathogenic, epidemic strain, Georgia2007/1 (NC_044959.2), with the same noted substitutions compared to the four foreign ASFV wild-type strains. This study provides important reference values for the design and development of an ASFV vaccine and useful biological materials for the functional study of the CD2v protein by deletion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xuejian Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Boyuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pengchao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Li L, Qiao S, Li G, Tong W, Dong S, Liu J, Guo Z, Zheng H, Zhao R, Tong G, Zhou Y, Gao F. The Indirect ELISA and Monoclonal Antibody against African Swine Fever Virus p17 Revealed Efficient Detection and Application Prospects. Viruses 2022; 15:50. [PMID: 36680090 PMCID: PMC9865993 DOI: 10.3390/v15010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2018, the outbreak and prevalence of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) in China have caused huge economic losses. Less virulent ASFVs emerged in 2020, which led to difficulties and challenges for early diagnosis and control of African swine fever (ASF) in China. An effective method of monitoring ASFV antibodies and specific antibodies against ASFV to promote the development of prevention techniques are urgently needed. In the present study, ASFV p17 was successfully expressed in CHO cells using a suspension culture system. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on purified p17 was established and optimized. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against p17 recognized a conservative linear epitope (3TETSPLLSH11) and exhibited specific reactivity, which was conducive to the identification of recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) expressing p17. The ELISA method efficiently detected clinical ASFV infection and effectively monitored the antibody levels in vivo after recombinant PRRSV live vector virus expressing p17 vaccination. Overall, the determination of the conserved linear epitope of p17 would contribute to the in-depth exploration of the biological function of the ASFV antigen protein. The indirect ELISA method and mAb against ASFV p17 revealed efficient detection and promising application prospects, making them ideal for epidemiological surveillance and vaccine research on ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sina Qiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Guoxin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shishan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Jiachen Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ziqiang Guo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Xiamen Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen 361009, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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39
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Zhao Y, Li R, Lv C, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Xia X, Yu S, Wang Y, Huang L, Zhang Q, Liu GL, Jin M. One-Step Rapid and Sensitive ASFV p30 Antibody Detection via Nanoplasmonic Biosensors. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0234322. [PMID: 36314937 PMCID: PMC9769802 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02343-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most serious transnational swine diseases in the world. The case fatality rate of susceptible pigs is up to 100%. Currently, no commercial vaccine is available, so the prevention and control of ASF mainly relies on early diagnosis and culling of infected pigs. As the ASF virus continues to evolve, develop, and diversify, nucleic acid testing becomes less efficient. Here, we developed a method for the rapid and direct optical measurement of African swine fever virus (ASFV) antibody in vitro. This one-step procedure requires nearly no sample preparation and involves p30 protein-specific label-free integration into standard 96-well plates. Using a nanoplasmonic biosensor with extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) effect, one-step sample addition, ASFV antibody was detected within 20 min. The positive antibody showed a satisfactory sensitivity and linear relationship in the dilution ratio of 1:100-1:16000. It was used for the detection of clinical serum samples with a coincidence rate of 96.6%. The measurement results can be automatically analyzed and displayed on a conventional microplate meter computer and connected device. Our detection method can be widely applied in point-of-care testing (POCT) of ASFV antibody in pig farms. IMPORTANCE African swine fever (ASF) is a serious transnational disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is highly contagious in wild boars and domestic pigs. There is currently no available vaccine for ASF; therefore, development efforts are a key priority as ASFV continues to evolve and diversify. The ASF antibody rapid detection platform comprising the nanoplasmonic biosensor with extraordinary optical transmission effect can greatly reduce the detection time and improve detection flux while maintaining detection sensitivity and specificity. The one-step sample addition can effectively avoid cross contamination of samples in the detection process. The detection method provides a solution for the rapid and accurate real-time monitoring of ASF in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
| | - ChangJie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanlin Zhou
- Liangzhun (Shanghai) Industrial Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiman Yu
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqi Wang
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
- Liangzhun (Shanghai) Industrial Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang L. Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Brake DA. African Swine Fever Modified Live Vaccine Candidates: Transitioning from Discovery to Product Development through Harmonized Standards and Guidelines. Viruses 2022; 14:2619. [PMID: 36560623 PMCID: PMC9788307 DOI: 10.3390/v14122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent centennial anniversary of R.E. Montgomery's seminal published description of "a form of swine fever" disease transmitted from wild African pigs to European domestic pigs is a call to action to accelerate African Swine Fever (ASF) vaccine research and development. ASF modified live virus (MLV) first-generation gene deleted vaccine candidates currently offer the most promise to meet international and national guidelines and regulatory requirements for veterinary product licensure and market authorization. A major, rate-limiting impediment to the acceleration of current as well as future vaccine candidates into regulatory development is the absence of internationally harmonized standards for assessing vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. This review summarizes the asymmetrical landscape of peer-reviewed published literature on ASF MLV vaccine approaches and lead candidates, primarily studied to date in the research laboratory in proof-of-concept or early feasibility clinical safety and efficacy studies. Initial recommendations are offered toward eventual consensus of international harmonized guidelines and standards for ASF MLV vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. To help ensure the successful regulatory development and approval of ASF MLV first generation vaccines by national regulatory associated government agencies, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) establishment and publication of harmonized international guidelines is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC, P.O. Box 787, Stowe, VT 05672, USA
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41
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Pérez-Núñez D, Sunwoo SY, García-Belmonte R, Kim C, Vigara-Astillero G, Riera E, Kim DM, Jeong J, Tark D, Ko YS, You YK, Revilla Y. Recombinant African Swine Fever Virus Arm/07/CBM/c2 Lacking CD2v and A238L Is Attenuated and Protects Pigs against Virulent Korean Paju Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10121992. [PMID: 36560402 PMCID: PMC9784410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an obligated declaration swine disease, provoking farm isolation measures and the closing of affected country boarders. ASF virus (ASFV) is currently the cause of a pandemic across China and Eurasia. By the end of 2019, ASF was detected in nine EU Member States: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belgium. The affected area of the EU extended progressively, moving mostly in a southwestern direction (EFSA). Inactivated and/or subunit vaccines have proven to fail since certain virus replication is needed for protection. LAVs are thus the most realistic option, which must be safe, effective and industrially scalable. We here generated a vaccine prototype from the Arm/07/CBM/c2 genotype II strain, in which we have deleted the EP402R (CD2v) and A238L genes by CRISPR/Cas9 in COS-1 cells, without detectable further genetic changes. The successful immunization of pigs has proven this vaccine to be safe and fully protective against the circulating Korean Paju genotype II strain, opening the possibility of a new vaccine on the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chansong Kim
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dae-min Kim
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Jeong
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seung Ko
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kook You
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-911964570
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Fiori MS, Ferretti L, Di Nardo A, Zhao L, Zinellu S, Angioi PP, Floris M, Sechi AM, Denti S, Cappai S, Franzoni G, Oggiano A, Dei Giudici S. A Naturally Occurring Microhomology-Mediated Deletion of Three Genes in African Swine Fever Virus Isolated from Two Sardinian Wild Boars. Viruses 2022; 14:2524. [PMID: 36423133 PMCID: PMC9693351 DOI: 10.3390/v14112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a lethal disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. ASF threatens the pig industry worldwide due to the lack of a licensed vaccine or treatment. The disease has been endemic for more than 40 years in Sardinia (Italy), but an intense campaign pushed it close to eradication; virus circulation was last detected in wild boars in 2019. In this study, we present a genomic analysis of two ASFV strains isolated in Sardinia from two wild boars during the 2019 hunting season. Both isolates presented a deletion of 4342 base pairs near the 5' end of the genome, encompassing the genes MGF 360-6L, X69R, and MGF 300-1L. The phylogenetic evidence suggests that the deletion recently originated within the Sardinia ecosystem and that it is most likely the result of a non-allelic homologous recombination driven by a microhomology present in most Sardinian ASFV genomes. These results represent a striking example of a genomic feature promoting the rapid evolution of structural variations and plasticity in the ASFV genome. They also raise interesting questions about the functions of the deleted genes and the potential link between the evolutionary timing of the deletion appearance and the eradication campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Stefania Fiori
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute and Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK
| | | | - Lele Zhao
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Big Data Institute and Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4BH, UK
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Matteo Floris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sechi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Denti
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Cappai
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Comparison of the Virulence of Korean African Swine Fever Isolates from Pig Farms during 2019-2021. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112512. [PMID: 36423121 PMCID: PMC9696264 DOI: 10.3390/v14112512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) was first reported in South Korea in September 2019, and as of 31 December 2021, a total of 21 cases in domestic pig farms and 1875 ASFV-infected wild boars have been confirmed in the country. With the continued circulation of ASF in wild boars, and subsequent outbreaks in domestic pigs, concerns were raised about the possible changes in virulence occurring among African swine fever viruses (ASFV) circulating in South Korea. In this study, four Korean ASFV strains isolated from domestic pig farms at different time points between 2019 and 2021 were chosen, and used to experimentally infect domestic pigs by intramuscular inoculation to compare their virulence. All challenged pigs died at 4-9 days post-inoculation, with many showing clinical symptoms of fever, depression, loss of appetite, and recumbency. Gross lesions observed at necropsy included enlargement and hemorrhage of the lymph nodes and hydropericardium. The study showed that all four Korean ASFV isolates caused acute forms of illness, which supports the view that virulence among the circulating ASFV isolates in South Korea remained unchanged and highly virulent during this period.
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Lv C, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Yang J, Zou Z, Zhao Y, Li C, Sun X, Lin X, Jin M. African swine fever virus infection activates inflammatory responses through downregulation of the anti-inflammatory molecule C1QTNF3. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1002616. [PMID: 36311798 PMCID: PMC9598424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is the most dangerous pig disease, and causes enormous economic losses in the global pig industry. However, the mechanisms of ASF virus (ASFV) infection remains largely unclear. Hence, this study investigated the host response mechanisms to ASFV infection. We analyzed the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between serum samples from ASFV-infected and uninfected pigs using quantitative proteomics. Setting the p-value < 0.05 and |log2 (fold change)| > 1.5, we identified 173 DEPs, comprising 57 upregulated and 116 downregulated proteins, which belonged to various biological processes and pathways based on the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. The enriched pathways include immune responses, metabolism, and inflammation signaling pathways. Western blot analysis validated the DEPs identified using quantitative proteomics. Furthermore, our proteomics data showed that C1QTNF3 regulated the inflammatory signaling pathway. C1QTNF3 knockdown led to the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-6, thus inhibiting ASFV replication. These results indicated that C1QTNF3 was critical for ASFV infection. In conclusion, this study revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-ASFV interaction, which may contribute to the development of novel antiviral strategies against ASFV infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- New-onset department, Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- New-onset department, Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xian Lin, ; Meilin Jin,
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- New-onset department, Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xian Lin, ; Meilin Jin,
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Ruiz-Saenz J, Diaz A, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Aguilar PV. African swine fever virus: A re-emerging threat to the swine industry and food security in the Americas. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1011891. [PMID: 36274746 PMCID: PMC9581234 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1011891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales—GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia,*Correspondence: Julian Ruiz-Saenz ;
| | - Andres Diaz
- PIC—Pig Improvement Company, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología Veterinaria, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Patricia V. Aguilar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States,Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Zhenzhong W, Chuanxiang Q, Shengqiang G, Jinming L, Yongxin H, Xiaoyue Z, Yan L, Naijun H, Xiaodong W, Zhiliang W, Yingjuan Q. Genetic variation and evolution of attenuated African swine fever virus strain isolated in the field: A review. Virus Res 2022; 319:198874. [PMID: 35872281 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that there were several "mutant isolated in the field " of African swine fever virus (ASFV) since ASFV was reported, which may be the result of the continuous adaptation and evolution of ASFV. The emergence of ASFV field mutants may lead to chronic or asymptomatic "atypical clinical symptoms" in pigs and hinder the development of porcine industry. Here we analyzed the published ASFV "field attenuated strain" gene sequences and reviewed the genetic differences between field attenuated and virulent ASFV strains, hoping for providing a reference for the scientific prevention and control of ASF and the development of new vaccines. In this study we found the deletion of EP153R and EP402R occurred in 4 field attenuated strains, and all the differential genes of field attenuated strains mainly range in regions with low GC content. The evolution of MGF110 family genes was identified by analysis of two field attenuated ASFV strains from Portugal. We also found that some tandem repeat sequence plays an important role in the evolution of strains of NH/P68 and OURT 88/3 but not in strains Estonia 2014, HuB20 and Pig/Heilongjiang/HRB1/2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhenzhong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Qi Chuanxiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Ge Shengqiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
| | - Li Jinming
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Hu Yongxin
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
| | - Zhang Xiaoyue
- Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271001, China.
| | - Lv Yan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
| | - Han Naijun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
| | - Wu Xiaodong
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
| | - Wang Zhiliang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China.
| | - Qian Yingjuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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47
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Wöhnke E, Cackett G, Werner F, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Proteome Analysis of Swine Macrophages after Infection with Two Genotype II African Swine Fever Isolates of Different Pathogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102140. [PMID: 36298696 PMCID: PMC9607119 DOI: 10.3390/v14102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of a highly pathogenic genotype II isolate of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) into Georgia in 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has gone panzootic. Outbreaks have been reported in Europe, Asia and, more recently, Latin America. Thus, ASFV has become a major threat to the pig industry worldwide, as broadly applicable vaccines are not available. While the majority of ASFV strains show high virulence in domestic pigs and wild boar, variations within the ASFV genome have resulted in the emergence of attenuated strains with low or moderate virulence. However, the molecular basis of the differences in virulence has not yet been discovered. To reveal virulence-associated protein expression patterns, we analysed the proteomes of the natural target cells of ASFV, primary porcine macrophages, after infection with two genotype II ASFV strains displaying high (Armenia 2008) and moderate (Estonia 2014) virulence using quantitative mass spectrometry. Very similar expression patterns were observed for the viral genes, and any differences were limited to the deletions within the Estonia 2014 genome. In addition to the canonical ASFV proteins, twelve novel protein products from recently described transcripts were confirmed in both isolates. Pathway analyses showed that both isolates evoked a similar host proteome response, despite their difference in virulence. However, subtle differences in the manipulation of the proteins involved in the proinflammatory response mediated by the MAPK14/p38 signalling cascade were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gwenny Cackett
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1247
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48
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Co-Deletion of A238L and EP402R Genes from a Genotype IX African Swine Fever Virus Results in Partial Attenuation and Protection in Swine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092024. [PMID: 36146830 PMCID: PMC9501025 DOI: 10.3390/v14092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), resulting in up to 100% mortality in pigs. Although endemic in most sub-Saharan African countries, where all known ASFV genotypes have been reported, the disease has caused pandemics of significant economic impact in Eurasia, and no vaccines or therapeutics are available to date. In endeavors to develop live-attenuated vaccines against ASF, deletions of several of the ~170 ASFV genes have shown contrasting results depending on the genotype of the investigated ASFV. Here, we report the in vivo outcome of a single deletion of the A238L (5EL) gene and double deletions of A238L (5EL) and EP402R (CD2v) genes from the genome of a highly virulent genotype IX ASFV isolate. Domestic pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with (i) ASFV-Ke-ΔA238L to assess the safety of A238L deletion and (ii) ASFV-Ke-ΔEP402RΔA238L to investigate protection against challenge with the virulent wildtype ASFV-Ke virus. While A238L (5EL) gene deletion did not yield complete attenuation, co-deletion of A238L (5EL) and EP402R (CD2v) improved the safety profile of the single deletions, eliciting both humoral and cellular immune responses and conferred partial protection against challenge with the virulent wildtype ASFV-Ke virus.
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Shotin AR, Mazloum A, Igolkin AS, Shevchenko IV, Elsukova AA, Aronova EV, Vlasova NN. [Alternative approaches to the diagnosis of African swine fever in the Russian Federation in 2017-2021]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:290-303. [PMID: 36097710 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prevention and control of African swine fever (ASF) transmission on the territory of the Russian Federation requires monitoring based on testing of samples from pigs and wild boars. Specific anti-ASFV antibodies are rarely detected in samples during routine serological diagnostics. Although, ASF isolates with weakened virulence were confirmed in Russia and neighboring countries.The aim of this work was to determine the possibility of using alternative samples for ASF diagnosis and evaluate the effectiveness of the diagnostic methods used on the territory of Russia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biological materials obtained from experimentally infected animals and samples collected in the "field" conditions were used in this study. RESULTS Complex testing (RT-PCR and ELISA) is a more effective approach to diagnose chronic and asymptomatic forms of ASF compared to the separate use of these techniques. The possibility and efficiency of using alternative samples in diagnostics are demonstrated. It was confirmed that IPT method overcomes ELISA by high diagnostic sensitivity and detection of antibodies on earlier stages in extended range of samples. Anti-ASFV antibodies were detected in domestic and wild pigs in five regions of Russia. Samples from infected pigs that are negative in RT-PCR can be positive for anti-ASFV antibodies. The detection of antibodies in samples from shot wild boars (negative or uncertain in RT-PCR test) suggests the existence of animals surviving ASF infection. CONCLUSION The data obtained suggest a revision of the ASF surveillance strategy, by introducing complex diagnostic methods aimed at detection of both the virus genome and anti-ASFV antibodies simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Mazloum
- FGBI "Federal Centre for Animal Health"
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Lamberga K, Depner K, Zani L, Oļševskis E, Seržants M, Ansonska S, Šteingolde Ž, Bērziņš A, Viltrop A, Blome S, Globig A. A practical guide for strategic and efficient sampling in African swine fever-affected pig farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2408-e2417. [PMID: 35502726 PMCID: PMC9790576 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the case of African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks in pig farms, EU legislation requires a thorough epidemiological investigation to determine, among other tasks, the extent of infection in the affected farm. The main aim of this study was to implement a reliable sampling strategy to quickly obtain an overview of the extent of ASF virus spread in an affected pig farm. We developed and tested a three-step approach: (i) identification of sub-units within the affected farm, (ii) categorization of sub-units, and (iii) targeted selection of animals for testing. We used commercially available lateral flow devices (LFDs) to detect ASF antigen and antibodies under field conditions and compared them with routinely performed laboratory tests (qPCR, ELISA, IPT). The study was conducted in three commercial farms in Latvia that were affected by ASF in July 2020. One of the affected farms was relatively small with only 31 pigs, whereas the other two were large with 1800 and 9800 animals, respectively. The approach proved to be helpful and practical for efficient and reliably assess the ASF situation on the farm and to identify sub-units within a farm where infected animals are present and sub-units which might (still) be free of infection. This important epidemiological information helps to better estimate the high-risk period and to track the potential spread of infection outside the farm. It allows also to prioritize culling and, if appropriate, to pursue a partial culling strategy taking into account the absence of clinical signs, implemented biosecurity measures, quarantine and negative test results, among others. This might be of interest for large commercial farms where the infection was identified very early and has not yet spread widely. Due to its limited sensitivity, the antigen LFD test is useful for testing animals showing signs of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristīne Lamberga
- Food and Veterinary ServiceRigaLatvia,Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLatvia University of Life Sciences and TechnologiesJelgavaLatvia
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstituteGreifswald—Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Laura Zani
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstituteGreifswald—Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Edvīns Oļševskis
- Food and Veterinary ServiceRigaLatvia,Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment “BIOR”RigaLatvia
| | | | - Santa Ansonska
- Food and Veterinary ServiceRigaLatvia,Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment “BIOR”RigaLatvia
| | - Žanete Šteingolde
- Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment “BIOR”RigaLatvia
| | - Aivars Bērziņš
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineLatvia University of Life Sciences and TechnologiesJelgavaLatvia,Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment “BIOR”RigaLatvia
| | - Arvo Viltrop
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal SciencesEstonian University of Life SciencesTartuEstonia
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstituteGreifswald—Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Anja Globig
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐InstituteGreifswald—Insel RiemsGermany
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