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Izac JR, Kwee EJ, Gaigalas A, Wang L. Quantitative and Standardized Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay for COVID-19. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2779:259-271. [PMID: 38526789 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3738-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a global pandemic caused by the highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus. Efforts to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection include mass vaccination and development of monoclonal and convalescent plasma therapeutics that require precise measurements of correlative, functional neutralizing antibodies that prevent virus infection. Developing rapid, safe, easy-to-use, and high-quality neutralization assays are essential for the success of the massive effort. Here, we developed a vesicular stomatitis virus-based neutralization assay that was capable of quantifying varying degrees of neutralization in patient serum samples. This assay has two detection readouts, flow cytometry and live cell imaging. The two readout methods produced consistent values of all 50% neutralization titers, further enhancing measurement confidence on the assay. Moreover, the use of available reference standards such as the World Health Organization International Standard (NIBSC code 20/136) enables quantification and standardization of the pseudovirus neutralization assay with neutralizing antibody titers measured in International Units/mL. Quantitative and standardized neutralization assays are critical for reliable efficacy evaluation and comparison of numerous vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerilyn R Izac
- Biosystem and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Edward J Kwee
- Biosystem and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Adolfas Gaigalas
- Biosystem and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Biosystem and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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2
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Cantoni D, Wilkie C, Bentley EM, Mayora-Neto M, Wright E, Scott S, Ray S, Castillo-Olivares J, Heeney JL, Mattiuzzo G, Temperton NJ. Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184362. [PMID: 37790941 PMCID: PMC10544934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Methods Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. Results The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Conclusion Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel James Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Nurmi V, Knight C, Estcourt L, Hepojoki J, Lamikanra AA, Tsang HP, Roberts DJ, Polack FP, Simmonds P, Hedman K, Alvarez-Paggi D, Harvala H. The Relationship Between SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Titers and Avidity in Plasma Collected From Convalescent Nonvaccinated and Vaccinated Blood Donors. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:245-250. [PMID: 36967714 PMCID: PMC10420400 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma (CP) treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shown significant therapeutic effect when administered early (eg, Argentinian trial showing reduced hospitalization) but has in general been ineffective (eg, REMAP-CAP trial without improvement during hospitalization). To investigate whether the differences in CP used could explain the different outcomes, we compared neutralizing antibodies, anti-spike IgG, and avidity of CP used in the REMAP-CAP and Argentinian trials and in convalescent vaccinees. We found no difference between the trial plasmas, emphasizing initial patient serostatus as treatment efficacy predictor. By contrast, vaccinee CP showed significantly higher titers and avidity, being preferable for future CP treatment. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02735707 and NCT04479163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visa Nurmi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chanice Knight
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lise Estcourt
- Clinical Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abigail A Lamikanra
- Clinical Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hoi P Tsang
- Clinical Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David J Roberts
- Clinical Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Hedman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Diagnostic Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heli Harvala
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Biomedical Research Centre Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Colindale, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Izac JR, Kwee EJ, Tian L, Elsheikh E, Gaigalas AK, Elliott JT, Wang L. Development of a Cell-Based SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay Using Imaging and Flow Cytometry Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12332. [PMID: 37569707 PMCID: PMC10418775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an ongoing, global pandemic caused by the novel, highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus. Efforts to mitigate the effects of SARS-CoV-2, such as mass vaccination and development of monoclonal therapeutics, require precise measurements of correlative, functional neutralizing antibodies that block virus infection. The development of rapid, safe, and easy-to-use neutralization assays is essential for faster diagnosis and treatment. Here, we developed a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based neutralization assay with two readout methods, imaging and flow cytometry, that were capable of quantifying varying degrees of neutralization in patient serum samples. We tested two different spike-pseudoviruses and conducted a time-course assay at multiple multiplicities of infection (MOIs) to optimize the assay workflow. The results of this assay correlate with the results of previously developed serology and surrogate neutralization assays. The two pseudovirus readout methods produced similar values of 50% neutralization titer values. Harvest-free in situ readouts for live-cell imaging and high-throughput analysis results for flow cytometry can provide unique capabilities for fast evaluation of neutralization, which is critical for the mitigation of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerilyn R. Izac
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.T.); (E.E.); (A.K.G.); (J.T.E.); (L.W.)
| | - Edward J. Kwee
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (L.T.); (E.E.); (A.K.G.); (J.T.E.); (L.W.)
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Steenhuis M, Wouters E, Schrezenmeier H, Rispens T, Tiberghien P, Harvala H, Feys HB, van der Schoot CE. Quality assessment and harmonization of laboratories across Europe for multiple SARS-CoV-2 serology assays. Vox Sang 2023; 118:666-673. [PMID: 37401414 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is a need for conversion of SARS-CoV-2 serology data from different laboratories to a harmonized international unit. We aimed to compare the performance of multiple SARS-CoV-2 antibody serology assays among 25 laboratories across 12 European countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate this we have distributed to all participating laboratories a panel of 15 SARS-CoV-2 plasma samples and a single batch of pooled plasma calibrated to the WHO IS 20/136 standard. RESULTS All assays showed excellent discrimination between SARS-CoV-2 seronegative plasma samples and pre-vaccinated seropositive plasma samples but differed substantially in raw antibody titres. Titres could be harmonized to binding antibody units per millilitre by calibration in relation to a reference reagent. CONCLUSION The standardization of antibody quantification is of paramount importance to allow interpretation and comparison of serology data reported in clinical trials in order to identify donor cohorts from whom the most effective convalescent plasma can be collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elise Wouters
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross Flanders, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Wurttemberg-Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - Hendrik B Feys
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross Flanders, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Qiu D, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Nie M, Xia N, Li S, Zhao Q. Precision and correlation of ED 50 and endpoint titer method in measuring HPV vaccine immunogenicity. J Virol Methods 2023; 316:114716. [PMID: 36965633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus. Vaccination is an effective preventive measure against viral infections and subsequent development of cervical cancer. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is commonly used to measure specific binding antibody titers and assess the immunogenicity of test vaccines in preclinical models or clinical volunteers. Two methods of deriving titers, the endpoint titer (ET) and the effective dilution producing a median maximal effective fold of dilution (ED50) with a cut-off value, are widely used. For HPV, a pseudovirion-based neutralization assay (PBNA) is used to measure functional antibody titers. The ELISA binding titers and functional PBNA titers were found to be well-correlated for all nine HPV types tested in the vaccine, consistent with previous studies on HPV 16/18. Comparing the PBNA results with the two titration methods, the ED50 method showed higher precision and a closer correlation with PBNA results, both for individual types and pooled data analysis for all nine types. When comparing the titration results of the ET method based on a cut-off value with the ED50 method using all the data points across the dilution series, the ED50 method demonstrated better precision and a stronger correlation with PBNA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Meifeng Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China.
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Rattanavipapong W, Poonsiri C, Isaranuwatchai W, Iamsirithaworn S, Apakupakul J, Sonthichai C, Kitphati R, Teerawattananon Y. Economic Evaluation of Evusheld for Preexposure Prevention of COVID-19 in High-Risk Populations: Early Evidence from Thailand. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2023; 21:511-522. [PMID: 36928779 PMCID: PMC10019402 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-023-00796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The introduction of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines urged all Thais to seek prevention of serious illness and death from COVID-19. However, immunocompromised individuals might not be able to achieve an efficient immune response from these vaccines. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of introducing Evusheld (tixagevimab plus cilgavimab) for three patient groups-organ transplant, autoimmune disease, and dialysis patients, from the Thai government perspective. METHODS A Markov decision model was developed to compare the use of Evusheld plus COVID-19 vaccines versus COVID-19 vaccines alone. The methodology followed the National HTA Guidelines of Thailand. Model input parameters were collected locally from retrospective data and from a literature review. RESULTS Evusheld helped prevent COVID-19 infection, severe infection, and death in all three patient groups. Using the Thai threshold of 160,000 Thai Baht (THB) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained, the only scenario found to be cost-effective was that of dialysis patients with inadequate immune response, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 54,700 THB per QALY gained. To make a policy of Evusheld provision cost-effective in other groups, the price of Evusheld had to be lower (a reduction of 44-88% of its current price). The results of one-way sensitivity analysis indicated that the cost-effectiveness of Evusheld was sensitive to changes in the rate of infection, cost and efficacy of Evusheld, proportion of inadequate immune responses, and the probability of moving from a 'recovered' to 'susceptible' status. CONCLUSION Among three COVID-19-vaccinated immunocompromised patient populations, this study concluded that Evusheld was cost-effective for dialysis patients with inadequate immune response to the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waranya Rattanavipapong
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Programme, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, 6th Floor, 6th Building, Tiwanon Rd., Muang, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Chittawan Poonsiri
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Programme, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, 6th Floor, 6th Building, Tiwanon Rd., Muang, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
| | - Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Programme, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, 6th Floor, 6th Building, Tiwanon Rd., Muang, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jutarat Apakupakul
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Chaninan Sonthichai
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Rungrueng Kitphati
- Health Technical Office, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Yot Teerawattananon
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Programme, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, 6th Floor, 6th Building, Tiwanon Rd., Muang, Nonthaburi, Thailand
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Jazbec K, Jež M, Žiberna K, Mali P, Ramšak Ž, Potokar UR, Kvrzić Z, Černilec M, Gracar M, Šprohar M, Jovanovič P, Vuletić S, Rožman P. Simple prediction of COVID-19 convalescent plasma units with high levels of neutralization antibodies. Virol J 2023; 20:53. [PMID: 36973781 PMCID: PMC10042109 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperimmune convalescent COVID-19 plasma (CCP) containing anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) was proposed as a therapeutic option for patients early in the new coronavirus disease pandemic. The efficacy of this therapy depends on the quantity of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in the CCP units, with titers ≥ 1:160 being recommended. The standard neutralizing tests (NTs) used for determining appropriate CCP donors are technically demanding and expensive and take several days. We explored whether they could be replaced by high-throughput serology tests and a set of available clinical data. METHODS Our study included 1302 CCP donors after PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection. To predict donors with high NAb titers, we built four (4) multiple logistic regression models evaluating the relationships of demographic data, COVID-19 symptoms, results of various serological testing, the period between disease and donation, and COVID-19 vaccination status. RESULTS The analysis of the four models showed that the chemiluminescent microparticle assay (CMIA) for the quantitative determination of IgG Abs to the RBD of the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was enough to predict the CCP units with a high NAb titer. CCP donors with respective results > 850 BAU/ml SARS-CoV-2 IgG had a high probability of attaining sufficient NAb titers. Including additional variables such as donor demographics, clinical symptoms, or time of donation into a particular predictive model did not significantly increase its sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION A simple quantitative serological determination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies alone is satisfactory for recruiting CCP donors with high titer NAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Jazbec
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
| | - Mojca Jež
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Žiberna
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Polonca Mali
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Živa Ramšak
- NIB-National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Rahne Potokar
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Zdravko Kvrzić
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Maja Černilec
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Melita Gracar
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marjana Šprohar
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Jovanovič
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Vuletić
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Primož Rožman
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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Aguilar R, Li X, Crowell CS, Burrell T, Vidal M, Rubio R, Jiménez A, Hernández-Luis P, Hofmann D, Mijočević H, Jeske S, Christa C, D'Ippolito E, Lingor P, Knolle PA, Roggendorf H, Priller A, Yazici S, Carolis C, Mayor A, Schreiner P, Poppert H, Beyer H, Schambeck SE, Izquierdo L, Tortajada M, Angulo A, Soutschek E, Engel P, Garcia-Basteiro A, Busch DH, Moncunill G, Protzer U, Dobaño C, Gerhard M. RBD-Based ELISA and Luminex Predict Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate-Neutralizing Activity in Two Longitudinal Cohorts of German and Spanish Health Care Workers. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0316522. [PMID: 36622140 PMCID: PMC9927417 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03165-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of antibodies to neutralize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important correlate of protection. For routine evaluation of protection, however, a simple and cost-efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological assay predictive of serum neutralizing activity is needed. We analyzed clinical epidemiological data and blood samples from two cohorts of health care workers in Barcelona and Munich to compare several immunological readouts for evaluating antibody levels that could be surrogates of neutralizing activity. We measured IgG levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S), its S2 subunit, the S1 receptor binding domain (RBD), and the full length and C terminus of nucleocapsid (N) protein by Luminex, and against RBD by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and assessed those as predictors of plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity measured by a flow cytometry assay. In addition, we determined the clinical and demographic factors affecting plasma surrogate-neutralizing capacity. Both cohorts showed a high positive correlation between IgG levels to S antigen, especially to RBD, and the levels of plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity, suggesting RBD IgG as a good correlate of plasma neutralizing activity. Symptomatic infection, with symptoms such as loss of taste, dyspnea, rigors, fever and fatigue, was positively associated with anti-RBD IgG positivity by ELISA and Luminex, and with plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity. Our serological assays allow for the prediction of serum neutralization activity without the cost, hazards, time, and expertise needed for surrogate or conventional neutralization assays. Once a cutoff is established, these relatively simple high-throughput antibody assays will provide a fast and cost-effective method of assessing levels of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Neutralizing antibody titers are the best correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2. However, current tests to measure plasma or serum neutralizing activity do not allow high-throughput screening at the population level. Serological tests could be an alternative if they are proved to be good predictors of plasma neutralizing activity. In this study, we analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 serological profiles of two cohorts of health care workers by applying Luminex and ELISA in-house serological assays. Correlations of both serological tests were assessed between them and with a flow cytometry assay to determine plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity. Both assays showed a high positive correlation between IgG levels to S antigens, especially RBD, and the levels of plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity. This result suggests IgG to RBD as a good correlate of plasma surrogate-neutralizing activity and indicates that serology of IgG to RBD could be used to assess levels of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia S. Crowell
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Burrell
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rocio Rubio
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Luis
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dieter Hofmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuel Jeske
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvira D'Ippolito
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Percy A. Knolle
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hedwig Roggendorf
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Priller
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Yazici
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular Screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sophia E. Schambeck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- Helios Klinikum München West, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Garcia-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
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10
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Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate Virus Neutralization Test in Recovered and Vaccinated Healthcare Workers. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020426. [PMID: 36851641 PMCID: PMC9958856 DOI: 10.3390/v15020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against COVID-19 is the main public health approach to fight against the pandemic. The Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is the principal target of the neutralizing humoral response. We evaluated the analytical and clinical performances of a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) compared to conventional neutralization tests (cVNTs) and anti-S eCLIA assays in recovered and/or vaccinated healthcare workers. Our results indicate that sVNTs displayed high specificity and no cross-reactivity. Both eCLIA and sVNT immunoassays were good at identifying cVNT serum dilutions ≥1:16. The optimal thresholds when identifying cVNT titers ≥1:16, were 74.5 U/mL and 49.4 IU/mL for anti-S eCLIA and sVNT, respectively. Our data show that neutralizing antibody titers (Nab) differ from one individual to another and may diminish over time. Specific assays such as sVNTs could offer a reliable complementary tool to routine anti-S serological assays.
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Fitriah M, Putri AE, Semedi BP, Atika A, Tambunan BA. Immunomodulation Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy in Severe - Critical COVID-19 Patients. Open Access Emerg Med 2023; 15:109-118. [PMID: 37124663 PMCID: PMC10143688 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s405555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) is an alternative therapy for managing COVID-19, but its use is still controversial. Objective Analyzing the effectiveness of CPT in modulating immune responses based on SARS-COV-2 anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain (s-RBD) IgG, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-4), and mortality in severe-critical COVID-19 patients. Methods This study was an observational analytical with a prospective cohort design. The number of participants was 39 patients from June to December 2020. The participants received CPT and was tested for blood analysis such as IL-4, IL-6 and s-RBD IgG. The data were taken a day before CPT, 1st day, 2nd day, and 7th day after CPT. The analysis included Friedman, Pearson correlation, and Mann-Whitney test which is significant if p <0.05. Results The value of participant's s-RBD IgG before CPT was 91.49 (0.43-3074.73) AU/mL and the 7th day post-CPT, s-RBD IgG value of 1169.79 (6.48-5577.91) AU/mL (p <0.001). The IL-4 value before CPT was 1.78 (0.85-5.21) ng/mL and the 7th day post-CPT, IL-4 value of 1.97 (0.87-120.30) ng/mL (p = 0.401). The condition was also found in IL-6 value, in which the IL-4 value participant before CPT was 109.61 (0.73-4701.63) ng/mL and the 7th day post-CPT, IL-6 value of 1.97 (0.87-120.30) ng/mL (p = 0.401). No significant correlation found between increased s-RBD IgG level with increased IL-4 and decreased IL-6 before and after CPT in severe-critical COVID-19 patients (p >0.05). No significant correlation was also found between increased s-RBD IgG levels, IL-4 too, and decreased IL-6 after CPT therapy between deceased and alive patients, both in 1st, 2nd, and 7th days (p >0.05). Conclusion No correlation between the increase in s-RBD IgG levels and changes in IL-4 and IL-6 levels. Changes in s-RBD IgG, IL-4, and IL-6 levels are not associated with mortality in severe-critical COVID-19 degree post CPT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawaroh Fitriah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aditea Etnawati Putri
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Pujo Semedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Atika Atika
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Betty Agustina Tambunan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Correspondence: Betty Agustina Tambunan, Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga – Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Jl. Mayjend Prof. Dr. Moestopo No. 6-8, Airlangga, Gubeng, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia, Tel +6231-5023865, Email
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12
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Bonifacio MA, Laterza R, Vinella A, Schirinzi A, Defilippis M, Di Serio F, Ostuni A, Fasanella A, Mariggiò MA. Correlation between In Vitro Neutralization Assay and Serological Tests for Protective Antibodies Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179566. [PMID: 36076960 PMCID: PMC9455156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays are useful in investigating the development of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the context of epidemiological studies focusing on the spread of protective immunity. The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is the gold standard method to assess the titer of protective antibodies in serum samples. However, to provide a result, the PRNT requires several days, skilled operators, and biosafety level 3 laboratories. Therefore, alternative methods are being assessed to establish a relationship between their outcomes and PRNT results. In this work, four different immunoassays (Roche Elecsys® Anti SARS-CoV-2 S, Snibe MAGLUMI® SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG, Snibe MAGLUMI® 2019-nCoV IgG, and EUROIMMUN® SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA assays, respectively) have been performed on individuals healed after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The correlation between each assay and the reference method has been explored through linear regression modeling, as well as through the calculation of Pearson’s and Spearman’s coefficients. Furthermore, the ability of serological tests to discriminate samples with high titers of neutralizing antibodies (>160) has been assessed by ROC curve analyses, Cohen’s Kappa coefficient, and positive predictive agreement. The EUROIMMUN® NeutraLISA assay displayed the best correlation with PRNT results (Pearson and Spearman coefficients equal to 0.660 and 0.784, respectively), as well as the ROC curve with the highest accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (0.857, 0.889, and 0.829, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Addolorata Bonifacio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Laterza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Vinella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Schirinzi
- Clinical Pathology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Defilippis
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Serio
- Clinical Pathology Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Ostuni
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine Service, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Fasanella
- Istituto Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Addolorata Mariggiò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
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13
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Frische A, Brooks PT, Gybel-Brask M, Sækmose SG, Jensen BA, Mikkelsen S, Bruun MT, Boding L, Strandh CP, Jørgensen CS, Krogfelt KA, Fomsgaard A, Lassauniere R. Optimization and evaluation of a live virus SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272298. [PMID: 35901110 PMCID: PMC9333216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus neutralization assays provide a means to quantitate functional antibody responses that block virus infection. These assays are instrumental in defining vaccine and therapeutic antibody potency, immune evasion by viral variants, and post-infection immunity. Here we describe the development, optimization and evaluation of a live virus microneutralization assay specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this assay, SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates are pre-incubated with serial diluted antibody and added to Vero E6 cells. Replicating virus is quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and the standardized 50% virus inhibition titer calculated. We evaluated critical test parameters that include virus titration, assay linearity, number of cells, viral dose, incubation period post-inoculation, and normalization methods. Virus titration at 96 hours was determined optimal to account for different growth kinetics of clinical isolates. Nucleocapsid protein levels directly correlated with virus inoculum, with the strongest correlation at 24 hours post-inoculation. Variance was minimized by infecting a cell monolayer, rather than a cell suspension. Neutralization titers modestly decreased with increasing numbers of Vero E6 cells and virus amount. Application of two different normalization models effectively reduced the intermediate precision coefficient of variance to <16.5%. The SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assay described and evaluated here is based on the influenza virus microneutralization assay described by WHO, and are proposed as a standard assay for comparing neutralization investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Frische
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mikkel Gybel-Brask
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Susan Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mie Topholm Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lasse Boding
- Danish National Biobank, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek Strandh
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular and Medicinal Biology, Institute for Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassauniere
- Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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14
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McNaughton AL, Paton RS, Edmans M, Youngs J, Wellens J, Phalora P, Fyfe A, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bolton JS, Ball J, Carnell GW, Dejnirattisai W, Dold C, Eyre DW, Hopkins P, Howarth A, Kooblall K, Klim H, Leaver S, Lee LN, López-Camacho C, Lumley SF, Macallan DC, Mentzer AJ, Provine NM, Ratcliff J, Slon-Compos J, Skelly D, Stolle L, Supasa P, Temperton N, Walker C, Wang B, Wyncoll D, Simmonds P, Lambe T, Baillie JK, Semple MG, Openshaw PJ, Obolski U, Turner M, Carroll M, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton G, Kennedy SH, Jarvis L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Lourenço J, Matthews PC, Bicanic T, Klenerman P, Gupta S, Thompson CP. Fatal COVID-19 outcomes are associated with an antibody response targeting epitopes shared with endemic coronaviruses. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156372. [PMID: 35608920 PMCID: PMC9310533 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of immune responses to previously seen endemic coronavirus epitopes in severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and disease progression has not yet been determined. Here, we show that a key characteristic of fatal outcomes with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is that the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is enriched for antibodies directed against epitopes shared with endemic beta-coronaviruses and has a lower proportion of antibodies targeting the more protective variable regions of the spike. The magnitude of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein, its domains and subunits, and the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid also correlated strongly with responses to the endemic beta-coronavirus spike proteins in individuals admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) with fatal COVID-19 outcomes, but not in individuals with nonfatal outcomes. This correlation was found to be due to the antibody response directed at the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which has the highest degree of conservation between the beta-coronavirus spike proteins. Intriguingly, antibody responses to the less cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid were not significantly different in individuals who were admitted to an ICU with fatal and nonfatal outcomes, suggesting an antibody profile in individuals with fatal outcomes consistent with an "original antigenic sin" type response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. McNaughton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Youngs
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Wellens
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alex Fyfe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jai S. Bolton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Ball
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - George W. Carnell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David W. Eyre
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hopkins
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Howarth
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kreepa Kooblall
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, and
| | - Hannah Klim
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Future of Humanity Institute, Department of Philosophy, and
| | - Susannah Leaver
- General Intensive Care service, St George’s University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lian Ni Lee
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Sheila F. Lumley
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek C. Macallan
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Jose Slon-Compos
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Donal Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Stolle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Walker
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Beibei Wang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
| | - Duncan Wyncoll
- Intensive Care Medicine, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malcolm G. Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc Turner
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Siriraj Center of Research for Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Screaton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen H. Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Jarvis
- National Microbiology Reference Unit, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - José Lourenço
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa C. Matthews
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology/Infectious Diseases, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, and
- Translational Research for Gastrointestinal Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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15
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Thapa D, Samadi N, Baker A, dos Santos C, Trahtemberg U, Tabatabaei N. Rapid and Low-Cost Detection and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Titers of ICU Patients with Respiratory Deterioration Using a Handheld Thermo-Photonic Device. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061424. [PMID: 35740446 PMCID: PMC9220023 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While research suggests that COVID-19 vaccines are effective in producing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that reduce the risk of COVID-19 and its potentially severe complications, how long these antibodies persist after the infection/vaccination is unknown. Longitudinal studies and rapid and scalable platforms are needed for large-scale sero-diagnosis and vaccine evaluation. In this study, we examine the efficacy of our recently-developed handheld thermo-photonic device for rapid and low-cost assessment of the adaptive immune response of COVID+ and COVID− patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at a local hospital due to respiratory deterioration. Antibody testing included detection and quantification of IgG and IgM via thermo-photonic sensing of a commercially available COVID-19 IgG/IgM rapid test as well as standard measurements with quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (qELISA). The results demonstrate that the thermo-photonic reader in conjunction with COVID-19 IgG/IgM test cassettes can detect and quantify IgG levels in COVID-19 antibody assays within the clinically relevant range and with a high correlation to those obtained from qELISA. We also found that the IgG antibody is more reliable for detecting individuals with an adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 compared to the IgM antibody. The developed reader offers a low-cost, portable, and scalable solution for accessing the antibody titer of individuals against SARS-CoV-2 and can be used in local hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damber Thapa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (D.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Nakisa Samadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (D.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Andrew Baker
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (A.B.); (C.d.S.)
| | - Claudia dos Santos
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (A.B.); (C.d.S.)
| | - Uriel Trahtemberg
- Critical Care Department, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel;
- Keenan Research Centre of Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Nima Tabatabaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (D.T.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Equipment-free, gold nanoparticle based semiquantitative assay of SARS-CoV-2-S1RBD IgG from fingertip blood: A practical strategy for on-site measurement of COVID-19 antibodies. Talanta 2022; 246:123498. [PMID: 35489095 PMCID: PMC9040429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 remains as a major threat to human society. A reliable, sensitive, rapid, and low requirement assay for serum neutralizing antibodies is needed as a pandemic management tool for estimation of revaccination time and implementation of "immune passport". Using gold nanoparticle (AuNR) as an immunosensor, we have established a semi-quantitative, instrument-free assay for measuring antibody level against SRAS-CoV-2 spike1 (S1) receptor binding domain (RBD) from fingertip blood samples. The testing results by the developed method correlated well with those obtained from conventional ELISA assay, indicating reliable quantitation could be achieved without use of plate reader. A declined of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody associated with vaccination time was observed, which agreed well with the data from other reports. The developed method provides a potentially complementary strategy for on-site measurement of COVID-19 antibodies.
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17
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Mehew J, Johnson R, Roberts D, Griffiths A, Harvala H. Convalescent plasma for
COVID
‐19: Donor demographic factors associated high neutralising antibody titres. Transfus Med 2022; 32:327-337. [PMID: 35434868 PMCID: PMC9115414 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Convalescent plasma containing high levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies has been studied as a possible treatment for COVID‐19. Better understanding of predictors of high antibody levels is needed for improving supply of high‐quality therapeutic plasma. Aims We have evaluated demographic and clinical factors associated with the probability of a convalescent plasma donor having high SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody levels. Methods A total of 29,585 convalescent plasma donors employed during the first and second waves of the COVID‐19 pandemic in England were included in this study. All had been tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibodies by EUROimmun ELISA. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to quantify the association of the demographic and clinical factors with high (EUROimmun S/Co>6.0) SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody level. Results Most of the donors were male (23,024; 78%), with white ethnic background (24,598;83%) and had not been tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 (15,266; 52%).Overall, less than 20% of convalescent plasma donors with confirmed or suspected SARS‐CoV‐2 infection harboured high SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody levels (n = 4,978). We found that older male donors who had been hospitalised with COVID‐19 were most likely to harbour high levels of antibodies. White donors were less likely to have high SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody levels than donors with Asian orblack ethnic backgrounds residing in affluent areas likely reflecting ethnic inequality previously associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Discussion In a time of great uncertainty, and predicted new waves associated with newly emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, these results will help us to target future convalescent plasma collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mehew
- Statistics and Clinical Studies, NHS Blood and Transplant Bristol UK
| | - Rachel Johnson
- Statistics and Clinical Studies, NHS Blood and Transplant Bristol UK
| | - David Roberts
- Clinical, Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology Theme University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford UK
| | - Alex Griffiths
- Statistics and Clinical Studies, NHS Blood and Transplant Bristol UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services NHS Blood and Transplant London UK
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18
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A rapid antibody screening haemagglutination test for predicting immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:36. [PMID: 35603265 PMCID: PMC9053181 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of susceptibility to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) requires rapid screening tests for neutralising antibodies which provide protection. Methods Firstly, we developed a receptor-binding domain-specific haemagglutination test (HAT) to Wuhan and VOC (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) and compared to pseudotype, microneutralisation and virus neutralisation assays in 835 convalescent sera. Secondly, we investigated the antibody response using the HAT after two doses of mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccination. Sera were collected at baseline, three weeks after the first and second vaccinations from older (80–99 years, n = 89) and younger adults (23–77 years, n = 310) and compared to convalescent sera from naturally infected individuals (1–89 years, n = 307). Results Here we show that HAT antibodies highly correlated with neutralising antibodies (R = 0.72–0.88) in convalescent sera. Home-dwelling older individuals have significantly lower antibodies to the Wuhan strain after one and two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine than younger adult vaccinees and naturally infected individuals. Moverover, a second vaccine dose boosts and broadens the antibody repertoire to VOC in naïve, not previously infected older and younger adults. Most (72–76%) older adults respond after two vaccinations to alpha and delta, but only 58–62% to beta and gamma, compared to 96–97% of younger vaccinees and 68–76% of infected individuals. Previously infected older individuals have, similarly to younger adults, high antibody titres after one vaccination. Conclusions Overall, HAT provides a surrogate marker for neutralising antibodies, which can be used as a simple inexpensive, rapid test. HAT can be rapidly adaptable to emerging VOC for large-scale evaluation of potentially decreasing vaccine effectiveness. The aim of this study was to rapidly investigate the immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination of younger adults and the elderly. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that are released into the bloodstream and help fight infections. A simple method using red blood cells obtained from blood was developed and used to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. This test was able to measure protective antibodies to several variants of concern. The elderly had lower antibody responses after vaccination. Two vaccinations induced a broader antibody response to viral variants, similar to the response induced following Covid-19. This antibody detection method could be used as a finger prick test to rapidly detect specific antibodies to emerging variants and enable quick identification of individuals who might benefit from a booster vaccination. Ertesvåg, Xiao et al. describe a method to evaluate neutralising antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, including variants of concern. A second mRNA-vaccine dose results in a broader antibody repertoire in adults, although with reduced cross-reactivity to beta and gamma compared to alpha and delta, particularly in the elderly.
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19
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Ghadami L, Hasibi M, Asadollahi-Amin A, Asanjarani B, Farahmand M, Abdollahi H. Convalescent plasma therapy in patients with severe COVID-19, A single-arm, retrospective study. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105482. [PMID: 35288278 PMCID: PMC8916830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has been suggested as a treatment for emerging viral diseases. Moreover, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of COVID-19 CP therapy, with some of them indicating that CP may be a promising treatment for the disease. However, the evidence for CP therapy's effectiveness in severe COVID-19 cases is limited. So, this study aimed to assess the probable effects of CP therapy in patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19. The study was designed as a single-arm, retrospective cohort of patients with severe COVID. Demographic data, laboratory test reports, and convalescent plasma transfusion doses were collected from medical records for patients before and after convalescent plasma transfusion. The clinical outcomes were hospital discharge and death. Also, laboratory parameters considered secondary outcomes. After CP therapy, some symptoms improved, especially in patients under 55 years old, as follows. Respiratory function was significantly enhanced after convalescent plasma transfusion, and the inflammatory biomarkers' values decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Moreover, the estimated median of partial thromboplastin time (PTT) and Prothrombin time (PT) in patients did not change after CP therapy (p > 0.05). Regarding COVID-19 mortality, a strong association was found between older ages and death (p < 0.001). Also, CP transfusion in the early days of admission was effective in treatment outcomes (p = 0.023). Other characteristics, including sex, blood group, number of CP transfusions, and preexisting conditions, did not significantly correlate with mortality. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of CP therapy in patients under the age of 55. Despite some improvement, we could not say that they were entirely due to the CP treatment. More extensive randomized clinical trials that cover different stages of the disease are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Ghadami
- Department of Health Care Management, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hasibi
- Department of Internal Ward, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asadollahi-Amin
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Asanjarani
- Department of Internal Ward, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Abdollahi
- Department of Anesthesthia and Critical Care, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Implementation and Extended Evaluation of the Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Assay and Its Contribution to the United Kingdom's COVID-19 Public Health Response. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0228921. [PMID: 35196807 PMCID: PMC8865481 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02289-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, the Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) (formerly Public Health England [PHE]) Porton Down, was tasked by the Department of Health and Social Care with setting up a national surveillance laboratory facility to study SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses and population-level sero-surveillance in response to the growing SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. In the following 12 months, the laboratory tested more than 160,000 samples, facilitating a wide range of research and informing UKHSA, DHSC, and UK government policy. Here we describe the implementation and use of the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay and provide an extended evaluation of its performance. We present a markedly improved overall sensitivity of 91.39% (≥14 days 92.74%, ≥21 days 93.59%) compared to our small-scale early study, and a specificity of 98.56%. In addition, we detail extended characteristics of the Euroimmun assay: intra- and interassay precision, correlation to neutralization, and assay linearity. IMPORTANCE Serology assays have been useful in determining those with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in a wide range of research and serosurveillance projects. However, assays vary in their sensitivity at detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Here, we detail an extended evaluation and characterization of the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay, one that has been widely used within the United Kingdom on over 160,000 samples to date.
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21
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Chen QQ, Gong L, Wu XM, Feng YT, Luo WR, Zhou X, Yuan Y, Yu JL, He L, Wang P, Ge YL, Hou S, Li WW, Sun Y, Wu JB, Su B, Pan HF, He J, Liu ZR. Changes in Serum Neutralizing Antibodies Levels During Convalescence of COVID-19 Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:829273. [PMID: 35223924 PMCID: PMC8879838 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.829273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of serum-specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody has become a complementary means for the identification of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As we already know, the neutralizing antibody titers in patients with COVID-19 decrease during the course of time after convalescence, whereas the duration of antibody responses in the convalescent patients has not been defined clearly. In the current study, we collected 148 serum samples from 37 confirmed COVID-19 cases with different disease severities. The neutralizing antibodies (Nabs), IgM and IgG against COVID-19 were determined by CLIA Microparticle and microneutralization assay, respectively. The time duration of serum titers of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were recorded. Our results indicate that IgG (94.44%) and Nabs (89.19%) can be detected at low levels within 190–266 days of disease onset. The findings can advance knowledge regarding the antibody detection results for COVID-19 patients and provide a method for evaluating the immune response after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Chen
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Ting Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Wan-Rong Luo
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lan He
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Ying-Lu Ge
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Sai Hou
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Bing Wu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Su
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Hai-Feng Pan
| | - Jun He
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Jun He
| | - Zhi-Rong Liu
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Public Health Research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- Zhi-Rong Liu
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22
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Szczepanek J, Skorupa M, Goroncy A, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Wypych A, Sandomierz D, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn A, Dejewska J, Ciechanowska K, Pałgan K, Rajewski P, Tretyn A. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG against the S Protein: A Comparison of BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 and Ad26.COV2.S Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:99. [PMID: 35062760 PMCID: PMC8778136 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccines induce a differentiated humoral and cellular response, and one of the comparable parameters of the vaccine response is the determination of IgG antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Concentrations of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were analyzed at three time points (at the beginning of May, at the end of June and at the end of September). Serum samples were obtained from 954 employees of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (a total of three samples each were obtained from 511 vaccinated participants). IgG antibody concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay. The statistical analysis included comparisons between vaccines, between convalescents and COVID-19 non-patients, between individual measurements and included the gender, age and blood groups of participants. RESULTS There were significant differences in antibody levels between mRNA and vector vaccines. People vaccinated with mRNA-1273 achieved the highest levels of antibodies, regardless of the time since full vaccination. People vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-2019 produced several times lower antibody levels compared to the mRNA vaccines, while the antibody levels were more stable. In the case of each of the vaccines, the factor having the strongest impact on the level and stability of the IgG antibody titers was previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. There were no significant correlations with age, gender and blood type. SUMMARY mRNA vaccines induce a stronger humoral response of the immune system with the fastest loss of antibodies over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (A.W.)
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Goroncy
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Joanna Jarkiewicz-Tretyn
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Wypych
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.S.); (A.W.)
- Academic Research Center AKAMED Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Dorota Sandomierz
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Aleksander Jarkiewicz-Tretyn
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
- Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, 02-008 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Joanna Dejewska
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Karolina Ciechanowska
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory Ltd., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (J.J.-T.); (D.S.); (A.J.-T.); (J.D.); (K.C.)
| | - Krzysztof Pałgan
- Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Paweł Rajewski
- Department of Internal and Infectious Diseases, Provincial Infectious Disease Hospital, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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23
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Immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 with 12-dose vials: An interim analysis. Vaccine 2021; 40:587-593. [PMID: 34969542 PMCID: PMC8692062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD 1222) is the main vaccine planned for general administration in Thailand. This vaccine is stored in multiple-dose vials meant to be administered to 10 recipients with a volume of 0.5 mL for each dose. However, the vaccine vials were overfilled, which allows the administration of more than 10 doses per vial. We have stipulated the preparation and use of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine using traditional 21 or 25G needles and planned to investigate the immune responses of participants who were administered the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine using this technique. Methods We measured anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike RBD IgG and neutralising antibody using a surrogate virus neutralising test (sVNT) among adults aged 18–72 years on average of 8.57 weeks (IQR 6.85–8.93) after the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. The primary outcome was the antibody level. The secondary outcomes included adverse events, factors affecting antibody levels, and incidence of COVID-19 infection. Findings In all, 60 participants comprised 25 males and 35 females. The mean age was 53.70 ± 17.48 years. BMI was 23.45 ± 3.69 kg/m2. Tests for the neutralising antibody were positive in 60% of the participants (71.4% among males and 44% among females). The median anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac (anti-spike IgG) level among male and female samples was 111.83 BAU/mL (IQR 73.48–196.74 BAU/mL) and 159.65 BAU/mL (IQR 100.39–371.81), respectively. The positive QuantiVac value of male and female samples was 88.00% and 98.44%, respectively (p-value = 0.382) .A good correlation was observed between neutralising Ab and anti-spike RBD IgG. Conclusion Patients receiving 12-dose per vial injections of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 exhibited high levels of immunity without severe side effects. This technique can be adopted to maximise the number of doses per vial while preserving vaccine effectiveness.
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24
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Chellamuthu P, Angel AN, MacMullan MA, Denny N, Mades A, Santacruz M, Lopez R, Bagos C, Casian JG, Trettner K, Lopez L, Nirema N, Brobeck M, Kojima N, Klausner JD, Turner F, Slepnev V, Ibrayeva A. SARS-CoV-2 Specific IgG Antibodies Persist Over a 12-Month Period in Oral Mucosal Fluid Collected From Previously Infected Individuals. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777858. [PMID: 34956206 PMCID: PMC8697108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Developing an understanding of the antibody response, seroprevalence, and seroconversion from natural infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 will give way to a critical epidemiological tool to predict reinfection rates, identify vulnerable communities, and manage future viral outbreaks. To monitor the antibody response on a larger scale, we need an inexpensive, less invasive, and high throughput method. Methods Here we investigate the use of oral mucosal fluids from individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection to monitor antibody response and persistence over a 12-month period. For this cohort study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to quantify anti-Spike(S) protein IgG antibodies in participants who had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and regularly (every 2-4 weeks) provided both serum and oral fluid mucosal fluid samples for longitudinal antibody titer analysis. Results In our study cohort (n=42) with 17 males and 25 females with an average age of 45.6 +/- 19.3 years, we observed no significant change in oral mucosal fluid IgG levels across the time course of antibody monitoring. In oral mucosal fluids, all the participants who initially had detectable antibodies continued to have detectable antibodies throughout the study. Conclusions Based on the results presented here, we have shown that oral mucosal fluid-based assays are an effective, less invasive tool for monitoring seroprevalence and seroconversion, which offers an alternative to serum-based assays for understanding the protective ability conferred by the adaptive immune response from viral infection and vaccination against future reinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithivi Chellamuthu
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Aaron N. Angel
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Melanie A. MacMullan
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Denny
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Aubree Mades
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Marilisa Santacruz
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Ronell Lopez
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Cedie Bagos
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Joseph G. Casian
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Kylie Trettner
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauren Lopez
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Nina Nirema
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Brobeck
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Noah Kojima
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fred Turner
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Vladimir Slepnev
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Albina Ibrayeva
- Department of Serology Research and Development, Curative, Monrovia, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Southern California, William Myron Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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25
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Gupta T, Kannan S, Kalra B, Thakkar P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials testing the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence-base for practise and implications for research. Transfus Med 2021; 31:409-420. [PMID: 34189780 PMCID: PMC8447151 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite scientific advances, there is no effective medical therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19. METHODS This review was carried out in accordance with Cochrane methodology including risk of bias assessment and grading of the quality of evidence. Only prospective clinical trials randomly assigning COVID-19 patients to convalescent plasma plus standard of care therapy (test arm) versus placebo/standard of care (control arm) were included. Two reviewers independently read each preprint/publication and extracted relevant data from individual studies. Data were pooled using the random-effects model and expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 13 206 patients from 12 randomised controlled trials were included. There was no significant difference in clinical improvement rate (RR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98-1.02, p = 0.96) or time to clinical improvement (median difference of 1.08 days with 95% CI ranging from -0.15 to +2.30 days) between convalescent plasma versus placebo/standard of care therapy. The use of convalescent plasma was not associated with significantly reduced risk of death (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.65-1.02, p = 0.08). Reassuringly, overall incidence of infusion-related serious adverse events was low (3.25%) and not significantly different (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.93-1.40, p = 0.22) for convalescent plasma transfusion compared to placebo/standard of care therapy. CONCLUSIONS There is low to moderate certainty evidence that the addition of convalescent plasma to current standard of care therapy is generally safe but, does not result in any significant clinical benefit or reduction of mortality in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejpal Gupta
- Department of Radiation OncologyClinical Research Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Sadhana Kannan
- Clinical Research SecretariatClinical Research Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Babusha Kalra
- Department of Radiation OncologyClinical Research Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Prafulla Thakkar
- Division of Internal MedicineClinical Research Centre, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI)Navi MumbaiIndia
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Harvala H, Gopal R, Patel M, Zambon M, Roberts D, Lamikanra A, Ploeg R, Hoogerwerf M, Zaaijer H, Hogema B, Reusken C, van der Schoot E, Reimerink J. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody testing of convalescent plasma donations in the Netherlands and England: A pilot study. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e439. [PMID: 34888419 PMCID: PMC8637097 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heli Harvala
- National Microbiology ServicesNHS Blood and TransplantLondonUK
| | - Robin Gopal
- Virology Reference DepartmentNational Infection Service, Public Health EnglandLondonUK
| | - Monika Patel
- Virology Reference DepartmentNational Infection Service, Public Health EnglandLondonUK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virology Reference DepartmentNational Infection Service, Public Health EnglandLondonUK
| | - David Roberts
- NHS Blood and TransplantJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology ThemeUniversity of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Abigail Lamikanra
- NHS Blood and TransplantJohn Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology ThemeUniversity of Oxford, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Rutger Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Organ Transplant CentreOxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustOxfordUK
| | - Marieke Hoogerwerf
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID‐19 Reference LaboratoryNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Zaaijer
- Deparment of ImmunopathologySanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Boris Hogema
- Deparment of ImmunopathologySanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID‐19 Reference LaboratoryNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen van der Schoot
- Deparment of ImmunopathologySanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID‐19 Reference LaboratoryNational Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
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27
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Nguyen D, Xiao J, Simmonds P, Lamikanra A, Odon V, Ratcliff J, Townsend A, Roberts DJ, Harvala H. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 strain variation on virus neutralisation titres: therapeutic use of convalescent plasma. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:971-976. [PMID: 34751775 PMCID: PMC8689936 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared neutralising antibody titres of convalescent samples collected before and after the emergence of novel strains of SARS-CoV-2, against the wild-type virus (WT), Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Beta (B.1.351) variants. Plasma collected in 2020 before emergence of variants showed reduced titres against the Alpha variants, and both sets of samples demonstrated significantly reduced titres against Beta. Comparison of microneutralisation titres to those obtained with pseudotype and HAT assays showed a good correlation of titres and effects of strain variation, supporting the use of these simpler assays for assessment of convalescent plasma potency against currently circulating and emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Nguyen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Xiao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Valerie Odon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- Clinical Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, Colindale, UK
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28
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Hojjat Jodaylami M, Djaïleb A, Ricard P, Lavallée É, Cellier-Goetghebeur S, Parker MF, Coutu J, Stuible M, Gervais C, Durocher Y, Desautels F, Cayer MP, de Grandmont MJ, Rochette S, Brouard D, Trottier S, Boudreau D, Pelletier JN, Masson JF. Cross-reactivity of antibodies from non-hospitalized COVID-19 positive individuals against the native, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21601. [PMID: 34750399 PMCID: PMC8575961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have emerged worldwide, with implications on the spread of the pandemic. Characterizing the cross-reactivity of antibodies against these VOCs is necessary to understand the humoral response of non-hospitalized individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, a population that remains understudied. Thirty-two SARS-CoV-2-positive (PCR-confirmed) and non-hospitalized Canadian adults were enrolled 14-21 days post-diagnosis in 2020, before the emergence of the B.1.351 (also known as Beta), B.1.617.2 (Delta) and P.1 (Gamma) VOCs. Sera were collected 4 and 16 weeks post-diagnosis. Antibody levels and pseudo-neutralization of the ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein/human ACE-2 receptor interaction were analyzed with native, B.1.351, B.1.617.2 and P.1 variant spike proteins. Despite a lower response observed for the variant spike proteins, we report evidence of a sustained humoral response against native, B.1.351, B.1.617.2 and P.1 variant spike proteins among non-hospitalized Canadian adults. Furthermore, this response inhibited the interaction between the spike proteins from the different VOCs and ACE-2 receptor for ≥ 16 weeks post-diagnosis, except for individuals aged 18-49 years who showed no inhibition of the interaction between B.1.617.1 or B.1.617.2 spike and ACE-2. Interestingly, the affinity (KD) measured between the spike proteins (native, B.1.351, B.1.617.2 and P.1) and antibodies elicited in sera of infected and vaccinated (BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) individuals was invariant. Relative to sera from vaccine-naïve (and previously infected) individuals, sera from vaccinated individuals had higher antibody levels (as measured with label-free SPR) and more efficiently inhibited the spike-ACE-2 interactions, even among individuals aged 18-49 years, showing the effectiveness of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hojjat Jodaylami
- Department of Chemistry, Québec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Abdelhadi Djaïleb
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research On Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pierre Ricard
- Department of Chemistry, Québec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Étienne Lavallée
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research On Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stella Cellier-Goetghebeur
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research On Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Megan-Faye Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research On Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julien Coutu
- Department of Chemistry, Québec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Gervais
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florence Desautels
- Héma-Québec, Affaires médicales et innovation, 1070, avenue des Sciences-de-la-Vie, Québec, QC, G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Cayer
- Héma-Québec, Affaires médicales et innovation, 1070, avenue des Sciences-de-la-Vie, Québec, QC, G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Marie Joëlle de Grandmont
- Héma-Québec, Affaires médicales et innovation, 1070, avenue des Sciences-de-la-Vie, Québec, QC, G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Samuel Rochette
- Héma-Québec, Affaires médicales et innovation, 1070, avenue des Sciences-de-la-Vie, Québec, QC, G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Danny Brouard
- Héma-Québec, Affaires médicales et innovation, 1070, avenue des Sciences-de-la-Vie, Québec, QC, G1V 5C3, Canada
| | - Sylvie Trottier
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec and Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, 2705, boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Denis Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL), Université Laval, 1045, av. de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Joelle N Pelletier
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and PROTEO, The Québec Network for Research On Protein Function, Engineering and Applications, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry, Québec Centre for Advanced Materials (QCAM), Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), and Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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29
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Pal D, Goyal J, Sharma U, Sharma A, Prashar S, Rathi G, Sharma B, Kumar U. Mesenchymal stem cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A hype or hope. Life Sci 2021; 284:119901. [PMID: 34453941 PMCID: PMC8384731 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a serious viral infection that struck the world in December 2019 starting from Wuhan in China, spreading subsequently to all over the world. The disease has baffled scientists and doctors worldwide in terms of its presentation, behaviour, and treatment options till now. A low mortality rate is the only relief we get so far from COVID-19 in terms of numbers. Treatment options have gradually streamlined to steroids and very few FDA approved antiviral as well as plasma therapy and supportive treatment. Monoclonal antibodies are used to tide over any impending cytokine storm but are not equally effective in all patients. Ventilation support is invariably required for moderate to severe disease varying from a simple High Flow non-rebreathing mask to BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure) and HFNO (High-Flow Nasal Oxygen) extending to full-fledge ventilation via a Mechanical Ventilator. Because of the non-availability of satisfactory treatment so far, many researchers from different biomedical fields are looking for alternative therapeutic strategies to manage the pandemic. One such therapeutic approach showing a ray of hope to combat COVID-19 infection is Mesenchymal stem cell therapy. Mesenchymal cells have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory as well as regenerative properties and various preliminary studies have shown that MSCs can reverse the lung damage and overcome the cytokine storm incited by COVID-19 infection. Also, it has improved the recovery rate of critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation. In this review, we will discuss the possibility and relevance of MSCs in COVID-19 treatment and preview of various MSCs clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Pal
- Department of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Jyoti Goyal
- School of Biosciences, IMS Ghaziabad University Courses Campus, NH9, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201015, India
| | - Ujjawal Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine & School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Alchemist Hospital, Panchkula, Haryana 134112, India
| | - Saurabh Prashar
- Department of Community Medicine & School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Garima Rathi
- Delhi Public School, Meerut Road, Ghaziabad 201003, India
| | - Bunty Sharma
- Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- School of Biosciences, IMS Ghaziabad University Courses Campus, NH9, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201015, India; Molecular Oncology Division, Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110007, India.
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30
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Wei J, Matthews PC, Stoesser N, Maddox T, Lorenzi L, Studley R, Bell JI, Newton JN, Farrar J, Diamond I, Rourke E, Howarth A, Marsden BD, Hoosdally S, Jones EY, Stuart DI, Crook DW, Peto TEA, Pouwels KB, Walker AS, Eyre DW. Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6250. [PMID: 34716320 PMCID: PMC8556331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the trajectory, duration, and determinants of antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection can inform subsequent protection and risk of reinfection, however large-scale representative studies are limited. Here we estimated antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population using representative data from 7,256 United Kingdom COVID-19 infection survey participants who had positive swab SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests from 26-April-2020 to 14-June-2021. A latent class model classified 24% of participants as 'non-responders' not developing anti-spike antibodies, who were older, had higher SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values during infection (i.e. lower viral burden), and less frequently reported any symptoms. Among those who seroconverted, using Bayesian linear mixed models, the estimated anti-spike IgG peak level was 7.3-fold higher than the level previously associated with 50% protection against reinfection, with higher peak levels in older participants and those of non-white ethnicity. The estimated anti-spike IgG half-life was 184 days, being longer in females and those of white ethnicity. We estimated antibody levels associated with protection against reinfection likely last 1.5-2 years on average, with levels associated with protection from severe infection present for several years. These estimates could inform planning for vaccination booster strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - John I Bell
- Office of the Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John N Newton
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alison Howarth
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian D Marsden
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim E A Peto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Koen B Pouwels
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, UCL, London, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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31
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Wendel S, Fachini R, Fontão-Wendel RCL, Mello R, Velasquez CV, Machado RRG, Brito MA, Amaral M, Soares CP, Achkar R, Scuracchio P, Miyaji SC, Erdens MS, Durigon EL. Surrogate test performance for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) for convalescent plasma (CCP): How useful could they be? Transfusion 2021; 61:3455-3467. [PMID: 34674284 PMCID: PMC8661940 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID‐19 high‐titer CCP selection is a concern, because neutralizing antibody (nAb) testing requires sophisticated labs and methods. Surrogate tests are an alternative for measuring nAb levels in plasma bags, including those that are pathogen‐reduced. Study design/methods We studied a panel consisting of 191 samples from convalescent donors tested by nAb (CPE‐VNT), obtained from 180 CCP donations (collection: March 20–January 21) and 11 negative controls, with a total of 80 and 111 serum and plasma samples (71 amotosalen/UV treated), with nAb titers ranging from negative to 10,240. Samples were blindly tested for several surrogates: one anti‐RBD, two anti‐spike, and four anti‐nucleocapsid tests, either isolated or combined to improve their positive predictive values as predictors of the presence of high‐titer nAbs, defined as those with titers ≥160. Results Except for combined and anti‐IgA/M tests, all isolated surrogate tests showed excellent performance for nAb detection: sensitivity (98.3%–100%), specificity (85.7%–100%), PPV (98.9%–100%), NPV (81.3%–100%), and AUC (0.93–0.96), with a variable decrease in sensitivity and considerably lower specificity when using FDA authorization and concomitant nAb titers ≥160. All surrogates had AUCs that were statistically different from CPE‐VNT if nAb≥160, including when using combined, orthogonal approaches. Conclusions Surrogate tests (isolated or in combination) have an indirect good performance in detecting the presence of nAb, with lower sensitivity and specificity when high nAb titer samples are used, possibly accepting a considerable number of donors whose nAb titers are actually low, which should be evaluated by each laboratory responsible for CCP collection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ralyria Mello
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Camila Pereira Soares
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruth Achkar
- Blood Bank, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Fischer B, Lichtenberg C, Müller L, Timm J, Fischer J, Knabbe C. A combined strategy to detect plasma samples reliably with high anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers in routine laboratories. J Clin Virol 2021; 144:104984. [PMID: 34563863 PMCID: PMC8444349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The determination of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is of interest in many respects. High NAb titers, for example, are the most important criterion regarding the effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy. However, common cell culture-based NAb assays are time-consuming and feasible only in special laboratories. Our data reveal the suitability of a novel ELISA-based surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) to easily measure the inhibition-capability of NAbs in the plasma of COVID-19 convalescents. We propose a combined strategy to detect plasma samples with high NAb titers (≥ 1:160) reliably and to, simultaneously, reduce the risk of erroneously identifying low-titer specimens. For this approach, results of the sVNT assay are compared to and combined with those acquired from the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay. Both assays are appropriate for high-throughput screening in standard BSL-2 laboratories. Our measurements further show a long-lasting humoral immunity of at least 11 months after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Fischer
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Bad Oeynhausen, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Christoph Lichtenberg
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Bad Oeynhausen, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Müller
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Fischer
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Bad Oeynhausen, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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33
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Wouters E, Verbrugghe C, Devloo R, Debruyne I, De Clippel D, Van Heddegem L, Van Asch K, Van Gaver V, Vanbrabant M, Muylaert A, Compernolle V, Feys HB. A novel competition ELISA for the rapid quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in convalescent plasma. Transfusion 2021; 61:2981-2990. [PMID: 34498761 PMCID: PMC8662007 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) ideally contains high titers of (neutralizing) anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. Several scalable immunoassays for CCP selection have been developed. We designed an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures neutralizing antibodies (of all isotypes) in plasma by determining the level of competition between CCP and a mouse neutralizing antibody for binding to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods Plasma was collected from 72 convalescent individuals and inhibition of viral infection was determined by plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT50). The level of neutralizing antibodies was measured in the novel competition ELISA and in a commercially available ELISA that measures inhibition of recombinant ACE2 binding to immobilized RBD. These results were compared with a high throughput chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). Results The results from both ELISAs were correlating, in particular for high titer CCP (PRNT50 ≥ 1:160) (Spearman r = .73, p < .001). Moderate correlation was found between the competition ELISA and CMIA (r = .57 for high titer and r = .62 for low titer CCP, p < .001). Receiver operator characteristic analysis showed that the competition ELISA selected CCP with a sensitivity and specificity of 61% and 100%, respectively. However, discrimination between low and high titer CCP had a lower resolution (sensitivity: 34% and specificity: 89%). Conclusion The competition ELISA screens for neutralizing antibodies in CCP by competition for just a single epitope. It exerts a sensitivity of 61% with no false identifications. These ELISA designs can be used for epitope mapping or for selection of CCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Wouters
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caro Verbrugghe
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rosalie Devloo
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Kristin Van Asch
- Blood Service of the Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Miek Vanbrabant
- Blood Service of the Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - An Muylaert
- Blood Service of the Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Veerle Compernolle
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Blood Service of the Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Hendrik B Feys
- Transfusion Research Center, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Ghent, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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34
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McDonald L, Wise H, Muecksch F, Poston D, Mavin S, Templeton K, Furrie E, Richardson C, McGuire J, Jarvis L, Malloy K, McAuley A, Palmateer N, Dickson E, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz P, Jenks S. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays for use in epidemiological surveillance in Scotland. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2021; 1:100028. [PMID: 35262014 PMCID: PMC8200328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sero-surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to monitoring levels of population exposure and informing public health responses, but may be influenced by variability in performance between available assays. Methods Five commercial immunoassays and a neutralising activity assay were used to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in routine primary care and paediatric samples collected during the first wave of the pandemic in NHS Lothian, Scotland as part of ongoing surveillance efforts. For each assay, sensitivity and specificity was calculated relative to consensus results (majority of immunoassays positive = overall positive) and neutralising activity. Quantitative correlation was performed between serological and neutralising titres. Results Seroprevalence ranged from 3.4-7.3 % in primary care patients and 3-5.9 % in paediatric patients according to different immunoassays. Neutralising activity was detectable in 2.8 % and 1.3 % respectively. Relative assay performance changed depending on comparison to immunoassay consensus versus neutralising activity and qualititative versus quantitative agreement. Cross-reactivity with endemic seasonal coronaviruses was confirmed by neutralising assay in false positives for one immunoassay. Presence of false positives for another assay was found specifically in paediatric but not adult samples. Conclusions Five serological assays show variable accuracy when applied to the general population, impacting seroprevalence estimates. Assay performance may also vary in detection of protective neutralising antibody levels. These aspects should be considered in assay selection and interpretation in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Wise
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Poston
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sally Mavin
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, NHS Highland, Inverness, Scotland
| | - Kate Templeton
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Elizabeth Furrie
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland
| | | | | | - Lisa Jarvis
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, The Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kristen Malloy
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, The Jack Copland Centre, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew McAuley
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Norah Palmateer
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | | | - Paul Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sara Jenks
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, Scotland
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35
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Wei J, Stoesser N, Matthews PC, Ayoubkhani D, Studley R, Bell I, Bell JI, Newton JN, Farrar J, Diamond I, Rourke E, Howarth A, Marsden BD, Hoosdally S, Jones EY, Stuart DI, Crook DW, Peto TEA, Pouwels KB, Eyre DW, Walker AS. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in 45,965 adults from the general population of the United Kingdom. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1140-1149. [PMID: 34290390 PMCID: PMC8294260 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report that in a cohort of 45,965 adults, who were receiving either the ChAdOx1 or the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, in those who had no prior infection with SARS-CoV-2, seroconversion rates and quantitative antibody levels after a single dose were lower in older individuals, especially in those aged >60 years. Two vaccine doses achieved high responses across all ages. Antibody levels increased more slowly and to lower levels with a single dose of ChAdOx1 compared with a single dose of BNT162b2, but waned following a single dose of BNT162b2 in older individuals. In descriptive latent class models, we identified four responder subgroups, including a 'low responder' group that more commonly consisted of people aged >75 years, males and individuals with long-term health conditions. Given our findings, we propose that available vaccines should be prioritized for those not previously infected and that second doses should be prioritized for individuals aged >60 years. Further data are needed to better understand the extent to which quantitative antibody responses are associated with vaccine-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Stoesser
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Iain Bell
- Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK
| | - John I Bell
- Office of the Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John N Newton
- Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alison Howarth
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian D Marsden
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim E A Peto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Koen B Pouwels
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, UCL, London, UK
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36
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Dolscheid-Pommerich R, Bartok E, Renn M, Kümmerer BM, Schulte B, Schmithausen RM, Stoffel-Wagner B, Streeck H, Saschenbrecker S, Steinhagen K, Hartmann G. Correlation between a quantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA and neutralization activity. J Med Virol 2021; 94:388-392. [PMID: 34415572 PMCID: PMC8426838 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the current COVID-19 pandemic, a better understanding of the relationship between merely binding and functionally neutralizing antibodies is necessary to characterize protective antiviral immunity following infection or vaccination. This study analyzes the level of correlation between the novel quantitative EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA (IgG) and a microneutralization assay. A panel of 123 plasma samples from a COVID-19 outbreak study population, preselected by semiquantitative anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing, was used to assess the relationship between the novel quantitative ELISA (IgG) and a microneutralization assay. Binding IgG targeting the S1 antigen was detected in 106 (86.2%) samples using the QuantiVac ELISA, while 89 (72.4%) samples showed neutralizing antibody activity. Spearman's correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive relationship between anti-S1 IgG levels and neutralizing antibody titers (rs = 0.819, p < 0.0001). High and low anti-S1 IgG levels were associated with a positive predictive value of 72.0% for high-titer neutralizing antibodies and a negative predictive value of 90.8% for low-titer neutralizing antibodies, respectively. These results substantiate the implementation of the QuantiVac ELISA to assess protective immunity following infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Renn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, Bonn, Germany.,University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Bianca Schulte
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Stoffel-Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Saschenbrecker
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Steinhagen
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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37
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Bubba L, Simmonds P, Fischer TK, Harvala H. Mapping of serological testing and SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies performed in 20 European countries, March-June 2020. J Glob Health 2021; 11:05014. [PMID: 34408857 PMCID: PMC8364255 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.11.05014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic spread across Europe from February 2020. While robust SARS-CoV-2 serological assays were quickly developed, only limited information on applied serological testing is available. We describe the extent and nature of SARS-CoV-2 serological testing used in Europe and assess the links between epidemiology, mitigation strategies applied and seroprevalence. Methods An online questionnaire on SARS-CoV-2 serology was sent to the European Society of Clinical Virology and European Non-Polio Enterovirus Network members in September 2020. Data were analysed by comparing mitigation approaches, serological methods and seroprevalance studies performed. Results About 100 000 laboratory confirmed cases identified between March and June 2020 were reported by 36 participating laboratories from 20 countries. All responders experienced mitigation strategies including lockdowns and other closures. All except one participant had introduced serological testing; most had validated their assays (n = 29), but some had had difficulties in obtaining reference material. Most used commercial assays (n = 35), measuring IgG response against the spike antigen. Serology was used primarily for diagnostic purposes (n = 22) but also for convalescent plasma (n = 13) and research studies (n = 30). Seroprevalence studies targeted mainly health care workers (n = 20; seroprevalance 5% to 22%) and general population (n = 16; seroprevalance 0.88% to 5.6%). Basic demographic and clinical information were collected by most laboratories (n = 28), whereas data on long-term outcomes were rarely collected. Conclusions This is first study gathering systematic information on serological testing approaches implemented during the first pandemic wave in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bubba
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thea K Fischer
- Department of Clinical Research, University hospital of Nordsjaelland, Hilleroed, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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38
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Lamikanra A, Nguyen D, Simmonds P, Williams S, Bentley EM, Rowe C, Otter AD, Brooks T, Gilmour K, Mai A, Dadhra J, Csatari M, Ziyenge S, Oliveira M, Ploeg R, Tsang P, Zambon M, Gopal R, Xiao JH, Townsend A, Roberts D, Harvala H. Comparability of six different immunoassays measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibodies with neutralizing antibody levels in convalescent plasma: From utility to prediction. Transfusion 2021; 61:2837-2843. [PMID: 34342366 PMCID: PMC8447482 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) provides virus-neutralizing antibodies that may ameliorate the outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. The effectiveness of CP likely depends on its antiviral neutralizing potency and is determined using in vitro neutralizing antibody assays. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated abilities of three immunoassays for anti-spike antibodies (EUROimmun, Ortho, Roche), a pseudotype-based neutralization assay, and two assays that quantify ACE2 binding of spike protein (GenScript and hemagglutination test [HAT]-based assay) to predict neutralizing antibody titers in 113 CP donations. Assay outputs were analyzed through linear regression and calculation of sensitivities and specificities by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS Median values of plasma samples containing neutralizing antibodies produced conversion factors for assay unitage of ×6.5 (pseudotype), ×19 (GenScript), ×3.4 (HAT assay), ×0.08 (EUROimmun), ×1.64 (Roche), and ×0.10 (Ortho). All selected assays were sufficient in identifying the high titer donations based on ROC analysis; area over curve ranged from 91.7% for HAT and GenScript assay to 95.6% for pseudotype assay. However, their ability to predict the actual neutralizing antibody levels varied substantially as shown by linear regression correlation values (from 0.27 for Ortho to 0.61 for pseudotype assay). DISCUSSION Overall, the study data demonstrate that all selected assays were effective in identifying donations with high neutralizing antibody levels and are potentially suitable as surrogate assays for donation selection for CP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Lamikanra
- Clinical, Research and Development Departments, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Williams
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma M Bentley
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, UK
| | - Cathy Rowe
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Ashley David Otter
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Laboratory Services and NIHR BRC Departments, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Annabelle Mai
- Laboratory Services and NIHR BRC Departments, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jusvinder Dadhra
- Laboratory Services and NIHR BRC Departments, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mabel Csatari
- Laboratory Services and NIHR BRC Departments, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sheba Ziyenge
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and BRC Surgical Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Oliveira
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and BRC Surgical Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Research Laboratory Department, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Rutger Ploeg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and BRC Surgical Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Research Laboratory Department, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Pat Tsang
- Clinical, Research and Development Departments, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virology Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Robin Gopal
- High Containment Microbiology Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Julie Huiyuan Xiao
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alain Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Roberts
- Clinical, Research and Development Departments, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
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39
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Wang K, Long QX, Deng HJ, Hu J, Gao QZ, Zhang GJ, He CL, Huang LY, Hu JL, Chen J, Tang N, Huang AL. Longitudinal Dynamics of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e531-e539. [PMID: 32745196 PMCID: PMC7454328 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic with no licensed vaccine or specific antiviral agents for therapy. Little is known about the longitudinal dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in patients with COVID-19. METHODS Blood samples (n = 173) were collected from 30 patients with COVID-19 over a 3-month period after symptom onset and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs using the lentiviral pseudotype assay, coincident with the levels of IgG and proinflammatory cytokines. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb titers were low for the first 7-10 days after symptom onset and increased after 2-3 weeks. The median peak time for NAbs was 33 days (interquartile range [IQR], 24-59 days) after symptom onset. NAb titers in 93.3% (28/30) of the patients declined gradually over the 3-month study period, with a median decrease of 34.8% (IQR, 19.6-42.4%). NAb titers increased over time in parallel with the rise in immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels, correlating well at week 3 (r = 0.41, P < .05). The NAb titers also demonstrated a significant positive correlation with levels of plasma proinflammatory cytokines, including stem cell factor (SCF), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). CONCLUSIONS These data provide useful information regarding dynamic changes in NAbs in patients with COVID-19 during the acute and convalescent phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-Xin Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-Zhu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gui-Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-Long He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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40
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Gededzha MP, Mampeule N, Jugwanth S, Zwane N, David A, Burgers WA, Blackburn JM, Grove JS, George JA, Sanne I, Scott L, Stevens W, Mayne ES. Performance of the EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Assay for detection of IgA and IgG antibodies in South Africa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252317. [PMID: 34161348 PMCID: PMC8221517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been identified as the causative agent for causing the clinical syndrome of COVID -19. Accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not only important for management of infected individuals but also to break the chain of transmission. South Africa is the current epicenter of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Africa. To optimize the diagnostic algorithm for SARS-CoV-2 in the South African setting, the study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays. This study reported the performance of EUROIMMUN enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for semi-quantitative detection of IgA and IgG antibodies in serum and plasma samples targeting the recombinant S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as antigen. Samples were collected from 391 individuals who had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 139 SARS CoV-2 negative controls. Samples were stratified by number of days’ post-PCR diagnosis and symptoms. The sensitivity of EUROIMMUN IgG was 64.1% (95% CI: 59.1–69.0%) and 74.3% (95% CI: 69.6–78.6%) for IgA and the specificity was lower for IgA [84.2% (95% CI: 77–89.2%)] than IgG [95.2% (95% CI: 90.8–98.4%)]. The EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Assay sensitivity was higher for IgA but low for IgG and improved for both assays in symptomatic individuals and at later timepoints post PCR diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maemu P Gededzha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nakampe Mampeule
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sarika Jugwanth
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nontobeko Zwane
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anura David
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Divisions of Chemical and System Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jurette S Grove
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jaya A George
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian Sanne
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lesley Scott
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wendy Stevens
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Mayne
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Alzaabi AH, Ahmed LA, Rabooy AE, Zaabi AA, Alkaabi M, AlMahmoud F, Hamed MF, Bashaeb KO, Bakhsh AR, Adil S, Elmajed N, Abousalha AN, Uwaydah AK, Mazrouei KA. Longitudinal changes in IgG levels among COVID-19 recovered patients: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251159. [PMID: 34115768 PMCID: PMC8195379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify SARS-CoV2 IgG antibody titers over time and assess the longevity of the immune response in a multi-ethnic population setting. SETTING This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Abu Dhabi city, UAE, among COVID-19 confirmed patients. The virus-specific IgG were measured quantitatively in serum samples from the patients during three visits over a period of 6 months. Serum IgG levels ≥15 AU/ml was used to define a positive response. PARTICIPANTS 113 patients were analyzed at first visit, with a mean (SD) age of participants of 45.9 (11.8) years 87.5% of the patients were men. 63 and 27 participants had data available for visits 2 and 3, respectively. PRIMARY OUTCOME Change in SARS-CoV2 IgG antibody titers over the visits. RESULTS No mortality or re-infection were reported. 69% of the patients developed positive IgG response within the first month after the onset of symptoms. The levels of IgG showed a consistent increase during the first three months with a peak level during the third month. Increasing trend in the levels of IgG were observed in 82.5%, 55.6% and 70.4% of patients between visit 1 to visit 2, visit 2 to visit 3, and from visit 1 to visit 3, respectively. Furthermore, about 64.3% of the patients showed sustained increase in IgG response for more than 120 days. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a sustained and prolonged positive immune response in COVID-19 recovered patients. The consistent rise in antibody and positive levels of IgG titers within the first 5 months suggest that immunization is possible, and the chances of reinfection minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luai A. Ahmed
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdulla E. Rabooy
- Radiology Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Al Zaabi
- Pathology and laboratory Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Alkaabi
- Microbiology Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Falah AlMahmoud
- Radiology Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mai Farouk Hamed
- Laboratory Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khalid Omar Bashaeb
- Radiology Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul Rahim Bakhsh
- Internal Medicine Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suha Adil
- Internal Medicine Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadeen Elmajed
- Internal Medicine Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Nigm Abousalha
- Internal Medicine Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Kanaan Uwaydah
- Infectious diseases Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khulood Al Mazrouei
- Pulmonology Department, Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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42
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Moscato G, Mazzetti P, Lucenteforte E, Rosellini A, Cara A, Quaranta P, Mainardi V, Villa P, Focosi D, Lanza M, Bianco I, Mazzoni A, Falcone M, Menichetti F, Maggi F, Lai M, Freer G, Pistello M. Assessment of automated high-throughput serological assays for prediction of high-titer SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2021; 1:100016. [PMID: 35262004 PMCID: PMC8093006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID19 convalescent patient plasma units with high titer neutralizing antibody can be used to treat patients with severe disease. Therefore, in order to select suitable donors, neutralizing antibody titer against SARS CoV-2 needs to be determined. Because the neutralization assay is highly demanding from several points of view, a pre-selection of sera would be desirable to minimize the number of sera to be tested. In this study, a total of 140 serum samples that had been titrated for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody by microneutralization assay were also tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV2 antibody using 5 different tests: Architect® immunoassay (Abbott Diagnostics), detecting IgG against the nucleocapsid protein, LIAISON XL® (Diasorin) detecting IgG against a recombinant form of the S1/S2 subunits of the spike protein, VITROS® (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics), detecting IgG against a recombinant form of the spike protein, and ELISA (Euroimmun AG), detecting IgA or IgG against a recombinant form of the S1 subunit. To determine which immunoassay had the highest chance to detect sera with neutralizing antibodies above a certain threshold, we compared the results obtained from the five immunoassays with the titers obtained by microneutralization assay by linear regression analysis and by using receiver operating characteristic curve and Youden's index. Our results indicate that the most suitable method to predict sera with high Nab titer is Euroimmun® IgG, followed closely by Ortho VITROS® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Mazzetti
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via del Brennero 2, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alice Cara
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Quaranta
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via del Brennero 2, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Villa
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Lanza
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Bianco
- Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Biology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mazzoni
- Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Biology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Falcone
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Menichetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via del Brennero 2, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Michele Lai
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via del Brennero 2, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via del Brennero 2, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
- Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via del Brennero 2, Pisa I-56127, Italy
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43
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Cimolai N. Passive Immunity Should and Will Work for COVID-19 for Some Patients. Clin Hematol Int 2021; 3:47-68. [PMID: 34595467 PMCID: PMC8432400 DOI: 10.2991/chi.k.210328.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of effective antiviral chemotherapy and still in the context of emerging vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 infections, passive immunotherapy remains a key treatment and possible prevention strategy. What might initially be conceived as a simplified donor-recipient process, the intricacies of donor plasma, IV immunoglobulins, and monoclonal antibody modality applications are becoming more apparent. Key targets of such treatment have largely focused on virus neutralization and the specific viral components of the attachment Spike protein and its constituents (e.g., receptor binding domain, N-terminal domain). The cumulative laboratory and clinical experience suggests that beneficial protective and treatment outcomes are possible. Both a dose- and a time-dependency emerge. Lesser understood are the concepts of bioavailability and distribution. Apart from direct antigen binding from protective immunoglobulins, antibody effector functions have potential roles in outcome. In attempting to mimic the natural but variable response to infection or vaccination, a strong functional polyclonal approach attracts the potential benefits of attacking antigen diversity, high antibody avidity, antibody persistence, and protection against escape viral mutation. The availability and ease of administration for any passive immunotherapy product must be considered in the current climate of need. There is never a perfect product, but yet there is considerable room for improving patient outcomes. Given the variability of human genetics, immunity, and disease, and given the nuances of the virus and its potential for change, passive immunotherapy can be developed that will be effective for some but not all patients. An understanding of such patient variability and limitations is just as important as the understanding of the direct interactions between immunotherapy and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevio Cimolai
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4
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44
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Scalable, Micro-Neutralization Assay for Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Clinical Samples. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050893. [PMID: 34065987 PMCID: PMC8151879 DOI: 10.3390/v13050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic expanded, it was clear that effective testing for the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the blood of convalescent patients would be critical for development of plasma-based therapeutic approaches. To address the need for a high-quality neutralization assay against SARS-CoV-2, a previously established fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA) against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was modified and optimized. The SARS-CoV-2 FRNA provides a quantitative assessment of a large number of infected cells through use of a high-content imaging system. Because of this approach, and the fact that it does not involve subjective interpretation, this assay is more efficient and more accurate than other neutralization assays. In addition, the ability to set robust acceptance criteria for individual plates and specific test wells provided further rigor to this assay. Such agile adaptability avails use with multiple virus variants. By February 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 FRNA had been used to screen over 5000 samples, including acute and convalescent plasma or serum samples and therapeutic antibody treatments, for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titers.
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45
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Focosi D, Moscato G, Pistello M, Maggi F. Kinetics of anti-SARS-COV2 spike protein IgG and IgA antibodies at 4°C: Implications for convalescent plasma stability. Transfus Med 2021; 31:221-222. [PMID: 33899263 PMCID: PMC8250483 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Moscato
- Division of Laboratory Analysis, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Division of Virology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Division of Virology, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Retrovirus Center, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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46
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Santiago L, Uranga-Murillo I, Arias M, González-Ramírez AM, Macías-León J, Moreo E, Redrado S, García-García A, Taleb V, Lira-Navarrete E, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Aguilo N, del Mar Encabo-Berzosa M, Hidalgo S, Galvez EM, Ramirez-Labrada A, de Miguel D, Benito R, Miranda P, Fernández A, Domingo JM, Serrano L, Yuste C, Villanueva-Saz S, Paño-Pardo JR, Pardo J. Determination of the Concentration of IgG against the Spike Receptor-Binding Domain That Predicts the Viral Neutralizing Activity of Convalescent Plasma and Serum against SARS-CoV-2. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:208. [PMID: 33801808 PMCID: PMC8001978 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several hundred millions of people have been diagnosed of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing millions of deaths and a high socioeconomic burden. SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, induces both specific T- and B-cell responses, being antibodies against the virus detected a few days after infection. Passive immunization with hyperimmune plasma from convalescent patients has been proposed as a potentially useful treatment for COVID-19. Using an in-house quantitative ELISA test, we found that plasma from 177 convalescent donors contained IgG antibodies specific to the spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, although at very different concentrations which correlated with previous disease severity and gender. Anti-RBD IgG plasma concentrations significantly correlated with the plasma viral neutralizing activity (VN) against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Similar results were found using an independent cohort of serum from 168 convalescent health workers. These results validate an in-house RBD IgG ELISA test in a large cohort of COVID-19 convalescent patients and indicate that plasma from all convalescent donors does not contain a high enough amount of anti-SARS-CoV-2-RBD neutralizing IgG to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. The use of quantitative anti-RBD IgG detection systems might help to predict the efficacy of the passive immunization using plasma from patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llipsy Santiago
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (I.U.-M.); (S.H.); (D.d.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Iratxe Uranga-Murillo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (I.U.-M.); (S.H.); (D.d.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Maykel Arias
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.A.); (S.R.); (E.M.G.)
| | - Andrés Manuel González-Ramírez
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Javier Macías-León
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Moreo
- Department Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.M.); (N.A.)
| | - Sergio Redrado
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.A.); (S.R.); (E.M.G.)
| | - Ana García-García
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Víctor Taleb
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Erandi Lira-Navarrete
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.); (R.H.-G.)
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.); (R.H.-G.)
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nacho Aguilo
- Department Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.M.); (N.A.)
| | | | - Sandra Hidalgo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (I.U.-M.); (S.H.); (D.d.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Eva M. Galvez
- Instituto de Carboquímica (ICB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.A.); (S.R.); (E.M.G.)
| | - Ariel Ramirez-Labrada
- Unidad de Nanotoxicología e Inmunotoxicología (UNATI), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (I.U.-M.); (S.H.); (D.d.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Rafael Benito
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (I.U.-M.); (S.H.); (D.d.M.); (R.B.)
- Department Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.M.); (N.A.)
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patricia Miranda
- Banco de Sangre y Tejidos de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.M.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - José María Domingo
- Banco de Sangre y Tejidos de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.M.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Laura Serrano
- Servicio de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (C.Y.)
| | - Cristina Yuste
- Servicio de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (C.Y.)
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Department Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - José Ramón Paño-Pardo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (I.U.-M.); (S.H.); (D.d.M.); (R.B.)
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Clinico Universitario Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.S.); (I.U.-M.); (S.H.); (D.d.M.); (R.B.)
- Department Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (E.M.); (N.A.)
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Madrid, Spain
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47
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Bennett RS, Postnikova EN, Liang J, Gross R, Mazur S, Dixit S, Lukin VV, Kocher G, Yu S, Georgia-Clark S, Gerhardt D, Cai Y, Marron L, Holbrook MR. Scalable, Micro-Neutralization Assay for Qualitative Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Clinical Samples. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33688658 PMCID: PMC7941633 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.05.434152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was expanding, it was clear that effective testing for the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the blood of convalescent patients would be critical for development of plasma-based therapeutic approaches. To address the need for a high-quality neutralization assay against SARS-CoV-2, a previously established fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA) against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was modified and optimized. The SARS-CoV-2 FRNA provides a quantitative assessment of a large number of infected cells through use of a high-content imaging system. Because of this approach, and the fact that it does not involve subjective interpretation, this assay is more efficient and more accurate than other neutralization assays. In addition, the ability to set robust acceptance criteria for individual plates and specific test wells provided further rigor to this assay. Such agile adaptability avails use with multiple virus variants. By February 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 FRNA had been used to screen over 5,000 samples, including acute and convalescent plasma or serum samples and therapeutic antibody treatments, for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elena N Postnikova
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Mazur
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Greg Kocher
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shuiqing Yu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shalamar Georgia-Clark
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dawn Gerhardt
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lindsay Marron
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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48
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Putter JS. Immunotherapy for COVID-19: Evolving treatment of viral infection and associated adverse immunological reactions. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 60:103093. [PMID: 33610448 PMCID: PMC7881713 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review on COVID-19 immunotherapy enables a comparative analysis of the short-list of currently approved major vaccines. These include the Pfizer and Moderna first mRNA vaccines under FDA purview and the Oxford/AstraZeneca simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine (under UK-MHPRA guidance), all produced in record time, being safe and effective. The Pfizer and Moderna double dose vaccines have the clear edge in treatment efficacy, being in the 90% range compared to AstraZeneca in the average 70%. However, the AZ double dose vaccine has significant advantages with respect to lower cost and stability in storage. We enumerate several potential advances in the technology of the manufacturers: (1) combination vaccines such as testing AstraZeneca’s product with a component of the Russian’s Sputnik V to achieve durable immunity; (2) the potential for single dose vaccines coming on-line, and with Johnson & Johnson/Janssen; and (3) the need for refined thermotolerant formulations obviating the need for cold storage. As an adjunct to vaccinotherapy, affinity adsorption column technology is another facet recruited in the processing of corona convalescent plasma/cryosupernatant to concentrate neutralizing antibodies against the virus. Clinical trials, to date, of infected patients have been indeterminate as to whether plasmapheresis-based products are effective or not. This is due to the failure to standardize the composition of the plasma derived component, ambiguous clinical indications for use in human subjects, and inconsistent timing of administration in the course of the infection. Known T-cell lymphopenia, which is attendant to progressive viral infection and immune driven inflammation, may be a quantitative surrogate biological marker as to when to start treatment. This is not only for initiating plasmapheresis-based therapeutics but also the judicious selection of ancillary pharmaceuticals, ie. monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins and anti-viral drugs.
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49
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Toon K, Bentley EM, Mattiuzzo G. More Than Just Gene Therapy Vectors: Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Serological Investigation. Viruses 2021; 13:217. [PMID: 33572589 PMCID: PMC7911487 DOI: 10.3390/v13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological assays detecting neutralising antibodies are important for determining the immune responses following infection or vaccination and are also often considered a correlate of protection. The target of neutralising antibodies is usually located in the Envelope protein on the viral surface, which mediates cell entry. As such, presentation of the Envelope protein on a lentiviral particle represents a convenient alternative to handling of a potentially high containment virus or for those viruses with no established cell culture system. The flexibility, relative safety and, in most cases, ease of production of lentiviral pseudotypes, have led to their use in serological assays for many applications such as the evaluation of candidate vaccines, screening and characterization of anti-viral therapeutics, and sero-surveillance. Above all, the speed of production of the lentiviral pseudotypes, once the envelope sequence is published, makes them important tools in the response to viral outbreaks, as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In this review, we provide an overview of the landscape of the serological applications of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, with a brief discussion on their production and batch quality analysis. Finally, we evaluate their role as surrogates for the real virus and possible alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Toon
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emma M. Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-MHRA, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3QG, UK;
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50
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Andryukov BG, Besednova NN, Kuznetsova TA, Fedyanina LN. Laboratory-Based Resources for COVID-19 Diagnostics: Traditional Tools and Novel Technologies. A Perspective of Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11010042. [PMID: 33451039 PMCID: PMC7828525 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus, has provoked a global healthcare and economic crisis. The control over the spread of the disease requires an efficient and scalable laboratory-based strategy for testing the population based on multiple platforms to provide rapid and accurate diagnosis. With the onset of the pandemic, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method has become a standard diagnostic tool, which has received wide clinical use. In large-scale and repeated examinations, these tests can identify infected patients with COVID-19, with their accuracy, however, dependent on many factors, while the entire process takes up to 6–8 h. Here we also describe a number of serological systems for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. These are used to assess the level of population immunity in various categories of people, as well as for retrospective diagnosis of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 in patients. However, the widespread use of traditional diagnostic tools in the context of the rapid spread of COVID-19 is hampered by a number of limitations. Therefore, the sharp increase in the number of patients with COVID-19 necessitates creation of new rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific tests. In this regard, we focus on new laboratory technologies such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), which have proven to work well in the COVID-19 diagnostics and can become a worthy alternative to traditional laboratory-based diagnostics resources. To cope with the COVID-19 pandemic, the healthcare system requires a combination of various types of laboratory diagnostic testing techniques, whodse sensitivity and specificity increases with the progress in the SARS-CoV-2 research. The testing strategy should be designed in such a way to provide, depending on the timing of examination and the severity of the infection in patients, large-scale and repeated examinations based on the principle: screening–monitoring–control. The search and development of new methods for rapid diagnostics of COVID-19 in laboratory, based on new analytical platforms, is still a highly important and urgent healthcare issue. In the final part of the review, special emphasis is made on the relevance of the concept of personalized medicine to combat the COVID-19 pandemic in the light of the recent studies carried out to identify the causes of variation in individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G. Andryukov
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4232-304-647
| | - Natalya N. Besednova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Tatyana A. Kuznetsova
- G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 690087 Vladivostok, Russia; (N.N.B.); (T.A.K.)
| | - Ludmila N. Fedyanina
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), 690091 Vladivostok, Russia;
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