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Lénárt N, Cserép C, Császár E, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Microglia-neuron-vascular interactions in ischemia. Glia 2024; 72:833-856. [PMID: 37964690 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating condition that results in impaired blood flow in the brain leading to acute brain injury. As the most common form of stroke, occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to a characteristic sequence of pathophysiological changes in the brain tissue. The mechanisms involved, and comorbidities that determine outcome after an ischemic event appear to be highly heterogeneous. On their own, the processes leading to neuronal injury in the absence of sufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demand of the cells are complex and manifest at different temporal and spatial scales. While the contribution of non-neuronal cells to stroke pathophysiology is increasingly recognized, recent data show that microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system parenchyma, play previously unrecognized roles in basic physiological processes beyond their inflammatory functions, which markedly change during ischemic conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss some of the known microglia-neuron-vascular interactions assumed to contribute to the acute and delayed pathologies after cerebral ischemia. Because the mechanisms of neuronal injury have been extensively discussed in several excellent previous reviews, here we focus on some recently explored pathways that may directly or indirectly shape neuronal injury through microglia-related actions. These discoveries suggest that modulating gliovascular processes in different forms of stroke and other neurological disorders might have presently unexplored therapeutic potential in combination with neuroprotective and flow restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Ahmadi S, Taghizadieh M, Mehdizadehfar E, Hasani A, Khalili Fard J, Feizi H, Hamishehkar H, Ansarin M, Yekani M, Memar MY. Gut microbiota in neurological diseases: Melatonin plays an important regulatory role. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116487. [PMID: 38518598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule produced in the human pineal gland as a hormone. It is known for its essential biological effects, such as antioxidant activity, circadian rhythm regulator, and immunomodulatory effects. The gut is one of the primary known sources of melatonin. The gut microbiota helps produce melatonin from tryptophan, and melatonin has been shown to have a beneficial effect on gut barrier function and microbial population. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is associated with bacterial imbalance and decreased beneficial microbial metabolites, including melatonin. In this way, low melatonin levels may be related to several human diseases. Melatonin has shown both preventive and therapeutic effects against various conditions, including neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. This review was aimed to discuss the role of melatonin in the body, and to describe the possible relationship between gut microbiota and melatonin production, as well as the potential therapeutic effects of melatonin on neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ahmadi
- Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Center for Women's Health Research Zahra, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Mehdizadehfar
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Khalili Fard
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Feizi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Aalinasab Hospital, Social Security Organization, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hammed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masood Ansarin
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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3
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Kazmi S, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Farhoudi M. The efficacy and safety of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in stroke patients: A systematic review. J Clin Neurosci 2024; 120:120-128. [PMID: 38237490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of disability worldwide, yet there is currently no effective treatment available to mitigate its negative consequences. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), are known to play a crucial role in exacerbating the aftermath of stroke. Thus, it is hypothesized that blocking inflammation and administering anti-inflammatory drugs at an optimal time and dosage may improve the long-term quality of life for stroke patients. This systematic review examines the effectiveness and safety of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), commercially known as "anakinra," in clinical studies involving the treatment of stroke patients. A comprehensive literature search was conducted until October 2023 to identify relevant studies. The search yielded 1403 articles, out of which 598 were removed due to duplication. After a thorough review of 805 titles and abstracts, 797 articles were further excluded, resulting in 8 studies being included in this systematic review. The findings from all the included studies demonstrate that IL-1Ra is safe for use in acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients, with no significant adverse events reported. Additionally, biomarkers, clinical assessments, serious adverse events (AEs), and non-serious AEs consistently showed more favorable outcomes in IL-1Ra receiving patients. Stroke elevates the levels of several inflammatory cytokines, however, administration of IL-1RA directly or indirectly modulates these markers and improves some clinical outcomes, suggesting a potential therapeutic benefit of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Kazmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr
- Research Center for Evidence-Base Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A JBI Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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4
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Jensen TSR, Binderup T, Olsen MH, Kjaer A, Fugleholm K. Subdural Levels of Interleukin 1-receptor Antagonist are Elevated in Patients with Recurrent Chronic Subdural Hematomas. Inflammation 2023:10.1007/s10753-023-01811-8. [PMID: 37039933 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory treatment reduces the risk of recurrent chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH), but clinical implementation is improper due to side effects. Exact knowledge of subdural molecules involved in recurrent CSDH may lead to targeted medical treatment and possibly improve the prospect of a personalized approach by eliminating the broad use of anti-inflammatory drugs on the entire CSDH population. With this study, we aim to (1) describe the associations between cytokine levels at the primary surgery and the risk of subsequent recurrence and (2) describe the association between cytokines in patients with recurrent CSDH between the first and second operations. Systemic and subdural levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured and compared between patients with the first-time CSDH and recurrent CSDH. Cytokine levels were analyzed using a multiplex antibody bead kit. In case of recurrent CSDH within 90 days of follow-up, the samples were re-collected and analyzed. We included 101 adult CSDH patients of which 20 had a recurrence. The levels of cytokines in the CSDH fluid from patients who were operated on for the first-time CSDH were not associated with the risk of later developing a recurrence. We found interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) to be elevated in subdural fluid in patients with recurrent CSDH at the time of their second operation (p = 0.0005). This study provides knowledge on cytokine composition in the subdural fluid in patients with CSDH with and without recurrence. IL-1ra is elevated in subdural fluid in patients with recurrent CSDH at the time of the second operation, identifying a possible medical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorbjørn Søren Rønn Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6, 2100, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tina Binderup
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Markus Harboe Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesiology, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Rigshospitalet & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kåre Fugleholm
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Neuroscience Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Inge Lehmanns Vej 6, 2100, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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He C, Xu Y, Sun J, Li L, Zhang JH, Wang Y. Autophagy and Apoptosis in Acute Brain Injuries: From Mechanism to Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:234-257. [PMID: 35579958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular mechanisms behind brain injuries, which are severe clinical situations with increasing incidences worldwide. To search for more and better treatments for brain injuries, it is essential to deepen the understanding of autophagy, apoptosis, and their interactions in brain injuries. This article first analyzes how autophagy and apoptosis participate in the pathogenetic processes of brain injuries respectively and mutually, then summarizes some promising treatments targeting autophagy and apoptosis to show the potential clinical applications in personalized medicine and precision medicine in the future. Recent Advances: Most current studies suggest that apoptosis is detrimental to brain recovery. Several studies indicate that autophagy can cause unnecessary death of neurons after brain injuries, while others show that autophagy is beneficial for acute brain injuries (ABIs) by facilitating the removal of damaged proteins and organelles. Whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental in ABIs depends on many factors, and the results from different research groups are diverse or even controversial, making this topic more appealing to be explored further. Critical Issues: Neuronal autophagy and apoptosis are two primary pathological processes in ABIs. How they interact with each other and how their regulations affect the outcome and prognosis of brain injuries remain uncertain, making these answers more critical. Future Directions: Insights into the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis and the accurate regulations of their balance in ABIs may promote personalized and precise treatments in the field of brain injuries. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 234-257.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu He
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Layla Li
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Lakshmanan HG, Miller E, White-Canale A, McCluskey LP. Immune responses in the injured olfactory and gustatory systems: a role in olfactory receptor neuron and taste bud regeneration? Chem Senses 2022; 47:bjac024. [PMID: 36152297 PMCID: PMC9508897 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory cells that specialize in transducing olfactory and gustatory stimuli are renewed throughout life and can regenerate after injury unlike their counterparts in the mammalian retina and auditory epithelium. This uncommon capacity for regeneration offers an opportunity to understand mechanisms that promote the recovery of sensory function after taste and smell loss. Immune responses appear to influence degeneration and later regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons and taste receptor cells. Here we review surgical, chemical, and inflammatory injury models and evidence that immune responses promote or deter chemosensory cell regeneration. Macrophage and neutrophil responses to chemosensory receptor injury have been the most widely studied without consensus on their net effects on regeneration. We discuss possible technical and biological reasons for the discrepancy, such as the difference between peripheral and central structures, and suggest directions for progress in understanding immune regulation of chemosensory regeneration. Our mechanistic understanding of immune-chemosensory cell interactions must be expanded before therapies can be developed for recovering the sensation of taste and smell after head injury from traumatic nerve damage and infection. Chemosensory loss leads to decreased quality of life, depression, nutritional challenges, and exposure to environmental dangers highlighting the need for further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari G Lakshmanan
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Elayna Miller
- Department of Medical Illustration, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - AnnElizabeth White-Canale
- Department of Medical Illustration, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lynnette P McCluskey
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Tóth K, Lénárt N, Berki P, Fekete R, Szabadits E, Pósfai B, Cserép C, Alatshan A, Benkő S, Kiss D, Hübner CA, Gulyás A, Kaila K, Környei Z, Dénes Á. The NKCC1 ion transporter modulates microglial phenotype and inflammatory response to brain injury in a cell-autonomous manner. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001526. [PMID: 35085235 PMCID: PMC8856735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The NKCC1 ion transporter contributes to the pathophysiology of common neurological disorders, but its function in microglia, the main inflammatory cells of the brain, has remained unclear to date. Therefore, we generated a novel transgenic mouse line in which microglial NKCC1 was deleted. We show that microglial NKCC1 shapes both baseline and reactive microglia morphology, process recruitment to the site of injury, and adaptation to changes in cellular volume in a cell-autonomous manner via regulating membrane conductance. In addition, microglial NKCC1 deficiency results in NLRP3 inflammasome priming and increased production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), rendering microglia prone to exaggerated inflammatory responses. In line with this, central (intracortical) administration of the NKCC1 blocker, bumetanide, potentiated intracortical lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine levels. In contrast, systemic bumetanide application decreased inflammation in the brain. Microglial NKCC1 KO animals exposed to experimental stroke showed significantly increased brain injury, inflammation, cerebral edema and worse neurological outcome. Thus, NKCC1 emerges as an important player in controlling microglial ion homeostasis and inflammatory responses through which microglia modulate brain injury. The contribution of microglia to central NKCC1 actions is likely to be relevant for common neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Tóth
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Berki
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Fekete
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Szabadits
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ahmad Alatshan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Kiss
- Software Engineering Institute, John von Neumann Faculty of Informatics, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences and Neuroscience Center (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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do Espírito Santo MP, Faria CS, Solla DJF, Pipek LZ, Belon AR, Jeng BP, de Andrade AF, Teixeira MJ, Paiva WS. Inflammatory markers assessment in an animal model of intracranial hypertension: a randomized trial. Intensive Care Med Exp 2021; 9:42. [PMID: 34423394 PMCID: PMC8380614 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-021-00408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracranial hypertension (ICH) is a common final pathway of most neurosurgical pathologies and leads to poor prognosis if not detected and treated properly. Inflammatory markers have been assessed in clinical scenarios of neurological injuries, in which systemic and brain tissue aggressions may introduce bias. There is a lack of studies under controlled settings to isolate the ICH effect on inflammation. This study aims to evaluate the effects of ICH on the serum concentration of cytokines as biomarkers of neuroinflammation in an experimental model which isolates ICH from potential confounding variables.
Methods An established model of ICH using an intracerebral pediatric bladder catheter and a multisensor intraparenchymal catheter was used in adult pigs (Sus domesticus). The animals were randomly allocated to 2 groups based on the catheter balloon volume used to simulate the ICP increase (4 ml or 7 ml). Cytokines were measured in 4 timepoints during the experiment: (1) 15 min before balloon insufflation; (2) 5 min after insufflation; (3) 125 min after insufflation; (4) 60 min after deflation. The following cytokines were measured IL-1α; IL-1β; IL–1ra; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; IL-10; IL-12; IL-18; TNFα. Generalized estimating equations were modeled to compare the ICP and cytokines values between the groups along the experiment. The study sample size was powered to detect interactions between the groups and the study moments with an effect size (f) of at least 0.3. The ARRIVE checklist was followed. Results A total of 20 animals were studied (10 in each group, 4 ml or 7 ml balloon volume insufflation). The animal model was successful in increasing the ICP along the moments of the experiment (p < 0,001) and in creating an ICP gradient between the groups (p = 0,004). The interaction term (moment × group) was also significant (p < 0,001). There was a significant association between ICP elevation and most cytokines variation. The cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL1-ra, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18 increased, whereas IL-2, IL-4, and TNF-α decreased. IL-10 did not vary significantly in response to the ICP elevation. Conclusion The serum concentration of cytokines varied in response to intracranial hypertension. The study demonstrated the specific changes in each cytokine after intracranial hypertension and provides key information to guide neuroinflammation clinical research. The proposed experiment was successful as an animal model to the study of neuroinflammation biomarkers Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40635-021-00408-5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brasil Ping Jeng
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bourgeois-Tardif S, De Beaumont L, Rivera JC, Chemtob S, Weil AG. Role of innate inflammation in traumatic brain injury. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:1287-1299. [PMID: 33464411 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-05002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Its increasing incidence, in addition to its fundamental role in the development of neurodegenerative disease, proves especially concerning. Despite extensive preclinical and clinical studies, researchers have yet to identify a safe and effective neuroprotective strategy. Following brain trauma, secondary injury from molecular, metabolic, and cellular changes causes progressive cerebral tissue damage. Chronic neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injuries is a key player in the development of secondary injury. Targeting this phenomenon for development of effective neuroprotective therapies holds promise. This strategy warrants a concrete understanding of complex neuroinflammatory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss pathophysiological mechanisms such as the innate immune response, glial activation, blood-brain barrier disruption, activation of immune mediators, as well as biological markers of traumatic brain injury. We then review existing and emerging pharmacological therapies that target neuroinflammation to improve functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bourgeois-Tardif
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Universite de Montreal - Psychology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Universite de Montreal - Psychology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José Carlos Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175, Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Department of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175, Chemin Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander G Weil
- Neurosurgery Service, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Centre de Recherche, Room 3.17.100_6, 3175, Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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10
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Zeng QL, He WT, Yuan G. Higher plasma NT-proBNP levels correlate with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and poor prognosis in neurological patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:28. [PMID: 33553321 PMCID: PMC7859746 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Hyponatremia induced by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) was common electrolyte disturbance encountered in critically ill neurological diseases, which has normal or increased fluid volume. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), which is released in equal proportion to N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), plays vital roles in regulation of volume status. The relationship between SIADH and NT-proBNP levels in neurological diseases has rarely been reported. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze plasma NT-proBNP levels in 33 patients with SIADH and 23 controlled eunatremic patients with neurological diseases. Results Baseline NT-proBNP levels were compared between two groups [SIADH group: median 311 pg/mL, interquartile range (IQR) 110–768 pg/mL] vs. eunatremic group: median 46 pg/mL, IQR, 12–96 pg/mL) (P<0.05). Plasma NT-proBNP levels were markedly increased in hyponatremic patients who had two or more complications than those who had less complication (P<0.05). In SIADH patients, NT-proBNP levels in remission phase were lower to levels at baseline. Furthermore, no death was seen in eunatremic patients, while five SIADH patients died from complications. Conclusions SIADH had higher plasma NT-proBNP levels and poorer prognosis compared to eunatremic neurological patients. NT-proBNP serves as a biomarker of disease severity while not extracellular volume (ECV) status in critically ill neurological patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Zeng
- Merck Serono (China) Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Tao He
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Jia Y, Deng H, Qin Q, Ma Z. JWH133 inhibits MPP+-induced inflammatory response and iron influx in astrocytes. Neurosci Lett 2020; 720:134779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Kempuraj D, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Kumar KK, Yelam A, Kaur H, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor and Mast Cell-Dependent Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Proteinase Activated Receptor-2 in Neuroinflammation. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1117-1129. [PMID: 30372685 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Inflammatory mediators from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, T-cells and mast cells mediate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Administration of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induces PD like motor deficits in rodents. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a toxic metabolite of MPTP activates glial cells, neurons and mast cells to release neuroinflammatory mediators. Glia maturation factor (GMF), mast cells and proteinase activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) are implicated in neuroinflammation. Alpha-synuclein which induces neurodegeneration increases PAR-2 expression in the brain. However, the exact mechanisms are not yet understood. In this study, we quantified inflammatory mediators in the brains of MPTP-administered wild type (Wt), GMF-knockout (GMF-KO), and mast cell knockout (MC-KO) mice. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of MPP+, GMF, and mast cell proteases on PAR-2 expression in astrocytes and neurons in vitro. Results show that the levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were lesser in the brains of GMF-KO mice and MC-KO mice when compared to Wt mice brain after MPTP administration. Incubation of astrocytes and neurons with MPP+, GMF, and mouse mast cell protease-6 (MMCP-6) and MMCP-7 increased the expression of PAR-2. Our studies show that the absence of mast cells and GMF reduce the expression of neuroinflammatory mediators in the brain. We conclude that GMF along with mast cell interactions with glial cells and neurons during neuroinflammation can be explored as a new therapeutic target for PD and other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Keerthana Kuppamma Kumar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Anudeep Yelam
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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13
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He W, Long T, Pan Q, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Qin G, Chen L, Zhou J. Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation mediates IL-1β release and contributes to central sensitization in a recurrent nitroglycerin-induced migraine model. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:78. [PMID: 30971286 PMCID: PMC6456991 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Central sensitization is an important mechanism of chronic migraine (CM) and is related to the inflammatory response of microglia. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome may regulate the inflammatory process of microglia in several neurological diseases, but its role in CM is largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the precise role of microglial NLRP3 in CM. Methods An experimental CM mouse model was established by repeated intraperitoneal (i.p) injection with nitroglycerin (NTG). We evaluated the expression levels of NLRP3 and its downstream interleukin (IL)-1β protein in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC; which is a central area relevant to migraine pain) at different time points. To further examine the effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway on central sensitization of CM, we examined MCC950, an NLRP3 inflammasome-specific inhibitor, and IL-1ra, an IL-1β antagonist, whether altered NTG-induced mechanical hyperalgesia of the periorbital area and hind paw. The effect of MCC950 and IL-1ra on c-Fos, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the TNC were also analyzed. The cell localization of NLRP3 and IL-1β in the TNC was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Results Repeated NTG administration induced acute and chronic mechanical hyperalgesia and increased expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β. Blockade of NLRP3 or IL-1β reduced NTG-induced hyperalgesia, and this effect was accompanied by a significant inhibition of the NTG-induced increase in p-ERK, c-Fos and CGRP levels in the TNC. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that NLRP3 and IL-1β were mainly expressed in microglia in the TNC, and the IL-1β receptor, IL-1R, was mainly expressed in neurons in the TNC. Conclusions These results indicate that NLRP3 activation in the TNC participates in the microglial-neuronal signal by mediating the inflammatory response. This process contributes to the central sensitization observed in CM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1459-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Long
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunke Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st You Yi Road, Yu Zhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Hoyle C, Rivers-Auty J, Lemarchand E, Vranic S, Wang E, Buggio M, Rothwell NJ, Allan SM, Kostarelos K, Brough D. Small, Thin Graphene Oxide Is Anti-inflammatory Activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 via Metabolic Reprogramming. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11949-11962. [PMID: 30444603 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO), an oxidized form of graphene, has potential applications in biomedical research. However, how GO interacts with biological systems, including the innate immune system, is poorly understood. Here, we elucidate the effects of GO sheets on macrophages, identifying distinctive effects of GO on the inflammatory phenotype. Small, thin (s)-GO dose-dependently inhibited release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 but not tumor necrosis factor α. NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 activation was not affected. The effect of s-GO was pretranslational, as s-GO blocked Toll-like receptor 4-dependent expression of Il1b and Il6 but not Nlrp3 or Tnf mRNA transcripts. s-GO was internalized by immortalized bone-marrow-derived macrophages, suggesting a potential intracellular action. Uptake of polystyrene beads with similar lateral dimensions and surface charge did not phenocopy the effects of s-GO, suggesting that s-GO-mediated inhibition of interleukin expression was not simply due to particle phagocytosis. RNA-Seq analysis established that s-GO had profound effects on the immunometabolism of the cells, leading to activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, which inhibited expression of cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-6. Thus, we have identified immunometabolic effects of GO that reveal another dimension to its effects on cells. These findings suggest that s-GO may be used as a valuable tool to generate further insights into inflammatory mechanisms and indicate its potential applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hoyle
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Jack Rivers-Auty
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Eloïse Lemarchand
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Vranic
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute , University of Manchester , Booth Street East , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Emily Wang
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Buggio
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute , University of Manchester , Booth Street East , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Nancy J Rothwell
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
- National Graphene Institute , University of Manchester , Booth Street East , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - David Brough
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre , University of Manchester , AV Hill Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , United Kingdom
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15
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Letson HL, Dobson GP. Adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ (ALM) resuscitation fluid protects against experimental traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018; 84:908-916. [PMID: 29554045 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, no drug therapy prevents secondary injury progression after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our aim was to investigate the effects of small-volume intravenous adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg (ALM) resuscitation fluid after moderate TBI in a rat fluid-percussion injury model. METHODS Anesthetized, mechanically ventilated male Sprague-Dawley rats (449 ± 5 g) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) sham (craniotomy without TBI), (2) no-treatment, (3) saline-control, or (4) ALM therapy groups (all n = 16). A subdural probe was implanted in eight animals per group to measure cerebral blood flow. Fifteen minutes after moderate TBI was induced with lateral fluid percussion injury (2.57 atm), a single 3% NaCl ± ALM bolus (0.7 mL/kg) was injected intravenously, and after 60 minutes (Phase 1), 0.9% NaCl ± ALM stabilization "drip" (0.5 mL/kg per hour) was administered for 3 hours (Phase 2). RESULTS Mortality (without subdural brain probe) was 25% (saline controls) and 0% (ALM). Sixty minutes after bolus, ALM significantly increased cardiac function, cortical blood flow (CBF; approximately threefold) and blunted systemic inflammation compared to saline controls. Three hours after infusion drip, ALM improved left ventricular function, supported higher CBF, decreased proinflammatory cytokines systemically (IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted [RANTES]), increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in brain tissue (IL-10, IL-4), lowered brain injury markers (neuron-specific enolase, Syndecan-1, HMGB-1), reduced coagulopathy, increased platelet aggregation, and maintained baseline fibrinogen levels. Saline-controls were proinflammatory (brain, heart, lung, and blood) and hypocoagulable with neurogenic enlargement of the right side of the heart. Survival time significantly correlated with plasma neuron-specific enolase (p = 0.001) and CBF at 180 minutes (p = 0.009), and CBF correlated with brain anti-inflammatory cytokines (p = 0.001-0.034). CONCLUSION After moderate TBI, ALM resuscitation fluid increased survival and protected against early secondary injury by reducing coagulopathy, inflammation, and platelet dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley L Letson
- From the Heart, Trauma and Sepsis Research Laboratory (H.LL, G.P.D.), College of Medicine and Dentistry. James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM, Anderson G, Rosati J, Mazzoccoli G, Linkova NS. Reciprocal Interactions of Mitochondria and the Neuroimmunoendocrine System in Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Important Role for Melatonin Regulation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:199. [PMID: 29593561 PMCID: PMC5857592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional alterations of mitochondria are intimately linked to a wide array of medical conditions. Many factors are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function, including cytokines, chaperones, chemokines, neurosteroids, and ubiquitins. The role of diffusely located cells of the neuroendocrine system, including biogenic amines and peptide hormones, in the management of mitochondrial function, as well as the role of altered mitochondrial function in the regulation of these cells and system, is an area of intense investigation. The current article looks at the interactions among the cells of the neuronal-glia, immune and endocrine systems, namely the diffuse neuroimmunoendocrine system (DNIES), and how DNIES interacts with mitochondrial function. Whilst changes in DNIES can impact on mitochondrial function, local, and systemic alterations in mitochondrial function can alter the component systems of DNIES and their interactions. This has etiological, course, and treatment implications for a wide range of medical conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. Available data on the role of melatonin in these interactions, at cellular and system levels, are reviewed, with directions for future research indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O Polyakova
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductology, Ott Institute of Obstetrics, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physiology and Department of Pathology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor M Kvetnoy
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductology, Ott Institute of Obstetrics, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physiology and Department of Pathology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - George Anderson
- CRC Scotland and London Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Rosati
- Cell Reprogramming Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Natalya S Linkova
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Saint-Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Inflammasome Activation by Methamphetamine Potentiates Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation of IL-1β Production in Microglia. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:237-253. [PMID: 29492824 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is an addictive psychostimulant abused worldwide. Ample evidence indicate that chronic abuse of Meth induces neurotoxicity via microglia-associated neuroinflammation and the activated microglia present in both Meth-administered animals and human abusers. The development of anti-neuroinflammation as a therapeutic strategy against Meth dependence promotes research to identify inflammatory pathways that are specifically tied to Meth-induced neurotoxicity. Currently, the exact mechanisms for Meth-induced microglia activation are largely unknown. NLRP3 is a well-studied cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR), which promotes the assembly of the inflammasome in response to the danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). It is our hypothesis that Meth activates NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and promotes the processing and release of interleukin (IL)-1β, resulting in neurotoxic activity. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of Meth on IL-1β maturation and release from rat cortical microglial cultures. Incubation of microglia with physiologically relevant concentrations of Meth after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) priming produced an enhancement on IL-1β maturation and release. Meth treatment potentiated aggregation of inflammasome adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), induced activation of the IL-1β converting enzyme caspase-1 and produced lysosomal and mitochondrial impairment. Blockade of capase-1 activity, lysosomal cathepsin B activity or mitochondrial ROS production by their specific inhibitors reversed the effects of Meth, demonstrating an involvement of inflammasome in Meth-induced microglia activation. Taken together, our results suggest that Meth triggers microglial inflammasome activation in a manner dependent on both mitochondrial and lysosomal danger-signaling pathways.
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18
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Jiang J, Luo Y, Qin W, Ma H, Li Q, Zhan J, Zhang Y. Electroacupuncture Suppresses the NF-κB Signaling Pathway by Upregulating Cylindromatosis to Alleviate Inflammatory Injury in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:363. [PMID: 29163038 PMCID: PMC5681846 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroacupuncture (EA) may reduce inflammatory injury by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway activation after ischemic stroke. Thus, we explored temporal and spatial expression of cylindromatosis (CYLD), a negative feedback inhibitor of the NF-κB signaling pathway, to learn whether CYLD is essential for EA and reduction of inflammatory injury after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was established in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and CYLD gene interference was used to investigate a potential role of neuroprotection. Rats were treated with EA (1 mA, 20 Hz for 5 min, 2 Hz for 30 min) at Baihui (GV 20), Hegu (LI 4) and Taichong (LR 3) acupoints, once daily, beginning 2 h after focal cerebral ischemia. Microglial activation and co-expression of CYLD and NF-κB were measured with immunofluorescence. Neuronal CX3CL1 expression was assayed to investigate the role of EA in the interaction between neurons and microglia via upregulation of CYLD. Then, CYLD, NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα protein expression was measured with Western blot. CYLD was mainly expressed in neurons of the peri-ischemic area after MCAO/R in rats and EA upregulated CYLD mRNA and protein from 24 to 72 h after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, CYLD overexpression was positively correlated to neurobehavior and negatively connected with infarct volume and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β). Upregulation of CYLD by EA prevented NF-κB nuclear translocation and inhibition of neuronal CX3CL1 expression, which repressed activation of microglia. Finally, CYLD silencing significantly weakened suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway by EA. In conclusion, upregulation of CYLD may underlie how EA could alleviate inflammatory injury after focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyi Qin
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiongli Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Zaheer S, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Natteru PA, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Brain and Peripheral Atypical Inflammatory Mediators Potentiate Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:216. [PMID: 28790893 PMCID: PMC5522882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory response is primarily a protective mechanism in the brain. However, excessive and chronic inflammatory responses can lead to deleterious effects involving immune cells, brain cells and signaling molecules. Neuroinflammation induces and accelerates pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammatory pathways are indicated as novel therapeutic targets for these diseases. Mast cells are immune cells of hematopoietic origin that regulate inflammation and upon activation release many proinflammatory mediators in systemic and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory conditions. In addition, inflammatory mediators released from activated glial cells induce neurodegeneration in the brain. Systemic inflammation-derived proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and other factors cause a breach in the blood brain-barrier (BBB) thereby allowing for the entry of immune/inflammatory cells including mast cell progenitors, mast cells and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the brain. These peripheral-derived factors and intrinsically generated cytokines/chemokines, α-synuclein, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), substance P (SP), beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide and amyloid precursor proteins can activate glial cells, T-cells and mast cells in the brain can induce additional release of inflammatory and neurotoxic molecules contributing to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal death. The glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein discovered in our laboratory released from glia, activates mast cells to release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Chronic increase in the proinflammatory mediators induces neurotoxic Aβ and plaque formation in AD brains and neurodegeneration in PD brains. Glial cells, mast cells and T-cells can reactivate each other in neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain and augment neuroinflammation. Further, inflammatory mediators from the brain can also enter into the peripheral system through defective BBB, recruit immune cells into the brain, and exacerbate neuroinflammation. We suggest that mast cell-associated inflammatory mediators from systemic inflammation and brain could augment neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain. This review article addresses the role of some atypical inflammatory mediators that are associated with mast cell inflammation and their activation of glial cells to induce neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Prashant A Natteru
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans AffairsColumbia, MO, United States.,Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, United States
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Zhang DD, Zou MJ, Zhang YT, Fu WL, Xu T, Wang JX, Xia WR, Huang ZG, Gan XD, Zhu XM, Xu DG. A novel IL-1RA-PEP fusion protein with enhanced brain penetration ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:1-13. [PMID: 28602833 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are involved in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, in which Interleukin 1 (IL-1), as an effective intervention target, is implicated. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is the natural inhibitor of IL-1, but blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the brain penetration of intravenously administered IL-1RA, thereby restricting its therapeutic effect against neuroinflammation. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress of a novel protein IL-1RA-PEP, which fused IL-1RA with a cell penetrating peptide (CPP). Studies were carried out in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats and oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in primary cortical neurons. In MCAO rat model, IL-1RA-PEP (50mg/kg) injected i.v., penetrated BBB effectively, and alleviated brain infarction, cerebral edema, neurological deficit score and motor performance as well as inhibited the inflammatory cytokines expression. Furthermore, our results firstly showed that IL-1RA-PEP also regulated the oxidases expression, decreased the levels of NO, MDA and ROS. In addition, the inhibitory effects of IL-1RA-PEP on oxidative stress and inflammation were confirmed in rat cortical neurons induced by OGD/R, it reduced ROS, IL-6 and TNF-α. Further study showed that the effects of IL-1RA-PEP were closely associated with the NF-κB and p38 pathways which were proved respectively by their inhibitors JSH-23 and SB203580. Our results indicated that IL-1RA-PEP could effectively penetrate the brain of MCAO rats, alleviated the cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, showing a great clinical potential for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China; Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Min-Ji Zou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Ya-Tao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Wen-Liang Fu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Tao Xu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jia-Xi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Wen-Rong Xia
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xiang-Dong Gan
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Dong-Gang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China; Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, PR China.
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21
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Edlmann E, Giorgi-Coll S, Whitfield PC, Carpenter KLH, Hutchinson PJ. Pathophysiology of chronic subdural haematoma: inflammation, angiogenesis and implications for pharmacotherapy. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:108. [PMID: 28558815 PMCID: PMC5450087 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is an encapsulated collection of blood and fluid on the surface of the brain. Historically considered a result of head trauma, recent evidence suggests there are more complex processes involved. Trauma may be absent or very minor and does not explain the progressive, chronic course of the condition. This review focuses on several key processes involved in CSDH development: angiogenesis, fibrinolysis and inflammation. The characteristic membrane surrounding the CSDH has been identified as a source of fluid exudation and haemorrhage. Angiogenic stimuli lead to the creation of fragile blood vessels within membrane walls, whilst fibrinolytic processes prevent clot formation resulting in continued haemorrhage. An abundance of inflammatory cells and markers have been identified within the membranes and subdural fluid and are likely to contribute to propagating an inflammatory response which stimulates ongoing membrane growth and fluid accumulation. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for CSDH is surgical drainage, which has associated risks of recurrence requiring repeat surgery. Understanding of the underlying pathophysiological processes has been applied to developing potential drug treatments. Ongoing research is needed to identify if these therapies are successful in controlling the inflammatory and angiogenic disease processes leading to control and resolution of CSDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Edlmann
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Susan Giorgi-Coll
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Peter C. Whitfield
- Southwest Neurosurgical Centre, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, PL6 8DH UK
| | - Keri L. H. Carpenter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Peter J. Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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22
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Nizamutdinov D, DeMorrow S, McMillin M, Kain J, Mukherjee S, Zeitouni S, Frampton G, Bricker PCS, Hurst J, Shapiro LA. Hepatic alterations are accompanied by changes to bile acid transporter-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus after traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40112. [PMID: 28106051 PMCID: PMC5247752 DOI: 10.1038/srep40112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, there are over 2 million incidents of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and treatment options are non-existent. While many TBI studies have focused on the brain, peripheral contributions involving the digestive and immune systems are emerging as factors involved in the various symptomology associated with TBI. We hypothesized that TBI would alter hepatic function, including bile acid system machinery in the liver and brain. The results show activation of the hepatic acute phase response by 2 hours after TBI, hepatic inflammation by 6 hours after TBI and a decrease in hepatic transcription factors, Gli 1, Gli 2, Gli 3 at 2 and 24 hrs after TBI. Bile acid receptors and transporters were decreased as early as 2 hrs after TBI until at least 24 hrs after TBI. Quantification of bile acid transporter, ASBT-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, revealed a significant decrease following TBI. These results are the first to show such changes following a TBI, and are compatible with previous studies of the bile acid system in stroke models. The data support the emerging idea of a systemic influence to neurological disorders and point to the need for future studies to better define specific mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Nizamutdinov
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Institute, Baylor Scott &White Health, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Sanjib Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Suzanne Zeitouni
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Paul Clint S Bricker
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Lee A Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Institute, Baylor Scott &White Health, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
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23
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Lénárt N, Brough D, Dénes Á. Inflammasomes link vascular disease with neuroinflammation and brain disorders. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1668-1685. [PMID: 27486046 PMCID: PMC5076791 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16662043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in neurological disorders is increasingly recognised. Inflammatory processes are associated with the aetiology and clinical progression of migraine, psychiatric conditions, epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases, dementia and neurodegeneration, such as seen in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. Both central and systemic inflammatory actions have been linked with the development of brain diseases, suggesting that complex neuro-immune interactions could contribute to pathological changes in the brain across multiple temporal and spatial scales. However, the mechanisms through which inflammation impacts on neurological disease are improperly defined. To develop effective therapeutic approaches, it is imperative to understand how detrimental inflammatory processes could be blocked selectively, or controlled for prolonged periods, without compromising essential immune defence mechanisms. Increasing evidence indicates that common risk factors for brain disorders, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, obesity or infection involve the activation of NLRP3, NLRP1, NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes, which are also associated with various neurological diseases. This review focuses on the mechanisms whereby inflammasomes, which integrate diverse inflammatory signals in response to pathogen-driven stimuli, tissue injury or metabolic alterations in multiple cell types and different organs of the body, could functionally link vascular- and neurological diseases and hence represent a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Brough
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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24
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Marshall JM. Major advances in physiology: celebrating a centenary of contributions by women. Introduction. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1389-91. [PMID: 26634984 DOI: 10.1113/ep085553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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