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Held S, Rappelt L, Rein R, Deutsch JP, Wiedenmann T, Donath L. Five-Week, Low-Intensity Blood Flow Restriction Rowing Improves V̇ o2 max in Elite Rowers. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e299-e303. [PMID: 38489574 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Held, S, Rappelt, L, Rein, R, Deutsch, J-P, Wiedenmann, T, and Donath, L. Five-week, low-intensity, blood flow restriction rowing improves V̇ o2 max in elite rowers. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e299-e303, 2024-This controlled intervention study examined the effects of low-intensity rowing with blood flow restriction (BFR) on maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ o2 max), peak power output during ramp testing (PPO), and 2000-m time trial performance (P2k). Eleven, highly elite, male rowers (22.1 ± 1.6 years; 92.6 ± 3.8 kg; 1.93 ± 0.04 m; 7.9. ± 2.2 years rowing experience; 20.4 ± 2.0 h·w -1 training volume; 11.9 ± 1.1 session per week) trained 5 weeks without BFR (Base) followed by a 5-week BFR intervention period. BFR of the lower limb was applied through customized elastic wraps. BFR took place 3 times a week (accumulated net pBFR: 60 min·wk -1 ; occlusion per session: 2 times 10 min·session -1 ) and was used exclusively at low intensities (<2 mmol·L -1 ). V̇ o2 max, PPO, and P2k were examined before, between, and after both intervention periods. Bayesian's credible intervals revealed relevantly increased V̇ o2 max +0.30 L·min -1 (95% credible interval: +0.00 to +0.61 L·min -1 ) adaptations through BFR. By contrast, PPO +14 W (-6 to +34 W) and P2k -5 W (-14 to +3 W) were not noticeably affected by the BFR intervention. This study revealed that 15 sessions of BFR application with a cumulative total BFR load of 5 h over a 5-week macrocycle increased V̇ o2 max remarkably. Thus, pBFR might serve as a promising tool to improve aerobic capacity in highly trained elite rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Held
- Department of Sport and Management, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany; and
| | - Robert Rein
- Department of Exercise Training and Sports Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Deutsch
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Wiedenmann
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Pugh CF, Paton CD, Ferguson RA, Driller MW, Martyn Beaven C. Acute physiological responses of blood flow restriction between high-intensity interval repetitions in trained cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:777-787. [PMID: 38874956 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) is increasingly being used to enhance aerobic performance in endurance athletes. This study examined physiological responses to BFR applied in recovery phases within a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session in trained cyclists. Eleven competitive road cyclists (mean ± SD, age: 28 ± 7 years, body mass: 69 ± 6 kg, peak oxygen uptake: 65 ± 9 mL · kg-1 · min-1) completed two randomised crossover conditions: HIIT with (BFR) and without (CON) BFR applied during recovery phases. HIIT consisted of six 30-s cycling bouts at an intensity equivalent to 85% of maximal 30-s power (523 ± 93 W), interspersed with 4.5-min recovery. BFR (200 mmHg, 12 cm cuff width) was applied for 2-min in the early recovery phase between each interval. Pulmonary gas exchange (V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E), tissue oxygen saturation index (TSI), heart rate (HR), and serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration (VEGF) were measured. Compared to CON, BFR increased V̇CO2 and V̇E during work bouts (both p < 0.05, dz < 0.5), but there was no effect on V̇O2, TSI, or HR (p > 0.05). In early recovery, BFR decreased TSI, V̇O2, V̇CO2, and V̇E (all p < 0.05, dz > 0.8) versus CON, with no change in HR (p > 0.05). In late recovery, when BFR was released, V̇O2, V̇CO2, V̇E, and HR increased, but TSI decreased versus CON (all p < 0.05, dz > 0.8). There was a greater increase in VEGF at 3-h post-exercise in BFR compared to CON (p < 0.05, dz > 0.8). Incorporating BFR into HIIT recovery phases altered physiological responses compared to exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Pugh
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Carl D Paton
- School of Health and Sport Science, Te Pukenga, The Eastern Institute of Technology, Napier, New Zealand
| | - Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew W Driller
- Sport, Performance and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Martyn Beaven
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Solsona R, Normand‐Gravier T, Borrani F, Bernardi H, Sanchez AMJ. DNA methylation changes during a sprint interval exercise performed under normobaric hypoxia or with blood flow restriction: A pilot study in men. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16044. [PMID: 38849292 PMCID: PMC11161272 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This crossover study evaluated DNA methylation changes in human salivary samples following single sprint interval training sessions performed in hypoxia, with blood flow restriction (BFR), or with gravity-induced BFR. Global DNA methylation levels were evaluated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes were used to determine the percentage methylation in a part of the promoter of the gene-inducible nitric oxide synthase (p-iNOS), as well as an enhancer (e-iNOS). Global methylation increased after exercise (p < 0.001; dz = 0.50). A tendency was observed for exercise × condition interaction (p = 0.070). Post hoc analyses revealed a significant increase in global methylation between pre- (7.2 ± 2.6%) and postexercise (10.7 ± 2.1%) with BFR (p = 0.025; dz = 0.69). Methylation of p-iNOS was unchanged (p > 0.05). Conversely, the methylation of e-iNOS increased from 0.6 ± 0.4% to 0.9 ± 0.8% after exercise (p = 0.025; dz = 0.41), independently of the condition (p > 0.05). Global methylation correlated with muscle oxygenation during exercise (r = 0.37, p = 0.042), while e-iNOS methylation showed an opposite association (r = -0.60, p = 0.025). Furthermore, p-iNOS methylation was linked to heart rate (r = 0.49, p = 0.028). Hence, a single sprint interval training increases global methylation in saliva, and adding BFR tends to increase it further. Lower muscle oxygenation is associated with augmented e-iNOS methylation. Finally, increased cardiovascular strain results in increased p-iNOS methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Institute of Sport SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR 4640University of Perpignan via Domitia, Faculty of Sports SciencesFont‐RomeuFrance
| | - Tom Normand‐Gravier
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR 4640University of Perpignan via Domitia, Faculty of Sports SciencesFont‐RomeuFrance
- DMEM, Université de Montpellier, INRAEMontpellierFrance
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Anthony M. J. Sanchez
- Institute of Sport SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR 4640University of Perpignan via Domitia, Faculty of Sports SciencesFont‐RomeuFrance
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Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Hiscock DJ, De Marco K, Scott BR. Repeated-Sprint Training With Blood-Flow Restriction Improves Repeated-Sprint Ability Similarly to Unrestricted Training at Reduced External Loads. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:257-264. [PMID: 38154016 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined performance and physiological adaptations following 3 weeks of repeated-sprint training (RST) with blood-flow restriction (BFR) or without (non-BFR). METHODS Twenty-six semiprofessional and amateur adult male team-sport players were assessed for repeated-sprint ability, anaerobic capacity, leg lean mass, neuromuscular function, and maximal aerobic capacity before and after RST. Participants completed 9 cycling RST sessions (3 sets of 5-7 × 5-s sprints, 25-s passive recovery, 3-min rest) over a 3-week period with BFR or non-BFR. RESULTS During RST sessions, the BFR group demonstrated lower mean power output compared with non-BFR (-14.5%; g = 1.48; P = .001). Significant improvements (P < .05) in mean and peak power output during repeated-sprint ability (+4.1%; g = 0.42, and + 2.2%; g = 0.25, respectively) and anaerobic capacity (+4.8%; g = 0.47, and + 4.7%; g = 0.32, respectively) tests, leg lean mass (+2.0%; g = 0.16), and peak aerobic power (+3.3%; g = 0.25) were observed from pretesting to posttesting without any between-groups differences. No significant changes (P > .05) were observed for maximal isometric voluntary contraction and maximal aerobic capacity. Peak rate of force development decreased (P = .003) in both groups following RST (-14.6%; g = 0.65), without any between-groups differences. CONCLUSIONS Repeated-sprint ability, anaerobic capacity, leg lean mass, and peak aerobic power improved following 3 weeks of RST; however, the addition of BFR did not further enhance adaptations. Interestingly, comparable improvements were achieved between groups despite lower external loads experienced during RST sessions with BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Mckee
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel J Hiscock
- Sport Department, Wesley College, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth,WA, Australia
| | - Kristen De Marco
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Solsona R, Dériaz R, Albert S, Chamoux M, Lloria-Varella J, Borrani F, Sanchez AMJ. Impact of systemic hypoxia and blood flow restriction on mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and neuromuscular responses to a multiple-set repeated sprint exercise. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1339284. [PMID: 38357500 PMCID: PMC10864669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1339284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Repeated sprint cycling exercises (RSE) performed under systemic normobaric hypoxia (HYP) or with blood flow restriction (BFR) are of growing interest. To the best of our knowledge, there is no stringent consensus on the cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses between systemic HYP and BFR during RSE. Thus, this study assessed cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses to multiple sets of RSE under HYP or with BFR. Methods: According to a crossover design, fifteen men completed RSE (three sets of five 10-s sprints with 20 s of recovery) in normoxia (NOR), HYP, and with bilaterally-cuffed BFR at 45% of resting arterial occlusive pressure during sets in NOR. Power output, cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses were assessed. Results: Average peak and mean powers were lower in BFR (dz = 0.87 and dz = 1.23, respectively) and HYP (dz = 0.65 and dz = 1.21, respectively) compared to NOR (p < 0.001). The percentage decrement of power output was greater in BFR (dz = 0.94) and HYP (dz = 0.64) compared to NOR (p < 0.001), as well as in BFR compared to NOR (p = 0.037, dz = 0.30). The percentage decrease of maximal voluntary contraction of the knee extensors after the session was greater in BFR compared to NOR and HYP (p = 0.011, dz = 0.78 and p = 0.027, dz = 0.75, respectively). Accumulated ventilation during exercise was higher in HYP and lower in BFR (p = 0.002, dz = 0.51, and p < 0.001, dz = 0.71, respectively). Peak oxygen consumption was reduced in HYP (p < 0.001, dz = 1.47). Heart rate was lower in BFR during exercise and recovery (p < 0.001, dz = 0.82 and p = 0.012, dz = 0.43, respectively). Finally, aerobic contribution was reduced in HYP compared to NOR (p = 0.002, dz = 0.46) and BFR (p = 0.005, dz = 0.33). Discussion: Thus, this study indicates that power output during RSE is impaired in HYP and BFR and that BFR amplifies neuromuscular fatigue. In contrast, HYP did not impair neuromuscular function but enhanced the ventilatory response along with reduced oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Roméo Dériaz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Simon Albert
- University of Rennes, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Rennes, France
| | - Maxime Chamoux
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Jaume Lloria-Varella
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony M. J. Sanchez
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne, Font-Romeu, France
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French C, Robbins D, Gernigon M, Gordon D. The effects of lower limb ischaemic preconditioning: a systematic review. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1323310. [PMID: 38274048 PMCID: PMC10808809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1323310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) involves the use of repeated occlusions and reperfusions of the peripheral muscle blood supply at a limb. This systematic literature review examines the typical responses in response to the method of application during an IPC applied at the lower limb. This review focuses on the physiological responses for VO2max, haemoglobin, metabolic and genetic responses to various IPC interventions. The literature search was performed using four databases and assessed using the PRISMA search strategy and COSMIN to assess the quality of the articles. Seventeen articles were included in the review, with a total of 237 participants. While there is variation in the method of application, the average occlusion pressure was 222 ± 34 mmHg, ranging from 170 to 300 mmHg typically for 3 or 4 occlusion cycles. The distribution of this pressure is influenced by cuff width, although 8 studies failed to report cuff width. The majority of studies applies IPC at the proximal thigh with 16/17 studies applying an occlusion below this location. The results highlighted the disparities and conflicting findings in response to various IPC methods. While there is some agreement in certain aspects of the IPC manoeuvre such as the location of the occlusion during lower limb IPC, there is a lack of consensus in the optimal protocol to elicit the desired responses. This offers the opportunity for future research to refine the protocols, associated responses, and mechanisms responsible for these changes during the application of IPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe French
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
- CIAMS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Dan Robbins
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Gernigon
- CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
- CIAMS, Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Dan Gordon
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Thompson KMA, Gamble ASD, Kontro H, Lee JB, Burr JF. Low- and high-volume blood-flow restriction treadmill walking both improve maximal aerobic capacity independently of blood volume. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14534. [PMID: 37961932 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM Assess the effect of low- and high-volume blood flow restriction training (BFR) on maximal aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and determine if alteration in VO2 max is mediated through changes in hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and blood volume. METHODS Participants' Hbmass (CO-rebreathe), single, and double-leg VO2 max and blood volume regulating hormonal responses (renin and copeptin) were measured before and after BFR training. Training consisted of treadmill walking either (1) twice-daily for 4week (CON and BFRHV ) or (2) twice-weekly for 6week (BFRLV ). Each session consisted of five intervals (3 min, 5% incline, 5 km/h, 100% of lowest occlusion pressure), with 1 min of standing rest between sets. RESULTS VO2 max increased using both training exposures, in as quickly as 2-weeks (BFRLV baseline to 4week: +315 ± 241 mL (8.7%), p = 0.02; BFRHV baseline to 2week: +360 ± 261 mL (7.9%), p < 0.01), for the BFRLV and BFRHV groups, with no change in CON. Single- and double-leg VO2 max improved proportionately (single/double-leg VO2 max ratio: BFRLV 78 ± 4.9-78 ± 5.8%, BFRHV 79 ± 6.5-77 ± 6.5%), suggesting that the mechanism for increased VO2 max is not solely limited to central or peripheral adaptations. Hbmass remained unchanged across groups (CON: +10.2 ± 34 g, BFRLV : +6.6 ± 42 g, BFRHV : +3.2 ± 44 g; p = 0.9), despite a significant release of blood volume regulating hormones after initial BFR exposure (renin +20.8 ± 21.9 ng/L, p < 0.01; copeptin +22.0 ± 23.8 pmol/L, p < 0.01), which was blunted following BFRHV training (renin: +13.4 ± 12.4 ng/L, p = 0.09; copeptin: +1.9 ± 1.7 pmol/L, p = 0.98). CONCLUSION BFR treadmill walking increases VO2 max irrespective of changes in Hbmass or blood volume despite a large release of blood volume regulating hormones in response to BFR treadmill walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M A Thompson
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A S D Gamble
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Kontro
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - J B Lee
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Li R, Chee CS, Kamalden TF, Ramli AS, Yang K. Effects of blood flow restriction training on sports performance in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:55-65. [PMID: 37902798 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is an effective training method to improve sports performance in healthy athletes. Nevertheless, a systematic review with meta-analysis regarding how BFRT affects sports performance in athletes is still lacking. Consequently, the study attempted to expand and consolidate the prior studies regarding the effect of BFRT on technical and physical performance in athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This study was based on PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) statement guidelines for a systematic review of the academic databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SportDiscus), and Google Scholar. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included publications, which ranged from moderate to high quality. The systematic review protocol was registered on inplasy.com (INPLASY202380049). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Out of 249 studies identified, 93 articles were evaluated as eligible, and after the screening, 18 studies were finally included in this systematic review. Meta-analysis results showed a significant enhancement on vertical jump height in the BFRT group compared to the control group (SMD=1.39, 95% CI=0.30-2.49, P=0.01). BFRT was able to significantly increase maximal oxygen uptake (SMD=1.65, 95% CI=0.56-2.74, P<0.01). While no significant improvement in sprint time was observed (SMD= -0.18, 95% CI=-1.18-0.82, P=0.115). CONCLUSIONS The finding suggests that BFRT is beneficial to athletes as this training method can be effective in enhancing physical and technical performance in athletes. Nevertheless, further analysis needs to be conducted to fully determine the effectiveness of the moderators of the intervention on sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen S Chee
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia -
| | - Tengku F Kamalden
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alif S Ramli
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Putra Malaysia University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Scott BR, Girard O, Rolnick N, McKee JR, Goods PSR. An Updated Panorama of Blood-Flow-Restriction Methods. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1461-1465. [PMID: 37777193 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise with blood-flow restriction (BFR) is being increasingly used by practitioners working with athletic and clinical populations alike. Most early research combined BFR with low-load resistance training and consistently reported increased muscle size and strength without requiring the heavier loads that are traditionally used for unrestricted resistance training. However, this field has evolved with several different active and passive BFR methods emerging in recent research. PURPOSE This commentary aims to synthesize the evolving BFR methods for cohorts ranging from healthy athletes to clinical or load-compromised populations. In addition, real-world considerations for practitioners are highlighted, along with areas requiring further research. CONCLUSIONS The BFR literature now incorporates several active and passive methods, reflecting a growing implementation of BFR in sport and allied health fields. In addition to low-load resistance training, BFR is being combined with high-load resistance exercise, aerobic and anaerobic energy systems training of varying intensities, and sport-specific activities. BFR is also being applied passively in the absence of physical activity during periods of muscle disuse or rehabilitation or prior to exercise as a preconditioning or performance-enhancement technique. These various methods have been reported to improve muscular development; cardiorespiratory fitness; functional capacities; tendon, bone, and vascular adaptations; and physical and sport-specific performance and to reduce pain sensations. However, in emerging BFR fields, many unanswered questions remain to refine best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - James R McKee
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paul S R Goods
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Davids CJ, Roberts LA, Bjørnsen T, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Raastad T. Where Does Blood Flow Restriction Fit in the Toolbox of Athletic Development? A Narrative Review of the Proposed Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Sports Med 2023; 53:2077-2093. [PMID: 37578669 PMCID: PMC10587223 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow-restricted exercise is currently used as a low-intensity time-efficient approach to reap many of the benefits of typical high-intensity training. Evidence continues to lend support to the notion that even highly trained individuals, such as athletes, still benefit from this mode of training. Both resistance and endurance exercise may be combined with blood flow restriction to provide a spectrum of adaptations in skeletal muscle, spanning from myofibrillar to mitochondrial adjustments. Such diverse adaptations would benefit both muscular strength and endurance qualities concurrently, which are demanded in athletic performance, most notably in team sports. Moreover, recent work indicates that when traditional high-load resistance training is supplemented with low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise, either in the same session or as a separate training block in a periodised programme, a synergistic and complementary effect on training adaptations may occur. Transient reductions in mechanical loading of tissues afforded by low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise may also serve a purpose during de-loading, tapering or rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injury. This narrative review aims to expand on the current scientific and practical understanding of how blood flow restriction methods may be applied by coaches and practitioners to enhance current athletic development models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Davids
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Truls Raastad
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Xiaolin W, Xin-Min Q, Shuyu J, Delong D. Effects of Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction on Explosive Power of Lower Limbs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:259-268. [PMID: 38053964 PMCID: PMC10694717 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/168308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare changes in explosive power between blood flow restriction training and traditional resistance training protocols. Searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and OVID Medline were conducted for studies. Inclusion criteria were: (a) healthy people; (b) randomized controlled or controlled trials; (c) outcome measures of explosive performance (peak power, rate of force development, jump performance, sprint performance, etc.); (d) involving a comparison between blood flow restriction training and traditional resistance training. Quality assessment was conducted using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. A total of 12 studies (262 subjects) were finally included for analysis. The PEDro scale score had a median of 5 of 10 points (range: 3-6 points). Significant small to moderate improvements were observed in blood flow restriction training [jump: standard mean difference (SMD) of 0.36 (95% CI: 0.02; 0.69); sprint: SMD of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.00; 1.07); power: SMD of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.17; 1.27)] when compared to traditional resistance training. The findings indicate that blood flow restriction training is more effective in improving explosive power of lower limbs compared to traditional resistance training in healthy people. In addition, blood flow restriction with a wide cuff (≥ 10 cm) during training improved explosive power better than with a narrow cuff or during the rest interval. Blood flow restriction training is very suitable for athletes in short competitive seasons and those who are not able to tolerate high loads (i.e., rehabilitators and the elderly).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Xiaolin
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Qin Xin-Min
- Department of Smart Health Science and Technology Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Department of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ji Shuyu
- School of Teacher Education, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong Delong
- Department of Physical Education, Ludong University, Shandong, China
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12
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Wizenberg AM, Gonzalez-Rojas D, Rivera PM, Proppe CE, Laurel KP, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Billaut F, Keller JL, Hill EC. Acute Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction on Sprint Interval Performance and Muscle Oxygen Responses. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e546-e554. [PMID: 37639655 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Wizenberg, AM, Gonzalez-Rojas, D, Rivera, PM, Proppe, CE, Laurel, KP, Stout, JR, Fukuda, DH, Billaut, F, Keller, JL, and Hill, EC. Acute effects of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction on sprint interval performance and muscle oxygen responses. J Strength Cond Res 37(10): e546-e554, 2023-This investigation aimed to examine the acute effects of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (CBFR and IBFR, respectively) during sprint interval training (SIT) on muscle oxygenation, sprint performance, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Fifteen men (22.6 ± 2.4 years; 176 ± 6.3 cm; 80.0 ± 12.6 kg) completed in random order a SIT session with CBFR, IBFR (applied during rest), and no blood flow restriction (NoBFR). Each SIT session consisted of two 30-second all-out sprint tests separated by 2 minutes. Peak power (PP), total work (TW), sprint decrement score (S dec ), RPE, and muscle oxygenation were measured during each sprint. A p value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. PP decreased to a greater extent from sprint 1 to sprint 2 during CBFR (25.5 ± 11.9%) and IBFR (23.4 ± 9.3%) compared with NoBFR (13.4 ± 8.6%). TW was reduced similarly (17,835.6 ± 966.2 to 12,687.2 ± 675.2 J) from sprint 1 to sprint 2 for all 3 conditions, but TW was lower (collapsed across time) for CBFR (14,320.7 ± 769.1 J) than IBFR (15,548.0 ± 840.5 J) and NoBFR (15,915.4 ± 771.5 J). There were no differences in S dec (84.3 ± 1.7%, 86.1 ± 1.5%, and 87.2 ± 1.1% for CBFR, IBFR, and NoBFR, respectively) or RPE, which increased from sprint 1 (8.5 ± 0.3) to sprint 2 (9.7 ± 0.1). Collective muscle oxygenation responses increased across time and were similar among conditions, whereas increases in deoxy[heme] and total[heme] were greatest for CBFR. Applying BFR during SIT induced greater decrements in PP, and CBFR resulted in greater decrements in work across repeated sprints. The larger increases in deoxy[heme] and total[heme] for CBFR suggested it may induce greater metabolite accumulation than IBFR and NoBFR when combined with SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Wizenberg
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David Gonzalez-Rojas
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Paola M Rivera
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Christopher E Proppe
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kaliegh P Laurel
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jeffery R Stout
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David H Fukuda
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | | | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; and
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Florida Space Institute, Partnership I, Research Parkway, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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13
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Papoti M, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA. Inter-effort recovery hypoxia: a new paradigm in sport science? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001520. [PMID: 37780131 PMCID: PMC10533790 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a popular method for optimising sports performance and, more recently, improving health-related parameters. The inclusion of hypoxia during HIIT can promote additional gains compared with normoxia. However, reductions in the effort intensities compared with the same training performed in normoxia have been reported. Studies have reported that adding hypoxia during periods of inter-effort recovery (IEH) enables maintenance of the intensity of efforts. It also promotes additional gains from exposure to hypoxia. Our call is for researchers to consider IEH in experiments involving different models of HIIT. Additionally, we consider the need to answer the following questions: What is the clinically relevant minimum dose of exposure to hypoxia during the recovery periods between efforts so that favourable adaptations of parameters are associated with health and sports performance? How does the intensity of exertion influence the responses to hypoxia exposure during recovery periods? What are the chronic effects of different models of HIIT and hypoxia recovery on sports performance?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Maga M, Wachsmann-Maga A, Batko K, Włodarczyk A, Kłapacz P, Krężel J, Szopa N, Sliwka A. Impact of Blood-Flow-Restricted Training on Arterial Functions and Angiogenesis-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1601. [PMID: 37371696 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite growing evidence of the significant influence of blood-flow-restricted (BFR) training on different body functions, its impact on the vascular system, especially the arteries, is controversial. Therefore, the objective of our study was to analyze how BFR exercise, compared to other types of exercise without the restriction of blood flow, influences arterial functions and angiogenesis in adults. Studies comparing the effect of BFR versus non-BFR training on arterial parameters were divided into three categories: endothelial function, angiogenesis, and other vasculature functions. The search was based on Cochrane Library, PubMed®, and Embase, and 38 studies were included. The meta-analysis revealed a more significant improvement in flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (p = 0.002) and the production of the primary angiogenesis biomarker vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p = 0.009) after BFR compared to non-BFR training (p = 0.002). The analysis of the pulse wave velocity, ankle-brachial index, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate did not show significant differences in changes between BFR and non-BFR training. The other parameters examined did not have sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis. The results obtained present trends that suggest significant impacts of BFR training on endothelial functions and angiogenesis. There is still a lack of multicenter randomized clinical trials including many participants, and such studies are necessary to confirm the advantage of BFR over non-BFR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Maga
- Department of Rehabilitation in Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
- Clinical Department of Angiology, University Hospital in Krakow, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wachsmann-Maga
- Clinical Department of Angiology, University Hospital in Krakow, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Angiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Batko
- Department of Research and Design, Medicine Economy Law Society (MELS) Foundation, 30-040 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Włodarczyk
- Department of Angiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Kłapacz
- Clinical Department of Angiology, University Hospital in Krakow, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Angiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Krężel
- Clinical Department of Angiology, University Hospital in Krakow, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Szopa
- Department of Angiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sliwka
- Department of Rehabilitation in Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
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15
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Wang A, Brothers RM, Hurr C. Application of blood flow restriction in hypoxic environment augments muscle deoxygenation without compromising repeated sprint exercise performance. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:728-739. [PMID: 36934386 PMCID: PMC10988449 DOI: 10.1113/ep091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does applying blood flow restriction during the rest periods of repeated sprint exercise in a hypoxic environment lead to greater local hypoxia within exercising muscles without compromising training workload? What is the main finding and its importance? Repeated sprint exercise with blood flow restriction administered during rest periods under systemic hypoxia led to severe local hypoxia within the exercised muscles without a reduction in power output. The maintained power output might be due to elevated neuromuscular activation. Accordingly, the proposed repeated sprint exercise in the current study may be an effective training modality. ABSTRACT Repeated sprint exercise (RSE) is a popular training modality for a wide variety of athletic activities. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined effects of systemic hypoxia and blood flow restriction (BFR) on muscle deoxygenation and RSE performance. Twelve healthy young men performed a standard RSE training modality (five sets of 10 s maximal sprint with a 60 s rest) under four different conditions: (1) normoxic control (NC), normoxia (N, 20.9%) + control BFR (C, 0 mmHg); (2) normoxic BFR (NB), normoxia (N, 20.9%) + BFR (B, 140 mmHg); (3) hypoxic control (HC), hypoxia (H, 13.7%) + control BFR (C, 0 mmHg); and (4) hypoxic BFR (HB): hypoxia (H, 13.7%) + BFR (B, 140 mmHg). BFR was only administered during the rest period of the respective RSE trials. In the local exercising muscles, muscle oxygen saturation (Sm O 2 $\textit{Sm}{O}_{2}$ ) and neuromuscular activity were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy and surface electromyography, respectively. SmO2 was lower in systemic hypoxia conditions relative to normoxia conditions (P < 0.05). A rther decrease in SmO2 was observed in HB relative to HC (Set 1: HC 70.0 ± 17.5 vs. HB 57.4 ± 11.3%, P = 0.001; Set 4: HC 67.5 ± 14.6 vs. HB 57.0 ± 12.0%, P = 0.013; Set 5: HC 61.0 ± 15.3 vs. HB 47.7 ± 11.9%, P < 0.001). No differences in RSE performance were observed between any of the conditions (P > 0.05). Interestingly, an elevated neuromuscular activity was seen in response to the BFR, particularly during conditions of systemic hypoxia (P < 0.05). Thus, RSE with BFR administered during rest periods under systemic hypoxia led to severe local hypoxia without compromising training workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie Wang
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, College of EducationJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuSouth Korea
| | - R. Matthew Brothers
- Integrative Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of KinesiologyCollege of Nursing and Health InnovationUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, College of EducationJeonbuk National UniversityJeonjuSouth Korea
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16
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McClean ZJ, Young A, Pohl AJ, Fine NM, Burr JF, MacInnis M, Aboodarda SJ. Blood flow restriction during high-intensity interval cycling exacerbates psychophysiological responses to a greater extent in females than males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:596-609. [PMID: 36701480 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00567.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with superimposed blood flow restriction in males and females. Twenty-four, healthy individuals (n = 12 females) completed two cycling HIIT protocols to task failure (1-min work phases at 90% of peak power output interspersed by 1-min rest phases). The blood flow restriction (BFR) and control (CON) protocols were identical except for the presence and absence of BFR during rest phases, respectively. The interpolated twitch technique, including maximal voluntary isometric knee extension (MVC) and femoral nerve electrical stimuli, was performed at baseline, every six intervals, and task failure. Perceptual and cardiorespiratory responses were recorded every three intervals and continuously during exercise, respectively. Bayesian inference was used to obtain the joint posterior distribution for all parameters and evidence of an effect was determined via the marginal posterior probability (PP). The BFR shortened task duration by 57.3% compared with CON (PP > 0.99), without a sex difference. The application of BFR exacerbated the rate of decline in neuromuscular measures (MVC and twitch force output), increase of perceptual responses (perceived effort, pain, dyspnea, fatigue), and development of cardiorespiratory parameters (minute ventilation and heart rate), compared with CON (PP > 0.95). In addition, BFR exacerbated the neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory responses to a greater extent in females than males (PP > 0.99). Our results suggest that superimposition of blood flow restriction exacerbates psychophysiological responses to a HIIT protocol to a greater extent in females than males.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, no study has explored sex differences in the neuromuscular, perceptual, and cardiorespiratory indices characterizing exercise tolerance during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with blood flow restriction (BFR) applied only during rest periods. Our results suggest that BFR elicited a decline in exercise performance that could be attributed to integration of psychophysiological responses. However, this integration was sex-dependent where females demonstrated an exacerbated rate of change in these responses compared with males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J McClean
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abbey Young
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Pohl
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nowell M Fine
- Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saied J Aboodarda
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Ross M, Kargl CK, Ferguson R, Gavin TP, Hellsten Y. Exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis: impact of age, sex, angiocrines and cellular mediators. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-022-05128-6. [PMID: 36715739 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis is a well-known physiological adaptation that occurs in humans in response to exercise training and can lead to endurance performance benefits, as well as improvements in cardiovascular and skeletal tissue health. An increase in capillary density in skeletal muscle improves diffusive oxygen exchange and waste extraction, and thus greater fatigue resistance, which has application to athletes but also to the general population. Exercise-induced angiogenesis can significantly contribute to improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic health, such as the increase in muscle glucose uptake, important for the prevention of diabetes. Recently, our understanding of the mechanisms by which angiogenesis occurs with exercise has grown substantially. This review will detail the biochemical, cellular and biomechanical signals for exercise-induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis, including recent work on extracellular vesicles and circulating angiogenic cells. In addition, the influence of age, sex, exercise intensity/duration, as well as recent observations with the use of blood flow restricted exercise, will also be discussed in detail. This review will provide academics and practitioners with mechanistic and applied evidence for optimising training interventions to promote physical performance through manipulating capillarisation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ross
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Christopher K Kargl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,Department of Health and Kinesiology, Max E. Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Richard Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Timothy P Gavin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Max E. Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Mckee JR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ, Scott BR. Repeated-Sprint Training With Blood Flow Restriction: A Novel Approach to Improve Repeated-Sprint Ability? Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Smith NDW, Scott BR, Girard O, Peiffer JJ. Aerobic Training With Blood Flow Restriction for Endurance Athletes: Potential Benefits and Considerations of Implementation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3541-3550. [PMID: 34175880 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Smith, NDW, Scott, BR, Girard, O, and Peiffer, JJ. Aerobic training with blood flow restriction for endurance athletes: potential benefits and considerations of implementation. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3541-3550, 2022-Low-intensity aerobic training with blood flow restriction (BFR) can improve maximal oxygen uptake, delay the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and may provide marginal benefits to economy of motion in untrained individuals. Such a training modality could also improve these physiological attributes in well-trained athletes. Indeed, aerobic BFR training could be beneficial for those recovering from injury, those who have limited time for training a specific physiological capacity, or as an adjunct training stimulus to provide variation in a program. However, similarly to endurance training without BFR, using aerobic BFR training to elicit physiological adaptations in endurance athletes will require additional considerations compared with nonendurance athletes. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the acute and chronic aspects of aerobic BFR exercise for well-trained endurance athletes and highlight considerations for its effective implementation. This review first highlights key physiological capacities of endurance performance. The acute and chronic responses to aerobic BFR exercise and their impact on performance are then discussed. Finally, considerations for prescribing and monitoring aerobic BFR exercise in trained endurance populations are addressed to challenge current views on how BFR exercise is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D W Smith
- Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Jeremiah J Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia ; and
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20
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Chua MT, Sim A, Burns SF. Acute and Chronic Effects of Blood Flow Restricted High-Intensity Interval Training: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:122. [PMID: 36178530 PMCID: PMC9525532 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The implementation of blood flow restriction (BFR) during exercise is becoming an increasingly useful adjunct method in both athletic and rehabilitative settings. Advantages in pairing BFR with training can be observed in two scenarios: (1) training at lower absolute intensities (e.g. walking) elicits adaptations akin to high-intensity sessions (e.g. running intervals); (2) when performing exercise at moderate to high intensities, higher physiological stimulus may be attained, leading to larger improvements in aerobic, anaerobic, and muscular parameters. The former has been well documented in recent systematic reviews, but consensus on BFR (concomitant or post-exercise) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols is not well established. Therefore, this systematic review evaluates the acute and chronic effects of BFR + HIIT. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. A systematic search on 1 February 2022, was conducted on four key databases: ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Quality of each individual study was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Extraction of data from included studies was conducted using an adapted version of the 'Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome' (PICO) framework. Results A total of 208 articles were identified, 18 of which met inclusion criteria. Of the 18 BFR + HIIT studies (244 subjects), 1 reported both acute and chronic effects, 5 examined acute responses and 12 investigated chronic effects. Acutely, BFR challenges the metabolic processes (vascular and oxygenation responses) during high-intensity repeated sprint exercise—which accelerates central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue mechanisms resulting in performance impairments. Analysis of the literature exploring the chronic effects of BFR + HIIT suggests that BFR does provide an additive physiological training stimulus to HIIT protocols, especially for measured aerobic, muscular, and, to some extent, anaerobic parameters. Conclusion Presently, it appears that the addition of BFR into HIIT enhances physiological improvements in aerobic, muscular, and, to some extent, anaerobic performance. However due to large variability in permutations of BFR + HIIT methodologies, it is necessary for future research to explore and recommend standardised BFR guidelines for each HIIT exercise type.
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21
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Fostiak K, Bichowska M, Trybulski R, Trabka B, Krzysztofik M, Rolnick N, Filip-Stachnik A, Wilk M. Acute Effects of Ischemic Intra-Conditioning on 30 m Sprint Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12633. [PMID: 36231933 PMCID: PMC9566271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ischemic intra-conditioning applied during rest intervals on 30 m sprint performance. Thirty-four trained male (n = 12) and female (n = 22) track and field and rugby athletes volunteered to participate in the study (age = 19.6 ± 4 years; training experience = 5.3 ± 1.9 years). In a randomized and counterbalanced order, participants performed six sets of 30 m sprints under three different testing conditions: without ischemic intra-conditioning, and with ischemic intra-conditioning at 60% or 80% arterial occlusion pressure applied bilaterally before the first trial of the sprint and during the rest periods between all sprint trials. During experimental sessions, subjects perform 6 × 30 m sprints with a 7 min rest interval between attempts. The cuffs were applied following a 1 min rest period and lasted for 5 min before being released at the 6th minute to allow for reperfusion (1 min + 5 min ischemic intra-conditioning + 1 min reperfusion). The two-way repeated measures ANOVA did not show statistically significant condition × set interaction for time of the sprint (p = 0.06; η2 = 0.05). There was also no main effect of ischemic intra-conditioning for any condition (p = 0.190; η2 = 0.05). This study indicates that ischemic intra-conditioning did not enhance the performance of 30 m sprints performed by athletes. However, ischemic intra-conditioning did not decrease performance either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Fostiak
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Bichowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Provita Zory Medical Center, 44-240 Zory, Poland
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trabka
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 500 05 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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22
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Liu Y, Christensen PM, Hellsten Y, Gliemann L. Effects of Exercise Training Intensity and Duration on Skeletal Muscle Capillarization in Healthy Subjects: A Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1714-1728. [PMID: 35522254 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of intensity and duration of continuous and interval exercise training on capillarization in skeletal muscle of healthy adults. METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception to June 2021. Eligibility criteria for studies were endurance exercise training >2 wk in healthy adults, and the capillary to fiber ratio (C:F) and/or capillary density (CD) reported. Meta-analyses were performed, and subsequent subgroup analyses were conducted by the characteristics of participants and training scheme. RESULTS Fifty-seven trials from 38 studies were included (10%/90%, athletic/sedentary). C:F was measured in 391 subjects from 47 trials, whereas CD was measured in 428 subjects from 50 trials. Exercise training increased C:F (mean difference, 0.33 (95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.37)) with low heterogeneity ( I2 = 45.08%) and CD (mean difference, 49.8 (36.9-62.6) capillaries per millimeter squared) with moderate heterogeneity ( I2 = 68.82%). Compared with low-intensity training (<50% of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O 2max )), 21% higher relative change in C:F was observed after continuous moderate-intensity training (50%-80% of V̇O 2max ) and 54% higher change after interval training with high intensity (80%-100% of V̇O 2max ) in sedentary subjects. The magnitude of capillary growth was not dependent on training intervention duration. In already trained subjects, no additional increase in capillarization was observed with various types of training. CONCLUSIONS In sedentary subjects, continuous moderate-intensity training and interval training with high intensity lead to increases in capillarization, whereas low-intensity training has less effect. Within the time frame studied, no effect on capillarization was established regarding training duration in sedentary subjects. The meta-analysis highlights the need for further studies in athlete groups to discern if increased capillarization can be obtained, and if so, which combination is optimal (time vs intensity).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ylva Hellsten
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK
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23
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Giovanna M, Solsona R, Sanchez AMJ, Borrani F. Effects of short-term repeated sprint training in hypoxia or with blood flow restriction on response to exercise. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:32. [PMID: 36057591 PMCID: PMC9440585 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study compared the effects of a brief repeated sprint training (RST) intervention performed with bilateral blood flow restriction (BFR) conditions in normoxia or conducted at high levels of hypoxia on response to exercise. Thirty-nine endurance-trained athletes completed six repeated sprints cycling sessions spread over 2 weeks consisting of four sets of five sprints (10-s maximal sprints with 20-s active recovery). Athletes were assigned to one of the four groups and subjected to a bilateral partial blood flow restriction (45% of arterial occlusion pressure) of the lower limbs during exercise (BFRG), during the recovery (BFRrG), exercised in a hypoxic room simulating hypoxia at FiO2 ≈ 13% (HG) or were not subjected to additional stress (CG). Peak aerobic power during an incremental test, exercise duration, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and accumulated oxygen uptake (VO2) during a supramaximal constant-intensity test were improved thanks to RST (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). No further effect was found on other variables including time-trial performance and parameters of the force-velocity relationship (p > 0.05). Thus, peak aerobic power, exercise duration, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and VO2 were improved during a supramaximal constant-intensity exercise after six RST sessions. However, combined hypoxic stress or partial BFR did not further increase peak aerobic power.
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24
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Zheng H, Liu J, Wei J, Chen H, Tang S, Zhou Z. The Influence on Post-Activation Potentiation Exerted by Different Degrees of Blood Flow Restriction and Multi-Levels of Activation Intensity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10597. [PMID: 36078311 PMCID: PMC9517872 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: To explore the influence on post-activation potentiation (PAP) when combining different degrees of blood flow restriction (BFR) with multi-levels of resistance training intensity of activation. (2) Purpose: To provide competitive athletes with a more efficient and feasible warm-up program. (3) Study Design: The same batch of subjects performed the vertical jump test of the warm-up procedure under different conditions, one traditional and six BFR procedures. (4) Methods: Participants performed seven counter movement jump (CMJ) tests in random order, including 90% one repetition maximum (1RM) without BFR (CON), and three levels of BFR (30%, 50%, 70%) combined with (30% and 50% 1RM) (BFR-30-30, BFR-30-50, BFR-50-30, BFR-50-50, BFR-70-30 and BFR-70-50). Jump height (H), mean power output (P), peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and the mean rate of force development (RFD) were recorded and measured. (5) Results: Significantly increasing results were observed in: jump height: CON (8 min), BFR-30-30 (0, 4 min), BFR-30-50 (4, 8 min), BFR-50-30 (8 min), BFR-50-50 (4, 8 min), BFR-70-30 (8 min), (p < 0.05); and power output: CON (8 min), BFR-30-30 (0, 4 min), BFR-30-50 (4 min), BFR-50-30 (8 min), BFR-50-50 (4, 8 min) (p < 0.05); vGRF: CON (8 min), BFR-30-30 (0, 4 min), BFR-30-50 (4, 8 min), BFR-50-30 (4 min), BFR-50-50 (4, 8 min) (p < 0.05); RFD: CON (8 min), BFR-30-30 (0, 4 min), BFR-30-50 (4 min), BFR-50-30 (4 min), BFR-50-50 (4 min) (p < 0.05). (5) Conclusions: low to moderate degrees of BFR procedures produced a similar PAP to traditional activation. Additionally, BFR-30-30, BFR-30-50, and BFR-50-50 were longer at PAP duration in comparison with CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zheng
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Strength and Conditioning, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Sports and Health Management, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Shan Tang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhexiao Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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25
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Pedon WR, Lima FV, Cipriano G, da Silva WA, Fernandes MVS, Gomes NS, Chiappa AMG, Pena de Sousa R, Pereira da Silva ME, Chiappa GR. Acute hemodynamic responses from Low- load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction in young and older individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Trials. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:396-412. [PMID: 35808940 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the existing evidence on the acute response of low-load (LL) resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) on hemodynamic parameters. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE (via Scopus), SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, and MedRxiv databases were searched from inception to February 2022. REVIEW METHODS Cross-over trials investigating the acute effect of LLRE+BFR vs. passive (no exercise) and active control methods (LLRE or HLRE) on heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean (MBP) blood pressure responses. RESULTS The quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale, risk of bias using the RoB 2.0 tool for cross-over trials, and certainty of the evidence using the GRADE method. A total of 15 randomized cross-over studies with 466 participants were eligible for analyses. Our data showed that LLRE+BFR increases all hemodynamic parameters compared to passive control, but not compared to conventional resistance exercise. Subgroup analysis did not demonstrate any differences between LLRE+BFR and low- (LL) or high-load (HL) resistance exercise protocols. Studies including younger volunteers presented higher chronotropic responses (HR) than those with older volunteers. CONCLUSIONS Despite causing notable hemodynamic responses compared to no exercise, the short-term low-load resistance exercise with BFR modulates all hemodynamic parameters HR, SBP, DBP, and MBP, similarly to a conventional resistance exercise protocol, whether at low or high-intensity. The chronotropic response is slightly higher in younger healthy individuals despite the similarity regarding pressure parameters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Pedon
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | | | | | - Weder A da Silva
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | - Marcos V S Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | - Natalia S Gomes
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Pena de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
| | | | - Gaspar R Chiappa
- Graduate Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation of Evangelical University of Goias, Brazil
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26
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Ienaga K, Yamaguchi K, Ota N, Goto K. Augmented muscle deoxygenation during repeated sprint exercise with post-exercise blood flow restriction. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15294. [PMID: 35586958 PMCID: PMC9117971 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) during low-intensity exercise has been known to be a potent procedure to alter metabolic and oxygen environments in working muscles. Moreover, the use of BFR during inter-set rest periods of repeated sprint exercise has been recently suggested to be a potent procedure for improving training adaptations. The present study was designed to determine the effect of repeated sprint exercise with post-exercise BFR (BFR during rest periods between sprints) on muscle oxygenation in working muscles. Eleven healthy males performed two different conditions on different days: either repeated sprint exercise with BFR during rest periods between sets (BFR condition) or without BFR (CON condition). A repeated sprint exercise consisted of three sets of 3 × 6-s maximal sprints (pedaling) with 24s rest periods between sprints and 5 min rest periods between sets. In BFR condition, two min of BFR (100-120 mmHg) for both legs was conducted between sets. During the exercise, power output and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) were evaluated. Muscle oxygenation for the vastus lateralis muscle, exercise-induced changes in muscle blood flow, and muscle oxygen consumption were measured. During BFR between sets, BFR condition presented significantly higher deoxygenated hemoglobin + myoglobin (p < 0.01) and lower tissue saturation index (p < 0.01) than those in CON condition. However, exercise-induced blood lactate elevation and reduction of blood pH did not differ significantly between the conditions. Furthermore, power output throughout nine sprints did not differ significantly between the two conditions. In conclusion, repeated sprint exercise with post-exercise BFR augmented muscle deoxygenation and local hypoxia, without interfering power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ienaga
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Naoki Ota
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
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27
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Silva JCG, Freitas EDS, Aniceto RR, Silva KF, Araújo JP, Bembem MG, Batista GR, Sousa MSC. Aerobic exercise with blood flow restriction: energy expenditure, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, and respiratory exchange ratio. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:241-249. [PMID: 35357762 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) to high-intensity aerobic exercise on energy expenditure (EE), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during and after exercise. Twenty-two recreationally active males randomly completed the following experimental conditions: AE - aerobic exercise without BFR, AE+BFR - aerobic exercise with BFR, HIAE - high-intensity aerobic exercise, CON - non-exercise control condition. EE was significantly (p<0.05) greater during exercise for HIAE compared to all conditions, and for AE+BFR compared to AE and CON during and post-exercise exercise. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in EPOC between HIAE and AE+BFR at any time point, however, both conditions were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the AE (d = 1.50 and d = 1.03, respectively) and CON at the first 10 minutes post-exercise. RER during exercise for HIAE was significantly (p<0.05) greater than AE+BFR at the first 6 minutes of exercise (p = 0.003, d = 0.88), however, no significant differences were observed from 9 min up to the end of the exercise. HIAE was also significantly (p<0.05) greater than AE and CON at all time points during exercise, whereas, AE+BFR was significantly (p<0.05) greater than CON at all time points but not significantly (p < 0.05) different than AE (p<0.05); although the overall session RER was significantly (p<0.05) greater during AE+BFR than AE. Altogether, continuous AE+BFR results in greater EE compared to volume matched AE, as well as a similar EPOC compared to HIAE. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C G Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Professional Master's in Family Health, Nursing and Medical Schools, Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Center for higher education and Development (CESED/UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo R Aniceto
- Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Currais Novos-RN, Brazil
| | - Kalinne F Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Joamira P Araújo
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Michael G Bembem
- Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Gilmário R Batista
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria S C Sousa
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in physical Education UPE-UFPB, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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28
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The Effect of Low-intensity Aerobic Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction on Maximal Strength, Muscle Mass, and Cycling Performance in a Cyclist with Knee Displacement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052993. [PMID: 35270686 PMCID: PMC8910006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity aerobic training combined with blood flow restriction (LI + BFR) has resulted in increases in aerobic and neuromuscular capacities in untrained individuals. This strategy may help cyclists incapable of training with high intensity bouts or during a rehabilitation program. However, there is a lack of evidence about the use of LI + BFR in injured trained cyclists. Thus, we investigated the effects of LI + BFR on aerobic capacity, maximal isometric strength, cross-sectional area of vastus lateralis (CSAVL), time to exhaustion test (TTE), and 20 km cycling time-trial performance (TT20 km) in a male cyclist with knee osteoarthritis (OA). After a 4-week control period, a 9-week (2 days/week) intervention period started. Pre- and post-intervention TT20 km, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), power output of the 1st and 2nd ventilatory thresholds (1st WVT and 2nd WVT), maximum power output (Wmax), TTE, muscle strength and CSAVL of both legs were measured. Training intensity was fixed at 30% of Wmax while the duration was progressively increased from 12 min to 24 min. There was a reduction in time to complete TT20 km (−1%) with increases in TT20 km mean power output (3.9%), VO2peak (11.4%), 2nd WVT (8.3%), Wmax (3.8%), TTE (15.5%), right and left legs maximal strength (1.3% and 8.5%, respectively) and CSAVL (3.3% and 3.7%, respectively). There was no alteration in 1st WVT. Based on the results, we suggest that LI + BFR may be a promising training strategy to improve the performance of knee-injured cyclists with knee OA.
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29
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Li S, Li S, Wang L, Quan H, Yu W, Li T, Li W. The Effect of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise on Angiogenesis-Related Factors in Skeletal Muscle Among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:814965. [PMID: 35250618 PMCID: PMC8892188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBlood flow restriction (BFR) exercise may be a potential exercise program to promote angiogenesis. This review aims to compare the effects of exercise with and without BFR on angiogenesis-related factors in skeletal muscle among healthy adults.MethodologySearches were made in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCO databases from January 2001 to June 2021. Studies were screened, quality was evaluated, and data were extracted. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021261367). Standardized mean differences (SMD) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγcoactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were analyzed using Revman 5.4 software with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI).ResultsTen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a total of 75 participants for BFR group and 77 for CON group. BFR exercise elicits greater expression of VEGF (heterogeneity test, P = 0.09, I2 = 44%; SMD, 0.93 [0.38, 1.48], P < 0.05), VEGFR-2 (heterogeneity test, P = 0.81, I2 = 0%; SMD, 0.64 [0.08, 1.21], P < 0.05), HIF-1α (heterogeneity test, P = 0.67, I2 = 0%; SMD, 0.43 [0.03, 0.82], P < 0.05), PGC-1α (heterogeneity test, P = 0.02, I2 = 54%; SMD, 0.74 [0.21, 1.28], P < 0.05) and eNOS (heterogeneity test, P = 0.88, I2 = 0%; SMD, 0.60 [0.04, 1.17], P < 0.05) mRNA than non-BFR exercise. In the sub-group analysis, resistance exercise with BFR elicits greater expression of VEGF (heterogeneity test, P = 0.36, I2 = 6%; SMD, 1.66 [0.97, 2.35], P < 0.05) and HIF-1α (heterogeneity test, P = 0.56, I2 = 0%; SMD, 0.51 [0.01, 1.02], P < 0.05) mRNA than aerobic exercise with BFR.ConclusionExercise with BFR elicited more angiogenesis-related factors mRNA expression than exercise without BFR, but not VEGF and PGC-1α protein expression. Therefore, BFR training may be a potential training program to improve vascular function.Systematic Review Registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42021261367].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoqi Li
- School of Health Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Institute of Sports Human Science, Ocean University of China, Shandong, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Institute of Sports Human Science, Ocean University of China, Shandong, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Helong Quan
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenbing Yu
- Institute of Sports Human Science, Ocean University of China, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
- Ting Li,
| | - Wei Li
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Li,
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30
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Solsona R, Berthelot H, Borrani F, Sanchez AMJ. Mechanical, Cardiorespiratory, and Muscular Oxygenation Responses to Sprint Interval Exercises Under Different Hypoxic Conditions in Healthy Moderately Trained Men. Front Physiol 2022; 12:773950. [PMID: 34975526 PMCID: PMC8716850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sprint interval exercises (SIT) conducted under different conditions (hypoxia and blood flow restriction [BFR]) on mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and muscular O2 extraction responses. Methods: For this purpose, 13 healthy moderately trained men completed five bouts of 30 s all-out exercises interspaced by 4 min resting periods with lower limb bilateral BFR at 60% of the femoral artery occlusive pressure (BFR60) during the first 2 min of recovery, with gravity-induced BFR (pedaling in supine position; G-BFR), in a hypoxic chamber (FiO2≈13%; HYP) or without additional stress (NOR). Peak and average power, time to achieve peak power, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and a fatigue index (FI) were analyzed. Gas exchanges and muscular oxygenation were measured by metabolic cart and NIRS, respectively. Heart rate (HR) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were continuously recorded. Results: Regarding mechanical responses, peak and average power decreased after each sprint (p < 0.001) excepting between sprints four and five. Time to reach peak power increased between the three first sprints and sprint number five (p < 0.001). RPE increased throughout the exercises (p < 0.001). Of note, peak and average power, time to achieve peak power and RPE were lower in G-BFR (p < 0.001). Results also showed that SpO2 decreased in the last sprints for all the conditions and was lower for HYP (p < 0.001). In addition, Δ[O2Hb] increased in the last two sprints (p < 0.001). Concerning cardiorespiratory parameters, BFR60 application induced a decrease in gas exchange rates, which increased after its release compared to the other conditions (p < 0.001). Moreover, muscle blood concentration was higher for BFR60 (p < 0.001). Importantly, average and peak oxygen consumption and muscular oxyhemoglobin availability during sprints decreased for HYP (p < 0.001). Finally, the tissue saturation index was lower in G-BFR. Conclusions: Thus, SIT associated with G-BFR displayed lower mechanical, cardiorespiratory responses, and skeletal muscle oxygenation than the other conditions. Exercise with BFR60 promotes higher blood accumulation within working muscles, suggesting that BFR60 may additionally affect cellular stress. In addition, HYP and G-BFR induced local hypoxia with higher levels for G-BFR when considering both exercise bouts and recovery periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR4640, Perpignan, France.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Berthelot
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony M J Sanchez
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR4640, Perpignan, France.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Silva JCG, Domingos-Gomes JR, Freitas EDS, Neto GR, Aniceto RR, Bemben MG, Lima-Dos-Santos A, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Aerobic Exercise With and Without Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2479-2485. [PMID: 31136546 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Silva, JCG, Domingos-Gomes, JR, Freitas, EDS, Neto, GR, Aniceto, RR, Bemben, MG, Lima-dos-Santos, A, and Cirilo-Sousa, MS. Physiological and perceptual responses to aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2479-2485, 2021-Although previous studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of aerobic exercise (AE) with blood flow restriction (BFR), these findings have been limited by the approaches used to determine the occlusive pressure. In addition, the physiological and perceptual responses of AE with BFR compared to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) remain unclear. Thus, we investigated the physiological and perceptual responses to AE with and without BFR, and HIIE. Twenty-two men were randomly assigned to 4 experimental conditions: AE (40% of maximal oxygen consumption [V˙o2peak]), AE with 50% of BFR (AE-BFR: 40% VV˙o2peak), HIIE (80% V˙o2peak), and a no exercise control condition (CON: 50% of BFR). Each exercise bout lasted 18 minutes, during which oxygen consumption (V˙o2), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at rest and at every 3 minutes during exercise. Ratings of discomfort before and after each trial. The HIIE condition induced the greatest increases in V˙o2 and HR (p < 0.05), whereas AE-BFR was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than AE and CON. HIIE and AE-BFR also elicited the greatest (p < 0.05), but similar (p > 0.05), increases in RPE during exercise, although AE-BFR was significantly greater than HIIE immediately after exercise (p < 0.05). AE-BFR and HIIE also induced similar levels of discomfort after exercise (p > 0.05). In conclusion, HIIE induced the greatest increases in V˙o2 and HR, although the perceptual responses were essentially the same compared with AE-BFR. However, albeit inferior to HIIE, V˙o2 was greater during AE-BFR compared with AE, indicating that this training method may be used to replace HIIE and still significantly elevate V˙o2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio C G Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Jarbas R Domingos-Gomes
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Eduardo D S Freitas
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Neuromuscular Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Gabriel R Neto
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Rodrigo R Aniceto
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Neuromuscular Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Adeilma Lima-Dos-Santos
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
| | - Maria S Cirilo-Sousa
- Department of Physical Education, Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba/University of Pernambuco, João Pessoa, Brazil ; and
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Kojima C, Yamaguchi K, Ito H, Kasai N, Girard O, Goto K. Acute Effect of Repeated Sprint Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction During Rest Periods on Muscle Oxygenation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665383. [PMID: 34393809 PMCID: PMC8358934 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to examine the effect of applying BFR during rest periods of repeated cycling sprints on muscle oxygenation. Methods Seven active males performed 5 × 10-s maximal pedaling efforts with 40-s passive rest, with or without BFR application during rest period. BFR was applied for 30 s between sprints (between 5 and 35 s into rest) through a pneumatic pressure cuff inflated at 140 mmHg. Vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation was monitored using near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, blood lactate concentration and heart rate were also evaluated. Results The BFR trial showed significantly lower oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and tissue saturation (StO2) levels than the CON trial (P < 0.05). However, power output and blood lactate concentration did not significantly differ between the two trials (P > 0.05). Conclusion Applying BFR during rest periods of repeated cycling sprints decreased muscle oxygenation of active musculature, without interfering with power output during sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawly, WA, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Rolnick N, Kimbrell K, Cerqueira MS, Weatherford B, Brandner C. Perceived Barriers to Blood Flow Restriction Training. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:697082. [PMID: 36188864 PMCID: PMC9397924 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.697082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is increasing in popularity in the fitness and rehabilitation settings due to its role in optimizing muscle mass and strength as well as cardiovascular capacity, function, and a host of other benefits. However, despite the interest in this area of research, there are likely some perceived barriers that practitioners must overcome to effectively implement this modality into practice. These barriers include determining BFR training pressures, access to appropriate BFR training technologies for relevant demographics based on the current evidence, a comprehensive and systematic approach to medical screening for safe practice and strategies to mitigate excessive perceptual demands of BFR training to foster long-term compliance. This manuscript attempts to discuss each of these barriers and provides evidence-based strategies and direction to guide clinical practice and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, Lehman College, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Rolnick
| | - Kyle Kimbrell
- Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mikhail Santos Cerqueira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
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Torma F, Gombos Z, Fridvalszki M, Langmar G, Tarcza Z, Merkely B, Naito H, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Takeda M, Murlasits Z, Osvath P, Radak Z. Blood flow restriction in human skeletal muscle during rest periods after high-load resistance training down-regulates miR-206 and induces Pax7. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:470-477. [PMID: 32813644 PMCID: PMC8343007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Blood flow restriction (BFR) with low-intensity resistance training has been shown to result in hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that BFR during the rest periods between acute, high-intensity resistance exercise sessions (70% of 1 repetition maximum, 7 sets with 10 repetitions) enhances the effects of the resistance training. METHODS A total of 7 healthy young men performed squats, and between sets BFR was carried out on one leg while the other leg served as a control. Because BFR was applied during rest periods, even severe occlusion pressure (approximately 230 mmHg), which almost completely blocked blood flow, was well-tolerated by the participants. Five muscle-specific microRNAs were measured from the biopsy samples, which were taken 2 h after the acute training. RESULTS Doppler data showed that the pattern of blood flow recovery changed significantly between the first and last BFR. microRNA-206 levels significantly decreased in the BFR leg compared to the control. The mRNA levels of RAC-β serine/threonine-protein kinase v22, nuclear respiratory factor 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70 genes (p < 0.05), and paired box 7 (p < 0.01) increased in the BFR leg. The protein levels of paired box 7, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α did not differ between the BFR leg and the control leg. CONCLUSION BFR, during the rest periods of high-load resistance training, could lead to mRNA elevation of those proteins that regulate angiogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and muscle hypertrophy and repair. However, BFR also can cause DNA damage, judging from the increase in mRNA levels of lupus Ku autoantigen protein p70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Torma
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Gombos
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Marcell Fridvalszki
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Gergely Langmar
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Tarcza
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Bela Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1122, Hungary
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Takeda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Zsolt Murlasits
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Peter Osvath
- Department of Health Sciences and Sport Medicine, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Center for Molecular Exercise Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest 1123, Hungary.
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Preobrazenski N, Islam H, Gurd BJ. Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis following blood flow-restricted aerobic exercise: a call to action. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1835-1847. [PMID: 33830325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow-restricted (BFR) exercise can induce training adaptations comparable to those observed following training in free flow conditions. However, little is known about the acute responses within skeletal muscle following BFR aerobic exercise (AE). Moreover, although preliminary evidence suggests chronic BFR AE may augment certain training adaptations in skeletal muscle mitochondria more than non-BFR AE, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this review, we summarise the acute BFR AE literature examining mitochondrial biogenic signalling pathways and provide insight into mechanisms linked to skeletal muscle remodelling following BFR AE. Specifically, we focus on signalling pathways potentially contributing to augmented peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) mRNA following work-rate-matched BFR AE compared with non-BFR AE. We present evidence suggesting reductions in muscle oxygenation during acute BFR AE lead to increased intracellular energetic stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and PGC-1α mRNA. In addition, we briefly discuss mitochondrial adaptations to BFR aerobic training, and we assess the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias assessment tool. We ultimately call for several straightforward modifications to help minimise bias in future BFR AE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Pignanelli C, Christiansen D, Burr JF. Blood flow restriction training and the high-performance athlete: science to application. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1163-1170. [PMID: 33600282 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00982.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of blood flow in conjunction with skeletal muscle contraction has greatly informed the physiological understanding of muscle fatigue, blood pressure reflexes, and metabolism in humans. Recent interest in using intentional blood flow restriction (BFR) has focused on elucidating how exercise during periods of reduced blood flow affects typical training adaptations. A large initial appeal for BFR training was driven by studies demonstrating rapid increases in muscle size, strength, and endurance capacity, even when notably low intensities and resistances, which would typically be incapable of stimulating change in healthy populations, were used. The incorporation of BFR exercise into the training of strength- and endurance-trained athletes has recently been shown to provide additive training effects that augment skeletal muscle and cardiovascular adaptations. Recent observations suggest BFR exercise alters acute physiological stressors such as local muscle oxygen availability and vascular shear stress, which may lead to adaptations that are not easily attained with conventional training. This review explores these concepts and summarizes both the evidence base and knowledge gaps regarding the application of BFR training for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pignanelli
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Ferguson RA, Mitchell EA, Taylor CW, Bishop DJ, Christiansen D. Blood-flow-restricted exercise: Strategies for enhancing muscle adaptation and performance in the endurance-trained athlete. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:837-860. [PMID: 33486814 DOI: 10.1113/ep089280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise represents a potential approach to augment the adaptive response to training and improve performance in endurance-trained individuals. What advances does it highlight? When combined with low-load resistance exercise, low- and moderate-intensity endurance exercise and sprint interval exercise, BFR can provide an augmented acute stimulus for angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. These augmented acute responses can translate into enhanced capillary supply and mitochondrial function, and subsequent endurance-type performance, although this might depend on the nature of the exercise stimulus. There is a requirement to clarify whether BFR training interventions can be used by high-performance endurance athletes within their structured training programme. ABSTRACT A key objective of the training programme for an endurance athlete is to optimize the underlying physiological determinants of performance. Training-induced adaptations are governed by physiological and metabolic stressors, which initiate transcriptional and translational signalling cascades to increase the abundance and/or function of proteins to improve physiological function. One important consideration is that training adaptations are reduced as training status increases, which is reflected at the molecular level as a blunting of the acute signalling response to exercise. This review examines blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise as a strategy for augmenting exercise-induced stressors and subsequent molecular signalling responses to enhance the physiological characteristics of the endurance athlete. Focus is placed on the processes of capillary growth and mitochondrial biogenesis. Recent evidence supports that BFR exercise presents an intensified training stimulus beyond that of performing the same exercise alone. We suggest that this has the potential to induce enhanced physiological adaptations, including increases in capillary supply and mitochondrial function, which can contribute to an improvement in performance of endurance exercise. There is, however, a lack of consensus regarding the potency of BFR training, which is invariably attributable to the different modes, intensities and durations of exercise and BFR methods. Further studies are needed to confirm its potential in the endurance-trained athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma A Mitchell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Conor W Taylor
- Ineos Grenadiers Cycling Team, Bollin House, Wilmslow, UK
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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38
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Rolnick N, Schoenfeld BJ. Can Blood Flow Restriction Used During Aerobic Training Enhance Body Composition in Physique Athletes? Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Cheng CF, Hsu WC, Kuo YH, Chen TW, Kuo YC. Acute effect of inspiratory resistive loading on sprint interval exercise performance in team-sport athletes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 282:103531. [PMID: 32827709 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined acute effects of inspiratory resistive loading (IRL) during rest intervals on sprint interval exercise (SIE) performance. In a randomized crossover design, nine collegiate basketball players performed IRL (15 cmH2O) or passive recovery (CON) at 5-min rest intervals during and immediately after 6 sets of a 30-s SIE test. Performance, muscular oxygenation of vastus lateralis, blood lactate and pH were measured at each condition. Blood lactate at 5-min (-20.5 %) and 20-min (-21.3 %) after SIE were significantly lower in IRL than in CON. The pH at 5-min after SIE was significantly higher in IRL than in CON (+0.8 %, p < 0.05). However, the total work in IRL was significantly lower than in CON (-2.7 %, p < 0.05). Average changes in total hemoglobin at rest intervals in IRL were significantly lower than in CON (-34.5 %, p < 0.05). The IRL could attenuate exercise-induced metabolic acidosis; however, the decreased blood flow at rest intervals might increase the physical challenge in SIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chieh Hsu
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wei Chen
- Physical Education Office, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Kuo
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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Paradis-Deschênes P, Joanisse DR, Mauriège P, Billaut F. Ischemic Preconditioning Enhances Aerobic Adaptations to Sprint-Interval Training in Athletes Without Altering Systemic Hypoxic Signaling and Immune Function. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:41. [PMID: 33345033 PMCID: PMC7739728 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing traditional training methods to elicit greater adaptations is paramount for athletes. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve maximal exercise capacity and up-regulate signaling pathways involved in physiological training adaptations. However, data on the chronic use of IPC are scarce and its impact on high-intensity training is still unknown. We investigated the benefits of adding IPC to sprint-interval training (SIT) on performance and physiological adaptations of endurance athletes. In a randomized controlled trial, athletes included eight SIT sessions in their training routine for 4 weeks, preceded by IPC (3 × 5 min ischemia/5 min reperfusion cycles at 220 mmHg, n = 11) or a placebo (20 mmHg, n = 9). Athletes were tested pre-, mid-, and post-training on a 30 s Wingate test, 5-km time trial (TT), and maximal incremental step test. Arterial O2 saturation, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, and quadriceps muscle oxygenation changes in total hemoglobin (Δ[THb]), deoxyhemoglobin (Δ[HHb]), and tissue saturation index (ΔTSI) were measured during exercise. Blood samples were taken pre- and post-training to determine blood markers of hypoxic response, lipid-lipoprotein profile, and immune function. Differences within and between groups were analyzed using Cohen's effect size (ES). Compared to PLA, IPC improved time to complete the TT (Mid vs. Post: -1.6%, Cohen's ES ± 90% confidence limits -0.24, -0.40;-0.07) and increased power output (Mid vs. Post: 4.0%, ES 0.20, 0.06;0.35), Δ[THb] (Mid vs. Post: 73.6%, ES 0.70, -0.15;1.54, Pre vs. Post: 68.5%, ES 0.69, -0.05;1.43), Δ[HHb] (Pre vs. Post: 12.7%, ES 0.24, -0.11;0.59) and heart rate (Pre vs. Post: 1.4%, ES 0.21, -0.13;0.55, Mid vs. Post: 1.6%, ES 0.25, -0.09;0.60). IPC also attenuated the fatigue index in the Wingate test (Mid vs. Post: -8.4%, ES -0.37, -0.79;0.05). VO2peak and maximal aerobic power remained unchanged in both groups. Changes in blood markers of the hypoxic response, vasodilation, and angiogenesis remained within the normal clinical range in both groups. We concluded that IPC combined with SIT induces greater adaptations in cycling endurance performance that may be related to muscle perfusion and metabolic changes. The absence of elevated markers of immune function suggests that chronic IPC is devoid of deleterious effects in athletes, and is thus a safe and potent ergogenic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Paradis-Deschênes
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis R. Joanisse
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pascale Mauriège
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
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Corvino RB, Oliveira MFM, Denadai BS, Rossiter HB, Caputo F. Speeding of oxygen uptake kinetics is not different following low-intensity blood-flow-restricted and high-intensity interval training. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1858-1867. [PMID: 31613029 DOI: 10.1113/ep087727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can interval blood-flow-restricted (BFR) cycling training, undertaken at a low intensity, promote a similar adaptation to oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 ) kinetics to high-intensity interval training? What is the main finding and its importance? Speeding of pulmonary V ̇ O 2 on-kinetics in healthy young subjects was not different between low-intensity interval BFR training and traditional high-intensity interval training. Given that very low workloads are well tolerated during BFR cycle training and speed V ̇ O 2 on-kinetics, this training method could be used when high mechanical loads are contraindicated. ABSTRACT Low-intensity blood-flow-restricted (BFR) endurance training is effective to increase aerobic capacity. Whether it speeds pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 p ), CO2 output ( V ̇ C O 2 p ) and ventilatory ( V ̇ Ep ) kinetics has not been examined. We hypothesized that low-intensity BFR training would reduce the phase 2 time constant (τp ) of V ̇ O 2 p , V ̇ C O 2 p and V ̇ Ep by a similar magnitude to traditional high-intensity interval training (HIT). Low-intensity interval training with BFR served as a control. Twenty-four participants (25 ± 6 years old; maximal V ̇ O 2 46 ± 6 ml kg-1 min-1 ) were assigned to one of the following: low-intensity BFR interval training (BFR; n = 8); low-intensity interval training without BFR (LOW; n = 7); or high-intensity interval training without BFR (HIT; n = 9). Training was 12 sessions of two sets of five to eight × 2 min cycling and 1 min resting intervals. LOW and BFR were conducted at 30% of peak incremental power (Ppeak ), and HIT was at ∼103% Ppeak . For BFR, cuffs were inflated on both thighs (140-200 mmHg) during exercise and deflated during rest intervals. Six moderate-intensity step transitions (30% Ppeak ) were averaged for analysis of pulmonary on-kinetics. Both BFR (pre- versus post-training τp = 18.3 ± 3.2 versus 14.5 ± 3.4 s; effect size = 1.14) and HIT (τp = 20.3 ± 4.0 versus 13.1 ± 2.9 s; effect size = 1.75) reduced the V ̇ O 2 p τp (P < 0.05). As expected, there was no change in LOW ( V ̇ O 2 p τp = 17.9 ± 6.2 versus 17.7 ± 4.3 s; P = 0.9). The kinetics of V ̇ C O 2 p and V ̇ Ep were speeded only after HIT (38.5 ± 10.6%, P < 0.001 and 31.2 ± 24.7%, P = 0.004, respectively). Both HIT and low-intensity BFR training were effective in speeding moderate-intensity V ̇ O 2 p kinetics. These data support the findings of others that low-intensity cycling training with BFR increases muscle oxidative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério B Corvino
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Mariana F M Oliveira
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of the State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of the State of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil.,Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Harry B Rossiter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Center at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Fabrizio Caputo
- Human Performance Research Group, Center for Health and Exercise Science, Santa Catarina State University, Florianopolis, Brazil
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42
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Silva JCG, Pereira Neto EA, Pfeiffer PAS, Neto GR, Rodrigues AS, Bemben MG, Patterson SD, Batista GR, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Acute and Chronic Responses of Aerobic Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1239. [PMID: 31636569 PMCID: PMC6787286 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study systematically reviewed the available scientific evidence pertaining to the acute and chronic changes promoted by aerobic exercise (AE) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) on neuromuscular, metabolic and hemodynamic variables. PubMed, Web of ScienceTM and Scopus databases were searched for the period from January 2000 to June 2019 and the analysis involved a critical content review. A total of 313 articles were identified, of which 271 were excluded and 35 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Twelve studies evaluated the acute effects and eight studies evaluated the chronic metabolic effects of AE + BFR. For the neuromuscular variables, three studies analyzed the acute effects of AE + BFR and nine studies analyzed the chronic effects. Only 15 studies were identified that evaluated the hemodynamic acute effects of AE + BFR. The analysis provided evidence that AE combined with BFR promotes positive acute and chronic changes in neuromuscular and metabolic variables, a greater elevation in hemodynamic variables than exercise alone, and a higher energy demand during and after exercise. Since these alterations were all well-tolerated, this method can be considered to be safe and feasible for populations of athletes, healthy young, obese, and elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio Cesar Gomes Silva
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Faculty Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), Coordination of Physical Education, Nursing and Medical Schools, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Coordination of Physical Education, University Center for Higher Education and Development (CESED/UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Elísio Alves Pereira Neto
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Patrick Alan Souza Pfeiffer
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Neto
- Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Faculty Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), Coordination of Physical Education, Nursing and Medical Schools, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Coordination of Physical Education, University Center for Higher Education and Development (CESED/UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Amanda Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys' University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gilmário Ricarte Batista
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria S Cirilo-Sousa
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Willis SJ, Borrani F, Millet GP. High-Intensity Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction or in Hypoxia as Valuable Spaceflight Countermeasures? Front Physiol 2019; 10:1266. [PMID: 31632298 PMCID: PMC6783686 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Willis
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ilett MJ, Rantalainen T, Keske MA, May AK, Warmington SA. The Effects of Restriction Pressures on the Acute Responses to Blood Flow Restriction Exercise. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1018. [PMID: 31456694 PMCID: PMC6700307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose No current guidelines or recommendations exist informing the selection of restriction pressure during blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE). Moreover, the effects of specific relative restriction pressures on the acute muscle, metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to BFRE are unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize these acute responses at different levels of restriction pressure. Methods Participants (n = 10) completed rhythmic isometric knee extension exercise across five experimental trials in a balanced randomized order. Three were BFRE trials {B-40 [restriction pressure set to 40% LOP (total limb occlusion pressure)]; B-60 (60% LOP); and B-80 (80% LOP)} with a workload equivalent to 20% maximal voluntary force (MVC), one was non-BFRE at 20% MVC (LL) and one was non-BFRE at 80% MVC (HL). Measurements recorded were torque, muscle activity via electromyography (EMG), tissue oxygenation via near infrared spectroscopy, whole body oxygen consumption, blood lactate and heart rate. Results For the LL and B-40 trials, most measures remained constant. However, for the B-60 and B-80 trials, significant fatigue was demonstrated by a reduction in MVC torque across the trial (p < 0.05). Blood lactate increased from baseline in HL, B-60, and B-80 (p < 0.05). Submaximal EMG was greater in B-60 and B-80 than LL, but lower compared with HL (p < 0.05). Tissue oxygenation decreased in HL, B-40, B-60, and B-80 (p < 0.05), which was lower in the B-80 trial compared to all other trials (p < 0.01). Whole body oxygen consumption was not different between the BFRE trials (p > 0.05). Conclusion We demonstrate graded/progressive acute responses with increasing applied pressure during BFRE, from which we speculate that an effective minimum “threshold” around 60% LOP may be necessary for BFRE to be effective with training. While these data provide some insight on the possible mechanisms by which BFRE develops skeletal muscle size and strength when undertaken chronically across a training program, the outcomes of chronic training programs using different levels of applied restriction pressures remain to be tested. Overall, the present study recommends 60–80% LOP as a suitable “minimum” BFRE pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ilett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Michelle A Keske
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony K May
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Warmington
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Patterson SD, Hughes L, Warmington S, Burr J, Scott BR, Owens J, Abe T, Nielsen JL, Libardi CA, Laurentino G, Neto GR, Brandner C, Martin-Hernandez J, Loenneke J. Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Considerations of Methodology, Application, and Safety. Front Physiol 2019; 10:533. [PMID: 31156448 PMCID: PMC6530612 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current manuscript sets out a position stand for blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise, focusing on the methodology, application and safety of this mode of training. With the emergence of this technique and the wide variety of applications within the literature, the aim of this position stand is to set out a current research informed guide to BFR training to practitioners. This covers the use of BFR to enhance muscular strength and hypertrophy via training with resistance and aerobic exercise and preventing muscle atrophy using the technique passively. The authorship team for this article was selected from the researchers focused in BFR training research with expertise in exercise science, strength and conditioning and sports medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Hughes
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Marys University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Warmington
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Burr
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan R. Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Johnny Owens
- Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
| | - Jakob L. Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB – Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Laurentino
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Neto
- Coordination of Physical Education/Professional Master’s in Family Health, Nursing and Medical Schools, Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Juan Martin-Hernandez
- I+HeALTH Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jeremy Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, United States
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Neuromuscular evaluation of arm-cycling repeated sprints under hypoxia and/or blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1533-1545. [PMID: 31011807 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of hypoxia and/or blood flow restriction (BFR) on an arm-cycling repeated sprint ability test (aRSA) and its impact on elbow flexor neuromuscular function. METHODS Fourteen volunteers performed an aRSA (10 s sprint/20 s recovery) to exhaustion in four randomized conditions: normoxia (NOR), normoxia plus BFR (NBFR), hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.13, HYP) and hypoxia plus BFR (HBFR). Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), resting twitch force (Db10), and electromyographic responses from the elbow flexors [biceps brachii (BB)] to electrical and transcranial magnetic stimulation were obtained to assess neuromuscular function. Main effects of hypoxia, BFR, and interaction were analyzed on delta values from pre- to post-exercise. RESULTS BFR and hypoxia decreased the number of sprints during aRSA with no significant cumulative effect (NOR 16 ± 8; NBFR 12 ± 4; HYP 10 ± 3 and HBFR 8 ± 3; P < 0.01). MVC decrease from pre- to post-exercise was comparable whatever the condition. M-wave amplitude (- 9.4 ± 1.9% vs. + 0.8 ± 2.0%, P < 0.01) and Db10 force (- 41.8 ± 4.7% vs. - 27.9 ± 4.5%, P < 0.01) were more altered after aRSA with BFR compared to without BFR. The exercise-induced increase in corticospinal excitability was significantly lower in hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions (e.g., BB motor evoked potential at 75% of MVC: - 2.4 ± 4.2% vs. + 16.0 ± 5.9%, respectively, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION BFR and hypoxia led to comparable aRSA performance impairments but with distinct fatigue etiology. BFR impaired the muscle excitation-contraction coupling whereas hypoxia predominantly affected corticospinal excitability indicating incapacity of the corticospinal pathway to adapt to fatigue as in normoxia.
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Impact of 8 weeks of repeated ischemic preconditioning on running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1431-1437. [PMID: 30953176 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if repeated exposure to IPC treatment prior to training sessions improves oxygen uptake and 1-km running performance in highly trained middle-distance runners. METHODS Fourteen highly trained endurance runners (11 male/3 female, 19 ± 2 years, 64 ± 5 ml kg-1 min-1) completed a baseline maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]) test and 1-km running performance test before random assignment to an IPC or control group. Both groups were prescribed identical endurance training over an 8-week varsity season; however, the IPC group performed an IPC protocol (5 min ischemia, repeated 3 times, each separated by 5 min reperfusion) before every training session. After 8 weeks of training, participants completed a follow-up [Formula: see text] test and 1-km time trial. RESULTS [Formula: see text] did not increase from baseline in either group following the 8-week training bout (P = 0.2), and neither group varied more than the other ([Formula: see text] = IPC 0.6 ± 2 ml kg-1 min-1; control 1.5 ± 2 ml kg-1 min-1, P = 0.6) or beyond typical measurement error. The IPC decreased 1-km time trial time by 0.4% (0.5 ± 2 s), while the control group decreased by 1% (1.5 ± 3 s), but neither change was significant compared to baseline (P = 0.2). There was also no difference in time trial improvement between IPC and control (P = 0.6). However, there was a trend towards IPC significantly improving running economy at low intensity (P = 0.057). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that over a normal 8-week season in a population of highly trained middle-distance runners there is no benefit of undergoing chronic, repeated IPC treatments before training for augmenting maximal aerobic power or 1-km performance time.
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Bennett H, Slattery F. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Aerobic Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:572-583. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Mitchell EA, Martin NRW, Turner MC, Taylor CW, Ferguson RA. The combined effect of sprint interval training and postexercise blood flow restriction on critical power, capillary growth, and mitochondrial proteins in trained cyclists. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:51-59. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01082.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) combined with postexercise blood flow restriction (BFR) is a novel method to increase maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) in trained individuals and also provides a potent acute stimulus for angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. The efficacy to enhance endurance performance, however, has yet to be demonstrated. Trained male cyclists ( n = 21) (V̇o2max: 62.8 ± 3.7 ml·min−1·kg−1) undertook 4 wk of SIT (repeated 30-s maximal sprints) either alone (CON; n = 10) or with postexercise BFR ( n = 11). Before and after training V̇o2max, critical power (CP) and curvature constant ( Wʹ) were determined and muscle biopsies obtained for determination of skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial protein content. CP increased ( P = 0.001) by a similar extent following CON (287 ± 39 W to 297 ± 43 W) and BFR (296 ± 40 W to 306 ± 36 W). V̇o2max increased following BFR by 5.9% ( P = 0.02) but was unchanged after CON ( P = 0.56). All markers of skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial protein content were unchanged following either training intervention. In conclusion, 4 wk of SIT increased CP; however, this was not enhanced further with BFR. SIT was not sufficient to elicit changes in skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial protein content with or without BFR. However, we further demonstrate the potency of combining BFR with SIT to enhance V̇o2max in trained individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This investigation has demonstrated that 4 wk of sprint interval training (SIT) increased critical power in trained individuals; however, postexercise blood flow restriction (BFR) did not enhance this further. SIT, with or without BFR, did not induce any changes in skeletal muscle capillarity or mitochondrial protein content in our trained population. We do, however, confirm previous findings that SIT combined with BFR is a potent stimulus to enhance maximal oxygen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Mitchell
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. W. Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Conor W. Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Groennebaek T, Jespersen NR, Jakobsgaard JE, Sieljacks P, Wang J, Rindom E, Musci RV, Bøtker HE, Hamilton KL, Miller BF, de Paoli FV, Vissing K. Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis and Respiration Increase With Low-Load Blood Flow Restricted as Well as High-Load Resistance Training. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1796. [PMID: 30618808 PMCID: PMC6304675 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: It is well established that high-load resistance exercise (HLRE) can stimulate myofibrillar accretion. Additionally, recent studies suggest that HLRE can also stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory function. However, in several clinical situations, the use of resistance exercise with high loading may not constitute a viable approach. Low-load blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE) has emerged as a time-effective low-load alternative to stimulate myofibrillar accretion. It is unknown if BFRRE can also stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory function. If so, BFRRE could provide a feasible strategy to stimulate muscle metabolic health. Methods: To study this, 34 healthy previously untrained individuals (24 ± 3 years) participated in BFRRE, HLRE, or non-exercise control intervention (CON) 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected; (1) before and after the 6-week intervention period to assess mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory function and; (2) during recovery from single-bout exercise to assess myocellular signaling events involved in transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. During the 6-week intervention period, deuterium oxide (D2O) was continuously administered to the participants to label newly synthesized skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins. Mitochondrial respiratory function was assessed in permeabilized muscle fibers with high-resolution respirometry. Mitochondrial content was assessed with a citrate synthase activity assay. Myocellular signaling was assessed with immunoblotting. Results: Mitochondrial protein synthesis rate was higher with BFRRE (1.19%/day) and HLRE (1.15%/day) compared to CON (0.92%/day) (P < 0.05) but similar between exercise groups. Mitochondrial respiratory function increased to similar degree with both exercise regimens and did not change with CON. For instance, coupled respiration supported by convergent electron flow from complex I and II increased 38% with BFRRE and 24% with HLRE (P < 0.01). Training did not alter citrate synthase activity compared to CON. BFRRE and HLRE elicited similar myocellular signaling responses. Conclusion: These results support recent findings that resistance exercise can stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory function to support healthy skeletal muscle and whole-body metabolism. Intriquingly, BFRRE produces similar mitochondrial adaptations at a markedly lower load, which entail great clinical perspective for populations in whom exercise with high loading is untenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Groennebaek
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Sieljacks
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Wang
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Rindom
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert V Musci
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | - Kristian Vissing
- Section for Sports Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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