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Moreno-Domínguez A, Colinas O, Arias-Mayenco I, Cabeza JM, López-Ogayar JL, Chandel NS, Weissmann N, Sommer N, Pascual A, López-Barneo J. Hif1α-dependent mitochondrial acute O 2 sensing and signaling to myocyte Ca 2+ channels mediate arterial hypoxic vasodilation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6649. [PMID: 39103356 PMCID: PMC11300585 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Vasodilation in response to low oxygen (O2) tension (hypoxic vasodilation) is an essential homeostatic response of systemic arteries that facilitates O2 supply to tissues according to demand. However, how blood vessels react to O2 deficiency is not well understood. A common belief is that arterial myocytes are O2-sensitive. Supporting this concept, it has been shown that the activity of myocyte L-type Ca2+channels, the main ion channels responsible for vascular contractility, is reversibly inhibited by hypoxia, although the underlying molecular mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we show that genetic or pharmacological disruption of mitochondrial electron transport selectively abolishes O2 modulation of Ca2+ channels and hypoxic vasodilation. Mitochondria function as O2 sensors and effectors that signal myocyte Ca2+ channels due to constitutive Hif1α-mediated expression of specific electron transport subunit isoforms. These findings reveal the acute O2-sensing mechanisms of vascular cells and may guide new developments in vascular pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olalla Colinas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Arias-Mayenco
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José M Cabeza
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan L López-Ogayar
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Pascual
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Conde SV, Martins FO, Sacramento JF. Carotid body interoception in health and disease. Auton Neurosci 2024; 255:103207. [PMID: 39121687 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Interoception entails perceiving or being aware of the internal state of the body, playing a pivotal role in regulating processes such as heartbeat, digestion, glucose metabolism, and respiration. The carotid body (CB) serves as an interoceptive organ, transmitting information to the brain via its sensitive nerve, the carotid sinus nerve, to maintain homeostasis. While traditionally known for sensing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels, the CB is now recognized to possess additional interoceptive properties, detecting various mediators involved in blood pressure regulation, inflammation, and glucose homeostasis, among other physiological functions. Furthermore, in the last decades CB dysfunction has been linked to diseases like sleep apnea, essential hypertension, and diabetes. In this review manuscript, we make a concise overview of the traditional interoceptive functions of the CB, acting as a sensor for oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, and pH, and introduce the novel interoceptive properties of the CB related to vascular, glucose and energy regulation. Additionally, we revise the contribution of the CB to the onset and progression of metabolic diseases, delving into the potential dysfunction of its interoceptive metabolic functions as a contributing factor to pathophysiology. Finally, we postulate the use of therapeutic interventions targeting the metabolic interoceptive properties of the CB as a potential avenue for addressing metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V Conde
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Fatima O Martins
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Sacramento
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Yokoyama T, Saino T, Nakamuta N, Yamamoto Y. Immunohistochemical localization of P2Y12 purinoceptors in the rat carotid body. Auton Neurosci 2024; 252:103158. [PMID: 38422662 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the localization of the adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-selective P2Y12 purinoceptors in the rat carotid body using multilabeling immunofluorescence. Punctate immunoreactive products for P2Y12 were distributed in chemoreceptive type I cells immunoreactive to vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) or dopamine beta-hydroxylase, but not in S100B-immunoreactive glial-like type II cells. P2Y12 immunoreactivity was localized in cell clusters containing VNUT-immunoreactive type I cells surrounded by the perinuclear cytoplasm and cytoplasmic processes of type II cells immunoreactive for ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) and NTPDase3, which hydrolyze extracellular nucleotide tri- and/or di-phosphates. In ATP bioluminescence assays using carotid bodies, the degradation of extracellular ATP was attenuated in the presence of the selective NTPDases inhibitor ARL67156, suggesting ATP-degrading activity by NTPDases in the tissue. These results suggest that ATP released from type I cells is degraded into ADP and adenosine 5'-monophosphate by NTPDases expressed in type II cells, and that ADP modulates type I cells via P2Y12 purinoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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4
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Wang N, Peng YJ, Kang W, Hildreth M, Prabhakar NR, Nanduri J. Transcriptomic Analysis of Postnatal Rat Carotid Body Development. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:302. [PMID: 38540361 PMCID: PMC10970570 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB), located bilaterally at the carotid artery bifurcations, is the primary sensory organ for monitoring arterial blood O2 levels. Carotid bodies are immature at birth, exhibiting low sensitivity to hypoxia, and become more sensitive with maturation during the first few weeks of neonatal life. To understand the molecular basis for the postnatal developmental hypoxic responses of CB, we isolated CBs from 5-day and 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and performed RNA sequencing, which allows comprehensive analysis of gene expression. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were generated using Edge R, while functional enrichment analysis was performed using gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Analysis of RNA-Seq data showed 2604 DEGs of the total 12,696 genes shared between neonates and adults. Of the 2604 DEGs, 924 genes were upregulated, and 1680 genes were downregulated. Further analysis showed that genes related to oxidative phosphorylation (Ox/phos) and hypoxia-signaling pathways were significantly upregulated in neonatal CBs compared to adult CBs, suggesting a possible link to differential developmental hypoxic responses seen in CB. Genes related to cytokine signaling (INFγ and TNFα) and transcription factors (CREB and NFΚB) mediated pathways were enriched in adult CBs, suggesting that expression of these pathways may be linked to developmental regulation. The RNA-Seq results were verified by analyzing mRNA changes in selected genes by qRT-PCR. Our results of enrichment analysis of biological pathways offer valuable insight into CB hypoxic sensing responses related to the development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wenjun Kang
- Center for Research Informatics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Matthew Hildreth
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Nanduri R. Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Colinas O, Mombaerts P, López-Barneo J, Ortega-Sáenz P. Carotid Body Function in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Conditional Olfr78 Knockout Mice. FUNCTION 2024; 5:zqae010. [PMID: 38706960 PMCID: PMC11065104 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The Olfr78 gene encodes a G-protein-coupled olfactory receptor that is expressed in several ectopic sites. Olfr78 is one of the most abundant mRNA species in carotid body (CB) glomus cells. These cells are the prototypical oxygen (O2) sensitive arterial chemoreceptors, which, in response to lowered O2 tension (hypoxia), activate the respiratory centers to induce hyperventilation. It has been proposed that Olfr78 is a lactate receptor and that glomus cell activation by the increase in blood lactate mediates the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). However, this proposal has been challenged by several groups showing that Olfr78 is not a physiologically relevant lactate receptor and that the O2-based regulation of breathing is not affected in constitutive Olfr78 knockout mice. In another study, constitutive Olfr78 knockout mice were reported to have altered systemic and CB responses to mild hypoxia. To further characterize the functional role of Olfr78 in CB glomus cells, we here generated a conditional Olfr78 knockout mouse strain and then restricted the knockout to glomus cells and other catecholaminergic cells by crossing with a tyrosine hydroxylase-specific Cre driver strain (TH-Olfr78 KO mice). We find that TH-Olfr78 KO mice have a normal HVR. Interestingly, glomus cells of TH-Olfr78 KO mice exhibit molecular and electrophysiological alterations as well as a reduced dopamine content in secretory vesicles and neurosecretory activity. These functional characteristics resemble those of CB neuroblasts in wild-type mice. We suggest that, although Olfr78 is not essential for CB O2 sensing, activation of Olfr78-dependent pathways is required for maturation of glomus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Colinas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevile 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevile 41013, Spain
| | - Peter Mombaerts
- Max Planck Research Unit for Neurogenetics, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevile 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevile 41013, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevile 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville 41009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevile 41013, Spain
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6
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Wang RL, Chang RB. The Coding Logic of Interoception. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:301-327. [PMID: 38061018 PMCID: PMC11103614 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042222-023455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Interoception, the ability to precisely and timely sense internal body signals, is critical for life. The interoceptive system monitors a large variety of mechanical, chemical, hormonal, and pathological cues using specialized organ cells, organ innervating neurons, and brain sensory neurons. It is important for maintaining body homeostasis, providing motivational drives, and regulating autonomic, cognitive, and behavioral functions. However, compared to external sensory systems, our knowledge about how diverse body signals are coded at a system level is quite limited. In this review, we focus on the unique features of interoceptive signals and the organization of the interoceptive system, with the goal of better understanding the coding logic of interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi L Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA;
| | - Rui B Chang
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA;
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7
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Iring A, Baranyi M, Iring-Varga B, Mut-Arbona P, Gál ZT, Nagy D, Hricisák L, Varga J, Benyó Z, Sperlágh B. Blood oxygen regulation via P2Y12R expressed in the carotid body. Respir Res 2024; 25:61. [PMID: 38281036 PMCID: PMC10821555 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral blood oxygen monitoring via chemoreceptors in the carotid body (CB) is an integral function of the autonomic cardiorespiratory regulation. The presence of the purinergic P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) has been implicated in CB; however, the exact role of the receptor in O2 sensing and signal transduction is unknown. METHODS The presence of P2Y12R was established by immunoblotting, RT qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Primary glomus cells were used to assess P2Y12R function during hypoxia and hypercapnia, where monoamines were measured by HPLC; calcium signal was recorded utilizing OGB-1 and N-STORM Super-Resolution System. Ingravescent hypoxia model was tested in anaesthetized mice of mixed gender and cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded in control and receptor-deficient or drug-treated experimental animals. RESULTS Initially, the expression of P2Y12R in adult murine CB was confirmed. Hypoxia induced a P2Y12R-dependent release of monoamine transmitters from isolated CB cells. Receptor activation with the endogenous ligand ADP promoted release of neurotransmitters under normoxic conditions, while blockade disrupted the amplitude and duration of the intracellular calcium concentration. In anaesthetised mice, blockade of P2Y12R expressed in the CB abrogated the initiation of compensatory cardiorespiratory changes in hypoxic environment, while centrally inhibited receptors (i.e. microglial receptors) or receptor-deficiency induced by platelet depletion had limited influence on the physiological adjustment to hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral P2Y12R inhibition interfere with the complex mechanisms of acute oxygen sensing by influencing the calcium signalling and the release of neurotransmitter molecules to evoke compensatory response to hypoxia. Prospectively, the irreversible blockade of glomic receptors by anti-platelet drugs targeting P2Y12Rs, propose a potential, formerly unrecognized side-effect to anti-platelet medications in patients with pulmonary morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Iring
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary.
| | - Mária Baranyi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Iring-Varga
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna T Gál
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Dorina Nagy
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Semmelweis University (HUN-REN-SU), Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - László Hricisák
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Semmelweis University (HUN-REN-SU), Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - János Varga
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Cerebrovascular and Neurocognitive Disorders Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Semmelweis University (HUN-REN-SU), Budapest, 1094, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, HUN-REN Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University School of PhD Studies, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
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McClintic WT, Chandler ZD, Karchalla LM, Ondeck CA, O'Brien SW, Campbell CJ, Jacobson AR, McNutt PM. Aminopyridines Restore Ventilation and Reverse Respiratory Acidosis at Late Stages of Botulism in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:637-646. [PMID: 37977816 PMCID: PMC10801772 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a potent protein toxin that causes muscle paralysis and death by asphyxiation. Treatments for symptomatic botulism are intubation and supportive care until respiratory function recovers. Aminopyridines have recently emerged as potential treatments for botulism. The clinically approved drug 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) rapidly reverses toxic signs of botulism and has antidotal effects when continuously administered in rodent models of lethal botulism. Although the therapeutic effects of 3,4-DAP likely result from the reversal of diaphragm paralysis, the corresponding effects on respiratory physiology are not understood. Here, we combined unrestrained whole-body plethysmography (UWBP) with arterial blood gas measurements to study the effects of 3,4-DAP, and other aminopyridines, on ventilation and respiration at terminal stages of botulism in mice. Treatment with clinically relevant doses of 3,4-DAP restored ventilation in a dose-dependent manner, producing significant improvements in ventilatory parameters within 10 minutes. Concomitant with improved ventilation, 3,4-DAP treatment reversed botulism-induced respiratory acidosis, restoring blood levels of CO2, pH, and lactate to normal physiologic levels. Having established that 3,4-DAP-mediated improvements in ventilation were directly correlated with improved respiration, we used UWBP to quantitatively evaluate nine additional aminopyridines in BoNT/A-intoxicated mice. Multiple aminopyridines were identified with comparable or enhanced therapeutic efficacies compared with 3,4-DAP, including aminopyridines that selectively improved tidal volume versus respiratory rate and vice versa. In addition to contributing to a growing body of evidence supporting the use of aminopyridines to treat clinical botulism, these data lay the groundwork for the development of aminopyridine derivatives with improved pharmacological properties. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is a critical need for fast-acting treatments to reverse respiratory paralysis in patients with botulism. This study used unrestrained, whole-body plethysmography and arterial blood gas analysis to show that aminopyridines rapidly restore ventilation and respiration and reverse respiratory acidosis when administered to mice at terminal stages of botulism. In addition to supporting the use of aminopyridines as first-line treatments for botulism symptoms, these data are expected to contribute to the development of new aminopyridine derivatives with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T McClintic
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Zachary D Chandler
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lalitha M Karchalla
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Celinia A Ondeck
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sean W O'Brien
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Charity J Campbell
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Alan R Jacobson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Patrick M McNutt
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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9
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Prabhakar NR, Peng YJ, Nanduri J. Carotid body hypersensitivity in intermittent hypoxia and obtructive sleep apnoea. J Physiol 2023; 601:5481-5494. [PMID: 37029496 DOI: 10.1113/jp284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid bodies are the principal sensory organs for detecting changes in arterial blood oxygen concentration, and the carotid body chemoreflex is a major regulator of the sympathetic tone, blood pressure and breathing. Intermittent hypoxia is a hallmark manifestation of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), which is a widespread respiratory disorder. In the first part of this review, we discuss the role of carotid bodies in heightened sympathetic tone and hypertension in rodents treated with intermittent hypoxia, and the underlying cellular, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms. We also present evidence for hitherto-uncharacterized role of carotid body afferents in triggering cellular and molecular changes induced by intermittent hypoxia. In the second part of the review, we present evidence for a contribution of a hypersensitive carotid body to OSA and potential therapeutic intervention to mitigate OSA in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Peng YJ, Nanduri J, Wang N, Kumar GK, Bindokas V, Paul BD, Chen X, Fox AP, Vignane T, Filipovic MR, Prabhakar NR. Hypoxia sensing requires H 2S-dependent persulfidation of olfactory receptor 78. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3026. [PMID: 37406126 PMCID: PMC10321732 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) sensing by the carotid body is critical for maintaining cardiorespiratory homeostasis during hypoxia. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling is implicated in carotid body activation by low O2. Here, we show that persulfidation of olfactory receptor 78 (Olfr78) by H2S is an integral component of carotid body activation by hypoxia. Hypoxia and H2S increased persulfidation in carotid body glomus cells and persulfidated cysteine240 in Olfr78 protein in heterologous system. Olfr78 mutants manifest impaired carotid body sensory nerve, glomus cell, and breathing responses to H2S and hypoxia. Glomus cells are positive for GOlf, adenylate cyclase 3 (Adcy3) and cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2 (Cnga2), key molecules of odorant receptor signaling. Adcy3 or Cnga2 mutants exhibited impaired carotid body and glomus cell responses to H2S and breathing responses to hypoxia. These results suggest that H2S through redox modification of Olfr78 participates in carotid body activation by hypoxia to regulate breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ganesh K Kumar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vytautas Bindokas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacological Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xuanmao Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - Aaron P Fox
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacological Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thibaut Vignane
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße, 1144139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Milos R Filipovic
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße, 1144139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Thakkar P, Pauza AG, Murphy D, Paton JFR. Carotid body: an emerging target for cardiometabolic co-morbidities. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:661-671. [PMID: 36999224 PMCID: PMC10988524 DOI: 10.1113/ep090090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Regarding the global metabolic syndrome crisis, this review focuses on common mechanisms for high blood sugar and high blood pressure. Connections are made between the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure and blood sugar and their dysregulation to reveal signalling mechanisms converging on the carotid body. What advances does it highlight? The carotid body plays a major part in the generation of excessive sympathetic activity in diabetes and also underpins diabetic hypertension. As treatment of diabetic hypertension is notoriously difficult, we propose that novel receptors within the carotid body may provide a novel treatment strategy. ABSTRACT The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is obligatory for health and survival. It relies on peripheral glucose sensing and signalling between the brain and peripheral organs via hormonal and neural responses that restore euglycaemia. Failure of these mechanisms causes hyperglycaemia or diabetes. Current anti-diabetic medications control blood glucose but many patients remain with hyperglycemic condition. Diabetes is often associated with hypertension; the latter is more difficult to control in hyperglycaemic conditions. We ask whether a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of glucose control could improve treatment of both diabetes and hypertension when they co-exist. With the involvement of the carotid body (CB) in glucose sensing, metabolic regulation and control of sympathetic nerve activity, we consider the CB as a potential treatment target for both diabetes and hypertension. We provide an update on the role of the CB in glucose sensing and glucose homeostasis. Physiologically, hypoglycaemia stimulates the release of hormones such as glucagon and adrenaline, which mobilize or synthesize glucose; however, these counter-regulatory responses were markedly attenuated after denervation of the CBs in animals. Also, CB denervation prevents and reverses insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. We discuss the CB as a metabolic regulator (not just a sensor of blood gases) and consider recent evidence of novel 'metabolic' receptors within the CB and putative signalling peptides that may control glucose homeostasis via modulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The evidence presented may inform future clinical strategies in the treatment of patients with both diabetes and hypertension, which may include the CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Thakkar
- Manaaki Manawa – the Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Audrys G. Pauza
- Manaaki Manawa – the Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Julian F. R. Paton
- Manaaki Manawa – the Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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12
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Caballero-Eraso C, Colinas O, Sobrino V, González-Montelongo R, Cabeza JM, Gao L, Pardal R, López-Barneo J, Ortega-Sáenz P. Rearrangement of cell types in the rat carotid body neurogenic niche induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Physiol 2023; 601:1017-1036. [PMID: 36647759 DOI: 10.1113/jp283897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is a prototypical acute oxygen (O2 )-sensing organ that mediates reflex hyperventilation and increased cardiac output in response to hypoxaemia. CB overactivation, secondary to the repeated stimulation produced by the recurrent episodes of intermittent hypoxia, is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of sympathetic hyperactivity present in sleep apnoea patients. Although CB functional plasticity induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) has been demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Here, we show that CIH induces a small increase in CB volume and rearrangement of cell types in the CB, characterized by a mobilization of immature quiescent neuroblasts, which enter a process of differentiation into mature, O2 -sensing and neuron-like, chemoreceptor glomus cells. Prospective isolation of individual cell classes has allowed us to show that maturation of CB neuroblasts is paralleled by an upregulation in the expression of specific glomus cell genes involved in acute O2 -sensing. CIH enhances mitochondrial responsiveness to hypoxia in maturing neuroblasts as well as in glomus cells. These data provide novel perspectives on the pathogenesis of CB-mediated sympathetic overflow that may lead to the development of new pharmacological strategies of potential applicability in sleep apnoea patients. KEY POINTS: Obstructive sleep apnoea is a frequent condition in the human population that predisposes to severe cardiovascular and metabolic alterations. Activation of the carotid body, the main arterial oxygen-sensing chemoreceptor, by repeated episodes of hypoxaemia induces exacerbation of the carotid body-mediated chemoreflex and contributes to sympathetic overflow characteristic of sleep apnoea patients. In rats, chronic intermittent hypoxaemia induces fast neurogenesis in the carotid body with rapid activation of neuroblasts, which enter a process of proliferation and maturation into O2 -sensing chemoreceptor glomus cells. Maturing carotid body neuroblasts and glomus cells exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia upregulate genes involved in acute O2 sensing and enhance mitochondrial responsiveness to hypoxia. These findings provide novel perspectives on the pathogenesis of carotid body-mediated sympathetic hyperactivation. Pharmacological modulation of carotid body fast neurogenesis could help to ameliorate the deleterious effects of chronic intermittent hypoxaemia in sleep apnoea patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela Caballero-Eraso
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Unidad Médico Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/IBIS, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olaia Colinas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Verónica Sobrino
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Rafaela González-Montelongo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José María Cabeza
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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13
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Millet A, Jendzjowsky N. Pathogen recognition by sensory neurons: hypotheses on the specificity of sensory neuron signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184000. [PMID: 37207232 PMCID: PMC10189129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons cooperate with barrier tissues and resident immune cells to form a significant aspect of defensive strategies in concert with the immune system. This assembly of neuroimmune cellular units is exemplified across evolution from early metazoans to mammalian life. As such, sensory neurons possess the capability to detect pathogenic infiltrates at barrier surfaces. This capacity relies on mechanisms that unleash specific cell signaling, trafficking and defensive reflexes. These pathways exploit mechanisms to amplify and enhance the alerting response should pathogenic infiltration seep into other tissue compartments and/or systemic circulation. Here we explore two hypotheses: 1) that sensory neurons' potential cellular signaling pathways require the interaction of pathogen recognition receptors and ion channels specific to sensory neurons and; 2) mechanisms which amplify these sensing pathways require activation of multiple sensory neuron sites. Where possible, we provide references to other apt reviews which provide the reader more detail on specific aspects of the perspectives provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Millet
- Respiratory & Exercise Physiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas Jendzjowsky
- Respiratory & Exercise Physiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Jendzjowsky,
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14
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Pauza AG, Murphy D, Paton JFR. Transcriptomics of the Carotid Body. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1427:1-11. [PMID: 37322330 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for treating sympathetically mediated cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic diseases. In adjunct to its classical role as an arterial O2 sensor, the CB is a multimodal sensor activated by a range of stimuli in the circulation. However, consensus on how CB multimodality is achieved is lacking; even the best studied O2-sensing appears to involve multiple convergent mechanisms. A strategy to understand multimodal sensing is to adopt a hypothesis-free, high-throughput transcriptomic approach. This has proven instrumental for understanding fundamental mechanisms of CB response to hypoxia and other stimulants, its developmental niche, cellular heterogeneity, laterality, and pathophysiological remodeling in disease states. Herein, we review this published work that reveals novel molecular mechanisms underpinning multimodal sensing and reveals numerous gaps in knowledge that require experimental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrys G Pauza
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Manaaki Manawa - The Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Colinas O, Moreno-Domínguez A, Ortega-Sáenz P, López-Barneo J. Constitutive Expression of Hif2α Confers Acute O 2 Sensitivity to Carotid Body Glomus Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1427:153-162. [PMID: 37322346 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32371-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acute oxygen (O2) sensing and adaptation to hypoxia are essential for physiological homeostasis. The prototypical acute O2 sensing organ is the carotid body, which contains chemosensory glomus cells expressing O2-sensitive K+ channels. Inhibition of these channels during hypoxia leads to cell depolarization, transmitter release, and activation of afferent sensory fibers terminating in the brain stem respiratory and autonomic centers. Focusing on recent data, here we discuss the special sensitivity of glomus cell mitochondria to changes in O2 tension due to Hif2α-dependent expression of several atypical mitochondrial electron transport chain subunits and enzymes. These are responsible for an accelerated oxidative metabolism and the strict dependence of mitochondrial complex IV activity on O2 availability. We report that ablation of Epas1 (the gene coding Hif2α) causes a selective downregulation of the atypical mitochondrial genes and a strong inhibition of glomus cell acute responsiveness to hypoxia. Our observations indicate that Hif2α expression is required for the characteristic metabolic profile of glomus cells and provide a mechanistic explanation for the acute O2 regulation of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Colinas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Pak O, Nolte A, Knoepp F, Giordano L, Pecina P, Hüttemann M, Grossman LI, Weissmann N, Sommer N. Mitochondrial oxygen sensing of acute hypoxia in specialized cells - Is there a unifying mechanism? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148911. [PMID: 35988811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to acute hypoxia through cardiorespiratory responses is mediated by specialized cells in the carotid body and pulmonary vasculature to optimize systemic arterial oxygenation and thus oxygen supply to the tissues. Acute oxygen sensing by these cells triggers hyperventilation and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction which limits pulmonary blood flow through areas of low alveolar oxygen content. Oxygen sensing of acute hypoxia by specialized cells thus is a fundamental pre-requisite for aerobic life and maintains systemic oxygen supply. However, the primary oxygen sensing mechanism and the question of a common mechanism in different specialized oxygen sensing cells remains unresolved. Recent studies unraveled basic oxygen sensing mechanisms involving the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 2 that is essential for the hypoxia-induced release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and subsequent acute hypoxic responses in both, the carotid body and pulmonary vasculature. This review compares basic mitochondrial oxygen sensing mechanisms in the pulmonary vasculature and the carotid body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pak
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Anika Nolte
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Fenja Knoepp
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Luca Giordano
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Petr Pecina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Justus Liebig University, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.
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17
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Crnkovic S, Valzano F, Fließer E, Gindlhuber J, Thekkekara Puthenparampil H, Basil M, Morley MP, Katzen J, Gschwandtner E, Klepetko W, Cantu E, Wolinski H, Olschewski H, Lindenmann J, Zhao YY, Morrisey EE, Marsh LM, Kwapiszewska G. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals skewed cellular communication and phenotypic shift in pulmonary artery remodeling. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153471. [PMID: 36099047 PMCID: PMC9714792 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A central feature of progressive vascular remodeling is altered smooth muscle cell (SMC) homeostasis; however, the understanding of how different cell populations contribute to this process is limited. Here, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing to provide insight into cellular composition changes within isolated pulmonary arteries (PAs) from pulmonary arterial hypertension and donor lungs. Our results revealed that remodeling skewed the balanced communication network between immune and structural cells, in particular SMCs. Comparative analysis with murine PAs showed that human PAs harbored heterogeneous SMC populations with an abundant intermediary cluster displaying a gradient transition between SMCs and adventitial fibroblasts. Transcriptionally distinct SMC populations were enriched in specific biological processes and could be differentiated into 4 major clusters: oxygen sensing (enriched in pericytes), contractile, synthetic, and fibroblast-like. End-stage remodeling was associated with phenotypic shift of preexisting SMC populations and accumulation of synthetic SMCs in neointima. Distinctly regulated genes in clusters built nonredundant regulatory hubs encompassing stress response and differentiation regulators. The current study provides a blueprint of cellular and molecular changes on a single-cell level that are defining the pathological vascular remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slaven Crnkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Division of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center and
| | - Francesco Valzano
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Fließer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Gindlhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center of Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Maria Basil
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mike P. Morley
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeremy Katzen
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elisabeth Gschwandtner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edward Cantu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and,Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jörg Lindenmann
- Division of Thoracic and Hyperbaric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - You-Yang Zhao
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Section of Injury Repair and Regeneration, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leigh M. Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Division of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center and
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.,Division of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center and,Institute of Lung Health, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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18
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Szczepańska-Sadowska E, Żera T. Vasopressin: a possible link between hypoxia and hypertension. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2022.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are frequently associated with transient and prolonged hypoxia, whereas hypoxia exerts pro-hypertensive effects, through stimulation of the sympathetic system and release of pressor endocrine factors. This review is focused on the role of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in dysregulation of the cardiovascular system during hypoxia associated with cardiovascular disorders. AVP is synthesized mainly in the neuroendocrine neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON), which send axons to the posterior pituitary and various regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Vasopressinergic neurons are innervated by multiple neuronal projections releasing several neurotransmitters and other regulatory molecules. AVP interacts with V1a, V1b and V2 receptors that are present in the brain and peripheral organs, including the heart, vessels, lungs, and kidneys. Release of vasopressin is intensified during hypernatremia, hypovolemia, inflammation, stress, pain, and hypoxia which frequently occur in cardiovascular patients, and blood AVP concentration is markedly elevated in cardiovascular diseases associated with hypoxemia. There is evidence that hypoxia stimulates AVP release through stimulation of chemoreceptors. It is suggested that acting in the carotid bodies, AVP may fine-tune respiratory and hemodynamic responses to hypoxia and that this effect is intensified in hypertension. There is also evidence that during hypoxia, augmentation of pro-hypertensive effects of vasopressin may result from inappropriate interaction of this hormone with other compounds regulating the cardiovascular system (catecholamines, angiotensins, natriuretic peptides, steroids, nitric oxide). In conclusion, current literature indicates that abnormal mutual interactions between hypoxia and vasopressin may significantly contribute to pathogenesis of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Żera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Xu J, Moore BN, Pluznick JL. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Receptors and Blood Pressure Regulation: Council on Hypertension Mid-Career Award for Research Excellence 2021. Hypertension 2022; 79:2127-2137. [PMID: 35912645 PMCID: PMC9458621 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome influences host physiology and pathophysiology through several pathways, one of which is microbial production of chemical metabolites which interact with host signaling pathways. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are a class of gut microbial metabolites known to activate multiple signaling pathways in the host. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome is linked to blood pressure, that SCFAs modulate blood pressure regulation, and that delivery of exogenous SCFAs lowers blood pressure. Given that hypertension is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the examination of novel contributors to blood pressure regulation has the potential to lead to novel approaches or treatments. Thus, this review will discuss SCFAs with a focus on their host G protein-coupled receptors including GPR41 (G protein-coupled receptor 41), GPR43, and GPR109A, as well as OLFR78 (olfactory receptor 78) and OLFR558. This includes a discussion of the ligand profiles, G protein coupling, and tissue distribution of each receptor. We will also review phenotypes relevant to blood pressure regulation which have been reported to date for Gpr41, Gpr43, Gpr109a, and Olfr78 knockout mice. In addition, we will consider how SCFA signaling influences physiology at baseline, and, how SCFA signaling may contribute to blood pressure regulation in settings of hypertension. In sum, this review will integrate current knowledge regarding how SCFAs and their receptors regulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Xu
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Brittni N. Moore
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jennifer L. Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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20
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Akkuratova N, Faure L, Kameneva P, Kastriti ME, Adameyko I. Developmental heterogeneity of embryonic neuroendocrine chromaffin cells and their maturation dynamics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1020000. [PMID: 36237181 PMCID: PMC9553123 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1020000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, nerve-associated Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) give rise to chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland via the "bridge" transient stage, according to recent functional experiments and single cell data from humans and mice. However, currently existing data do not resolve the finest heterogeneity of developing chromaffin populations. Here we took advantage of deep SmartSeq2 transcriptomic sequencing to expand our collection of individual cells from the developing murine sympatho-adrenal anlage and uncover the microheterogeneity of embryonic chromaffin cells and their corresponding developmental paths. We discovered that SCPs on the splachnic nerve show a high degree of microheterogeneity corresponding to early biases towards either Schwann or chromaffin terminal fates. Furthermore, we found that a post-"bridge" population of developing chromaffin cells gives rise to persisting oxygen-sensing chromaffin cells and the two terminal populations (adrenergic and noradrenergic) via diverging differentiation paths. Taken together, we provide a thorough identification of novel markers of adrenergic and noradrenergic populations in developing adrenal glands and report novel differentiation paths leading to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Akkuratova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Louis Faure
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Polina Kameneva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Oxygen regulation of breathing is abolished in mitochondrial complex III-deficient arterial chemoreceptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202178119. [PMID: 36122208 PMCID: PMC9522341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202178119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen sensing by chemoreceptor glomus cells in the carotid body plays an essential adaptive function in health and disease; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Glomus cells survive genetic disruption of mitochondrial complex III, although this results in a functional disconnection between the distal and proximal components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). These cells exhibit selective abolition of mitochondrial and cellular responsiveness to hypoxia, as well as altered systemic hyperventilation and acclimatization to hypoxia, indicating that acute oxygen-sensing and -signaling during hypoxia result from the integrated action of mitochondrial ETC components. The mitochondrial ETC emerges as a complex oxygen-sensing and -signaling system of potential pathophysiological relevance in maladaptive responses to hypoxia. Acute oxygen (O2) sensing is essential for adaptation of organisms to hypoxic environments or medical conditions with restricted exchange of gases in the lung. The main acute O2-sensing organ is the carotid body (CB), which contains neurosecretory chemoreceptor (glomus) cells innervated by sensory fibers whose activation by hypoxia elicits hyperventilation and increased cardiac output. Glomus cells have mitochondria with specialized metabolic and electron transport chain (ETC) properties. Reduced mitochondrial complex (MC) IV activity by hypoxia leads to production of signaling molecules (NADH and reactive O2 species) in MCI and MCIII that modulate membrane ion channel activity. We studied mice with conditional genetic ablation of MCIII that disrupts the ETC in the CB and other catecholaminergic tissues. Glomus cells survived MCIII dysfunction but showed selective abolition of responsiveness to hypoxia (increased [Ca2+] and transmitter release) with normal responses to other stimuli. Mitochondrial hypoxic NADH and reactive O2 species signals were also suppressed. MCIII-deficient mice exhibited strong inhibition of the hypoxic ventilatory response and altered acclimatization to sustained hypoxia. These data indicate that a functional ETC, with coupling between MCI and MCIV, is required for acute O2 sensing. O2 regulation of breathing results from the integrated action of mitochondrial ETC complexes in arterial chemoreceptors.
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Lakshmanan AP, Murugesan S, Al Khodor S, Terranegra A. The potential impact of a probiotic: Akkermansia muciniphila in the regulation of blood pressure—the current facts and evidence. Lab Invest 2022; 20:430. [PMID: 36153618 PMCID: PMC9509630 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) is present in the human gut microbiota from infancy and gradually increases in adulthood. The potential impact of the abundance of A. muciniphila has been studied in major cardiovascular diseases including elevated blood pressure or hypertension (HTN). HTN is a major factor in premature death worldwide, and approximately 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years have hypertension. A. muciniphila is being considered a next-generation probiotic and though numerous studies had highlighted the positive role of A. muciniphila in lowering/controlling the HTN, however, few studies had highlighted the negative impact of increased abundance of A. muciniphila in the management of HTN. Thus, in the review, we aimed to discuss the current facts, evidence, and controversy about the role of A. muciniphila in the pathophysiology of HTN and its potential effect on HTN management/regulation, which could be beneficial in identifying the drug target for the management of HTN.
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23
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Gao L, Ortega-Sáenz P, Moreno-Domínguez A, López-Barneo J. Mitochondrial Redox Signaling in O 2-Sensing Chemoreceptor Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:274-289. [PMID: 35044243 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Acute responses to hypoxia are essential for the survival of mammals. The carotid body (CB), the main arterial chemoreceptor, contains glomus cells with oxygen (O2)-sensitive K+ channels, which are inhibited during hypoxia to trigger adaptive cardiorespiratory reflexes. Recent Advances: In this review, recent advances in molecular mechanisms of acute O2 sensing in CB glomus cells are discussed, with a special focus on the signaling role of mitochondria through regulating cellular redox status. These advances have been achieved thanks to the use of genetically engineered redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) probes, which allowed us to monitor rapid changes in ROS production in real time in different subcellular compartments during hypoxia. This methodology was used in combination with conditional knockout mice models, pharmacological approaches, and transcriptomic studies. We have proposed a mitochondria-to-membrane signaling model of acute O2 sensing in which H2O2 released in the mitochondrial intermembrane space serves as a signaling molecule to inhibit K+ channels on the plasma membrane. Critical Issues: Changes in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during acute hypoxia are highly compartmentalized in the submitochondrial regions. The use of redox-sensitive probes targeted to specific compartments is essential to fully understand the role of mitochondrial ROS in acute O2 sensing. Future Directions: Further studies are needed to specify the ROS and to characterize the target(s) of ROS in chemoreceptor cells during acute hypoxia. These data may also contribute to a more complete understanding of the implication of ROS in acute responses to hypoxia in O2-sensing cells in other organs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 274-289.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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24
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Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of neuroepithelial cells and other cell types of the gills of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to hypoxia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10144. [PMID: 35710785 PMCID: PMC9203529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish gill is a multifunctional organ involved in numerous physiological processes, such as gas exchange and sensing of hypoxia by respiratory chemoreceptors, called neuroepithelial cells (NECs). Many studies have focused on zebrafish (Danio rerio) to investigate the structure, function and development of the gills, yet the transcriptomic profile of most gill cells remains obscure. We present the results of a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the gills of zebrafish using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq). Gill cells from ETvmat2:EGFP zebrafish were individually labelled before scRNA‐seq library construction using 10× Genomics Chromium technology. 12,819 cells were sequenced with an average depth of over 27,000 reads per cell. We identified a median of 485 genes per cell and 16 cell clusters, including NECs, neurons, pavement cells, endothelial cells and mitochondrion-rich cells. The identity of NECs was confirmed by expression of slc18a2, encoding the vesicular monoamine transporter, Vmat2. Highly differentially-expressed genes in NECs included tph1a, encoding tryptophan hydroxylase, sv2 (synaptic vesicle protein), and proteins implicated in O2 sensing (ndufa4l2a, cox8al and epas1a). In addition, NECs and neurons expressed genes encoding transmembrane receptors for serotonergic, cholinergic or dopaminergic neurotransmission. Differential expression analysis showed a clear shift in the transcriptome of NECs following 14 days of acclimation to hypoxia. NECs in the hypoxia group showed high expression of genes involved in cell cycle control and proliferation. The present article provides a complete cell atlas for the zebrafish gill and serves as a platform for future studies investigating the molecular biology and physiology of this organ.
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Holmes AP, Swiderska A, Nathanael D, Aldossary HS, Ray CJ, Coney AM, Kumar P. Are Multiple Mitochondrial Related Signalling Pathways Involved in Carotid Body Oxygen Sensing? Front Physiol 2022; 13:908617. [PMID: 35711317 PMCID: PMC9194093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.908617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that the carotid body (CB) type I cell mitochondria are unique, being inhibited by relatively small falls in PaO2 well above those known to inhibit electron transport in other cell types. This feature is suggested to allow for the CB to function as an acute O2 sensor, being stimulated and activating systemic protective reflexes before the metabolism of other cells becomes compromised. What is less clear is precisely how a fall in mitochondrial activity links to type I cell depolarisation, a process that is required for initiation of the chemotransduction cascade and post-synaptic action potential generation. Multiple mitochondrial/metabolic signalling mechanisms have been proposed including local generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), a change in mitochondrial/cellular redox status, a fall in MgATP and an increase in lactate. Although each mechanism is based on compelling experimental evidence, they are all not without question. The current review aims to explore the importance of each of these signalling pathways in mediating the overall CB response to hypoxia. We suggest that there is unlikely to be a single mechanism, but instead multiple mitochondrial related signalling pathways are recruited at different PaO2s during hypoxia. Furthermore, it still remains to be determined if mitochondrial signalling acts independently or in partnership with extra-mitochondrial O2-sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Holmes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Swiderska
- Unit of Cardiac Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Demitris Nathanael
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hayyaf S. Aldossary
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clare J. Ray
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Coney
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Prem Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is a bilateral arterial chemoreceptor located in the carotid artery bifurcation with an essential role in cardiorespiratory homeostasis. It is composed of highly perfused cell clusters, or glomeruli, innervated by sensory fibers. Glomus cells, the most abundant in each glomerulus, are neuron-like multimodal sensory elements able to detect and integrate changes in several physical and chemical parameters of the blood, in particular O2 tension, CO2 and pH, as well as glucose, lactate, or blood flow. Activation of glomus cells (e.g., during hypoxia or hypercapnia) stimulates the afferent fibers which impinge on brainstem neurons to elicit rapid compensatory responses (hyperventilation and sympathetic activation). This chapter presents an updated view of the structural organization of the CB and the mechanisms underlying the chemosensory responses of glomus cells, with special emphasis on the molecular processes responsible for acute O2 sensing. The properties of the glomus cell-sensory fiber synapse as well as the organization of CB output are discussed. The chapter includes the description of recently discovered CB stem cells and progenitor cells, and their role in CB growth during acclimatization to hypoxemia. Finally, the participation of the CB in the mechanisms of disease is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Biomedical Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Ratcliffe PJ. Harveian Oration 2020: Elucidation of molecular oxygen sensing mechanisms in human cells: implications for medicine. Clin Med (Lond) 2022; 22:23-33. [PMID: 34921056 PMCID: PMC8813027 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.ed.22.1.harv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Ratcliffe
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, and director of clinical research, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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28
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Adaptive cardiorespiratory changes to chronic continuous and intermittent hypoxia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 188:103-123. [PMID: 35965023 PMCID: PMC9906984 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91534-2.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reviews cardiorespiratory adaptations to chronic hypoxia (CH) experienced at high altitude and cardiorespiratory pathologies elicited by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) occurring with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Short-term CH increases breathing (ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia) and blood pressure (BP) through carotid body (CB) chemo reflex. Hyperplasia of glomus cells, alterations in ion channels, and recruitment of additional excitatory molecules are implicated in the heightened CB chemo reflex by CH. Transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 and 2) is a major molecular mechanism underlying respiratory adaptations to short-term CH. High-altitude natives experiencing long-term CH exhibit blunted hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) and reduced BP due to desensitization of CB response to hypoxia and impaired processing of CB sensory information at the central nervous system. Ventilatory changes evoked by long-term CH are not readily reversed after return to sea level. OSA patients and rodents subjected to CIH exhibit heightened CB chemo reflex, increased hypoxic ventilatory response, and hypertension. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major cellular mechanism underlying CIH-induced enhanced CB chemo reflex and the ensuing cardiorespiratory pathologies. ROS generation by CIH is mediated by nontranscriptional, disrupted HIF-1 and HIF-2-dependent transcriptions as well as epigenetic mechanisms.
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29
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Proczka M, Przybylski J, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Szczepańska-Sadowska E, Żera T. Vasopressin and Breathing: Review of Evidence for Respiratory Effects of the Antidiuretic Hormone. Front Physiol 2021; 12:744177. [PMID: 34867449 PMCID: PMC8637824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.744177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasopressin (AVP) is a key neurohormone involved in the regulation of body functions. Due to its urine-concentrating effect in the kidneys, it is often referred to as antidiuretic hormone. Besides its antidiuretic renal effects, AVP is a potent neurohormone involved in the regulation of arterial blood pressure, sympathetic activity, baroreflex sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, stress response, anxiety, memory, and behavior. Vasopressin is synthesized in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus and released into the circulation from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland together with a C-terminal fragment of pro-vasopressin, known as copeptin. Additionally, vasopressinergic neurons project from the hypothalamus to the brainstem nuclei. Increased release of AVP into the circulation and elevated levels of its surrogate marker copeptin are found in pulmonary diseases, arterial hypertension, heart failure, obstructive sleep apnoea, severe infections, COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and brain injuries. All these conditions are usually accompanied by respiratory disturbances. The main stimuli that trigger AVP release include hyperosmolality, hypovolemia, hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, strenuous exercise, and angiotensin II (Ang II) and the same stimuli are known to affect pulmonary ventilation. In this light, we hypothesize that increased AVP release and changes in ventilation are not coincidental, but that the neurohormone contributes to the regulation of the respiratory system by fine-tuning of breathing in order to restore homeostasis. We discuss evidence in support of this presumption. Specifically, vasopressinergic neurons innervate the brainstem nuclei involved in the control of respiration. Moreover, vasopressin V1a receptors (V1aRs) are expressed on neurons in the respiratory centers of the brainstem, in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) that lack a blood-brain barrier, and on the chemosensitive type I cells in the carotid bodies. Finally, peripheral and central administrations of AVP or antagonists of V1aRs increase/decrease phrenic nerve activity and pulmonary ventilation in a site-specific manner. Altogether, the findings discussed in this review strongly argue for the hypothesis that vasopressin affects ventilation both as a blood-borne neurohormone and as a neurotransmitter within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Proczka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Przybylski
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology, and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczepańska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Żera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is essential for life and therefore the supply of sufficient O2 to the tissues is a major physiological challenge. In mammals, a deficit of O2 (hypoxia) triggers rapid cardiorespiratory reflexes (e.g. hyperventilation and increased heart output) that within a few seconds increase the uptake of O2 by the lungs and its distribution throughout the body. The prototypical acute O2-sensing organ is the carotid body (CB), which contains sensory glomus cells expressing O2-regulated ion channels. In response to hypoxia, glomus cells depolarize and release transmitters which activate afferent fibers terminating at the brainstem respiratory and autonomic centers. In this review, we summarize the basic properties of CB chemoreceptor cells and the essential role played by their specialized mitochondria in acute O2 sensing and signaling. We focus on recent data supporting a "mitochondria-to-membrane signaling" model of CB chemosensory transduction. The possibility that the differential expression of specific subunit isoforms and enzymes could allow mitochondria to play a generalized adaptive O2-sensing and signaling role in a wide variety of cells is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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31
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Eckardt L, Prange-Barczynska M, Hodson EJ, Fielding JW, Cheng X, Lima JDCC, Kurlekar S, Douglas G, Ratcliffe PJ, Bishop T. Developmental role of PHD2 in the pathogenesis of pseudohypoxic pheochromocytoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:757-772. [PMID: 34658364 PMCID: PMC8558849 DOI: 10.1530/erc-21-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a general role for the HIF hydroxylase system in cellular oxygen sensing and tumour hypoxia, cancer-associated mutations of genes in this pathway, including PHD2, PHD1, EPAS1 (encoding HIF-2α) are highly tissue-restricted, being observed in pseudohypoxic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) but rarely, if ever, in other tumours. In an effort to understand that paradox and gain insights into the pathogenesis of pseudohypoxic PPGL, we constructed mice in which the principal HIF prolyl hydroxylase, Phd2, is inactivated in the adrenal medulla using TH-restricted Cre recombinase. Investigation of these animals revealed a gene expression pattern closely mimicking that of pseudohypoxic PPGL. Spatially resolved analyses demonstrated a binary distribution of two contrasting patterns of gene expression among adrenal medullary cells. Phd2 inactivation resulted in a marked shift in this distribution towards a Pnmt-/Hif-2α+/Rgs5+ population. This was associated with morphological abnormalities of adrenal development, including ectopic TH+ cells within the adrenal cortex and external to the adrenal gland. These changes were ablated by combined inactivation of Phd2 with Hif-2α, but not Hif-1α. However, they could not be reproduced by inactivation of Phd2 in adult life, suggesting that they arise from dysregulation of this pathway during adrenal development. Together with the clinical observation that pseudohypoxic PPGL manifests remarkably high heritability, our findings suggest that this type of tumour likely arises from dysregulation of a tissue-restricted action of the PHD2/HIF-2α pathway affecting adrenal development in early life and provides a model for the study of the relevant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Eckardt
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Prange-Barczynska
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma J Hodson
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- The Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James W Fielding
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaotong Cheng
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Samvid Kurlekar
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gillian Douglas
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter J Ratcliffe
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to P J Ratcliffe or T Bishop: or
| | - Tammie Bishop
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to P J Ratcliffe or T Bishop: or
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32
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Mermer P, Strotmann J, Kummer W, Paddenberg R. Olfactory receptor Olfr78 (prostate-specific G protein-coupled receptor PSGR) expression in arterioles supplying skeletal and cardiac muscles and in arterioles feeding some murine organs. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:539-553. [PMID: 34545457 PMCID: PMC8695541 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-02032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory receptor Olfr78 (prostate-specific G protein-coupled receptor PSGR) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family mediating olfactory chemosensation, but it is additionally expressed in other tissues. Olfr78 expressed in kidney participates in blood pressure regulation, and in prostate it plays a role in the development of cancer. We here screened many organs/tissues of transgenic mice co-expressing β-galactosidase with Olfr78. X-gal-positive cells were detectable in smooth muscle cells of numerous arterioles of striated muscles (heart ventricles and skeletal muscles of various embryological origin). In addition, in most organs where we found expression of Olfr78 mRNA, X-gal staining was restricted to smooth muscle cells of small blood vessels. The dominant expression of Olfr78 in arteriolar smooth muscle cells supports the concept of an important role in blood pressure regulation and suggests a participation in the fine tuning of blood supply especially of striated muscles. This should be considered when targeting Olfr78 in other contexts such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mermer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Strotmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Renate Paddenberg
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany.
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33
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Lactate sensing mechanisms in arterial chemoreceptor cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4166. [PMID: 34230483 PMCID: PMC8260783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically considered a by-product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now viewed as a fundamental fuel for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, and preferred over glucose by many tissues. Lactate is also a signaling molecule of increasing medical relevance. Lactate levels in the blood can increase in both normal and pathophysiological conditions (e.g., hypoxia, physical exercise, or sepsis), however the manner by which these changes are sensed and induce adaptive responses is unknown. Here we show that the carotid body (CB) is essential for lactate homeostasis and that CB glomus cells, the main oxygen sensing arterial chemoreceptors, are also lactate sensors. Lactate is transported into glomus cells, leading to a rapid increase in the cytosolic NADH/NAD+ ratio. This in turn activates membrane cation channels, leading to cell depolarization, action potential firing, and Ca2+ influx. Lactate also decreases intracellular pH and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, which further activates glomus cells. Lactate and hypoxia, although sensed by separate mechanisms, share the same final signaling pathway and jointly activate glomus cells to potentiate compensatory cardiorespiratory reflexes. Lactate levels in blood change during hypoxia or exercise, however whether this variable is sensed to evoke adaptive responses is unknown. Here the authors show that oxygen-sensing carotid body cells stimulated by hypoxia are also activated by lactate to potentiate a compensatory ventilatory response.
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Iturriaga R, Alcayaga J, Chapleau MW, Somers VK. Carotid body chemoreceptors: physiology, pathology, and implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1177-1235. [PMID: 33570461 PMCID: PMC8526340 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2 and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to maintain homeostasis. This review examines the fundamental biology underlying CB chemoreceptor function, its contribution to integrated physiological responses, and its role in maintaining health and potentiating disease. Emphasis is placed on 1) transduction mechanisms in chemoreceptor (type I) cells, highlighting the role played by the hypoxic inhibition of O2-dependent K+ channels and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, and their modification by intracellular molecules and other ion channels; 2) synaptic mechanisms linking type I cells and petrosal nerve terminals, focusing on the role played by the main proposed transmitters and modulatory gases, and the participation of glial cells in regulation of the chemosensory process; 3) integrated reflex responses to CB activation, emphasizing that the responses differ dramatically depending on the nature of the physiological, pathological, or environmental challenges, and the interactions of the chemoreceptor reflex with other reflexes in optimizing oxygen delivery to the tissues; and 4) the contribution of enhanced CB chemosensory discharge to autonomic and cardiorespiratory pathophysiology in obstructive sleep apnea, congestive heart failure, resistant hypertension, and metabolic diseases and how modulation of enhanced CB reactivity in disease conditions may attenuate pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Iturriaga
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, and Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Julio Alcayaga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Virend K Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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35
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Poll BG, Cheema MU, Pluznick JL. Gut Microbial Metabolites and Blood Pressure Regulation: Focus on SCFAs and TMAO. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 35:275-284. [PMID: 32490748 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifts in the gut microbiome play a key role in blood pressure regulation, and changes in the production of gut microbial metabolites are likely to be a key mechanism. Known gut microbial metabolites include short-chain fatty acids, which can signal via G-protein-coupled receptors, and trimethylamine-N oxide. In this review, we provide an overview of gut microbial metabolites documented thus far to play a role in blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Poll
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Muhammad Umar Cheema
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Pluznick
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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36
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Yoo HY, Kim SJ. Oxygen-dependent regulation of ion channels: acute responses, post-translational modification, and response to chronic hypoxia. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1589-1602. [PMID: 34142209 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen is a vital element for the survival of cells in multicellular aerobic organisms such as mammals. Lack of O2 availability caused by environmental or pathological conditions leads to hypoxia. Active oxygen distribution systems (pulmonary and circulatory) and their neural control mechanisms ensure that cells and tissues remain oxygenated. However, O2-carrying blood cells as well as immune and various parenchymal cells experience wide variations in partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in vivo. Hence, the reactive modulation of the functions of the oxygen distribution systems and their ability to sense PO2 are critical. Elucidating the physiological responses of cells to variations in PO2 and determining the PO2-sensing mechanisms at the biomolecular level have attracted considerable research interest in the field of physiology. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding ion channel-dependent oxygen sensing and associated signalling pathways in mammals. First, we present the recent findings on O2-sensing ion channels in representative chemoreceptor cells as well as in other types of cells such as immune cells. Furthermore, we highlight the transcriptional regulation of ion channels under chronic hypoxia and its physiological implications and summarize the findings of studies on the post-translational modification of ion channels under hypoxic or ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Young Yoo
- Department of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Peng YJ, Su X, Wang B, Matthews T, Nanduri J, Prabhakar NR. Role of olfactory receptor78 in carotid body-dependent sympathetic activation and hypertension in murine models of chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2054-2067. [PMID: 33909496 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00067.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is a hallmark manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a widespread breathing disorder. CIH-treated rodents exhibit activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypertension. Heightened carotid body (CB) activity has been implicated in CIH-induced hypertension. CB expresses high abundance of olfactory receptor (Olfr) 78, a G-protein coupled receptor. Olfr 78 null mice exhibit impaired CB sensory nerve response to acute hypoxia. Present study examined whether Olfr78 participates in CB-dependent activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypertension in CIH-treated mice and in hemeoxygenase (HO)-2 null mice experiencing CIH as a consequence of naturally occurring OSA. CIH-treated wild-type (WT) mice showed hypertension, biomarkers of sympathetic nerve activation, and enhanced CB sensory nerve response to hypoxia and sensory long-term facilitation (sLTF), and these responses were absent in CIH-treated Olfr78 null mice. HO-2 null mice showed higher apnea index (AI) (58 ± 1.2 apneas/h) than WT mice (AI = 8 ± 0.8 apneas/h) and exhibited elevated blood pressure (BP), elevated plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels, and heightened CB sensory nerve response to hypoxia and sLTF. The magnitude of hypertension correlated with AI in HO-2 null mice. In contrast, HO-2/Olfr78 double null mice showed absence of elevated BP and plasma NE levels and augmented CB response to hypoxia and sLTF. These results demonstrate that Olfr78 participates in sympathetic nerve activation and hypertension and heightened CB activity in two murine models of CIH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Carotid body (CB) sensory nerve activation is essential for sympathetic nerve excitation and hypertension in rodents treated with chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) simulating blood O2 profiles during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Here, we report that CIH-treated mice and hemeoxygenase (HO)-2-deficient mice, which show OSA phenotype, exhibit sympathetic excitation, hypertension, and CB activation. These effects are absent in Olfr78 null and Olfr78/HO-2 double null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoyu Su
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benjamin Wang
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Timothy Matthews
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jayasri Nanduri
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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38
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Kameda Y. Comparative morphological and molecular studies on the oxygen-chemoreceptive cells in the carotid body and fish gills. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:255-273. [PMID: 33852077 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-chemoreceptive cells play critical roles for the respiration control. This review summarizes the chemoreceptive cells in the carotid body and fish gills from a morphological and molecular perspective. The cells synthesize and secrete biogenic amines, neuropeptides, and neuroproteins and also express many signaling molecules and transcription factors. In mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, the carotid body primordium is consistently formed in the wall of the third arch artery which gives rise to the common carotid artery and the basal portion of the internal carotid artery. Consequently, the carotid body is located in the carotid bifurcation region, except birds in which the organ is situated at the lateral side of the common carotid artery. The carotid body receives branches of the cranial nerves IX and/or X dependent on the location of the organ. The glomus cell progenitors in mammals and birds are derived from the neighboring ganglion, i.e., the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the nodose ganglion, respectively, and immigrate into the carotid body primordium, constituting a solid cell cluster. In other animal species, the glomus cells are dispersed singly or forming small cell groups in intervascular stroma of the carotid body. In fishes, the neuroepithelial cells, corresponding to the glomus cells, are distributed in the gill filaments and lamellae. All oxygen-chemoreceptive cells sensitively respond to acute or chronic hypoxia, exhibiting degranulation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and upregulated expression of many genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
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39
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Wang B, Peng YJ, Su X, Zhang C, Nagati JS, Garcia JA, Prabhakar NR. Olfactory receptor 78 regulates erythropoietin and cardiorespiratory responses to hypobaric hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1122-1132. [PMID: 33539264 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00817.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptor (Olfr) 78 is expressed in the carotid bodies (CB) and participates in CB responses to acute hypoxia. Olfr78 is also expressed in the kidney, which is a major site of erythropoietin (Epo) production by hypoxia. The present study examined the role of Olfr78 in cardiorespiratory and renal Epo gene responses to hypobaric hypoxia (HH), simulating low O2 condition experienced at high altitude. Studies were performed on adult, male wild-type (WT) and Olfr78 null mice treated with 18 h of HH (0.4 atmospheres). HH-treated WT mice exhibited increased baseline breathing, augmented hypoxic ventilatory response, elevated blood pressure, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels. These effects were associated with increased baseline CB sensory nerve activity and augmented CB sensory nerve response to subsequent acute hypoxia. In contrast, HH-treated Olfr78 null mice showed an absence of cardiorespiratory and CB sensory nerve responses, suggesting impaired CB-dependent cardiorespiratory adaptations. WT mice responded to HH with activation of the renal Epo gene expression and elevated plasma Epo levels, and these effects were attenuated or absent in Olfr78 null mice. The attenuated Epo activation by HH was accompanied with markedly reduced hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α protein and reduced activation of HIF-2 target gene Sod-1 in Olfr78 null mice, suggesting impaired transcriptional activation of HIF-2 contributes to attenuated Epo responses to HH. These results demonstrate a hitherto uncharacterized role for Olfr78 in cardiorespiratory adaptations and renal Epo gene activation by HH such as that experienced at high altitude.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we delineated a previously uncharacterized role for olfactory receptor 78 (Olfr78), a G-protein-coupled receptor in regulation of erythropoietin and cardiorespiratory responses to hypobaric hypoxia. Our results demonstrate a striking loss of cardiorespiratory adaptations accompanied by an equally striking absence of carotid body sensory nerve responses to hypobaric hypoxia in Olfr78 null mice. We further demonstrate a hitherto uncharacterized role for Olfr78 in erythropoietin activation by hypobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wang
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ying-Jie Peng
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaoyu Su
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chongxu Zhang
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason S Nagati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Joseph A Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Nanduri R Prabhakar
- Institute for Integrative Physiology and Center for Systems Biology of O2 Sensing, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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40
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Ortega-Sáenz P, Moreno-Domínguez A, Gao L, López-Barneo J. Molecular Mechanisms of Acute Oxygen Sensing by Arterial Chemoreceptor Cells. Role of Hif2α. Front Physiol 2020; 11:614893. [PMID: 33329066 PMCID: PMC7719705 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.614893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid body glomus cells are multimodal arterial chemoreceptors able to sense and integrate changes in several physical and chemical parameters in the blood. These cells are also essential for O2 homeostasis. Glomus cells are prototypical peripheral O2 sensors necessary to detect hypoxemia and to elicit rapid compensatory responses (hyperventilation and sympathetic activation). The mechanisms underlying acute O2 sensing by glomus cells have been elusive. Using a combination of mouse genetics and single-cell optical and electrophysiological techniques, it has recently been shown that activation of glomus cells by hypoxia relies on the generation of mitochondrial signals (NADH and reactive oxygen species), which modulate membrane ion channels to induce depolarization, Ca2+ influx, and transmitter release. The special sensitivity of glomus cell mitochondria to changes in O2 tension is due to Hif2α-dependent expression of several atypical mitochondrial subunits, which are responsible for an accelerated oxidative metabolism and the strict dependence of mitochondrial complex IV activity on O2 availability. A mitochondrial-to-membrane signaling model of acute O2 sensing has been proposed, which explains existing data and provides a solid foundation for future experimental tests. This model has also unraveled new molecular targets for pharmacological modulation of carotid body activity potentially relevant in the treatment of highly prevalent medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Moreno-Domínguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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41
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Badoer E. The Carotid Body a Common Denominator for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Dysfunction? Front Physiol 2020; 11:1069. [PMID: 32982794 PMCID: PMC7478291 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body is a highly vascularized organ designed to monitor oxygen levels. Reducing oxygen levels in blood results in increased activity of the carotid body cells and reflex increases in sympathetic nerve activity. A key contributor to elevated sympathetic nerve activity in neurogenic forms of hypertension is enhanced peripheral chemoreceptor activity. Hypertension commonly occurs in metabolic disorders, like obesity. Such metabolic diseases are serious global health problems. Yet, the mechanisms contributing to increased sympathetic nerve activity and hypertension in obesity are not fully understood and a better understanding is urgently required. In this review, we examine the literature that suggests that overactivity of the carotid body may also contribute to metabolic disturbances. The purine ATP is an important chemical mediator influencing the activity of the carotid body and the role of purines in the overactivity of the carotid body is explored. We will conclude with the suggestion that tonic overactivity of the carotid body may be a common denominator that contributes to the hypertension and metabolic dysfunction seen in conditions in which metabolic disease exists such as obesity or insulin resistance induced by high caloric intake. Therapeutic treatment targeting the carotid bodies may be a viable treatment since translation to the clinic could be more easily performed than expected via repurposing antagonists of purinergic receptors currently in clinical practice, and the use of other minimally invasive techniques that reduce the overactivity of the carotid bodies which may be developed for such clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Badoer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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42
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Min S, Chang RB, Prescott SL, Beeler B, Joshi NR, Strochlic DE, Liberles SD. Arterial Baroreceptors Sense Blood Pressure through Decorated Aortic Claws. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2192-2201.e3. [PMID: 31747594 PMCID: PMC6893869 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensory neurons across physiological systems sense force using diverse terminal morphologies. Arterial baroreceptors are sensory neurons that monitor blood pressure for real-time stabilization of cardiovascular output. Various aortic sensory terminals have been described, but those that sense blood pressure are unclear because of a lack of selective genetic tools. Here, we find that all baroreceptor neurons are marked in Piezo2-ires-Cre mice and then use genetic approaches to visualize the architecture of mechanosensory endings. Cre-guided ablation of vagal and glossopharyngeal PIEZO2 neurons eliminates the baroreceptor reflex and aortic depressor nerve effects on blood pressure and heart rate. Genetic mapping reveals that PIEZO2 neurons form a distinctive mechanosensory structure: macroscopic claws that surround the aortic arch and exude fine end-net endings. Other arterial sensory neurons that form flower-spray terminals are dispensable for baroreception. Together, these findings provide structural insights into how blood pressure is sensed in the aortic vessel wall. Min et al. use genetic approaches to reveal how neurons sense blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure evokes a classic neuronal reflex (the baroreceptor reflex), found here to require PIEZO2 neurons. To sense blood pressure, PIEZO2 neurons form large claws that surround the aorta and are decorated with mechanosensory endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohong Min
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui B Chang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sara L Prescott
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brennan Beeler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Narendra R Joshi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Strochlic
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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43
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Aldossary HS, Alzahrani AA, Nathanael D, Alhuthail EA, Ray CJ, Batis N, Kumar P, Coney AM, Holmes AP. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) Signaling in the Carotid Body: Roles in Hypoxia and Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176012. [PMID: 32825527 PMCID: PMC7503665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is an important organ located at the carotid bifurcation that constantly monitors the blood supplying the brain. During hypoxia, the CB immediately triggers an alarm in the form of nerve impulses sent to the brain. This activates protective reflexes including hyperventilation, tachycardia and vasoconstriction, to ensure blood and oxygen delivery to the brain and vital organs. However, in certain conditions, including obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure and essential/spontaneous hypertension, the CB becomes hyperactive, promoting neurogenic hypertension and arrhythmia. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are very highly expressed in the CB and have key roles in mediating baseline CB activity and hypoxic sensitivity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the numerous GPCRs that are expressed in the CB, their mechanism of action and downstream effects. Furthermore, we will address how these GPCRs and signaling pathways may contribute to CB hyperactivity and cardiovascular and respiratory disease. GPCRs are a major target for drug discovery development. This information highlights specific GPCRs that could be targeted by novel or existing drugs to enable more personalized treatment of CB-mediated cardiovascular and respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayyaf S. Aldossary
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
- College of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alzahrani
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
- Respiratory Care Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Demitris Nathanael
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Eyas A. Alhuthail
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
- Collage of Sciences and Health Professions, Basic Sciences Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Clare J. Ray
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Nikolaos Batis
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Prem Kumar
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Andrew M. Coney
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Andrew P. Holmes
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.S.A.); (A.A.A.); (D.N.); (E.A.A.); (C.J.R.); (P.K.); (A.M.C.)
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-415-8161
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44
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Mkrtchian S, Kåhlin J, Gómez-Galán M, Ebberyd A, Yoshitake T, Schmidt S, Kehr J, Hildenborg M, Jonsson Fagerlund M, Erlandsson Harris H, Eriksson LI. The impact of damage-associated molecular patterns on the neurotransmitter release and gene expression in the ex vivo rat carotid body. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1634-1647. [PMID: 32652583 DOI: 10.1113/ep088705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are carotid bodies (CBs) modulated by the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and humoral factors of aseptic tissue injury? What are the main findings and their importance? DAMPs (HMGB1, S100 A8/A9) and blood plasma from rats subjected to tibia surgery, a model of aseptic injury, stimulate the release of neurotransmitters (ATP, dopamine) and TNF-α from ex vivo rat CBs. All-thiol HMGB1 mediates upregulation of immune-related biological pathways. These data suggest regulation of CB function by endogenous mediators of innate immunity. ABSTRACT The glomus cells of carotid bodies (CBs) are the primary sensors of arterial partial O2 and CO2 tensions and moreover serve as multimodal receptors responding also to other stimuli, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) produced by acute infection. Modulation of CB function by excessive amounts of these immunomodulators is suggested to be associated with a detrimental hyperinflammatory state. We have hypothesized that yet another class of immunomodulators, endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), released upon aseptic tissue injury and recognized by the same pathogen recognition receptors as PAMPs, might modulate the CB activity in a fashion similar to PAMPs. We have tested this hypothesis by exposing rat CBs to various DAMPs, such as HMGB1 (all-thiol and disulfide forms) and S100 A8/A9 in a series of ex vivo experiments that demonstrated the release of dopamine and ATP, neurotransmitters known to mediate CB homeostatic responses. We observed a similar response after incubating CBs with conditioned blood plasma obtained from the rats subjected to tibia surgery, a model of aseptic injury. In addition, we have investigated global gene expression in the rat CB using an RNA sequencing approach. Differential gene expression analysis showed all-thiol HMGB1-driven upregulation of a number of prominent pro-inflammatory markers including Il1α and Il1β. Interestingly, conditioned plasma had a more profound effect on the CB transcriptome resulting in inhibition rather than activation of the immune-related pathways. These data are the first to suggest potential modulation of CB function by endogenous mediators of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souren Mkrtchian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessica Kåhlin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Gómez-Galán
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anette Ebberyd
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Kehr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pronexus Analytical AB, Bromma, Sweden
| | - Malin Hildenborg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Jonsson Fagerlund
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Erlandsson Harris
- Department of Medicine Solna, Section for Rheumatology, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Kim LJ, Polotsky VY. Carotid Body and Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5117. [PMID: 32698380 PMCID: PMC7404212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is responsible for the peripheral chemoreflex by sensing blood gases and pH. The CB also appears to act as a peripheral sensor of metabolites and hormones, regulating the metabolism. CB malfunction induces aberrant chemosensory responses that culminate in the tonic overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympatho-excitation evoked by CB may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, inducing systemic hypertension, insulin resistance and sleep-disordered breathing. Several molecular pathways are involved in the modulation of CB activity, and their pharmacological manipulation may lead to overall benefits for cardiometabolic diseases. In this review, we will discuss the role of the CB in the regulation of metabolism and in the pathogenesis of the metabolic dysfunction induced by CB overactivity. We will also explore the potential pharmacological targets in the CB for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenise J. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
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46
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Evans AM, Hardie DG. AMPK and the Need to Breathe and Feed: What's the Matter with Oxygen? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103518. [PMID: 32429235 PMCID: PMC7279029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We live and to do so we must breathe and eat, so are we a combination of what we eat and breathe? Here, we will consider this question, and the role in this respect of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Emerging evidence suggests that AMPK facilitates central and peripheral reflexes that coordinate breathing and oxygen supply, and contributes to the central regulation of feeding and food choice. We propose, therefore, that oxygen supply to the body is aligned with not only the quantity we eat, but also nutrient-based diet selection, and that the cell-specific expression pattern of AMPK subunit isoforms is critical to appropriate system alignment in this respect. Currently available information on how oxygen supply may be aligned with feeding and food choice, or vice versa, through our motivation to breathe and select particular nutrients is sparse, fragmented and lacks any integrated understanding. By addressing this, we aim to provide the foundations for a clinical perspective that reveals untapped potential, by highlighting how aberrant cell-specific changes in the expression of AMPK subunit isoforms could give rise, in part, to known associations between metabolic disease, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, sleep-disordered breathing, pulmonary hypertension and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Mark Evans
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Medical School, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - D. Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
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47
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Cheng X, Prange-Barczynska M, Fielding JW, Zhang M, Burrell AL, Lima JD, Eckardt L, Argles IL, Pugh CW, Buckler KJ, Robbins PA, Hodson EJ, Bruick RK, Collinson LM, Rastinejad F, Bishop T, Ratcliffe PJ. Marked and rapid effects of pharmacological HIF-2α antagonism on hypoxic ventilatory control. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2237-2251. [PMID: 31999648 PMCID: PMC7190921 DOI: 10.1172/jci133194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is strikingly upregulated in many types of cancer, and there is great interest in applying inhibitors of HIF as anticancer therapeutics. The most advanced of these are small molecules that target the HIF-2 isoform through binding the PAS-B domain of HIF-2α. These molecules are undergoing clinical trials with promising results in renal and other cancers where HIF-2 is considered to be driving growth. Nevertheless, a central question remains as to whether such inhibitors affect physiological responses to hypoxia at relevant doses. Here, we show that pharmacological HIF-2α inhibition with PT2385, at doses similar to those reported to inhibit tumor growth, rapidly impaired ventilatory responses to hypoxia, abrogating both ventilatory acclimatization and carotid body cell proliferative responses to sustained hypoxia. Mice carrying a HIF-2α PAS-B S305M mutation that disrupts PT2385 binding, but not dimerization with HIF-1β, did not respond to PT2385, indicating that these effects are on-target. Furthermore, the finding of a hypomorphic ventilatory phenotype in untreated HIF-2α S305M mutant mice suggests a function for the HIF-2α PAS-B domain beyond heterodimerization with HIF-1β. Although PT2385 was well tolerated, the findings indicate the need for caution in patients who are dependent on hypoxic ventilatory drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Cheng
- Target Discovery Institute and
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Prange-Barczynska
- Target Discovery Institute and
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Fielding
- Target Discovery Institute and
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keith J. Buckler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A. Robbins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard K. Bruick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peter J. Ratcliffe
- Target Discovery Institute and
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is an arterial chemoreceptor organ located in the carotid bifurcation and has a well-recognized role in cardiorespiratory regulation. The CB contains neurosecretory sensory cells (glomus cells), which release transmitters in response to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidemia to activate afferent sensory fibers terminating in the respiratory and autonomic brainstem centers. Knowledge of the physiology of the CB has progressed enormously in recent years. Herein we review advances concerning the organization and function of the cellular elements of the CB, with emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of acute oxygen sensing by glomus cells. We introduce the modern view of the CB as a multimodal integrated metabolic sensor and describe the properties of the CB stem cell niche, which support CB growth during acclimatization to chronic hypoxia. Finally, we discuss the increasing medical relevance of CB dysfunction and its potential impact on the mechanisms of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ortega-Sáenz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain; , .,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41009, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41013, Spain; , .,Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41009, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sevilla 41013, Spain
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49
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Zera T, Moraes DJA, da Silva MP, Fisher JP, Paton JFR. The Logic of Carotid Body Connectivity to the Brain. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 34:264-282. [PMID: 31165684 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00057.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The carotid body has emerged as a therapeutic target for cardio-respiratory-metabolic diseases. With the expansive functions of the chemoreflex, we sought mechanisms to explain differential control of individual responses. We purport a remarkable correlation between phenotype of a chemosensory unit (glomus cell-sensory afferent) with a distinct component of the reflex response. This logic could permit differential modulation of distinct chemoreflex responses, a strategy ideal for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tymoteusz Zera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Davi J A Moraes
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Melina P da Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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50
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Bernardini A, Wolf A, Brockmeier U, Riffkin H, Metzen E, Acker-Palmer A, Fandrey J, Acker H. Carotid body type I cells engage flavoprotein and Pin1 for oxygen sensing. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C719-C731. [PMID: 31967857 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00320.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotid body (CB) type I cells sense the blood Po2 and generate a nervous signal for stimulating ventilation and circulation when blood oxygen levels decline. Three oxygen-sensing enzyme complexes may be used for this purpose: 1) mitochondrial electron transport chain metabolism, 2) heme oxygenase 2 (HO-2)-generating CO, and/or 3) an NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX). We hypothesize that intracellular redox changes are the link between the sensor and nervous signals. To test this hypothesis type I cell autofluorescence of flavoproteins (Fp) and NAD(P)H within the mouse CB ex vivo was recorded as Fp/(Fp+NAD(P)H) redox ratio. CB type I cell redox ratio transiently declined with the onset of hypoxia. Upon reoxygenation, CB type I cells showed a significantly increased redox ratio. As a control organ, the non-oxygen-sensing sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (SCG) showed a continuously reduced redox ratio upon hypoxia. CN-, diphenyleneiodonium, or reactive oxygen species influenced chemoreceptor discharge (CND) with subsequent loss of O2 sensitivity and inhibited hypoxic Fp reduction only in the CB but not in SCG Fp, indicating a specific role of Fp in the oxygen-sensing process. Hypoxia-induced changes in CB type I cell redox ratio affected peptidyl prolyl isomerase Pin1, which is believed to colocalize with the NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox in the cell membrane to trigger the opening of potassium channels. We postulate that hypoxia-induced changes in the Fp-mediated redox ratio of the CB regulate the Pin1/p47phox tandem to alter type I cell potassium channels and therewith CND.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Bernardini
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wolf
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Brockmeier
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Helena Riffkin
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Eric Metzen
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joachim Fandrey
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut Acker
- Institute of Physiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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