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Neira F, Neira N, Torres J, González-Ortiz M. Physiological and Pathophysiological Role of Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels (BKCa) in HUVECs and Placenta. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1428:71-82. [PMID: 37466769 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BKCa channels (large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels) play a critical role in regulating vascular tone and blood pressure. These channels are present in the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and are activated by voltage and increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. More recently, the expression and activity of BKCa have been proposed to be relevant in endothelial cells, too, specifically in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the more studied cell type in the fetoplacental circulation. The role of BKCa in endothelial cells is not well understood, but in HUVECs or placental endothelium, these channels could be crucial for vascular tone regulation during pregnancy as part of endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH), a key mechanism for an organ that lacks nervous system innervation like the placenta.In this review, we will discuss the evidence about the role of BKCa (and other Ca2+-activated K+ channels) in HUVECs and the placenta to propose a physiological mechanism for fetoplacental vascular regulation and a pathophysiological role of BKCa, mainly associated with pregnancy pathologies that present maternal hypertension and/or placental hypoxia, like preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Neira
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nataly Neira
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcelo González-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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Abukhodair AW, Abukhudair W, Alqarni MS. The Effects of L-Arginine in Hypertensive Patients: A Literature Review. Cureus 2021; 13:e20485. [PMID: 35070535 PMCID: PMC8761475 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic disease that affects more than 972 million people throughout the world, which is usually associated with endothelial dysfunction. Scientists are closely investigating endothelial dysfunction and have recently discovered the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) known as NO (nitric oxide), which is derived from a semi-essential amino acid, L-arginine, by the action of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Production of adequate amounts of NO by vascular endothelial cells is essential to maintain normal blood pressure and prevent the development of HTN. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous NOS inhibitor that is increased in those with HTN especially in patients with renal dysfunction. In the present review, the role of L-arginine, arginine transporters, and ADMA in the pathobiology of HTN and their potential clinical significance are discussed.
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Adanaş Aydın G, Özdemir Akdur P, Özgen G. The effect of glucose tolerance test on fetoplacental circulation. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:723-727. [PMID: 34247814 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute hyperglycemia affects the fetoplacental circulation. This study aims to investigate the possible effect of acute hyperglycemia induced by 50 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on fetoplacental circulation in women between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 2019 and April 2019, a total of 29 women who were between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation with a singleton gestation and were in low-risk group were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent fetal biometric measurements using ultrasonography (USG) and were administered 50 g OGTT. Before and 1 h after the test, Doppler USG was used to measure uterine artery, umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio. The cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) was calculated as the ratio of the MCA-PI/UA-PI. RESULTS There was a decline in the MCA-RI (p = 0.008) and UA-PI (p = 0.021) at 1 h after the administration of 50 g OGTT. Z-scores of the mean UA-PI, MCA-PI, and CPR were calculated and a statistically significant increase in the Z-scores of the mean UA-PI was observed (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION Our study results show that acute hyperglycemia induced by OGTT significantly increases the Z-scores of the UA-PI, affecting the fetoplacental circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gültekin Adanaş Aydın
- Bursa Yüksekİhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Özdemir Akdur
- Bursa Yüksekİhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gülten Özgen
- Bursa Yüksekİhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bursa, Turkey
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Ayaz R, Günay T, Yardımcı OD, Turgut A, Ankaralı H. The effect of 75-g oral glucose tolerance test on maternal and foetal Doppler parameters in healthy pregnancies: a cross-sectional observational study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 41:83-88. [PMID: 33583317 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1849072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia can alter placental resistance to blood flow and hyperglycaemia has adverse perinatal outcomes. Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) increases the maternal plasma glucose levels temporarily and mimics metabolic hyperglycaemia. The blood flow of the uterine artery (UtA), umbilical artery (UA), middle cerebral artery (MCA) were assessed before, 1 and 2 h following the OGTT by using Doppler ultrasonography. Z-score of cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), pulsatility index (PI) for three vessels were evaluated separately. All measurements of the MCA, UA, UtA Doppler parameters were not statistically different for fasting, and 1 and 2 h following the 75 g OGTT in the 53 pregnant women with a singleton gestation in the low-risk group. This study results show that acute hyperglycaemia induced by OGTT has no effect on maternal and foetal Doppler parameters in healthy pregnancies.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Foetal glucose is affected by maternal blood glucose concentrations and placental blood flow. Acute hyperglycaemia may have an effect on maternal, and foetal Doppler parameters among healthy pregnanciesWhat do the results of this study add? Our findings indicate that blood flow velocity metric measurements in the UA, MCA and UtA were not affected by the OGTT in healthy pregnant women.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Acute hyperglycaemia induced by OGTT does not have any effect on fetomaternal circulation, especially foetal brain blood flow. Other foetal vessels including ductus venosus, renal artery, etc. may be affected by maternal blood glucose levels during the OGTT or in diabetic patients. Future prospective studies consisting of diabetic patients are warranted to verify the exact effect of glucose levels on foetal and maternal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Ayaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Perinatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taner Günay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguz Devrim Yardımcı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Turgut
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Handan Ankaralı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Malone JJ, Hulton AT, MacLaren DPM. Exogenous carbohydrate and regulation of muscle carbohydrate utilisation during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1255-1269. [PMID: 33544230 PMCID: PMC8064975 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carbohydrates (CHO) are one of the fundamental energy sources during prolonged steady state and intermittent exercise. The consumption of exogenous CHO during exercise is common place, with the aim to enhance sporting performance. Despite the popularity around exogenous CHO use, the process by which CHO is regulated from intake to its use in the working muscle is still not fully appreciated. Recent studies utilizing the hyperglycaemic glucose clamp technique have shed light on some of the potential barriers to CHO utilisation during exercise. The present review addresses the role of exogenous CHO utilisation during exercise, with a focus on potential mechanisms involved, from glucose uptake to glucose delivery and oxidation at the different stages of regulation. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS A number of potential barriers were identified, including gastric emptying, intestinal absorption, blood flow (splanchnic and muscle), muscle uptake and oxidation. The relocation of glucose transporters plays a key role in the regulation of CHO, particularly in epithelial cells and subsequent transport into the blood. Limitations are also apparent when CHO is infused, particularly with regards to blood flow and uptake within the muscle. CONCLUSION We highlight a number of potential barriers involved with the regulation of both ingested and infused CHO during exercise. Future work on the influence of longitudinal training within the regulation processes (such as the gut) is warranted to further understand the optimal type, dose and method of CHO delivery to enhance sporting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Malone
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Taggart Avenue, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK.
| | - Andrew T Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Don P M MacLaren
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Gambardella J, Khondkar W, Morelli MB, Wang X, Santulli G, Trimarco V. Arginine and Endothelial Function. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080277. [PMID: 32781796 PMCID: PMC7460461 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine (L-arginine), is an amino acid involved in a number of biological processes, including the biosynthesis of proteins, host immune response, urea cycle, and nitric oxide production. In this systematic review, we focus on the functional role of arginine in the regulation of endothelial function and vascular tone. Both clinical and preclinical studies are examined, analyzing the effects of arginine supplementation in hypertension, ischemic heart disease, aging, peripheral artery disease, and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, NY 10461, USA; (J.G.); (W.K.); (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, “Federico II” University, 80131 Naples, Italy
- International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Wafiq Khondkar
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, NY 10461, USA; (J.G.); (W.K.); (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Marco Bruno Morelli
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, NY 10461, USA; (J.G.); (W.K.); (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY 10461, USA
| | - Xujun Wang
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, NY 10461, USA; (J.G.); (W.K.); (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine—Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, NY 10461, USA; (J.G.); (W.K.); (M.B.M.); (X.W.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, “Federico II” University, 80131 Naples, Italy
- International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), 80100 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- Department of Neuroscience, “Federico II” University, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Nam MCY, Meneses AL, Byrne CD, Richman T, Quah JX, Bailey TG, Hickman I, Anstey C, Askew CD, Senior R, Stanton T, Russell AW, Greaves K. An Experimental Series Investigating the Effects of Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemia on Myocardial Blood Flow Reserve in Healthy Individuals and on Myocardial Perfusion Defect Size following ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020; 33:868-877.e6. [PMID: 32247531 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incomplete restoration of myocardial blood flow (MBF) is reported in up to 30% of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) despite prompt mechanical revascularization. Experimental hyperinsulinemic euglycemia (HE) increases MBF reserve (MBFR). If fully exploited, this effect may also improve MBF to ischemic myocardium. Using insulin-dextrose infusions to induce HE, we conducted four experiments to determine (1) how insulin infusion duration, dose, and presence of insulin resistance affect MBFR response; and (2) the effect of an insulin-dextrose infusion given immediately following revascularization of STEMI on myocardial perfusion. METHODS The MBFR was determined using myocardial contrast echocardiography. Experiment 1 (insulin duration): 12 participants received an insulin-dextrose or saline infusion for 120 minutes. MBFR was measured at four time intervals during infusion. Experiment 2 (insulin dose): 22 participants received one of three insulin doses (0.5, 1.5, 3.0 mU/kg/minute) for 60 minutes. Baseline and 60-minute MBFRs were determined. Experiment 3 (insulin resistance): five metabolic syndrome and six type 2 diabetes (T2DM) participants received 1.5 mU/kg/minute of insulin-dextrose for 60 minutes. Baseline and 60-minute MBFRs were determined. Experiment 4 (STEMI): following revascularization for STEMI, 20 patients were randomized to receive either 1.5 mU/kg/minute insulin-dextrose infusion for 120 minutes or standard care. Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed at four time intervals to quantify percentage contrast defect length. RESULTS Experiment 1: MBFR increased with time through to 120 minutes in the insulin-dextrose group and did not change in controls. Experiment 2: compared with baseline, MBFR increased in the 1.5 (2.42 ± 0.39 to 3.25 ± 0.77, P = .002), did not change in the 0.5, and decreased in the 3.0 (2.64 ± 0.25 to 2.16 ± 0.33, P = .02) mU/kg/minute groups. Experiment 3: compared with baseline, MBFR increase was only borderline significant in metabolic syndrome and T2DM participants (1.98 ± 0.33 to 2.59 ± 0.45, P = .04, and 1.67 ± 0.35 to 2.14 ± 0.21, P = .05). Experiment 4: baseline percentage contrast defect length was similar in both groups but with insulin decreased with time and was significantly lower than in controls at 60 minutes (2.8 ± 5.7 vs 13.7 ± 10.6, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Presence of T2DM, insulin infusion duration, and dose are important determinants of the MBFR response to HE. When given immediately following revascularization for STEMI, insulin-dextrose reduces perfusion defect size at one hour. Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia may improve MBF following ischemia, but further studies are needed to clarify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Y Nam
- Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annelise L Meneses
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tuppence Richman
- Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jing Xian Quah
- Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom G Bailey
- VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ingrid Hickman
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Anstey
- Department of Intensive Care, Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Services and University of Queensland, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher D Askew
- Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia; VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roxy Senior
- Biomedical Research Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Stanton
- Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia; VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony W Russell
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; PA Southside Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim Greaves
- Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia; VasoActive Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Rojas S, Basualto E, Valdivia L, Vallejos N, Ceballos K, Peña E, Rivas C, Nualart F, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Escudero C, Toledo F, Sobrevia L, Cid M, González M. The activity of IKCa and BKCa channels contributes to insulin-mediated NO synthesis and vascular tone regulation in human umbilical vein. Nitric Oxide 2020; 99:7-16. [PMID: 32165314 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulin regulates the l-arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), increasing the plasma membrane expression of the l-arginine transporter hCAT-1 and inducing vasodilation in umbilical and placental veins. Placental vascular relaxation induced by insulin is dependent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa), but the role of KCa channels on l-arginine transport and NO synthesis is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of KCa channels in both insulin-induced l-arginine transport and NO synthesis, and its relationship with placental vascular relaxation. HUVECs, human placental vein endothelial cells (HPVECs) and placental veins were freshly isolated from umbilical cords and placenta from normal pregnancies. Cells or tissue were incubated in absence or presence of insulin and/or tetraethylammonium, 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-pyrazole, iberiotoxin or NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. l-Arginine uptake, plasma membrane polarity, NO levels, hCAT-1 expression and placenta vascular reactivity were analyzed. The inhibition of intermediate-conductance KCa (IKCa) and BKCa increases l-arginine uptake, which was related with protein abundance of hCAT-1 in HUVECs. IKCa and BKCa activities contribute to NO-synthesis induced by insulin but are not directly involved in insulin-stimulated l-arginine uptake. Long term incubation (8 h) with insulin increases the plasma membrane hyperpolarization and hCAT-1 expression in HUVECs and HPVECs. Insulin-induced relaxation in placental vasculature was reversed by KCa inhibition. The results show that the activity of IKCa and BKCa channels are relevant for both physiological regulations of NO synthesis and vascular tone regulation in the human placenta, acting as a part of negative feedback mechanism for autoregulation of l-arginine transport in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rojas
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad deConcepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Emerita Basualto
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad deConcepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Luz Valdivia
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad deConcepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia Vallejos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad deConcepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karen Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Peña
- Departmento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Coralia Rivas
- Departmento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Células Madres Neuro-CellTT, Centro de Microscopía Avanzada CMA BIOBIO, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS), Chillán, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS), Chillán, Chile; Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston QLD, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcela Cid
- Departmento de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcelo González
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vascular, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad deConcepción, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS), Chillán, Chile.
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Wu NN, Zhao D, Ma W, Lang JN, Liu SM, Fu Y, Wang X, Wang ZW, Li Q. A genome-wide association study of gestational diabetes mellitus in Chinese women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:1557-1564. [PMID: 31269844 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1640205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exhibits an obvious trend of increase in pregnant mothers and usually causes several abnormities or diseases for the offspring. Although several studies have been reported for potential molecular mechanisms, relevant genes or mutated sites have not been intensively investigated in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, 218 pregnant mothers (GDM group: 103 individuals and control group: 115 individuals) in China were enrolled to conduct genome-wide association study (GWAS) and pathway analyses for the purpose of related genes associated with GDM in China. RESULTS Our results identified 23 SNPs exhibiting closely association with GDM using multiple tests. Annotation of these 23 SNPs identified four genes (SYNPR, CDH18, CTIF, and PTGIS), which suggests that the four genes may associate with GDM. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that gene SYNPR, CDH18, and PTGIS were enriched or located into the pathways or process associated with glycometabolism (e.g. insulin resistance and glucose tolerance), which further indicates that the three genes may associate with the GDM. CONCLUSION The identification of these potential genes associating with GDM enriched the potential molecular mechanisms of GDM in Asia and will provide abundant stocks for subsequent clinical verifications for better understanding the molecular mechanisms, diagnosis, drug development and clinical treatment of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 2nd Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Nan Lang
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Mo Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Research, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 2nd Hospital Affiliated of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Subiabre M, Villalobos-Labra R, Silva L, Fuentes G, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Role of insulin, adenosine, and adipokine receptors in the foetoplacental vascular dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165370. [PMID: 30660686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a disease of pregnancy associated with maternal and foetal hyperglycaemia and altered foetoplacental vascular function. Human foetoplacental microvascular and macrovascular endothelium from GDM pregnancy show increased maximal l-arginine transport capacity via the human cationic amino acid transporter 1 (hCAT-1) isoform and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). These alterations are paralleled by lower maximal transport activity of the endogenous nucleoside adenosine via the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) and activation of adenosine receptors. A causal relationship has been described for adenosine-activation of A2A adenosine receptors, hCAT-1, and eNOS activity (i.e. the Adenosine/l-Arginine/Nitric Oxide, ALANO, signalling pathway). Insulin restores these alterations in GDM via activation of insulin receptor A (IR-A) form in the macrovascular but IR-A and IR-B forms in the microcirculation of the human placenta. Adipokines are secreted from adipocytes influencing the foetoplacental metabolic and vascular function. Various adipokines are dysregulated in GDM, with adiponectin and leptin playing major roles. Abnormal plasma concentration of these adipokines and the activation or their receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of GDM. However, involvement of adipokines, adenosine, and insulin receptors and membrane transporters in the aetiology of this disease of pregnancy is unknown. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of insulin and adenosine receptors and l-arginine and adenosine membranes transporters giving an overview of the key adipokines leptin and adiponectin in the foetoplacental vasculature in GDM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Transporters and Receptors in Pregnancy Metabolic Complications edited by Luis Sobrevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Subiabre
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis Silva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG), Groningen 9700 RB, the Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Fuentes
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Cell Physiology Laboratory, Biomedical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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11
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Opheim GL, Zucknick M, Henriksen T, Haugen G. A maternal meal affects clinical Doppler parameters in the fetal middle cerebral artery. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209990. [PMID: 30596747 PMCID: PMC6312248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Middle cerebral artery (MCA) and umbilical artery (UA) Doppler blood flow pulsatility indices (PIs) and MCA peak systolic velocity (PSV) are essential variables for clinically evaluating fetal well-being. Here we examined how a maternal meal influenced these Doppler blood flow velocity variables. METHODS This prospective cohort study included 89 healthy Caucasian women with normal singleton pregnancies (median age, 32 years). Measurements were performed at gestational weeks 30 and 36, representing the start and near the end of the energy-depositing period. Measured variables included the MCA-PI, UA-PI, fetal heart rate (FHR) and MCA-PSV. The cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) was calculated as the ratio of MCA-PI to UA-PI. The first examination was performed in the fasting state at 08:30 a.m. Then participants ate a standard breakfast (approximate caloric intake, 400kcal), and the examination was repeated ~105 min after the meal. RESULTS Without adjustment for FHR, fetal MCA-PI decreased after the meal at week 30 (‒0.115; p = 0.012) and week 36 (‒0.255; p < 0.001). All PI values were negatively correlated with FHR. After adjustment for FHR, MCA-PI still decreased after the meal at week 30 (‒0.087; p = 0.044) and week 36 (‒0.194; p < 0.001). The difference between the two gestational weeks was non-significant (p = 0.075). UA-PI values did not significantly change at week 30 (p = 0.253) or week 36 (p = 0.920). CPR revealed significant postprandial decreases of -0.17 at week 30 (p = 0.006) and -0.22 at week 36 (p = 0.001). Compared to fasting values, MCA-PSV was significantly higher after food intake: +3.9 cm/s at week 30 (p < 0.001) and +5.9 cm/s at week 36 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In gestational weeks 30 and 36, we observed a postprandial influence that was apparently specific to fetal cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Lisbet Opheim
- Department of Fetal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital—Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Advisory Unit on Woman`s Health, Oslo University Hospital—Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Henriksen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital–Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haugen
- Department of Fetal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital—Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Villalobos-Labra R, Subiabre M, Toledo F, Pardo F, Sobrevia L. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and development of insulin resistance in adipose, skeletal, liver, and foetoplacental tissue in diabesity. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 66:49-61. [PMID: 30472165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabesity is an abnormal metabolic condition shown by patients with obesity that develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabesity present with insulin resistance, reduced vascular response to insulin, and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Along with the several well-described mechanisms of insulin resistance, a state of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, where the primary human targets are the adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and the foetoplacental vasculature, is apparent. ER stress characterises by the activation of the unfolded protein response via three canonical ER stress sensors, i.e., the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6. Slightly different cell signalling mechanisms preferentially enable in diabesity in the ER stress-associated insulin resistance for adipose tissue (IRE1α/X-box binding protein 1 mRNA splicing/c-jun N-terminal kinase 1 activation), skeletal muscle (tribbles-like protein 3 (TRB3)/proinflammatory cytokines activation), and liver (PERK/activating transcription factor 4/TRB3 activation). There is no information in human subjects with diabesity in the foetoplacental vasculature. However, the available literature shows that pregnant women with pre-pregnancy obesity or overweight that develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and their newborn show insulin resistance. ER stress is recently reported to be triggered in endothelial cells from the human umbilical vein from mothers with pre-pregnancy obesity. However, whether a different metabolic alteration to obesity in pregnancy or GDM is present in women with pre-pregnancy obesity that develop GDM, is unknown. In this review, we summarised the findings on diabesity-associated mechanisms of insulin resistance with emphasis in the primary targets adipose, skeletal muscle, liver, and foetoplacental tissues. We also give evidence on the possibility of a new GDM-associated metabolic condition triggered in pregnancy by maternal obesity, i.e. gestational diabesity, leading to ER stress-associated insulin resistance in the human foetoplacental vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Villalobos-Labra
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile.
| | - Mario Subiabre
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, 3780000, Chile
| | - Fabián Pardo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center of Territorial Health Research (CIISTe), San Felipe Campus, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, 2172972, San Felipe, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, E-41012, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Ameta K, Gupta A, Kumar S, Sethi R, Kumar D, Mahdi AA. Essential hypertension: A filtered serum based metabolomics study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2153. [PMID: 28526818 PMCID: PMC5438387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the easy and reliable methods of blood pressure measurement, the screening of essential hypertension (EH) is usually ignored due to delayed onset of symptoms. A probe into the biochemical changes in hypertension would serve as a welcome asset to provide insight into the mechanistic aspects of EH. Filtered serum samples from 64 EH patients and 59 healthy controls (HC) were analysed using 800 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Application of principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) following receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of NMR data reveals significantly perturbed metabolites: alanine, arginine, methionine, pyruvate, adenine, and uracil. This set of metabolites correctly classified 99% of cases from HC and also showed excellent correlation in both isolated elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) cases and combined elevated systolic-diastolic blood pressure cases. Proton NMR metabolomics of EH may prove helpful in defining associated biomarkers and serve as an alternate diagnostic tool with judicious clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Ameta
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, India.
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, India
| | - Rishi Sethi
- Department of Cardiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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14
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Cabrera L, Saavedra A, Rojas S, Cid M, Valenzuela C, Gallegos D, Careaga P, Basualto E, Haensgen A, Peña E, Rivas C, Vera JC, Gallardo V, Zúñiga L, Escudero C, Sobrevia L, Wareing M, González M. Insulin Induces Relaxation and Decreases Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Vasoconstriction in Human Placental Vascular Bed in a Mechanism Mediated by Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels and L-Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathways. Front Physiol 2016; 7:529. [PMID: 27920724 PMCID: PMC5118463 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTSShort-term incubation with insulin increases the L-arginine transport in HUVECs. Short-term incubation with insulin increases the NO synthesis in HUVECs. Insulin induces relaxation in human placental vascular bed. Insulin attenuates the constriction induced by hydrogen peroxide in human placenta. The relaxation induced by insulin is dependent on BKCa channels activity in human placenta.
Insulin induces relaxation in umbilical veins, increasing the expression of human amino acid transporter 1 (hCAT-1) and nitric oxide synthesis (NO) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Short-term effects of insulin on vasculature have been reported in healthy subjects and cell cultures; however, its mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of acute incubation with insulin on the regulation of vascular tone of placental vasculature. HUVECs and chorionic vein rings were isolated from normal pregnancies. The effect of insulin on NO synthesis, L-arginine transport, and hCAT-1 abundance was measured in HUVECs. Isometric tension induced by U46619 (thromboxane A2 analog) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were measured in vessels previously incubated 30 min with insulin and/or the following pharmacological inhibitors: tetraethylammonium (KCa channels), iberiotoxin (BKCa channels), genistein (tyrosine kinases), and wortmannin (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). Insulin increases L-arginine transport and NO synthesis in HUVECs. In the placenta, this hormone caused relaxation of the chorionic vein, and reduced perfusion pressure in placental cotyledons. In vessels pre-incubated with insulin, the constriction evoked by H2O2 and U46619 was attenuated and the effect on H2O2-induced constriction was blocked with tetraethylammonium and iberiotoxin, but not with genistein, or wortmannin. Insulin rapidly dilates the placental vasculature through a mechanism involving activity of BKCa channels and L-arginine/NO pathway in endothelial cells. This phenomenon is related to quick increases of hCAT-1 abundance and higher capacity of endothelial cells to take up L-arginine and generate NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Cabrera
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Department of Morphophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Saavedra
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Susana Rojas
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcela Cid
- Department of Obstetrics and Childcare, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristina Valenzuela
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - David Gallegos
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Careaga
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Emerita Basualto
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Astrid Haensgen
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Peña
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Coralia Rivas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Vera
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Victoria Gallardo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile
| | - Leandro Zúñiga
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas (CIM), School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile; Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del BiobíoChillán, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of QueenslandHerston, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Wareing
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Institute of Human Development, University of ManchesterManchester, UK; Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchester, UK
| | - Marcelo González
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health)Chillán, Chile
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15
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Nam MCY, Byrne CD, Kaski JC, Greaves K. Insulin in Acute Coronary Syndrome: a Narrative Review with Contemporary Perspectives. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016; 30:493-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-016-6679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Haugen G, Bollerslev J, Henriksen T. Human umbilical and fetal cerebral blood flow velocity waveforms following maternal glucose loading: a cross-sectional observational study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2016; 95:683-9. [DOI: 10.1111/aogs.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guttorm Haugen
- Department of Obstetrics; Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
- University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Specialized Endocrinology; Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
| | - Tore Henriksen
- Department of Obstetrics; Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Oslo Norway
- University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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17
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Dubó S, Gallegos D, Cabrera L, Sobrevia L, Zúñiga L, González M. Cardiovascular Action of Insulin in Health and Disease: Endothelial L-Arginine Transport and Cardiac Voltage-Dependent Potassium Channels. Front Physiol 2016; 7:74. [PMID: 27014078 PMCID: PMC4791397 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of insulin signaling on diabetes mellitus has been related to cardiovascular dysfunction, heart failure, and sudden death. In human endothelium, cationic amino acid transporter 1 (hCAT-1) is related to the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and insulin has a vascular effect in endothelial cells through a signaling pathway that involves increases in hCAT-1 expression and L-arginine transport. This mechanism is disrupted in diabetes, a phenomenon potentiated by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contribute to lower availability of NO and endothelial dysfunction. On the other hand, electrical remodeling in cardiomyocytes is considered a key factor in heart failure progression associated to diabetes mellitus. This generates a challenge to understand the specific role of insulin and the pathways involved in cardiac function. Studies on isolated mammalian cardiomyocytes have shown prolongated action potential in ventricular repolarization phase that produces a long QT interval, which is well explained by attenuation in the repolarizing potassium currents in cardiac ventricles. Impaired insulin signaling causes specific changes in these currents, such a decrease amplitude of the transient outward K(+) (Ito) and the ultra-rapid delayed rectifier (IKur) currents where, together, a reduction of mRNA and protein expression levels of α-subunits (Ito, fast; Kv 4.2 and IKs; Kv 1.5) or β-subunits (KChIP2 and MiRP) of K(+) channels involved in these currents in a MAPK mediated pathway process have been described. These results support the hypothesis that lack of insulin signaling can produce an abnormal repolarization in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, the arrhythmogenic potential due to reduced Ito current can contribute to an increase in the incidence of sudden death in heart failure. This review aims to show, based on pathophysiological models, the regulatory function that would have insulin in vascular system and in cardiac electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Dubó
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - David Gallegos
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Lissette Cabrera
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Department of Morphophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego PortalesSantiago, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), University of QueenslandHerston, QLD, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leandro Zúñiga
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca Talca, Chile
| | - Marcelo González
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepción, Chile; Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS-Health)Chillán, Chile
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18
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Lai L, Ghebremariam YT. Modulating DDAH/NOS Pathway to Discover Vasoprotective Insulin Sensitizers. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2016:1982096. [PMID: 26770984 PMCID: PMC4684877 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1982096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) is a configuration of cardiovascular risk factors involved in the development of metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to diet, age, socioeconomic, and environmental factors, genetic factors that impair insulin signaling are centrally involved in the development and exacerbation of IRS. Genetic and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that the nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) genes are critically involved in the regulation of insulin-mediated glucose disposal. The generation of NO by the NOS enzymes is known to contribute to vascular homeostasis including insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation and insulin sensitivity. By contrast, excessive inhibition of NOS enzymes by exogenous or endogenous factors is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous molecule that competitively inhibits all the NOS enzymes and contributes to metabolic perturbations including IR. The concentration of ADMA in plasma and tissue is enzymatically regulated by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), a widely expressed enzyme in the cardiovascular system. In preclinical studies, overexpression of DDAH has been shown to reduce ADMA levels, improve vascular compliance, and increase insulin sensitivity. This review discusses the feasibility of the NOS/DDAH pathway as a novel target to develop vasoprotective insulin sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yohannes T. Ghebremariam
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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19
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Cardio-protective effects of combined l-arginine and insulin: Mechanism and therapeutic actions in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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González M, Rojas S, Avila P, Cabrera L, Villalobos R, Palma C, Aguayo C, Peña E, Gallardo V, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Sáez T, Salsoso R, Sanhueza C, Pardo F, Leiva A, Sobrevia L. Insulin reverses D-glucose-increased nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122398. [PMID: 25875935 PMCID: PMC4397070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular tone is controlled by the L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway, and NO bioavailability is strongly affected by hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress. Insulin leads to high expression and activity of human cationic amino acid transporter 1 (hCAT-1), NO synthesis and vasodilation; thus, a protective role of insulin on high D-glucose-alterations in endothelial function is likely. Vascular reactivity to U46619 (thromboxane A2 mimetic) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) was measured in KCl preconstricted human umbilical vein rings (wire myography) incubated in normal (5 mmol/L) or high (25 mmol/L) D-glucose. hCAT-1, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), 42 and 44 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinases (p42/44mapk), protein kinase B/Akt (Akt) expression and activity were determined by western blotting and qRT-PCR, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) level was determined by HPLC, and L-arginine transport (0-1000 μmol/L) was measured in response to 5-25 mmol/L D-glucose (0-36 hours) in passage 2 human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Assays were in the absence or presence of insulin and/or apocynin (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase [NADPH oxidase] inhibitor), tempol or Mn(III)TMPyP (SOD mimetics). High D-glucose increased hCAT-1 expression and activity, which was biphasic (peaks: 6 and 24 hours of incubation). High D-glucose-increased maximal transport velocity was blocked by insulin and correlated with lower hCAT-1 expression and SLC7A1 gene promoter activity. High D-glucose-increased transport parallels higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide anion (O2•-) generation, and increased U46619-contraction and reduced CGRP-dilation of vein rings. Insulin and apocynin attenuate ROS and O2•- generation, and restored vascular reactivity to U46619 and CGRP. Insulin, but not apocynin or tempol reversed high D-glucose-increased NO synthesis; however, tempol and Mn(III)TMPyP reversed the high D-glucose-reduced BH4 level. Insulin and tempol blocked the high D-glucose-increased p42/44mapk phosphorylation. Vascular dysfunction caused by high D-glucose is likely attenuated by insulin through the L-arginine/NO and O2•-/NADPH oxidase pathways. These findings are of interest for better understanding vascular dysfunction in states of foetal insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo González
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS-Health), PO-Box 114-D, Chillán 3800708, Chile
| | - Susana Rojas
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Pía Avila
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Lissette Cabrera
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Department of Morphophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago 8370076, Chile
| | - Roberto Villalobos
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Carlos Palma
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS-Health), PO-Box 114-D, Chillán 3800708, Chile
| | - Eduardo Peña
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Victoria Gallardo
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS-Health), PO-Box 114-D, Chillán 3800708, Chile
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción 4080871, Chile
| | - Tamara Sáez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Rocío Salsoso
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Carlos Sanhueza
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Fabián Pardo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago 8330024, Chile
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Escudero C, Roberts JM, Myatt L, Feoktistov I. Impaired adenosine-mediated angiogenesis in preeclampsia: potential implications for fetal programming. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:134. [PMID: 24926270 PMCID: PMC4046493 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome, defined by such clinical hallmarks as the onset of maternal hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. The syndrome is also characterized by impaired blood flow through the utero-placental circulation and relative placental ischemia, which in turn, may generate feto-placental endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction in offspring born from preeclamptic pregnancies has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, later in life. Interestingly, diminished endothelial function, manifested by low angiogenic capacity, leads to hypertension in animal studies. Recently, we have shown that the adenosine receptor A2A/nitric oxide/vascular endothelial growth factor axis is reduced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells derived from preeclamptic pregnancies, an effect correlated with gestational age at onset of preeclampsia. We and others suggested that impaired vascular function might be associated with high cardiovascular risk in offspring exposed to pregnancy diseases. However, we are not aware of any studies that examine impaired adenosine-mediated angiogenesis as a possible link to hypertension in offspring born from preeclamptic pregnancies. In this review, we present evidence supporting the hypothesis that reduced adenosine-mediated angiogenesis during preeclamptic pregnancies might be associated with development of hypertension in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío Chillán, Chile
| | - James M Roberts
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Igor Feoktistov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
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Acurio J, Troncoso F, Bertoglia P, Salomon C, Aguayo C, Sobrevia L, Escudero C. Potential role of A2B adenosine receptors on proliferation/migration of fetal endothelium derived from preeclamptic pregnancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:274507. [PMID: 24877077 PMCID: PMC4024414 DOI: 10.1155/2014/274507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the functionality of A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) and the nitric oxide (NO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway in the endothelial cell proliferation/migration during preeclampsia, we used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) isolated from normal pregnancies (n = 15) or pregnancies with preeclampsia (n = 15). Experiments were performed in presence or absence of the nonselective adenosine receptor agonist NECA, the A2BAR selective antagonist MRS-1754, and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME. Results indicated that cells from preeclampsia exhibited a significant higher protein level of A2BAR and logEC50 for NECA-mediated proliferation than normotensive pregnancies. The stimulatory effect of NECA (10 μM, 24 h) on cell proliferation was prevented by MRS-1754 (5 nM) coincubation only in cells from normotensive pregnancies. Nevertheless, L-NAME (100 μM, 24 h) reduced the NECA-induced cell proliferation/migration in HUVEC from normal pregnancy; however in preeclampsia only NECA-induced cell proliferation was reduced by L-NAME. Moreover, NECA increased protein nitration and abundance of VEGF in cells from normal pregnancy and effect prevented by MRS-1754 coincubation. Nevertheless, in preeclampsia NECA did not affect the protein level of VEGF. In conclusion HUVECs from preeclampsia exhibit elevated protein level of A2BAR and impairment of A2BAR-mediated NO/VEGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesenia Acurio
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Felipe Troncoso
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Patricio Bertoglia
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Herminda Martin Clinical Hospital, Chillan, Chile
| | - Carlos Salomon
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis (GIANT), Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
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Wang X, Yu C, Zhang B, Wang Y. The Injurious Effects of Hyperinsulinism on Blood Vessels. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 69:213-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Muniyappa R, Yavuz S. Metabolic actions of angiotensin II and insulin: a microvascular endothelial balancing act. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 378:59-69. [PMID: 22684034 PMCID: PMC3478427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic actions of insulin to promote glucose disposal are augmented by nitric oxide (NO)-dependent increases in microvascular blood flow to skeletal muscle. The balance between NO-dependent vasodilator actions and endothelin-1-dependent vasoconstrictor actions of insulin is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent (PI3K)--and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling in vascular endothelium, respectively. Angiotensin II acting on AT₂ receptor increases capillary blood flow to increase insulin-mediated glucose disposal. In contrast, AT₁ receptor activation leads to reduced NO bioavailability, impaired insulin signaling, vasoconstriction, and insulin resistance. Insulin-resistant states are characterized by dysregulated local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Under insulin-resistant conditions, pathway-specific impairment in PI3K-dependent signaling may cause imbalance between production of NO and secretion of endothelin-1, leading to decreased blood flow, which worsens insulin resistance. Similarly, excess AT₁ receptor activity in the microvasculature may selectively impair vasodilation while simultaneously potentiating the vasoconstrictor actions of insulin. Therapeutic interventions that target pathway-selective impairment in insulin signaling and the imbalance in AT₁ and AT₂ receptor signaling in microvascular endothelium may simultaneously ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. In the present review, we discuss molecular mechanisms in the endothelium underlying microvascular and metabolic actions of insulin and Angiotensin II, the mechanistic basis for microvascular endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in RAAS dysregulated clinical states, and the rationale for therapeutic strategies that restore the balance in vasodilator and constrictor actions of insulin and Angiotensin II in the microvasculature.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Flow Velocity
- Capillaries/metabolism
- Capillaries/pathology
- Capillaries/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Humans
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Hypertension in metabolic syndrome: vascular pathophysiology. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:230868. [PMID: 23573411 PMCID: PMC3615624 DOI: 10.1155/2013/230868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
METABOLIC SYNDROME IS A CLUSTER OF METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYMPTOMS: insulin resistance (IR), obesity, dyslipemia. Hypertension and vascular disorders are central to this syndrome. After a brief historical review, we discuss the role of sympathetic tone. Subsequently, we examine the link between endothelial dysfunction and IR. NO is involved in the insulin-elicited capillary vasodilatation. The insulin-signaling pathways causing NO release are different to the classical. There is a vasodilatory pathway with activation of NO synthase through Akt, and a vasoconstrictor pathway that involves the release of endothelin-1 via MAPK. IR is associated with an imbalance between both pathways in favour of the vasoconstrictor one. We also consider the link between hypertension and IR: the insulin hypothesis of hypertension. Next we discuss the importance of perivascular adipose tissue and the role of adipokines that possess vasoactive properties. Finally, animal models used in the study of vascular function of metabolic syndrome are reviewed. In particular, the Zucker fatty rat and the spontaneously hypertensive obese rat (SHROB). This one suffers macro- and microvascular malfunction due to a failure in the NO system and an abnormally high release of vasoconstrictor prostaglandins, all this alleviated with glitazones used for metabolic syndrome therapy.
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Abstract
Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Individuals with hypertension are at increased risk of stroke, heart disease and kidney failure. Although the etiology of essential hypertension has a genetic component, lifestyle factors such as diet play an important role. Reducing dietary salt is effective in lowering blood pressure in salt-sensitive individuals. Insulin resistance and altered glucose metabolism are common features of hypertension in humans and animal models, with or without salt sensitivity. Altered glucose metabolism leads to increased formation of advanced glycation end products. Insulin resistance is also linked to oxidative stress, and alterations in the nitric oxide pathway and renin angiotensin system. A diet rich in protein containing the semiessential amino acid, arginine, and arginine treatment, lowers blood pressure in humans and in animal models. This may be due to the ability of arginine to improve insulin resistance, decrease advanced glycation end products formation, increase nitric oxide, and decrease levels of angiotensin II and oxidative stress, with improved endothelial cell function and decreased peripheral vascular resistance. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study demonstrated that the DASH diet, rich in vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products; low in fat; and including whole grains, poultry, fish and nuts, lowered blood pressures even more than a typical North American diet with similar reduced sodium content. The DASH diet is rich in protein; the blood pressure-lowering effect of the DASH diet may be due to its higher arginine-containing protein, higher antioxidants and low salt content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Vasdev
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland
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Vasdev S, Stuckless J. Antihypertensive effects of dietary protein and its mechanism. Int J Angiol 2012; 19:e7-e20. [PMID: 22477579 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1278362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Individuals with hypertension are at increased risk of stroke, heart disease and kidney failure. Both genetic and lifestyle factors, particularly diet, have been attributed an important role in the development of hypertension. Reducing dietary sugar and salt intake can help lower blood pressure; similarly, adequate protein intake may also attenuate hypertension. Observational, cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiological studies, and controlled clinical trials, have documented significant inverse associations between protein intake and blood pressure. Human and animal studies have shown that specific amino acids within proteins may have antihypertensive effects. Cysteine, glutathione (a tripeptide), glutamate and arginine attenuate and prevent alterations that cause hypertension including insulin resistance, decreased nitric oxide bioavailability, altered renin angiotensin system function, increased oxidative stress and formation of advanced glycation end products. Leucine increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and improves insulin resistance by modulating hepatic gluconeogenesis. Taurine and tryptophan attenuate sympathetic nervous system activity. Soy protein helps lower blood pressure through its high arginine content and antioxidant activity exhibited by isoflavones. A diet containing an ample amount of protein may be a beneficial lifestyle choice for individuals with hypertension; one example is the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which is low in salt and saturated fat; includes whole grains, lean meat, poultry, fish and nuts; and is rich in vegetables, fruits and low-fat dairy products, which are good sources of antioxidant vitamins, minerals and fibre. Including an adequate supply of soy in the diet should also be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Vasdev
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
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28
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Cerqueira FM, Brandizzi LI, Cunha FM, Laurindo FRM, Kowaltowski AJ. Serum from calorie-restricted rats activates vascular cell eNOS through enhanced insulin signaling mediated by adiponectin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31155. [PMID: 22319612 PMCID: PMC3271099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
eNOS activation resulting in mitochondrial biogenesis is believed to play a central role in life span extension promoted by calorie restriction (CR). We investigated the mechanism of this activation by treating vascular cells with serum from CR rats and found increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, in addition to enhanced nitrite release. Inhibiting Akt phosphorylation or immunoprecipitating adiponectin (found in high quantities in CR serum) completely prevented the increment in nitrite release and eNOS activation. Overall, we demonstrate that adiponectin in the serum from CR animals increases NO• signaling by activating the insulin pathway. These results suggest this hormone may be a determinant regulator of the beneficial effects of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M. Cerqueira
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura I. Brandizzi
- Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Cunha
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R. M. Laurindo
- Instituto do Coração, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J. Kowaltowski
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yuan W, Zhang J, Li S, Edwards JL. Amine Metabolomics of Hyperglycemic Endothelial Cells using Capillary LC–MS with Isobaric Tagging. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5242-50. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200815c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Shuwei Li
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - James L. Edwards
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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González M, Gallardo V, Rodríguez N, Salomón C, Westermeier F, Gutiérrez EG, Abarzúa F, Leiva A, Casanello P, Sobrevia L. Insulin-stimulated L-arginine transport requires SLC7A1 gene expression and is associated with human umbilical vein relaxation. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2916-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kohlhaas CF, Morrow VA, Jhakra N, Patil V, Connell JMC, Petrie JR, Salt IP. Insulin rapidly stimulates L-arginine transport in human aortic endothelial cells via Akt. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:747-51. [PMID: 21871446 PMCID: PMC3257429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin stimulates endothelial NO synthesis, at least in part mediated by phosphorylation and activation of endothelial NO synthase at Ser1177 and Ser615 by Akt. We have previously demonstrated that insulin-stimulated NO synthesis is inhibited under high culture glucose conditions, without altering Ca(2+)-stimulated NO synthesis or insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of eNOS. This indicates that stimulation of endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation may be required, yet not sufficient, for insulin-stimulated nitric oxide synthesis. In the current study we investigated the role of supply of the eNOS substrate, L-arginine as a candidate parallel mechanism underlying insulin-stimulated NO synthesis in cultured human aortic endothelial cells. Insulin rapidly stimulated L-arginine transport, an effect abrogated by incubation with inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase or infection with adenoviruses expressing a dominant negative mutant Akt. Furthermore, supplementation of endothelial cells with extracellular L-arginine enhanced insulin-stimulated NO synthesis, an effect reversed by co-incubation with the L-arginine transport inhibitor, L-lysine. Basal L-arginine transport was significantly increased under high glucose culture conditions, yet insulin-stimulated L-arginine transport remained unaltered. The increase in L-arginine transport elicited by high glucose was independent of the expression of the cationic amino acid transporters, hCAT1 and hCAT2 and not associated with any changes in the activity of ERK1/2, Akt or protein kinase C (PKC). We propose that rapid stimulation of L-arginine transport contributes to insulin-stimulated NO synthesis in human endothelial cells, yet attenuation of this is unlikely to underlie the inhibition of insulin-stimulated NO synthesis under high glucose conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Kohlhaas
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing worldwide in both developing and developed countries. Experimental and clinical studies have revealed that MetS plays an important role in the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which leads to end-stage renal disease. Emerging evidence also suggests that CKD may actually cause MetS since the kidney is an important organ of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Although multiple mechanisms have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of MetS, insulin resistance appears to be a central pathophysiological factor contributing to MetS. In this review we will discuss the association of MetS with insulin resistance and CKD, and the renal pathophysiological changes associated with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongzhong Ruan
- Centre for Lipid Research, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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33
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Iapichino G, Albicini M, Umbrello M, Sacconi F, Fermo I, Pavlovich R, Paroni R, Bellani G, Mistraletti G, Cugno M, Pesenti A, Gattinoni L. Tight glycemic control does not affect asymmetric-dimethylarginine in septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34:1843-50. [PMID: 18504551 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-008-1158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether preventing hyperglycemia in septic patients affected the plasma concentration of asymmetric-dimethylarginine and if this was associated with clinical benefit. DESIGN A prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, clinical study. SETTING Intensive care units (ICU) in three university hospitals. PATIENTS A total of 72 patients admitted for severe sepsis or septic shock, who stayed at least 3 days in the ICU. At admission the patients were assigned to receive either tight or conventional glycemic control. INTERVENTIONS Determination of circulating levels of asymmetric-dimethylarginine, arginine, interleukin-6, C-reactive-protein and tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Blood was sampled at admission (no differences between groups), and on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th (T12) days. Sequential organ failure assessment was scored at each sampling time. All the data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. The control and treatment groups received the same energy intake, glycemia (110.4 +/- 17.3 vs. 163.0 +/- 28.9 mg/dL, P < 0.001) and insulin (P = 0.02) supply differed. No differences were found in high plasma levels of asymmetric-dimethylarginine (P = 0.812) at any time during the ICU stay. The clinical course, as indicated by markers of inflammation, average and maximum organ failure score, ICU stay and ICU and 90-day mortality, was the same. CONCLUSIONS Intensive insulin treatment, while achieving glucose control, did not reduce asymmetric-dimethylarginine in high-risk septic patients fed with no more than 25 kcal/kg per day to limit ventilatory demand and to simplify glucose control. DESCRIPTOR 45 (SIRS/sepsis: clinical studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Iapichino
- Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione, Università degli Studi di Milano, via A. Di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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Salceda R, Hernández-Espinosa C, Sánchez-Chávez G. l-Arginine Uptake in Normal and Diabetic Rat Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Neurochem Res 2008; 33:1541-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Chapman MJ, Sposito AC. Hypertension and dyslipidaemia in obesity and insulin resistance: Pathophysiology, impact on atherosclerotic disease and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:354-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Alves de Sá Siqueira M, Martins MA, Rodrigues Pereira N, Bandeira Moss M, Santos SF, Mann GE, Mendes-Ribeiro AC, Brunini TM. Modulation of the Cationic Amino Acid Transport System y +L by Surface Potential, Ouabain and Thrombin in Human Platelets: Effects of Uremia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:e132-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pandolfi A, De Filippis EA. Chronic hyperglicemia and nitric oxide bioavailability play a pivotal role in pro-atherogenic vascular modifications. GENES AND NUTRITION 2007; 2:195-208. [PMID: 18850175 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-007-0050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and macrovascular complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this disease. Although our understanding of vascular pathology has lately greatly improved, the mechanism(s) underlying enhanced atherosclerosis in diabetes remain unclear. Endothelial cell dysfunction is emerging as a key component in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular abnormalities associated with diabetes. Although it has been established that endothelium plays a critical role in overall homeostasis of the vessels, vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) in the arterial intima have a relevant part in the development of atherosclerosis in diabetes. However, high glucose induced alterations in vSMC behaviour are not fully characterized. Several studies have reported that impaired nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and/or actions are often present in diabetes and endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, although endothelial cells are by far the main site of vascular NO synthesis, vSMC do express nitric oxyde synthases (NOSs) and NO synthesis in vSMC might be important in vessel's function. Although it is known that vSMC contribute to vascular pathology in diabetes by their change from a quiescent state to an activated proliferative and migratory phenotype (termed phenotypic modulation), whether this altered phenotypic modulation might also involve alterations in the nitrergic systems is still controversial. Our recent data indicate that, in vivo, chronic hyperglycemia might induce an increased number of vSMC proliferative clones which persist in culture and are associated with increased eNOS expression and activity. However, upregulation of eNOS and increased NO synthesis occur in the presence of a marked concomitant increase of O(2-) production. Since NO bioavailabilty might not be increased in high glucose stimulated vSMC, it is tempting to hypothesize that the proliferative phenotype observed in cells from diabetic rats is associated with a redox imbalance responsible quenching and/or trapping of NO, with the consequent loss of its biological activity. This might provide new insight on the mechanisms responsible for accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Pandolfi
- Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., "Gabriele D'Annunzio" University Foundation, Department of Biomedical Science, University of "G. D'Annunzio", Room 458, Via Colle dell'Ara, 66013, Chieti-Pescara, Italy,
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Abstract
Insulin has important vascular actions to stimulate production of nitric oxide from endothelium. This leads to capillary recruitment, vasodilation, increased blood flow, and subsequent augmentation of glucose disposal in classical insulin target tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent insulin-signaling pathways regulating endothelial production of nitric oxide share striking parallels with metabolic insulin-signaling pathways. Distinct MAPK-dependent insulin-signaling pathways (largely unrelated to metabolic actions of insulin) regulate secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 from endothelium. These and other cardiovascular actions of insulin contribute to coupling metabolic and hemodynamic homeostasis under healthy conditions. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in insulin-resistant individuals. Insulin resistance is typically defined as decreased sensitivity and/or responsiveness to metabolic actions of insulin. This cardinal feature of diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia is also a prominent component of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis that are all characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Conversely, endothelial dysfunction is often present in metabolic diseases. Insulin resistance is characterized by pathway-specific impairment in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent signaling that in vascular endothelium contributes to a reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. The clinical relevance of this coupling is highlighted by the findings that specific therapeutic interventions targeting insulin resistance often also ameliorate endothelial dysfunction (and vice versa). In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular actions of insulin, the reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, and implications for developing beneficial therapeutic strategies that simultaneously target metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1632, USA
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Geng B, Cui Y, Zhao J, Yu F, Zhu Y, Xu G, Zhang Z, Tang C, Du J. Hydrogen sulfide downregulates the aortic L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R1608-18. [PMID: 17634203 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00207.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) signaling by nitric oxide (NO) in isolated rat aortas and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Both administration of H(2)S and NaHS, as well as endogenous H(2)S, reduced NO formation, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity, eNOS transcript abundance, and l-arginine (l-Arg) transport (all P < 0.01). The kinetics analysis of eNOS activity and l-Arg transport showed that H(2)S reduced V(max) values (all P < 0.01) without modifying K(m) parameters. Use of selective NOS inhibitors verified that eNOS [vs. inducible NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS)] was the specific target of H(2)S regulation. H(2)S treatment (100 micromol/l) reduced Akt phosphorylation and decreased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177. H(2)S reduced l-Arg uptake by inhibition of a system y+ transporter and decreased the CAT-1 transcript. H(2)S treatment reduced protein expression of eNOS but not of nNOS and iNOS. Pinacidil (K(ATP) channel opener) exhibited the similar inhibitory effects on the l-Arg/NOS/NO pathway. Glibenclamide (K(ATP) channel inhibitor) partly blocked the inhibitory effect of H(2)S and pinacidil. An in vivo experiment revealed that H(2)S downregulated the vascular l-Arg/eNOS/NO pathway after intraperitoneal injection of NaHS (14 micromol/kg) in rats. Taken together, our findings suggest that H(2)S downregulates the vascular l-Arg/NOS/NO pathway in vitro and in vivo, and the K(ATP) channel could be involved in the regulatory mechanism of H(2)S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Geng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, First Hospital of Peking Univ., Beijing xishuku St. 8, 100034.
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Vásquez R, Farías M, Vega JL, Martin RS, Vecchiola A, Casanello P, Sobrevia L. D-glucose stimulation ofL-arginine transport and nitric oxide synthesis results from activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p42/44 and Smad2 requiring functional type II TGF-β receptors in human umbilical vein endothelium. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212:626-32. [PMID: 17427197 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated extracellular D-glucose increases transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) release from human umbilical vein endothelium (HUVEC). TGF-beta1, via TGF-beta receptors I (TbetaRI) and TbetaRII, activates Smad2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases p44 and p42 (p42/44(mapk)). We studied whether D-glucose-stimulation of L-arginine transport and nitric oxide synthesis involves TGF-beta1 in primary cultures of HUVEC. TGF-beta1 release was higher ( approximately 1.6-fold) in 25 mM (high) compared with 5 mM (normal) D-glucose. TGF-beta1 increases L-arginine transport (half maximal effect approximately 1.6 ng/ml) in normal D-glucose, but did not alter high D-glucose-increased L-arginine transport. TGF-beta1 and high D-glucose increased hCAT-1 mRNA expression ( approximately 8-fold) and maximal transport velocity (V(max)), L-[(3)H]citrulline formation from L-[(3)H]arginine (index of NO synthesis) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) protein abundance, but did not alter eNOS phosphorylation. TGF-beta1 and high D-glucose increased p42/44(mapk) and Smad2 phosphorylation, an effect blocked by PD-98059 (MEK1/2 inhibitor). However, TGF-beta1 and high D-glucose were ineffective in cells expressing a truncated, negative dominant TbetaRII. High D-glucose increases L-arginine transport and eNOS expression following TbetaRII activation by TGF-beta1 involving p42/44(mapk) and Smad2 in HUVEC. Thus, TGF-beta1 could play a crucial role under conditions of hyperglycemia, such as gestational diabetes mellitus, which is associated with fetal endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vásquez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Sundell J, Laine H, Raitakari OT, Luotolahti M, Nuutila P, Knuuti J. Positive family history of coronary artery disease is associated with reduced myocardial vasoreactivity in healthy men. Int J Cardiol 2006; 112:289-94. [PMID: 16298443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Positive family history as a risk factor for coronary artery disease seems to be most important in subjects who otherwise are at low risk. We examined the association between family history of coronary artery disease and myocardial vasoreactivity in healthy men. METHODS 35 non-smoking healthy men (age 35+/-7 years) were studied: 16 had positive family history of coronary artery disease and 19 had negative family history. The myocardial blood flow measurements were performed basally and during adenosine infusion (140 mug/kg/min) with and without simultaneous physiological hyperinsulinemia (insulin infusion at a rate of 1 mU/kg/min) using positron emission tomography and O-15-water. RESULTS Basal myocardial blood flow was similar between the subjects with positive and negative family history of coronary artery disease (0.79+/-0.19 and 0.79+/-0.21 mL g(-1) min(-1), NS). Adenosine stimulated flow was significantly reduced in subjects with positive family history (3.0+/-0.5 vs 4.0+/-1.2 mL g(-1) min(-1), respectively, p=0.003). During physiological hyperinsulinemia adenosine stimulated flow was further enhanced in both groups but significantly blunted in subjects with positive family history (3.7+/-0.9 vs 5.2+/-1.5 mL g(-1) min(-1), respectively, p=0.001). These differences remained significant after simultaneous controlling for age, BMI, HbA1c, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and blood pressure (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Healthy non-smoking men with positive family history of coronary artery disease are characterized by impaired myocardial vasoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sundell
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University, Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Ma G, Al-Shabrawey M, Johnson JA, Datar R, Tawfik HE, Guo D, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by short-term diabetes: enhancement of VEGF formation, capillary density, and activation of cell survival signaling. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006; 373:415-27. [PMID: 16955284 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-006-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine effects of diabetes duration on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and test whether time-dependent differences in sensitivity of the streptozotocin diabetic rat heart to I/R are related to differences in vascular density, levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression, NO formation, activation of Akt, and/or oxidative stress. After 2 or 6 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, I/R injury was induced by occlusion (30 min) and reperfusion of the left descending coronary artery. After 2 weeks of diabetes, infarct size and cleavage of caspase-3, a proapoptosis signal, were decreased as compared with normoglycemic controls or rats that had been diabetic for 6 weeks, whereas capillary density and levels of VEGF and eNOS protein and cardiac NO(x) levels were all increased. Phosphorylation of Akt, a prosurvival signal, was also significantly increased after 2 weeks of diabetes. Cardiac lipid peroxidation was comparable to controls after 2 weeks of diabetes, whereas levels of nitrotyrosine, a peroxynitrite biomarker, were reduced. After 6 weeks of diabetes, lipid peroxidation was increased and levels of VEGF and plasma NO were reduced as compared with controls or rats diabetic for 2 weeks. Our results indicate endogenous cardioprotective mechanisms become transiently activated in this early stage of diabetes and that this may protect the heart from I/R injury through enhancement of VEGF and eNOS expression, NO formation, activation of cell survival signals, and decreased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochuan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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Sarafidis PA, Ruilope LM. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and renal injury: mechanisms and implications. Am J Nephrol 2006; 26:232-44. [PMID: 16733348 DOI: 10.1159/000093632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most of the basic components of the metabolic syndrome, namely type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, or low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, apart from being major risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been also associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. However, several epidemiologic studies conducted over the past years suggest that the central component of the syndrome, insulin resistance, as well as compensatory hyperinsulinemia are independently associated with an increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease. In addition, background studies support the existence of several pathways linking insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with kidney damage. Insulin per se promotes the proliferation of renal cells and stimulates the production of other important growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor beta. Insulin also upregulates the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in mesangial cells, thus enhancing the deleterious effects of angiotensin II in the kidney, and stimulates production and renal action of endothelin-1. Moreover, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are associated with decreased endothelial production of nitric oxide and increased oxidative stress which have been also implicated in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. This review analyzes the above and other potential mechanisms, through which insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can contribute to renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis A Sarafidis
- Hypertension/Clinical Research Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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San Martín R, Sobrevia L. Gestational diabetes and the adenosine/L-arginine/nitric oxide (ALANO) pathway in human umbilical vein endothelium. Placenta 2006; 27:1-10. [PMID: 16310032 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Altered endothelial cell function is a key factor associated with vascular disorders and is critical in the fetal growth and development. Pregnancies affected by diseases such as gestational diabetes are associated with human umbilical vein endothelial dysfunction, a finding that has been associated with a high incidence of vascular complications during the adult life. Limited information is available addressing cellular mechanisms associated with altered human umbilical vein endothelial function in gestational diabetes. One of the key signalling pathways associated with altered vascular physiology is the synthesis of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) from the cationic amino acid L-arginine by the endothelium (i.e. the endothelial L-arginine/NO pathway). The activity of this signalling pathway is modulated by D-glucose, adenosine, insulin, and ATP, among other molecules, and is upregulated (transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels) in gestational diabetes. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved with elevated adenosine levels in fetal umbilical vein blood and the endothelial L-arginine/NO pathway activity in gestational diabetes. We suggest that a lower capacity of adenosine transport by the fetal endothelium in gestational diabetes leads to extracellular accumulation of this nucleoside and its higher bio-availability activates endothelial P1 type purinoceptors. A functional association between A2a purinoceptor subtype signalling and the activity of the l-arginine transport mediated by human cationic amino acid transporters and endothelial NO synthase activity (i.e. 'ALANO pathway') is proposed, revealing in part the mechanisms that account for human umbilical vein endothelial cell dysfunction programmed through the development of the fetus in gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R San Martín
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Research Centre (CIM), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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Lautamäki R, Airaksinen KEJ, Seppänen M, Toikka J, Härkönen R, Luotolahti M, Borra R, Sundell J, Knuuti J, Nuutila P. Insulin improves myocardial blood flow in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes 2006; 55:511-6. [PMID: 16443788 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin infusion improves myocardial blood flow (MBF) in healthy subjects. Until now, the effect of insulin on myocardial perfusion in type 2 diabetic subjects with coronary artery disease (CAD) has been unknown. We studied the effects of insulin on MBF in ischemic regions evaluated by single-photon emission-computed tomography and coronary angiography and in nonischemic regions in 43 subjects (ages 63 +/- 7 years) with type 2 diabetes (HbA(1c) 7.1 +/- 0.9%). MBF was measured at fasting and during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp at rest (n = 43) and during adenosine-induced (140 mug . kg(-1) . min(-1) for 7 min) hyperemia (n = 26) using positron emission tomography and (15)O-labeled water. MBF was significantly attenuated in ischemic regions as compared with in nonischemic regions (P < 0.0001) and was increased by insulin as compared with in the fasting state (P < 0.0001). At rest, insulin infusion increased MBF by 13% in ischemic regions (P = 0.043) and 22% in nonischemic regions (P = 0.003). During adenosine infusion, insulin enhanced MBF by 20% (P = 0.018) in ischemic regions and 18% (P = 0.045) in nonischemic regions. In conclusion, insulin infusion improved MBF similarly in ischemic and nonischemic regions in type 2 diabetic subjects with CAD. Consequently, in addition to its metabolic effects, insulin infusion may improve endothelial function and thus increase the threshold for ischemia and partly contribute to the beneficial effects found in clinical trials in these subjects.
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Xu B, Ji Y, Yao K, Cao YX, Ferro A. Inhibition of human endothelial cell nitric oxide synthesis by advanced glycation end-products but not glucose: relevance to diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 109:439-46. [PMID: 16022682 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, with decreased NO (nitric oxide) biosynthesis, may play a pathophysiological role in diabetic vasculopathy. The aim of the present study was to determine the relative contributions of glucose and AGE (advanced glycation end-product) accumulation in suppressing NOS-3 (the endothelial isoform of NO synthase). Cultured HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) were incubated with different concentrations of glucose, unmodified albumin or AGE-modified albumin for different times. NOS activity was measured from the conversion of L-[(3)H]arginine into L-[(3)H]citrulline, and the expression, serine phosphorylation and O-glycosylation of NOS-3 were determined by Western blotting. High (25 mmol/l) glucose, for up to 12 days of incubation, had no effect on the activity or expression of NOS-3, nor on its degree of serine phosphorylation or O-glycosylation, compared with physiological (5 mmol/l) glucose. By contrast, AGE-modified albumin exerted a concentration- and time-dependent suppression of NOS-3 expression in HUVECs at a range of concentrations (0-200 mg/l) found in diabetic plasma; this was evident after 24 h, whereas inhibition of NOS activity was seen after only 3 h incubation with AGE-modified albumin, consistent with our previous observations of rapid suppression of NOS-3 serine phosphorylation and NOS-3 activity by AGE-modified albumin. In conclusion, AGE-modified albumin suppresses NOS-3 activity in HUVECs through two mechanisms: one rapid, involving suppression of its serine phosphorylation, and another slower, involving a decrease in its expression. We also conclude that, in the context of the chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetes, the effects of AGEs on endothelial NO biosynthesis are considerably more important than those of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Gulou Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China
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Cameron-Schaefer S, Kondo K, Ishige A, Tsuyama S, Uchida K, Hanawa T, Suematsu M, Watanabe K. Maintaining the redox-balance intact: gosha-jinki-gan but not insulin activates retinal soluble guanylate cyclase in diabetic rats. Ophthalmic Res 2005; 38:95-104. [PMID: 16374052 DOI: 10.1159/000090451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to prevent hyperglycemia-induced cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in the retina include the prevention of free radical production, activation of radical-scavenging capacities and inhibition of aldose reductase. This study examined the effect of the standardized Japanese herbal extract product gosha-jinki-gan (GJG) in comparison to insulin treatment in the rat retina. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg i.p.). At 6 and 12 weeks, eye-cups were removed for immunohistochemistry. At 12 weeks, lipid peroxidation (tested with the antiacrolein antibody, Ab5F6) was enhanced significantly in the untreated diabetic group. This effect was absent in both treatment groups, notably in the outer retina. A similar result was obtained for nitrotyrosine overproduction. As an early treatment effect, GJG -- but not insulin -- enhanced soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activation (using the function-sensing antibody, MoAb 3221). GJG not only reduces nitroxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the retina, it also ameliorates glucose metabolism within the cells. We propose that the high glucose turnover in the insulin-treated model disturbs the intracellular redox equilibrium, one result of which might be the impaired sGC activation.
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Sundell J, Laine H, Nuutila P, Luotolahti M, Knuuti J. Short-term changes in inflammatory response protein (hsCRP) do not parallel with changes in coronary vasoreactivity in obese men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 30:460-7. [PMID: 16261183 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM Obese subjects are characterized by increased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and coronary vascular resistance. Clucocorticoids suppress inflammation, a possible cardioprotective effect. We tested the short-term anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone (dx) on these parameters in obese subjects. METHODS Coronary vascular resistance was quantitated basally and during adenosine infusion with or without simultaneous euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (insulin infusion rate of 1 mU/kg/min) in 11 obese and 19 age-matched nonobese males using positron emission tomography and (15)O-water. Each subject was studied both with and without previous dx treatment for 2 days (2 mg/day). RESULTS Before dx treatment, hsCRP concentration was significantly higher in obese than in nonobese subjects (1.55+/-1.73 vs 0.32+/-0.32 mg/l, P = 0.005). In addition, coronary vascular resistances were higher (P < 0.05) in obese than in nonobese subjects at baseline (139+/-36 vs 117+/-22) and during adenosine infusion without (32+/-7 vs 26+/-7) or with simultaneous clamp (26+/-8 vs 21+/-5 mmHg min g/ ml). Dx treatment decreased significantly hsCRP concentration in obese but not in nonobese subjects, leading to similar hsCRP concentrations between the groups (0.45+/-0.43 vs 0.26+/-0.42 mg/l, respectively, P = 0.3). Dx had no effect on coronary vascular resistances (NS). CONCLUSIONS Obese subjects are characterized by high hsCRP, which can be normalized by dx. However, despite this, coronary vascular resistances did not decrease in obese subjects. Short-term changes in inflammatory response protein appear not to parallel with changes in coronary vasoreactivity in obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sundell
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University, Turku, Finland.
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Sundell J, Laine H, Raitakari OT, Luotolahti M, Nuutila P, Viikari J, Knuuti J. Increased lipoprotein(a) is associated with reduced myocardial vasoreactivity in young healthy men. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179:185-91. [PMID: 15721026 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Revised: 08/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND We examined the association between lipoprotein(a) and myocardial vasoreactivity in healthy men. METHODS Thirty non-smoking healthy men (age 34+/-6 years) were studied: 9 had increased lipoprotein(a) (>200 mg/L) concentrations (lipoprotein(a) 317 (range 218-550) mg/L) and 21 had normal lipoprotein(a) (<200 mg/L) concentrations (lipoprotein(a) 57 (range 13-156) mg/L). The myocardial blood flow measurements were performed basally and during adenosine infusion (140 microg/kg/min) with or without simultaneous physiological hyperinsulinemia (insulin infusion at a rate of 1 mU/kg/min) using positron emission tomography and [(15)O]H(2)O. RESULTS Basal myocardial blood flow was similar between the subjects with increased and normal lipoprotein(a) (0.76+/-0.20 and 0.79+/-0.20 mLg(-1) min(-1), NS). Adenosine-stimulated flow tended to be reduced in subjects with increased lipoprotein(a) (3.1+/-0.7 mLg(-1) min(-1) versus 3.7+/-1.1 mLg(-1) min(-1), respectively, p=0.1). During physiological hyperinsulinemia adenosine-stimulated flow was further enhanced in both groups but significantly blunted in subjects with increased lipoprotein(a) (3.7+/-0.8 mLg(-1) min(-1) versus 4.8+/-1.4 mLg(-1) min(-1), respectively, p=0.03). This difference remained significant after simultaneous controlling for BMI, HbA1c, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and blood pressure (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Already young healthy men with lipoprotein(a) concentrations greater than 200mg/L are characterized by impaired myocardial vasoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sundell
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 52, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland.
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Das UN. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, endothelial lipase and atherosclerosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:173-9. [PMID: 15664301 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL), a new member of the lipase gene family, was recently cloned and has been shown to have a significant role in modulating the concentrations of plasma high-density lipoprotein levels (HDL). EL is closely related to lipoprotein and hepatic lipases both in structure and function. It is primarily synthesized by endothelial cells, functions at the cell surface, and shows phospholipase A1 activity. Overexpression of EL decreases HDL cholesterol levels whereas blocking its action increases concentrations of HDL cholesterol. Pro-inflammatory cytokines suppress plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations by enhancing the activity of EL. On the other hand, physical exercise and fish oil (a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) suppress the activity of EL and this, in turn, enhances the plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol. Thus, EL plays a critical role in the regulation of plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations and thus modulates the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The expression and actions of EL in specific endothelial cells determines the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis locally explaining the patchy nature of atheroma seen, especially, in coronary arteries. Both HDL cholesterol and EPA and DHA enhance endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis, which are known to prevent atherosclerosis. On the other hand, pro-inflammatory cytokines augment free radical generation, which are known to inactivate eNO and PGI2. Thus, interactions between EL, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ability of endothelial cells to generate NO and PGI2 and neutralize the actions of free radicals may play a critical role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 1083 Main Street, Walpole, MA 02081, USA.
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