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Wray S, Taggart MJ. An update on pacemaking in the myometrium. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 39073139 DOI: 10.1113/jp284753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Timely and efficient contractions of the smooth muscle of the uterus - the myometrium - are crucial to a successful pregnancy outcome. These episodic contractions are regulated by spontaneous action potentials changing cell and tissue electrical excitability. In this short review we will document and discuss current knowledge of these processes. Those seeking a conclusive account of myometrial pacemaking mechanisms, or indeed a definitive description of the anatomical site of uterine pacemaking, may be disappointed. Rather, after almost a century of investigation, and in spite of promising studies in the last decade or so, there remain many gaps in our knowledge. We review the progress that has been made using recent technologies including in vivo and ex vivo imaging and electrophysiology and computational modelling, taking evidence from studies of animal and human myometrium, with particular emphasis on what may occur in the latter. We have prioritized physiological studies that bring us closer to understanding function. From our analyses we suggest that in human myometrium there is no fixed pacemaking site, but rather mobile, initiation sites produce the connectivity for synchronizing electrical and contractile activity. We call for more studies and funding, as physiological understanding of pacemaking gives hope to being better able to treat clinical conditions such as preterm and dysfunctional labours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wray
- Women's & Children's Health, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Michael J Taggart
- Biosciences Institute, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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2
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Sanders KM, Drumm BT, Cobine CA, Baker SA. Ca 2+ dynamics in interstitial cells: foundational mechanisms for the motor patterns in the gastrointestinal tract. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:329-398. [PMID: 37561138 PMCID: PMC11281822 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract displays multiple motor patterns that move nutrients and wastes through the body. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) provide the forces necessary for GI motility, but interstitial cells, electrically coupled to SMCs, tune SMC excitability, transduce inputs from enteric motor neurons, and generate pacemaker activity that underlies major motor patterns, such as peristalsis and segmentation. The interstitial cells regulating SMCs are interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR)α+ cells. Together these cells form the SIP syncytium. ICC and PDGFRα+ cells express signature Ca2+-dependent conductances: ICC express Ca2+-activated Cl- channels, encoded by Ano1, that generate inward current, and PDGFRα+ cells express Ca2+-activated K+ channels, encoded by Kcnn3, that generate outward current. The open probabilities of interstitial cell conductances are controlled by Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. The resulting Ca2+ transients occur spontaneously in a stochastic manner. Ca2+ transients in ICC induce spontaneous transient inward currents and spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs). Neurotransmission increases or decreases Ca2+ transients, and the resulting depolarizing or hyperpolarizing responses conduct to other cells in the SIP syncytium. In pacemaker ICC, STDs activate voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx, which initiates a cluster of Ca2+ transients and sustains activation of ANO1 channels and depolarization during slow waves. Regulation of GI motility has traditionally been described as neurogenic and myogenic. Recent advances in understanding Ca2+ handling mechanisms in interstitial cells and how these mechanisms influence motor patterns of the GI tract suggest that the term "myogenic" should be replaced by the term "SIPgenic," as this review discusses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States
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3
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Choi EL, Taheri N, Tan E, Matsumoto K, Hayashi Y. The Crucial Role of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Neurointestinal Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1358. [PMID: 37759758 PMCID: PMC10526372 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurointestinal diseases result from dysregulated interactions between the nervous system and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, leading to conditions such as Hirschsprung's disease and irritable bowel syndrome. These disorders affect many people, significantly diminishing their quality of life and overall health. Central to GI motility are the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which play a key role in muscle contractions and neuromuscular transmission. This review highlights the role of ICC in neurointestinal diseases, revealing their association with various GI ailments. Understanding the functions of the ICC could lead to innovative perspectives on the modulation of GI motility and introduce new therapeutic paradigms. These insights have the potential to enhance efforts to combat neurointestinal diseases and may lead to interventions that could alleviate or even reverse these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egan L. Choi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Guggenheim 10, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.L.C.); (N.T.)
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Negar Taheri
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Guggenheim 10, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.L.C.); (N.T.)
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Elijah Tan
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Guggenheim 10, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.L.C.); (N.T.)
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan;
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Enteric Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Guggenheim 10, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.L.C.); (N.T.)
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Tsymbalyuk OV, Davydovska TL, Naumenko AM, Voiteshenko IS, Veselsky SP, Nyporko AY, Pidhaietska AY, Kozolup MS, Skryshevsky VA. Mechanisms of regulation of motility of the gastrointestinal tract and the hepatobiliary system under the chronic action of nanocolloids. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3823. [PMID: 36882506 PMCID: PMC9992515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern cutting edge technologies of chemical synthesis enable the production of unique nanostructures with excess energy and high reactivity. Uncontrolled use of such materials in the food industry and pharmacology entail a risk for the development of a nanotoxicity crisis. Using the methods of tensometry, mechanokinetic analysis, biochemical methods, and bioinformatics, the current study showed that chronic (for six months) intragastrical burdening of rats with aqueous nanocolloids (AN) ZnO and TiO2 caused violations of the pacemaker-dependent mechanisms of regulation of spontaneous and neurotransmitter-induced contractions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) smooth muscles (SMs), and transformed the contraction efficiency indices (AU, in Alexandria units). Under the same conditions, the fundamental principle of distribution of physiologically relevant differences in the numeric values of the mechanokinetic parameters of spontaneous SM contractions between different parts of GIT is violated, which can potentially cause its pathological changes. Using molecular docking, typical bonds in the interfaces of the interaction of these nanomaterials with myosin II, a component of the contractile apparatus of smooth muscle cells (SMC) were investigated. In this connection, the study addressed the question of possible competitive relations between ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles and actin molecules for binding sites on the myosin II actin-interaction interface. In addition, using biochemical methods, it was shown that chronic long-term exposure to nanocolloids causes changes in the primary active ion transport systems of cell plasma membranes, the activity of marker liver enzymes and disrupts the blood plasma lipid profile, which indicates the hepatotoxic effect of these nanocolloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Tsymbalyuk
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Tamara L Davydovska
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Anna M Naumenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Ivan S Voiteshenko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Stanislav P Veselsky
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Alex Y Nyporko
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Anastasiia Y Pidhaietska
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine
| | - Mariya S Kozolup
- Department of Foreign Languages for Sciences, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 41 Doroshenko St., Lviv, 79000, Ukraine
| | - Valeriy A Skryshevsky
- Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine. .,Corporation Science Park, Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60, Volodymyrska Str., Kyiv, 01033, Ukraine.
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Veličkov AI, Djordjević B, Lazarević M, Veličkov AV, Petrović V, Jović M, Denčić T, Radenković G. Distributions of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-α Positive Cells and Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Colon of Rats with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020308. [PMID: 36837509 PMCID: PMC9964132 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diabetic gastroenteropathy (DG) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus type 2. Interstitial cells are non-neural cells of mesenchymal origin inserted between nerve elements and smooth muscle cells, necessary for normal function and peristaltic contractions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There are at least two types of interstitial cells within the GI muscle layer-interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and interstitial platelet-derived growth factor receptor α-positive cells (IPC). The mechanism of diabetic gastroenteropathy is unclear, and interstitial cells disorders caused by metabolic changes in diabetes mellitus (DM) could explain the symptoms of DG (slow intestinal transit, constipation, fecal incontinence). The aim of this study was to identify PDGFRα and c-kit immunoreactive cells in the colon of rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as to determine their distribution in relation to smooth muscle cells and enteric nerve structures. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were used, and diabetes type 2 was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, immediately after intraperitoneal application of nicotinamide. The colon specimens were exposed to PDGFRα and anti-c-kit antibodies to investigate interstitial cells; enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells were immunohistochemically labeled with NF-M and desmin antibodies. Results: Significant loss of the intramuscular ICC, myenteric ICC, and loss of their connection in intramuscular linear arrays and around the ganglion of the myenteric plexus were observed with no changes in nerve fiber distribution in the colon of rats with diabetes mellitus type 2. IPC were rarely present within the colon muscle layer with densely distributed PDGFRα+ cells in the colon mucosa and submucosa of both experimental groups. In summary, a decrease in intramuscular ICC, discontinuities and breakdown of contacts between myenteric ICC without changes in IPC and nerve fibers distribution were observed in the colon of streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced diabetes type 2 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ivana Veličkov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Branka Djordjević
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Milica Lazarević
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Asen Veselin Veličkov
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Clinical Centre Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Petrović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Marko Jović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Tijana Denčić
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Centre Niš, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Goran Radenković
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
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Drumm BT, Cobine CA, Baker SA. Insights on gastrointestinal motility through the use of optogenetic sensors and actuators. J Physiol 2022; 600:3031-3052. [PMID: 35596741 DOI: 10.1113/jp281930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The muscularis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract consists of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and various populations of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), platelet-derived growth factor receptor α+ (PDGFRα+ ) cells, as well as excitatory and inhibitory enteric motor nerves. SMCs, ICC and PDGFRα+ cells form an electrically coupled syncytium, which together with inputs from the enteric nervous system (ENS) regulate GI motility. Early studies evaluating Ca2+ signalling behaviours in the GI tract relied upon indiscriminate loading of tissues with Ca2+ dyes. These methods lacked the means to study activity in specific cells of interest without encountering contamination from other cells within the preparation. Development of mice expressing optogenetic sensors (GCaMP, RCaMP) has allowed visualization of Ca2+ signalling behaviours in a cell specific manner. Additionally, availability of mice expressing optogenetic modulators (channelrhodopsins or halorhodospins) has allowed manipulation of specific signalling pathways using light. GCaMP expressing animals have been used to characterize Ca2+ signalling behaviours of distinct classes of ICC and SMCs throughout the GI musculature. These findings illustrate how Ca2+ signalling in ICC is fundamental in GI muscles, contributing to tone in sphincters, pacemaker activity in rhythmic muscles and relaying enteric signals to SMCs. Animals that express channelrhodopsin in specific neuronal populations have been used to map neural circuitry and to examine post junctional neural effects on GI motility. Thus, optogenetic approaches provide a novel means to examine the contribution of specific cell types to the regulation of motility patterns within complex multi-cellular systems. Abstract Figure Legends Optogenetic activators and sensors can be used to investigate the complex multi-cellular nature of the gastrointestinal (GI tract). Optogenetic activators that are activated by light such as channelrhodopsins (ChR2), OptoXR and halorhodopsinss (HR) proteins can be genetically encoded into specific cell types. This can be used to directly activate or silence specific GI cells such as various classes of enteric neurons, smooth muscle cells (SMC) or interstitial cells, such as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Optogenetic sensors that are activated by different wavelengths of light such as green calmodulin fusion protein (GCaMP) and red CaMP (RCaMP) make high resolution of sub-cellular Ca2+ signalling possible within intact tissues of specific cell types. These tools can provide unparalleled insight into mechanisms underlying GI motility and innervation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Smooth Muscle Research Centre, Department of Life & Health Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland.,Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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7
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OUP accepted manuscript. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6521441. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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8
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Zhu GY, Jia DD, Yang Y, Miao Y, Wang C, Wang CM. The Effect of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction on Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits via Protecting the Enteric Nervous System-Interstitial Cells of Cajal-Smooth Muscle Cells Network. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4615-4628. [PMID: 34552344 PMCID: PMC8450191 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s326416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study observes the morphological changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS) – interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) – smooth muscle cells (SMC) network in sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) in hypercholesterolemic rabbits following treatment with Shaoyao Gancao decoction (SGD), as well as the apoptosis of the ICC. Methods In this study, 48 healthy adult New Zealand rabbits are randomly divided into three groups (n = 16 in each group): the control, the model, and the SGD treatment groups. The hypercholesterolemic rabbit model is established. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction are used to detect the morphological changes in the ENS–ICC–SMC network, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in the ICC, and to observe the curative effect of SGD after treatment. Results Compared with the control group, the morphology and the ultrastructure of the SO are destroyed in the model group. In addition, the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), nitric oxide (NO), the SMCs, and the ICC all significantly decreased while substance P (SP) significantly increased. Compared with the model group, the SO morphology and ultrastructure are repaired in the SGD group. In addition, the PGP9.5, NO, the SMCs, and the ICC significantly increased while SP decreased. In addition, SGD may activate the stem cell factor (SCF)/c-Kit signaling pathway to treat SO dysfunction by up-regulating the expression of c-Kit and SCF. Similarly, this pathway restores SO by up-regulating the expression of Bcl2 and inhibiting cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and the tumor necrosis factor. Conclusion Shaoyao Gancao decoction can promote the recovery of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits by protecting the ENS–ICC–SMC network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ying Zhu
- Department of General Surgery of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Jia
- Department of General Surgery of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of General Surgery of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Miao
- Department of General Surgery of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of General Surgery of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Miao Wang
- Department of General Surgery of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, People's Republic of China
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Zhao W, Zhang L, Ermilov LG, Colmenares Aguilar MG, Linden DR, Eisenman ST, Romero MF, Farrugia G, Sha L, Gibbons SJ. Bicarbonate ion transport by the electrogenic Na + /HCO 3- cotransporter, NBCe1, is required for normal electrical slow-wave activity in mouse small intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14149. [PMID: 33837991 PMCID: PMC8485339 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal gastrointestinal motility depends on electrical slow-wave activity generated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the tunica muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract. A requirement for HCO3- in extracellular solutions used to record slow waves indicates a role for HCO3- transport in ICC pacemaking. The Slc4a4 gene transcript encoding the electrogenic Na+ /HCO3- cotransporter, NBCe1, is enriched in mouse small intestinal myenteric region ICC (ICC-MY) that generate slow waves. This study aimed to determine how extracellular HCO3- concentrations affect electrical activity in mouse small intestine and to determine the contribution of NBCe1 activity to these effects. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and sharp electrode electrical recordings were used. KEY RESULTS The NBCe1 immunoreactivity was localized to ICC-MY of the tunica muscularis. In sharp electrode electrical recordings, removal of HCO3- from extracellular solutions caused significant, reversible, depolarization of the smooth muscle and a reduction in slow-wave amplitude and frequency. In 100 mM HCO3- , the muscle hyperpolarized and slow wave amplitude and frequency increased. The effects of replacing extracellular Na+ with Li+ , an ion that does not support NBCe1 activity, were similar to, but larger than, the effects of removing HCO3- . There were no additional changes to electrical activity when HCO3- was removed from Li+ containing solutions. The Na+ /HCO3- cotransport inhibitor, S-0859 (30µM) significantly reduced the effect of removing HCO3- on electrical activity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These studies demonstrate a major role for Na+ /HCO3- cotransport by NBCe1 in electrical activity of mouse small intestine and indicated that regulation of intracellular acid:base homeostasis contributes to generation of normal pacemaker activity in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Zhao
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China
| | - Leonid G. Ermilov
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Colmenares Aguilar
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David R. Linden
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Seth T. Eisenman
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael F. Romero
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lei Sha
- Neuroendocrine Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China.,Corresponding Authors: Simon J Gibbons, Ph.D., Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. . Telephone: +1 507 284 9652, Lei Sha, M.D., China Medical University, 77 Pu He Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China, 110122, , . Telephone: +86 18900911003
| | - Simon J. Gibbons
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Corresponding Authors: Simon J Gibbons, Ph.D., Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA. . Telephone: +1 507 284 9652, Lei Sha, M.D., China Medical University, 77 Pu He Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China, 110122, , . Telephone: +86 18900911003
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Parsons SP, Huizinga JD. Nitric Oxide Is Essential for Generating the Minute Rhythm Contraction Pattern in the Small Intestine, Likely via ICC-DMP. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:592664. [PMID: 33488345 PMCID: PMC7817771 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.592664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrergic nerves have been proposed to play a critical role in the orchestration of peristaltic activities throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, we investigated the role of nitric oxide, using spatiotemporal mapping, in peristaltic activity of the whole ex vivo mouse intestine. We identified a propulsive motor pattern in the form of propagating myogenic contractions, that are clustered by the enteric nervous system into a minute rhythm that is dependent on nitric oxide. The cluster formation was abolished by TTX, lidocaine and nitric oxide synthesis inhibition, whereas the myogenic contractions, occurring at the ICC-MP initiated slow wave frequency, remained undisturbed. Cluster formation, inhibited by block of nitric oxide synthesis, was fully restored in a highly regular rhythmic fashion by a constant level of nitric oxide generated by sodium nitroprusside; but the action of sodium nitroprusside was inhibited by lidocaine indicating that it was relying on neural activity, but not rhythmic nitrergic nerve activity. Hence, distention-induced activity of cholinergic nerves and/or a co-factor within nitrergic nerves such as ATP is also a requirement for the minute rhythm. Cluster formation was dependent on distention but was not evoked by a distention reflex. Block of gap junction conductance by carbenoxolone, dose dependently inhibited, and eventually abolished clusters and contraction waves, likely associated, not with inhibition of nitrergic innervation, but by abolishing ICC network synchronization. An intriguing feature of the clusters was the presence of bands of rhythmic inhibitions at 4-8 cycles/min; these inhibitory patches occurred in the presence of tetrodotoxin or lidocaine and hence were not dependent on nitrergic nerves. We propose that the minute rhythm is generated by nitric oxide-induced rhythmic depolarization of the musculature via ICC-DMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Parsons
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jan D. Huizinga
- Department of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Kishi K, Kamizaki M, Kaji N, Iino S, Hori M. A Close Relationship Between Networks of Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Gastrointestinal Transit In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587453. [PMID: 33633564 PMCID: PMC7902082 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interstitial cells of Cajal associated with the myenteric plexus (ICC-MP) are located in the same area as the myenteric plexus. ICC-MP networks are linked to the generation of electrical pacemaker activity that causes spontaneous gastrointestinal (GI) contractions; however, its role in GI transit is not clear. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate the effect of ICC-MP disruption on GI transit in vivo using W/Wv mice, partially ICC-deficient model mice. In this study, we measured GI transit using a 13C-octanoic acid breath test, an orally administered dye and a bead expulsion assay. ICC were detected by immunohistochemical staining for c-Kit, a specific marker for ICC. Interestingly, we found that gastric emptying in W/Wv mice was normal. We also found that the ability of small intestinal and colonic transit was significantly reduced in W/Wv mice. Immunohistochemical staining using whole-mount muscularis samples revealed that c-Kit-positive ICC-MP networks were formed in wild-type mice. In contrast, ICC-MP networks in W/Wv mice were maintained only in the gastric antrum and were significantly reduced in the ileum and colon. No significant changes were observed in the nerve structures of the myenteric plexus in W/Wv mice. These findings suggest that ICC-MP contribute to GI transit as a powerful driving function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Kishi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kamizaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iino
- Division of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Leigh WA, Del Valle G, Kamran SA, Drumm BT, Tavakkoli A, Sanders KM, Baker SA. A high throughput machine-learning driven analysis of Ca 2+ spatio-temporal maps. Cell Calcium 2020; 91:102260. [PMID: 32795721 PMCID: PMC7530121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution Ca2+ imaging to study cellular Ca2+ behaviors has led to the creation of large datasets with a profound need for standardized and accurate analysis. To analyze these datasets, spatio-temporal maps (STMaps) that allow for 2D visualization of Ca2+ signals as a function of time and space are often used. Methods of STMap analysis rely on a highly arduous process of user defined segmentation and event-based data retrieval. These methods are often time consuming, lack accuracy, and are extremely variable between users. We designed a novel automated machine-learning based plugin for the analysis of Ca2+ STMaps (STMapAuto). The plugin includes optimized tools for Ca2+ signal preprocessing, automated segmentation, and automated extraction of key Ca2+ event information such as duration, spatial spread, frequency, propagation angle, and intensity in a variety of cell types including the Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The plugin is fully implemented in Fiji and able to accurately detect and expeditiously quantify Ca2+ transient parameters from ICC. The plugin's speed of analysis of large-datasets was 197-fold faster than the commonly used single pixel-line method of analysis. The automated machine-learning based plugin described dramatically reduces opportunities for user error and provides a consistent method to allow high-throughput analysis of STMap datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Leigh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Guillermo Del Valle
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sharif Amit Kamran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Life & Health Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Co. Louth, Ireland
| | - Alireza Tavakkoli
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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13
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Hannigan KI, Bossey AP, Foulkes HJL, Drumm BT, Baker SA, Ward SM, Sanders KM, Keef KD, Cobine CA. A novel intramuscular Interstitial Cell of Cajal is a candidate for generating pacemaker activity in the mouse internal anal sphincter. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10378. [PMID: 32587396 PMCID: PMC7316801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal anal sphincter (IAS) generates phasic contractions and tone. Slow waves (SWs) produced by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) underlie phasic contractions in other gastrointestinal regions. SWs are also present in the IAS where only intramuscular ICC (ICC-IM) are found, however the evidence linking ICC-IM to SWs is limited. This study examined the possible relationship between ICC-IM and SWs by recording Ca2+ transients in mice expressing a genetically-encoded Ca2+-indicator in ICC (Kit-Cre-GCaMP6f). A role for L-type Ca2+ channels (CavL) and anoctamin 1 (ANO1) was tested since each is essential for SW and tone generation. Two distinct ICC-IM populations were identified. Type I cells (36% of total) displayed localised asynchronous Ca2+ transients not dependent on CavL or ANO1; properties typical of ICC-IM mediating neural responses in other gastrointestinal regions. A second novel sub-type, i.e., Type II cells (64% of total) generated rhythmic, global Ca2+ transients at the SW frequency that were synchronised with neighbouring Type II cells and were abolished following blockade of either CavL or ANO1. Thus, the spatiotemporal characteristics of Type II cells and their dependence upon CavL and ANO1 all suggest that these cells are viable candidates for the generation of SWs and tone in the IAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen I Hannigan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Aaron P Bossey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Holly J L Foulkes
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kathleen D Keef
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Caroline A Cobine
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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14
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Drumm BT, Rembetski BE, Huynh K, Nizar A, Baker SA, Sanders KM. Excitatory cholinergic responses in mouse colon intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal are due to enhanced Ca 2+ release via M 3 receptor activation. FASEB J 2020; 34:10073-10095. [PMID: 32539213 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000672r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colonic intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) are associated with cholinergic varicosities, suggesting a role in mediating excitatory neurotransmission. Ca2+ release in ICC-IM activates Ano1, a Ca2+ -activated Cl- conductance, causing tissue depolarization and increased smooth muscle excitability. We employed Ca2+ imaging of colonic ICC-IM in situ, using mice expressing GCaMP6f in ICC to evaluate ICC-IM responses to excitatory neurotransmission. Expression of muscarinic type 2, 3 (M2 , M3 ), and NK1 receptors were enriched in ICC-IM. NK1 receptor agonists had minimal effects on ICC-IM, whereas neostigmine and carbachol increased Ca2+ transients. These effects were reversed by DAU 5884 (M3 receptor antagonist) but not AF-DX 116 (M2 receptor antagonist). Electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the presence of L-NNA and MRS 2500 enhanced ICC-IM Ca2+ transients. Responses were blocked by atropine or DAU 5884, but not AF-DX 116. ICC-IM responses to EFS were ablated by inhibiting Ca2+ stores with cyclopiazonic acid and reduced by inhibiting Ca2+ influx via Orai channels. Contractions induced by EFS were reduced by an Ano1 channel antagonist, abolished by DAU 5884, and unaffected by AF-DX 116. Colonic ICC-IM receive excitatory inputs from cholinergic neurons via M3 receptor activation. Enhancing ICC-IM Ca2+ release and Ano1 activation contributes to excitatory responses of colonic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Department of Life & Health Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Benjamin E Rembetski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kaitlin Huynh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Aqeel Nizar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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15
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Dadhich P, Bitar KN. Functional restoration of ex vivo model of pylorus: Co-injection of neural progenitor cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:713-723. [PMID: 32181603 PMCID: PMC7214644 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells is a promising approach in treatment of intestinal dysfunctionality. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are also critical in conditions such as pyloric dysfunctionality and gastroparesis. The objective of this study was to replenish neurons and ICCs in a dysfunctional pylorus as cell-based therapy to restore functionality. ICCs and enteric neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were isolated from rat duodenum and transduced with fluorescent proteins. Rat pylorus was harvested, and an ex-vivo neuromuscular dysfunctional model was developed by selective ablation of neurons and ICCs via chemical treatments. Cellular repopulation and restoration of motility were assessed by immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and functional analysis after delivery of fluorescently tagged cells. Chemical treatment of pylorus resulted in significant depletion of ICCs (67%, P = .0024; n = 3) and neural cells (83%, P = .0012; n = 3). Delivered ICCs and NPCs survived and integrated with host muscle layers. Co-injection of ICCs with NPCs exhibited 34.4% (P = .0004; n = 3) and 61.0% (P = .0003; n = 3) upregulation of ANO1 and βIII tubulin, respectively. This regeneration resulted in the restoration of agonist-induced excitatory contraction (82%) and neuron evoked relaxation (83%). The functional studies with specific neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase blocker confirmed that restoration of relaxation was NO mediated and neuronally derived. The simultaneous delivery of ICCs observed 35.7% higher neuronal differentiation and functional restoration compared with injection of NPCs alone. Injected NPCs and ICCs integrated into the dysfunctional ex vivo pylorus tissues and restored neuromuscular functionality. The co-transplantation of NPCs and ICCs can be used to treat neurodegenerative disorders of the pylorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhash Dadhich
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
- Program in Neuro‐Gastroenterology and Motility, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
| | - Khalil N. Bitar
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
- Program in Neuro‐Gastroenterology and Motility, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
- Section on Gastroenterology, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
- Virginia Tech‐Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Wake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth Carolina
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16
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Drumm BT, Rembetski BE, Messersmith K, Manierka MS, Baker SA, Sanders KM. Pacemaker function and neural responsiveness of subserosal interstitial cells of Cajal in the mouse colon. J Physiol 2020; 598:651-681. [PMID: 31811726 DOI: 10.1113/jp279102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Rhythmic action potentials and intercellular Ca2+ waves are generated in smooth muscle cells of colonic longitudinal muscles (LSMC). Longitudinal muscle excitability is tuned by input from subserosal ICC (ICC-SS), a population of ICC with previously unknown function. ICC-SS express Ano1 channels and generate spontaneous Ca2+ transients in a stochastic manner. Release of Ca2+ and activation of Ano1 channels causes depolarization of ICC-SS and LSMC, leading to activation of L-type Ca2+ channels, action potentials, intercellular Ca2+ waves and contractions in LSMC. Nitrergic neural inputs regulate the Ca2+ events in ICC-SS. Pacemaker activity in longitudinal muscle is an emergent property as a result of integrated processes in ICC-SS and LSMC. ABSTRACT Much is known about myogenic mechanisms in circular muscle (CM) in the gastrointestinal tract, although less is known about longitudinal muscle (LM). Two Ca2+ signalling behaviours occur in LM: localized intracellular waves not causing contractions and intercellular waves leading to excitation-contraction coupling. An Ano1 channel antagonist inhibited intercellular Ca2+ waves and LM contractions. Ano1 channels are expressed by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) but not by smooth muscle cells (SMCs). We investigated Ca2+ signalling in a novel population of ICC that lies along the subserosal surface of LM (ICC-SS) in mice expressing GCaMP6f in ICC. ICC-SS fired stochastic localized Ca2+ transients. Such events have been linked to activation of Ano1 channels in ICC. Ca2+ transients in ICC-SS occurred by release from stores most probably via inositol trisphosphate receptors. This activity relied on influx via store-operated Ca2+ entry and Orai channels. No voltage-dependent mechanism that synchronized Ca2+ transients in a single cell or between cells was found. Nitrergic agonists inhibited Ca2+ transients in ICC-SS, and stimulation of intrinsic nerves activated nitrergic responses in ICC-SS. Cessation of stimulation resulted in significant enhancement of Ca2+ transients compared to the pre-stimulus activity. No evidence of innervation by excitatory, cholinergic motor neurons was found. Our data suggest that ICC-SS contribute to regulation of LM motor activity. Spontaneous Ca2+ transients activate Ano1 channels in ICC-SS. Resulting depolarization conducts to SMCs, depolarizing membrane potential, activating L-type Ca2+ channels and initiating contraction. Rhythmic electrical and mechanical behaviours of LM are an emergent property of SMCs and ICC-SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Benjamin E Rembetski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Katelyn Messersmith
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Marena S Manierka
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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17
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Knauf C, Abot A, Wemelle E, Cani PD. Targeting the Enteric Nervous System to Treat Metabolic Disorders? "Enterosynes" as Therapeutic Gut Factors. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:139-146. [PMID: 31280267 DOI: 10.1159/000500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is of crucial importance for controlling glucose homeostasis. Alteration of this axis promotes the type 2 diabetes (T2D) phenotype (hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance). Recently, a new concept has emerged to demonstrate the crucial role of the enteric nervous system in the control of glycaemia via the hypothalamus. In diabetic patients and mice, modification of enteric neurons activity in the proximal part of the intestine generates a duodenal hyper-contractility that generates an aberrant message from the gut to the brain. In turn, the hypothalamus sends an aberrant efferent message that provokes a state of insulin resistance, which is characteristic of a T2D state. Targeting the enteric nervous system of the duodenum is now recognized as an innovative strategy for treatment of diabetes. By acting in the intestine, bioactive gut molecules that we called "enterosynes" can modulate the function of a specific type of neurons of the enteric nervous system to decrease the contraction of intestinal smooth muscle cells. Here, we focus on the origins of enterosynes (hormones, neurotransmitters, nutrients, microbiota, and immune factors), which could be considered therapeutic factors, and we describe their modes of action on enteric neurons. This unsuspected action of enterosynes is proposed for the treatment of T2D, but it could be applied for other therapeutic solutions that implicate communication between the gut and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Knauf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France,
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France,
| | - Anne Abot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Eve Wemelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1220, Université Paul Sabatier, UPS, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive et Nutrition (IRSD), Toulouse, France
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice D Cani
- NeuroMicrobiota, European Associated Laboratory (EAL) INSERM, Toulouse, France
- UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO - Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Iino S, Horiguchi K, Horiguchi S. c-Kit-stem cell factor signal-independent development of interstitial cells of Cajal in murine small intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:121-129. [PMID: 31741038 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand stem cell factor (SCF) play critical roles in regulating the development and proliferation of various cells, including the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the gastrointestinal tract. Many subtypes of ICC are known to be lacking in c-Kit-SCF-insufficient mice, such as W/Wv and Sl/Sld, whereas ICC-deep muscular plexus (DMP) in small intestine are not lacking. In this study, we examine ICC-DMP development in normal and c-Kit-SCF signal-insufficient mice. In normal mice, numerous ICC-DMP labeled with c-Kit and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antibodies were observed only in the duodenum on the day of birth, in the duodenum and the jejunum on postnatal day 4 and throughout the small intestine after postnatal day 6. In W mutant mice (W/Wv, Wv/Wv, W/W), ICC-DMP investigated using c-Kit and NK1R immunoreactivities were similar to that in normal mice. c-Kit ligand SCF-deficient mice (Sl/Sl) also showed almost identical ICC-DMP development and proliferation as normal mice. These results show that the development and proliferation of ICC-DMP occur in the postnatal period independent of c-Kit-SCF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iino
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Satomi Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
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19
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Drumm BT, Hwang SJ, Baker SA, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Ca 2+ signalling behaviours of intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal in the murine colon. J Physiol 2019; 597:3587-3617. [PMID: 31124144 DOI: 10.1113/jp278036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Colonic intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ transients manifesting as stochastic events from multiple firing sites with propagating Ca2+ waves occasionally observed. Firing of Ca2+ transients in ICC-IM is not coordinated with adjacent ICC-IM in a field of view or even with events from other firing sites within a single cell. Ca2+ transients, through activation of Ano1 channels and generation of inward current, cause net depolarization of colonic muscles. Ca2+ transients in ICC-IM rely on Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum via IP3 receptors, spatial amplification from RyRs and ongoing refilling of ER via the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic-reticulum-Ca2+ -ATPase. ICC-IM are sustained by voltage-independent Ca2+ influx via store-operated Ca2+ entry. Some of the properties of Ca2+ in ICC-IM in the colon are similar to the behaviour of ICC located in the deep muscular plexus region of the small intestine, suggesting there are functional similarities between these classes of ICC. ABSTRACT A component of the SIP syncytium that regulates smooth muscle excitability in the colon is the intramuscular class of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM). All classes of ICC (including ICC-IM) express Ca2+ -activated Cl- channels, encoded by Ano1, and rely upon this conductance for physiological functions. Thus, Ca2+ handling in ICC is fundamental to colonic motility. We examined Ca2+ handling mechanisms in ICC-IM of murine proximal colon expressing GCaMP6f in ICC. Several Ca2+ firing sites were detected in each cell. While individual sites displayed rhythmic Ca2+ events, the overall pattern of Ca2+ transients was stochastic. No correlation was found between discrete Ca2+ firing sites in the same cell or in adjacent cells. Ca2+ transients in some cells initiated Ca2+ waves that spread along the cell at ∼100 µm s-1 . Ca2+ transients were caused by release from intracellular stores, but depended strongly on store-operated Ca2+ entry mechanisms. ICC Ca2+ transient firing regulated the resting membrane potential of colonic tissues as a specific Ano1 antagonist hyperpolarized colonic muscles by ∼10 mV. Ca2+ transient firing was independent of membrane potential and not affected by blockade of L- or T-type Ca2+ channels. Mechanisms regulating Ca2+ transients in the proximal colon displayed both similarities to and differences from the intramuscular type of ICC in the small intestine. Similarities and differences in Ca2+ release patterns might determine how ICC respond to neurotransmission in these two regions of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sung J Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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20
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Yadak R, Breur M, Bugiani M. Gastrointestinal Dysmotility in MNGIE: from thymidine phosphorylase enzyme deficiency to altered interstitial cells of Cajal. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:33. [PMID: 30736844 PMCID: PMC6368792 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MNGIE is a rare and fatal disease in which absence of the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase induces systemic accumulation of thymidine and deoxyuridine and secondary mitochondrial DNA alterations. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequently reported in MNGIE patients, however, they are not resolved with the current treatment interventions. Recently, our understanding of the GI pathology has increased, which rationalizes the pursuit of more targeted therapeutic strategies. In particular, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) play key roles in GI physiology and are involved in the pathogenesis of the GI dysmotility. However, understanding of the triggers of ICC deficits in MNGIE is lacking. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the pathology of GI dysmotility in MNGIE, discuss potential mechanisms in relation to ICC loss/dysfunction, remark on the limited contribution of the current treatments, and propose intervention strategies to overcome ICC deficits. Finally, we address the advances and new research avenues offered by organoids and tissue engineering technologies, and propose schemes to implement to further our understanding of the GI pathology and utility in regenerative and personalized medicine in MNGIE. Conclusion Interstitial cells of Cajal play key roles in the physiology of the gastrointestinal motility. Evaluation of their status in the GI dysmotility related to MNGIE would be valuable for diagnosis of MNGIE. Understanding the underlying pathological and molecular mechanisms affecting ICC is an asset for the development of targeted prevention and treatment strategies for the GI dysmotility related to MNGIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Yadak
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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21
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Wong J, Chopra J, Chiang LLW, Liu T, Ho J, Wu WKK, Tse G, Wong SH. The Role of Connexins in Gastrointestinal Diseases. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:643-652. [PMID: 30639409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are hexagonal arrays of protein molecules in the plasma membrane and were first described in Mauthner cell synapses of goldfish. They form pathways for coupling between cells, allowing passive, electrotonic spread of ions and also passage of larger molecules such as amino acids and nucleotides. They are expressed in both excitable and non-excitable tissues. Each gap junction is made of two connexons, which are hexameric proteins of the connexin subunit. In this review, the roles that connexins play in gastrointestinal motility, the mechanisms of altered connexin expression leading to inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal infections, and gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic spectrum disorder are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Wong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jasmine Chopra
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, PR China
| | - Jeffery Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Drumm BT, Hennig GW, Baker SA, Sanders KM. Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30663707 DOI: 10.3791/58989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires careful and in-depth analyses and quantification to capture as much information about the underlying events as possible. Spatial, temporal and intensity parameters intrinsic to Ca2+ signals such as frequency, duration, propagation, velocity and amplitude may provide some biological information required for intracellular signalling. High-resolution Ca2+ imaging typically results in the acquisition of large data files that are time consuming to process in terms of translating the imaging information into quantifiable data, and this process can be susceptible to human error and bias. Analysis of Ca2+ signals from cells in situ typically relies on simple intensity measurements from arbitrarily selected regions of interest (ROI) within a field of view (FOV). This approach ignores much of the important signaling information contained in the FOV. Thus, in order to maximize recovery of information from such high-resolution recordings obtained with Ca2+dyes or optogenetic Ca2+ imaging, appropriate spatial and temporal analysis of the Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols outlined in this paper will describe how a high volume of data can be obtained from Ca2+ imaging recordings to facilitate more complete analysis and quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded from cells using a combination of spatiotemporal map (STM)-based analysis and particle-based analysis. The protocols also describe how different patterns of Ca2+ signaling observed in different cell populations in situ can be analyzed appropriately. For illustration, the method will examine Ca2+ signaling in a specialized population of cells in the small intestine, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), using GECIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine;
| | - Grant W Hennig
- Department of Pharmacology, The Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont
| | - Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine
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Sanders KM, Ward SM. Nitric oxide and its role as a non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:212-227. [PMID: 30063800 PMCID: PMC6295421 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NO is a neurotransmitter released from enteric inhibitory neurons and responsible for modulating gastrointestinal (GI) motor behaviour. Enteric neurons express nNOS (NOS1) that associates with membranes of nerve varicosities. NO released from neurons binds to soluble guanylate cyclase in post-junctional cells to generate cGMP. cGMP-dependent protein kinase type 1 (PKG1) is a major mediator but perhaps not the only pathway involved in cGMP-mediated effects in GI muscles based on gene deletion studies. NOS1+ neurons form close contacts with smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα+ cells, and these cells are electrically coupled (SIP syncytium). Cell-specific gene deletion studies have shown that nitrergic responses are due to mechanisms in SMCs and ICC. Controversy exists about the ion channels and other post-junctional mechanisms that mediate nitrergic responses in GI muscles. Reduced nNOS expression in enteric inhibitory motor neurons and/or reduced connectivity between nNOS+ neurons and the SIP syncytium appear to be responsible for motor defects that develop in diabetes. An overproduction of NO in some inflammatory conditions also impairs normal GI motor activity. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the role of NO as an enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Nevada, Reno, School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyUniversity of Nevada, Reno, School of MedicineRenoNVUSA
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Wang J, Zhang B, Jiao Y, Xu Z, Qian B, Wang Q. Involvement of prostatic interstitial cells of Cajal in inflammatory cytokines-elicited catecholamines production: Implications for the pathophysiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:420-427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Baker SA, Drumm BT, Cobine CA, Keef KD, Sanders KM. Inhibitory Neural Regulation of the Ca 2+ Transients in Intramuscular Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Small Intestine. Front Physiol 2018; 9:328. [PMID: 29686622 PMCID: PMC5900014 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is coordinated by enteric neurons. Both inhibitory and excitatory motor neurons innervate the syncytium consisting of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα+ cells (SIP syncytium). Confocal imaging of mouse small intestines from animals expressing GCaMP3 in ICC were used to investigate inhibitory neural regulation of ICC in the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP). We hypothesized that Ca2+ signaling in ICC-DMP can be modulated by inhibitory enteric neural input. ICC-DMP lie in close proximity to the varicosities of motor neurons and generate ongoing Ca2+ transients that underlie activation of Ca2+-dependent Cl- channels and regulate the excitability of SMCs in the SIP syncytium. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) caused inhibition of Ca2+ for the first 2-3 s of stimulation, and then Ca2+ transients escaped from inhibition. The NO donor (DEA-NONOate) inhibited Ca2+ transients and Nω-Nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) or a guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ) blocked inhibition induced by EFS. Purinergic neurotransmission did not affect Ca2+ transients in ICC-DMP. Purinergic neurotransmission elicits hyperpolarization of the SIP syncytium by activation of K+ channels in PDGFRα+ cells. Generalized hyperpolarization of SIP cells by pinacidil (KATP agonist) or MRS2365 (P2Y1 agonist) also had no effect on Ca2+ transients in ICC-DMP. Peptidergic transmitter receptors (VIP and PACAP) are expressed in ICC and can modulate ICC-DMP Ca2+ transients. In summary Ca2+ transients in ICC-DMP are blocked by enteric inhibitory neurotransmission. ICC-DMP lack a voltage-dependent mechanism for regulating Ca2+ release, and this protects Ca2+ handling in ICC-DMP from membrane potential changes in other SIP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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Excitatory Neuronal Responses of Ca 2+ Transients in Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Small Intestine. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0080-18. [PMID: 29632869 PMCID: PMC5889480 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0080-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) regulate smooth muscle excitability and motility in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. ICC in the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP) of the small intestine are aligned closely with varicosities of enteric motor neurons and thought to transduce neural responses. ICC-DMP generate Ca2+ transients that activate Ca2+ activated Cl- channels and generate electrophysiological responses. We tested the hypothesis that excitatory neurotransmitters regulate Ca2+ transients in ICC-DMP as a means of regulating intestinal muscles. High-resolution confocal microscopy was used to image Ca2+ transients in ICC-DMP within murine small intestinal muscles with cell-specific expression of GCaMP3. Intrinsic nerves were stimulated by electrical field stimulation (EFS). ICC-DMP exhibited ongoing Ca2+ transients before stimuli were applied. EFS caused initial suppression of Ca2+ transients, followed by escape during sustained stimulation, and large increases in Ca2+ transients after cessation of stimulation. Basal Ca2+ activity and the excitatory phases of Ca2+ responses to EFS were inhibited by atropine and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1) antagonists, but not by NK2 receptor antagonists. Exogenous ACh and substance P (SP) increased Ca2+ transients, atropine and NK1 antagonists decreased Ca2+ transients. Neurokinins appear to be released spontaneously (tonic excitation) in small intestinal muscles and are the dominant excitatory neurotransmitters. Subcellular regulation of Ca2+ release events in ICC-DMP may be a means by which excitatory neurotransmission organizes intestinal motility patterns.
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27
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Veličkov A, Radenković G, Petrović V, Veličkov A. DIABETIC ALTERATIONS OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2017. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2017.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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Saravanaperumal SA, Gibbons SJ, Malysz J, Sha L, Linden DR, Szurszewski JH, Farrugia G. Extracellular Cl - regulates electrical slow waves and setting of smooth muscle membrane potential by interstitial cells of Cajal in mouse jejunum. Exp Physiol 2017; 103:40-57. [PMID: 28971566 DOI: 10.1113/ep086367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The aim was to investigate the roles of extracellular chloride in electrical slow waves and resting membrane potential of mouse jejunal smooth muscle by replacing chloride with the impermeant anions gluconate and isethionate. What is the main finding and its importance? The main finding was that in smooth muscle cells, the resting Cl- conductance is low, whereas transmembrane Cl- movement in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) is a major contributor to the shape of electrical slow waves. Furthermore, the data confirm that ICCs set the smooth muscle membrane potential and that altering Cl- homeostasis in ICCs can alter the smooth muscle membrane potential. Intracellular Cl- homeostasis is regulated by anion-permeable channels and transporters and contributes to excitability of many cell types, including smooth muscle and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). Our aims were to investigate the effects on electrical activity in mouse jejunal muscle strips of replacing extracellular Cl- (Cl-o ) with the impermeant anions gluconate and isethionate. On reducing Cl-o , effects were observed on electrical slow waves, with small effects on smooth muscle membrane voltage (Em ). Restoration of Cl- hyperpolarized smooth muscle Em proportional to the change in Cl-o concentration. Replacement of 90% of Cl-o with gluconate reversibly abolished slow waves in five of nine preparations. Slow waves were maintained in isethionate. Gluconate and isethionate substitution had similar concentration-dependent effects on peak amplitude, frequency, width at half peak amplitude, rise time and decay time of residual slow waves. Gluconate reduced free ionized Ca2+ in Krebs solutions to 0.13 mm. In Krebs solutions containing normal Cl- and 0.13 mm free Ca2+ , slow wave frequency was lower, width at half peak amplitude was smaller, and decay time was faster. The transient hyperpolarization following restoration of Cl-o was not observed in W/Wv mice, which lack pacemaker ICCs in the small intestine. We conclude that in smooth muscle cells, the resting Cl- conductance is low, whereas transmembrane Cl- movement in ICCs plays a major role in generation or propagation of slow waves. Furthermore, these data support a role for ICCs in setting smooth muscle Em and that altering Cl- homeostasis in ICCs can alter smooth muscle Em .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John Malysz
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lei Sha
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David R Linden
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph H Szurszewski
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Wang L, Liang Y, Chen Q, Ahmed N, Wang F, Hu B, Yang P. Identification and Distribution of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the Abomasum of Goats. Cell Transplant 2017; 27:335-344. [PMID: 28933185 PMCID: PMC5898686 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717722561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are regarded as pacemakers and are involved in neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals. However, limited information is available about the existence of ICCs within the GIT of ruminants. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructural characteristics and distribution of ICCs in goat abomasum using transmission electron microscopy and c-kit immunohistochemistry. Two different kinds of c-kit immunoreactive cells were observed in the abomasum. The first was identified as ICCs, which appeared to be multipolar or bipolar in shape, with some processes. These c-kit immunoreactive cells were deposited in the submucosal layer, myenteric plexus between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, and within the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the abomasum. The second type of cell was round in shape and was identified as mast cells, which were located in the submucosal layer as well as in the lamina propria. Ultrastructurally, ICCs were also observed as stellate or spindle-shaped cells, which were consistent in shape with our c-kit immunoreactive cells. In the cytoplasm of ICCs, numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and caveolae were detected. ICCs were located in the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers (ICC-MY), with the longitudinal and circular muscle layer was replaced as “intramuscular layers” (ICC-IM), and in the submucosal layer (ICC-SM). In addition, we found ICCs surrounding nerve fibers and smooth muscle cells, where they formed heterocellular junctions in the form of close membrane associations or gap junctions and homocellular junctions among the processes of the ICCs. In the current study, we provide the first complete characterization of ICCs within the goat abomasum and propose that ICCs might have a key role in producing contractions in the ruminant stomach for proper absorption of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- 2 College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Hu
- 3 College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,2 College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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30
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Lee MY, Ha SE, Park C, Park PJ, Fuchs R, Wei L, Jorgensen BG, Redelman D, Ward SM, Sanders KM, Ro S. Transcriptome of interstitial cells of Cajal reveals unique and selective gene signatures. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176031. [PMID: 28426719 PMCID: PMC5398589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome-scale data can reveal essential clues into understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms behind specific cellular functions and biological processes. Transcriptomics is a continually growing field of research utilized in biomarker discovery. The transcriptomic profile of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which serve as slow-wave electrical pacemakers for gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle, has yet to be uncovered. Using copGFP-labeled ICC mice and flow cytometry, we isolated ICC populations from the murine small intestine and colon and obtained their transcriptomes. In analyzing the transcriptome, we identified a unique set of ICC-restricted markers including transcription factors, epigenetic enzymes/regulators, growth factors, receptors, protein kinases/phosphatases, and ion channels/transporters. This analysis provides new and unique insights into the cellular and biological functions of ICC in GI physiology. Additionally, we constructed an interactive ICC genome browser (http://med.unr.edu/physio/transcriptome) based on the UCSC genome database. To our knowledge, this is the first online resource that provides a comprehensive library of all known genetic transcripts expressed in primary ICC. Our genome browser offers a new perspective into the alternative expression of genes in ICC and provides a valuable reference for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Se Eun Ha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Chanjae Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Park
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Robert Fuchs
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Lai Wei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Jorgensen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Doug Redelman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Seungil Ro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Sanders KM, Kito Y, Hwang SJ, Ward SM. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Function by Interstitial Cells. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:316-26. [PMID: 27488743 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin form gap junctions with smooth muscle cells in visceral smooth muscles and provide important regulatory functions. In gastrointestinal (GI) muscles, there are two distinct classes of interstitial cells, c-Kit(+) interstitial cells of Cajal and PDGFRα(+) cells, that regulate motility patterns. Loss of these cells may contribute to symptoms in GI motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
| | - Yoshihiko Kito
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Japan
| | - Sung Jin Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
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Malysz J, Gibbons SJ, Saravanaperumal SA, Du P, Eisenman ST, Cao C, Oh U, Saur D, Klein S, Ordog T, Farrugia G. Conditional genetic deletion of Ano1 in interstitial cells of Cajal impairs Ca 2+ transients and slow waves in adult mouse small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G228-G245. [PMID: 27979828 PMCID: PMC5401988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00363.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Myenteric plexus interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY) in the small intestine are Kit+ electrical pacemakers that express the Ano1/TMEM16A Ca2+-activated Cl- channel, whose functions in the gastrointestinal tract remain incompletely understood. In this study, an inducible Cre-LoxP-based approach was used to advance the understanding of Ano1 in ICC-MY of adult mouse small intestine. KitCreERT2/+;Ano1Fl/Fl mice were treated with tamoxifen or vehicle, and small intestines (mucosa free) were examined. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated ~50% reduction in Ano1 mRNA in intestines of conditional knockouts (cKOs) compared with vehicle-treated controls. Whole mount immunohistochemistry showed a mosaic/patchy pattern loss of Ano1 protein in ICC networks. Ca2+ transients in ICC-MY network of cKOs displayed reduced duration compared with highly synchronized controls and showed synchronized and desynchronized profiles. When matched, the rank order for Ano1 expression in Ca2+ signal imaged fields of view was as follows: vehicle controls>>>cKO(synchronized)>cKO(desynchronized). Maintenance of Ca2+ transients' synchronicity despite high loss of Ano1 indicates a large functional reserve of Ano1 in the ICC-MY network. Slow waves in cKOs displayed reduced duration and increased inter-slow-wave interval and occurred in regular- and irregular-amplitude oscillating patterns. The latter activity suggested ongoing interaction by independent interacting oscillators. Lack of slow waves and depolarization, previously reported for neonatal constitutive knockouts, were also seen. In summary, Ano1 in adults regulates gastrointestinal function by determining Ca2+ transients and electrical activity depending on the level of Ano1 expression. Partial Ano1 loss results in Ca2+ transients and slow waves displaying reduced duration, while complete and widespread absence of Ano1 in ICC-MY causes lack of slow wave and desynchronized Ca2+ transients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The Ca2+-activated Cl- channel, Ano1, in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) is necessary for normal gastrointestinal motility. We knocked out Ano1 to varying degrees in ICC of adult mice. Partial knockout of Ano1 shortened the widths of electrical slow waves and Ca2+ transients in myenteric ICC but Ca2+ transient synchronicity was preserved. Near-complete knockout was necessary for transient desynchronization and loss of slow waves, indicating a large functional reserve of Ano1 in ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Malysz
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Simon J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Seth T Eisenman
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chike Cao
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Uhtaek Oh
- Sensory Research Center, CRI, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Sabine Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Zhu YF, Wang XY, Parsons SP, Huizinga JD. Stimulus-induced pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal associated with the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1064-74. [PMID: 26968691 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ICC-DMP have been proposed to generate stimulus-dependent pacemaker activity, rhythmic transient depolarizations, that take part in orchestrating segmentation and clustered propulsive motor patterns in the small intestine. However, little is known about the fundamental properties of ICC-DMP. METHODS This study was undertaken to increase our understanding of intrinsic properties of the ICC-DMP through calcium imaging and intracellular electrical recordings. KEY RESULTS Without stimulation, most ICC-DMP were quiescent. In some preparations ICC-DMP generated rhythmic low-frequency calcium oscillations (<10 cpm) with or without high frequency activity superimposed (>35 cpm). Immunohistochemistry proved the existence of NK1R on the ICC-DMP and close contacts between ICC-DMP and substance P-positive nerves. Substance P (25 nM) induced low-frequency calcium oscillations that were synchronized across the ICC-DMP network. Substance P also induced low frequency rhythmic transient depolarizations (<10cpm) in circular muscle cells close to the ICC-DMP. An intracellular recording from a positively identified ICC-DMP showed rhythmic transient depolarizations with superimposed high frequency activity. To investigate if quiescent ICC-DMP were chronically inhibited by nitrergic activity, nNOS was inhibited, but without effect. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Substance P changes non-synchronized high frequency flickering or quiescence in ICC-DMP into strong rhythmic calcium transients that are synchronized within the network; they are associated with rhythmic transient depolarizations within the same frequency range. We hypothesize that Substance P, released from nerves, can evoke rhythmicity in ICC-DMP, thereby providing it with potential pacemaker activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Zhu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - X-Y Wang
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - S P Parsons
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J D Huizinga
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Luo L, Li YC, Dai XZ, Yang Z, Song Q, Hu WS, Cao DQ, Zhang X. Effects of Proanthocyanidins on Intestinal Motility Disturbance Following Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion. J INVEST SURG 2016; 29:335-342. [DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2016.1149642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Li
- Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Dai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Song
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Si Hu
- Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - De-Qi Cao
- Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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Fracaro L, Frez F, Silva B, Vicentini G, de Souza S, Martins H, Linden D, Guarnier F, Zanoni J. Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats demonstrate altered interstitial cells of Cajal. Effects on ICC in the Walker 256 tumor model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:101-15. [PMID: 26526599 PMCID: PMC4688090 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a significant problem in patients with cancer. The effect of cancer on interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and neurons of the gastrointestinal tract have not been studied previously. Although supplementation with L-glutamine 2% may have beneficial effects in cancer-related cachexia, and be protective of ICC in models of oxidative stress such as diabetes, its effects on ICC in cancer have also not been studied. METHODS Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control supplemented with L-glutamine (CG), Walker 256 tumor (WT), and Walker 256 tumor supplemented with L-glutamine (WTG). Rats were implanted with tumor cells or injected with saline in the right flank. After 14 days, the jejunal tissues were collected and processed for immunohistochemical techniques including whole mounts and cryosections and Western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS Tumor-bearing rats demonstrate reduced numbers of Myenteric ICC and deep muscular plexus ICC and yet increased Ano1 protein expression and enhanced ICC networks. In addition, there is more nNOS protein expressed in tumor-bearing rats compared to controls. L-glutamine treatment had a variety of effects on ICC that may be related to the disease state and the interaction of ICC and nNOS neurons. Regardless, L-glutamine reduced the size of tumors and also tumor-induced cachexia that was not due to altered food intake. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES There are significant effects on ICC in the Walker 256 tumor model. Although supplementation with L-glutamine has differential and complex effects of ICC, it reduces tumor size and tumor-associated cachexia, which supports its beneficial therapeutic role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Fracaro
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - F.C.V. Frez
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - B.C. Silva
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - G.E. Vicentini
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - S.R.G. de Souza
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - H.A. Martins
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - D.R. Linden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - F.A. Guarnier
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - J.N. Zanoni
- Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil,Address for Correspondence: Prof Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni, Department of Morfological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, n 5790 Bloco O-33, Maringá, 87020-900, Brazil. Tel: (+55) 443011-5944; ,
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Kondo J, Powell AE, Wang Y, Musser MA, Southard-Smith EM, Franklin JL, Coffey RJ. LRIG1 Regulates Ontogeny of Smooth Muscle-Derived Subsets of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:407-19.e8. [PMID: 25921371 PMCID: PMC4527342 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) control intestinal smooth muscle contraction to regulate gut motility. ICC within the plane of the myenteric plexus (ICC-MY) arise from KIT-positive progenitor cells during mouse embryogenesis. However, little is known about the ontogeny of ICC associated with the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP) in the small intestine and ICC associated with the submucosal plexus (ICC-SMP) in the colon. Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1) marks intestinal epithelial stem cells, but the role of LRIG1 in nonepithelial intestinal cells has not been identified. We sought to determine the ontogeny of ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP, and whether LRIG1 has a role in their development. METHODS Lrig1-null mice (homozygous Lrig1-CreERT2) and wild-type mice were analyzed by immunofluorescence and transit assays. Transit was evaluated by passage of orally administered rhodamine B-conjugated dextran. Lrig1-CreERT2 mice or mice with CreERT2 under control of an inducible smooth muscle promoter (Myh11-CreERT2) were crossed with Rosa26-LSL-YFP mice for lineage tracing analysis. RESULTS In immunofluorescence assays, ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP were found to express LRIG1. Based on lineage tracing, ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP each arose from LRIG1-positive smooth muscle progenitors. In Lrig1-null mice, there was loss of staining for KIT in DMP and SMP regions, as well as for 2 additional ICC markers (anoctamin-1 and neurokinin 1 receptor). Lrig1-null mice had significant delays in small intestinal transit compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS LRIG1 regulates the postnatal development of ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP from smooth muscle progenitors in mice. Slowed small intestinal transit observed in Lrig1-null mice may be due, at least in part, to loss of the ICC-DMP population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Kondo
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anne E. Powell
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Melissa A. Musser
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - E. Michelle Southard-Smith
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Franklin
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville,
TN 37232, USA,Correspondence: Robert J. Coffey, MD
Epithelial Biology Center 10415 MRB IV Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, TN 37232-0441 Phone: 615-343-6228; Fax: 615-343-1591
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Sanders KM. New Molecular Tools to Investigate the Development and Functions of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in the GI Tract. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:283-6. [PMID: 26116799 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada.
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Pawelka AJ, Huizinga JD. Induction of rhythmic transient depolarizations associated with waxing and waning of slow wave activity in intestinal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G427-33. [PMID: 25540235 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00409.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cannon described in 1902 the segmentation motor activity of the small intestine (Canon WB. J Med Res 7: 72-75, 1902). This motor pattern can arise when low-frequency transient depolarizations are evoked in the interstitial cells of Cajal associated with the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP) network, which then affect the omnipresent slow wave activity: changing its regular amplitude into a waxing and waning pattern. The objective of the present study was to investigate physiological stimuli that could induce the low-frequency component. Intracellular recordings were obtained from circular muscle with or without attached mucosa. Decanoic acid (1 mM) and butyric acid (10 mM) both evoked low-frequency transient depolarizations but through different mechanisms. Decanoic acid-induced waxing and waning was initiated by purely myogenic means when perfused onto exposed circular muscle. Butyric acid required the intact mucosa and uninhibited neural activity to elicit the low-frequency response. Evidence is provided that the transient rhythmic depolarizations occur in the absence of interstitial cells of Cajal associated with the myenteric plexus (ICC-MP). Onset of the slow transient depolarizations was stimulated by addition of N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA; 100 μM); thus the low-frequency component seems to be under chronic inhibition by nitric oxide. Excitatory tachykinergic stimulation induced the low-frequency component since substance P (0.5 μM) evoked it in the presence of neural blockade. In summary, interplay between two networks of myogenic pacemakers, neural activity, and nutrient factors such as fatty acids plays a role in the generation of the rhythmic low-frequency component that is essential for the development of the checkered segmentation motor pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Pawelka
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Liu M, Zheng SJ, Xu W, Zhang J, Chen Y, Duan Z. Changing interdigestive migrating motor complex in rats under acute liver injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:634281. [PMID: 25544942 PMCID: PMC4228720 DOI: 10.1155/2014/634281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility disorder is a major clinical manifestation of acute liver injury, and interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) is an important indicator. We investigated the changes and characteristics of MMC in rats with acute liver injury. Acute liver injury was created by d-galactosamine, and we recorded the interdigestive MMC using a multichannel physiological recorder and compared the indexes of interdigestive MMC. Compared with normal controls, antral MMC Phase I duration was significantly prolonged and MMC Phase III duration was significantly shortened in the rats with acute liver injury. The duodenal MMC cycle and MMC Phases I and IV duration were significantly prolonged and MMC Phase III duration was significantly shortened in the rats with acute liver injury. The jejunal MMC cycle and MMC Phases I and IV duration were significantly prolonged and MMC Phase III duration was significantly shortened in the rats with acute liver injury compared with normal controls. Compared with the normal controls, rats with acute liver injury had a significantly prolonged interdigestive MMC cycle, related mainly to longer MMC Phases I and IV, shortened MMC Phase III, and MMC Phase II characterized by increased migrating clustered contractions, which were probably major contributors to the gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Su-Jun Zheng
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weihong Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Müller M, Colcuc S, Drescher DG, Eckardt AJ, von Pein H, Taube C, Schumacher J, Gockel HR, Schimanski CC, Lang H, Gockel I. Murine genetic deficiency of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS(-/-) ) and interstitial cells of Cajal (W/W(v) ): Implications for achalasia? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1800-7. [PMID: 24720557 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Nitric oxide (NO) is an important inhibitory mediator of esophageal function, and its lack leads to typical features of achalasia. In contrast, the role of intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function is still controversial. Therefore, we examined the function and morphology of the LES in vivo in NO-deficient (nNOS(-/-) ), ICC-IM-deficient (W/W(v) )-, and wild-type (WT) mice. METHODS Esophageal manometry was performed with a micro-sized transducer catheter to quantify LES pressure, swallow evoked LES relaxation, and esophageal body motility. The LES morphology was examined by semiquantitative analysis of the immunoreactivity (reduction grade I-IV) of neuronal NOS (nNOS), ICC-IM, and VIP and their correlation with esophageal function. RESULTS nNOS(-/-) in comparison to WT mice showed a significantly higher LES mean resting pressure with an impaired swallow induced relaxation, whereas W/W(v) mice had a hypotensive LES with decreased relaxation. W/W(v) and nNOS(-/-) mice demonstrated differing degrees of tubular esophageal dysfunction. The reduced immunoreactivity of nNOS correlated with an increased LES pressure and decreased LES relaxation, respectively. Cajal-cell reduction correlated with impaired LES relaxation, whereas VIP reduction revealed no correlation with esophageal function. CONCLUSIONS The reduction of ICC-IM and nNOS can cause dysfunction of the LES and esophageal peristalsis, whereas VIP reduction seems to have no effect. ICC-IM and nNOS deficiency might be independent relevant causes of esophageal dysfunction similar to that seen in human achalasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Müller
- Department of Gastroenterology, German Diagnostic Clinic, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Sanders KM, Ward SM, Koh SD. Interstitial cells: regulators of smooth muscle function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:859-907. [PMID: 24987007 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscles are complex tissues containing a variety of cells in addition to muscle cells. Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin interact with and form electrical connectivity with smooth muscle cells in many organs, and these cells provide important regulatory functions. For example, in the gastrointestinal tract, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα(+) cells have been described, in detail, and represent distinct classes of cells with unique ultrastructure, molecular phenotypes, and functions. Smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled to ICC and PDGFRα(+) cells, forming an integrated unit called the SIP syncytium. SIP cells express a variety of receptors and ion channels, and conductance changes in any type of SIP cell affect the excitability and responses of the syncytium. SIP cells are known to provide pacemaker activity, propagation pathways for slow waves, transduction of inputs from motor neurons, and mechanosensitivity. Loss of interstitial cells has been associated with motor disorders of the gut. Interstitial cells are also found in a variety of other smooth muscles; however, in most cases, the physiological and pathophysiological roles for these cells have not been clearly defined. This review describes structural, functional, and molecular features of interstitial cells and discusses their contributions in determining the behaviors of smooth muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sang Don Koh
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
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Blair PJ, Rhee PL, Sanders KM, Ward SM. The significance of interstitial cells in neurogastroenterology. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:294-317. [PMID: 24948131 PMCID: PMC4102150 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract consist of a heterogeneous population of cells that include enteric neurons, several classes of interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin, a variety of immune cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Over the last number of years the complexity of the interactions between these cell types has begun to emerge. For example, interstitial cells, consisting of both interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive (PDGFRα(+)) cells generate pacemaker activity throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and also transduce enteric motor nerve signals and mechanosensitivity to adjacent SMCs. ICC and PDGFRα(+) cells are electrically coupled to SMCs possibly via gap junctions forming a multicellular functional syncytium termed the SIP syncytium. Cells that make up the SIP syncytium are highly specialized containing unique receptors, ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways that regulate the excitability of GI muscles. The unique role of these cells in coordinating GI motility is evident by the altered motility patterns in animal models where interstitial cell networks are disrupted. Although considerable advances have been made in recent years on our understanding of the roles of these cells within the SIP syncytium, the full physiological functions of these cells and the consequences of their disruption in GI muscles have not been clearly defined. This review gives a synopsis of the history of interstitial cell discovery and highlights recent advances in structural, molecular expression and functional roles of these cells in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Blair
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; and
| | - Poong-Lyul Rhee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; and
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA; and
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Blair PJ, Rhee PL, Sanders KM, Ward SM. The significance of interstitial cells in neurogastroenterology. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014. [PMID: 24948131 DOI: 10.5056/jnm140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract consist of a heterogeneous population of cells that include enteric neurons, several classes of interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin, a variety of immune cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Over the last number of years the complexity of the interactions between these cell types has begun to emerge. For example, interstitial cells, consisting of both interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive (PDGFRα(+)) cells generate pacemaker activity throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and also transduce enteric motor nerve signals and mechanosensitivity to adjacent SMCs. ICC and PDGFRα(+) cells are electrically coupled to SMCs possibly via gap junctions forming a multicellular functional syncytium termed the SIP syncytium. Cells that make up the SIP syncytium are highly specialized containing unique receptors, ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways that regulate the excitability of GI muscles. The unique role of these cells in coordinating GI motility is evident by the altered motility patterns in animal models where interstitial cell networks are disrupted. Although considerable advances have been made in recent years on our understanding of the roles of these cells within the SIP syncytium, the full physiological functions of these cells and the consequences of their disruption in GI muscles have not been clearly defined. This review gives a synopsis of the history of interstitial cell discovery and highlights recent advances in structural, molecular expression and functional roles of these cells in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Blair
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Poong-Lyul Rhee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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Marech I, Ammendola M, Gadaleta C, Zizzo N, Oakley C, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. Possible biological and translational significance of mast cells density in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8910-8920. [PMID: 25083063 PMCID: PMC4112891 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), located ubiquitously near blood vessels, are descended from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Initially, although their role has been well defined in hypersensitivity reactions, the discovery of their sharing in both innate and adaptive immunity has allowed to redefine their crucial interplay on the regulatory function between inflammatory and tumor cells through the release of mediators granule-associated (mainly tryptase and vascular endothelial growth factor). In particular, in several animal and human malignancies it has been well demonstrated that activated c-Kit receptor (c-KitR) and tryptase (an agonist of the proteinase-activated receptor-2) take pivotal part in tumor angiogenesis after the MCs activation, contributing to tumor cells invasion and metastasis. In this review, we focused on crucial MCs density (MCD) role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression angiogenesis-mediated; then, we will analyze the principal studies that have focused on MCD as possible prognostic factor. Finally, we will consider a possible role of MCD as novel therapeutic target mainly by c-KitR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, masitinib) and tryptase inhibitors (gabexate and nafamostat mesylate) with the aim to prevent CRC progression.
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Yarandi SS, Srinivasan S. Diabetic gastrointestinal motility disorders and the role of enteric nervous system: current status and future directions. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:611-24. [PMID: 24661628 PMCID: PMC4104990 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes are common and a source of significant discomfort and disability. Diabetes affects almost every part of gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum and causes a variety of symptoms including heartburn, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of diabetic gastroenteropathy is important to guide development of therapies for this common problem. Over recent years, the data regarding the pathophysiology of diabetic gastroenteropathy is expanding. In addition to autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointestinal disturbances the role of enteric nervous system is becoming more evident. PURPOSE In this review, we summarize the reported alterations in enteric nervous system including enteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal and neurotransmission in diabetic animal models and patients. We also review the possible underlying mechanisms of these alterations, with focus on oxidative stress, growth factors and diabetes induced changes in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Finally, we will discuss recent advances and potential areas for future research related to diabetes and the ENS such as gut microbiota, micro-RNAs and changes in the microvasculature and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Yarandi
- Division of Digestive Diseases; Emory University; Atlanta GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center; Decatur Georgia USA
| | - S. Srinivasan
- Division of Digestive Diseases; Emory University; Atlanta GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center; Decatur Georgia USA
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Winston JH, Chen J, Shi XZ, Sarna SK. Inflammation induced by mast cell deficiency rather than the loss of interstitial cells of Cajal causes smooth muscle dysfunction in W/W(v) mice. Front Physiol 2014; 5:22. [PMID: 24550836 PMCID: PMC3912454 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial hypothesis suggested that the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) played an essential role in mediating enteric neuronal input to smooth muscle cells. Much information for this hypothesis came from studies in W/Wv mice lacking ICC. However, mast cells, which play critical roles in regulating inflammation in their microenvironment, are also absent in W/Wv mice. We tested the hypothesis that the depletion of mast cells in W/Wv mice generates inflammation in fundus muscularis externa (ME) that impairs smooth muscle reactivity to Ach, independent of the depletion of ICC. We performed experiments on the fundus ME from wild type (WT) and W/Wv mice before and after reconstitution of mast cells by bone marrow transplant. We found that mast cell deficiency in W/Wv mice significantly increased COX-2 and iNOS expression and decreased smooth muscle reactivity to Ach. Mast cell reconstitution or concurrent blockade of COX-2 and iNOS restored smooth muscle contractility without affecting the suppression of c-kit in W/Wv mice. The expression of nNOS and ChAT were suppressed in W/Wv mice; mast cell reconstitution did not restore them. We conclude that innate inflammation induced by mast cell deficiency in W/Wv mice impairs smooth muscle contractility independent of ICC deficiency. The impairment of smooth muscle contractility and the suppression of the enzymes regulating the synthesis of Ach and NO in W/Wv mice need to be considered in evaluating the role of ICC in regulating smooth muscle and enteric neuronal function in W/Wv mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Winston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Visceral Pain Center, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Visceral Pain Center, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xuan-Zheng Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Visceral Pain Center, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sushil K Sarna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Visceral Pain Center, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Galveston, TX, USA
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Tanahashi Y, Ichimura Y, Kimura K, Matsuyama H, Iino S, Komori S, Unno T. Cholinergic neuromuscular transmission mediated by interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric layer in mouse ileal longitudinal smooth muscles. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 387:377-88. [PMID: 24322587 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the roles played by the interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric layer (ICC-MY) in cholinergic neuromuscular transmission, we recorded mechanical and electrical activities in response to electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the ileal longitudinal muscle strips from WBB6F1-W/W(V) (W/W(V)) mutant mice, that lacked ICC-MY and compared with those in WBB6F1-+/+ (+/+) control mice. In +/+ muscle strips, EFS induced phasic contractions, which were abolished or strongly attenuated by atropine or tetrodotoxin. In W/W(V) preparations, EFS induced similar phasic contractions, but the cholinergic component was smaller than that in +/+ strips. This was despite of the fact that the contractions because of exogenous applications of carbachol and high K(+) solution in W/W(V) strips were comparable to or rather greater than those in the +/+ preparations. EFS induced atropine-sensitive excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) in the +/+ longitudinal smooth muscle cells but not in W/W(V) cells. In the presence of eserine, EFS induced atropine-sensitive EJPs in W/W(V) cells. These results suggest that ICC-MY mediate the cholinergic neuromuscular transmission in mouse ileal longitudinal smooth muscles. In addition, the other pathway in which ICC-MY are not involved can operate concomitantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tanahashi
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan,
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McCann CJ, Hwang SJ, Bayguinov Y, Colletti EJ, Sanders KM, Ward SM. Establishment of pacemaker activity in tissues allotransplanted with interstitial cells of Cajal. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e418-28. [PMID: 23638836 PMCID: PMC3704156 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss or disruption of Kit(+) -interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) capable of generating pacemaker activity has been implicated in the development of numerous gastrointestinal motility disorders. We sought to develop a model where ICC could be allotransplanted into intestines naturally devoid of these cells. METHODS Enzymatically dispersed cells from the intestinal tunica muscularis of Kit(+/copGFP) and Kit(V558Δ) /+ gain-of-function mice were allotransplanted into myenteric plexus regions of W/W(V) mutant intestines that lack ICC at the level of the myenteric plexus (ICC-MY) and pacemaker activity. Immunohistochemical analysis fate mapped the development of ICC-MY networks and intracellular microelectrode recordings provided evidence for the development of functional pacemaker activity. KEY RESULTS Kit(+) -ICC developed into distinct networks at the level of the myenteric plexus in organotypic cultures over 28 days and displayed robust rhythmic pacemaker activity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This study demonstrates the feasibility of allotransplantation of ICC into the myenteric region of the small intestine and the establishment of functional pacemaker activity into tissues normally devoid of ICC-MY and slow waves, thus providing a possible basis for the therapeutic treatment of patients where ICC networks have been disrupted due to a variety of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. McCann
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - S. J. Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - Y. Bayguinov
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - E. J. Colletti
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - K. M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
| | - S. M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; University of Nevada School of Medicine; Reno; NV; USA
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Won KJ, Sanders KM, Ward SM. Stretch-dependent sensitization of post-junctional neural effectors in colonic muscles. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e101-13. [PMID: 23279087 PMCID: PMC3552106 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The colon undergoes distension-induced changes in motor activity as luminal contents or feces increase wall pressure. Input from enteric motor neurons regulates this motility. Here we examined stretch-dependent responses in circular muscle strips of murine colon. METHODS Length ramps (6-31μm s(-1) ) were applied in the axis of the circular muscle layer in a controlled manner until 5 mN isometric force was reached. KEY RESULTS Length ramps produced transient membrane potential hyperpolarizations and attenuation of action potential (AP) complexes. Responses were reproducible when ramps were applied every 30 s. Stretch-dependent hyperpolarization was blocked by TTX, suggesting AP-dependent release of inhibitory neurotransmitter(s). Atropine did not potentiate stretch-induced hyperpolarizations, but increased compliance of the circular layer. N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) inhibited stretch-dependent hyperpolarization and decreased muscle compliance, suggesting release of NO mediates stretch-dependent inhibition. Control membrane potential was restored by the NO donor sodium nitorprusside. Stretch-dependent hyperpolarizations were blocked by L-methionine, an inhibitor of stretch-dependent K(+) (SDK) channels in colonic muscles. Loss of interstitial cells of Cajal, elicited by Kit neutralizing antibody, also inhibited responses to stretch. In presence of L-NNA and apamin, stretch responses became excitatory and were characterized by membrane depolarization and increased AP firing. A neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist inhibited this stretch-dependent increase in excitability. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Our data show that stretch-dependent responses in colonic muscles require tonic firing of enteric inhibitory neurons, but reflex activation of neurons does not appear to be necessary. NO causes activation of SDK channels, and stretch of muscles further activates these channels, explaining the inhibitory response to stretch in colonic muscle strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jong Won
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA, (775) 784-6061 or FAX (775) 784-6903,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Kenton M. Sanders
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA, (775) 784-6061 or FAX (775) 784-6903
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA, (775) 784-6061 or FAX (775) 784-6903
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) motility function and its regulation is a complex process involving collaboration and communication of multiple cell types such as enteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and smooth muscle cells. Recent advances in GI research made a better understanding of ICC function and their role in the GI tract, and studies based on different types of techniques have shown that ICC, as an integral part of the GI neuromuscular apparatus, transduce inputs from enteric motor neurons, generate intrinsic electrical rhythmicity in phasic smooth muscles, and have a mechanical sensation ability. Absence or improper function of these cells has been linked to some GI tract disorders. This paper provides a general overview of ICC; their discovery, subtypes, function, locations in the GI tract, and some disorders associated with their loss or disease, and highlights some controversial issues with regard to the importance of ICC in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman A. Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan,Address for correspondence: Dr. Othman Abdullah Al-Shboul, Department of Physiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid - 22110, Jordan. E-mail:
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