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Anjom-Shoae J, Fitzgerald PC, Horowitz M, Mohammadpour Z, Hall GV, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Veedfald S, Feinle-Bisset C. Intraduodenal calcium enhances the effects of L-tryptophan to stimulate gut hormone secretion and suppress energy intake in healthy males: a randomized, crossover, clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00602-6. [PMID: 38996913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, intraduodenal infusion of L-tryptophan (Trp) increases plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones and stimulates pyloric pressures, both key determinants of gastric emptying and associated with potent suppression of energy intake. The stimulation of gastrointestinal hormones by Trp has been shown, in preclinical studies, to be enhanced by extracellular calcium and mediated in part by the calcium-sensing receptor. OBJECTIVES This study aim was to determine whether intraduodenal calcium can enhance the effects of Trp to stimulate gastrointestinal hormones and pyloric pressures and, if so, whether it is associated with greater suppression of energy intake, in healthy males. METHODS Fifteen males with normal weight (mean ± standard deviation; age: 26 ± 7 years; body mass index: 22 ± 2 kg/m2), received on 3 separate occasions, 150-min intraduodenal infusions of 0, 500, or 1000 mg calcium (Ca), each combined with Trp (load: 0.1 kcal/min, with submaximal energy intake-suppressant effects) from t = 75-150 min, in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Plasma concentrations of GI hormones [gastrin, cholecystokinin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY)], and Trp and antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured throughout. Immediately postinfusions (t = 150-180 min), energy intake at a standardized buffet-style meal was quantified. RESULTS In response to calcium alone, both 500- and 1000-mg doses stimulated PYY, while only the 1000-mg dose stimulated GLP-1 and pyloric pressures (all P < 0.05). The 1000-mg dose also enhanced the effects of Trp to stimulate cholecystokinin and GLP-1, and both doses stimulated PYY but, surprisingly, reduced the stimulation of GIP (all P < 0.05). Both doses substantially and dose dependently enhanced the effects of Trp to suppress energy intake (Ca-0+Trp: 1108 ± 70 kcal; Ca-500+Trp: 961 ± 90 kcal; and Ca-1000+Trp: 922 ± 96 kcal; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intraduodenal administration of calcium enhances the effect of Trp to stimulate plasma cholecystokinin, GLP-1, and PYY and suppress energy intake in healthy males. These findings have potential implications for novel nutrient-based approaches to energy intake regulation in obesity. The trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (www.anzctr.org.au) as ACTRN12620001294943).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Anjom-Shoae
- Adelaide Medical School and Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Penelope Ce Fitzgerald
- Adelaide Medical School and Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Zinat Mohammadpour
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Veedfald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- Adelaide Medical School and Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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2
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Dagbasi A, Byrne C, Blunt D, Serrano-Contreras JI, Becker GF, Blanco JM, Camuzeaux S, Chambers E, Danckert N, Edwards C, Bernal A, Garcia MV, Hanyaloglu A, Holmes E, Ma Y, Marchesi J, Martinez-Gili L, Mendoza L, Tashkova M, Perez-Moral N, Garcia-Perez I, Robles AC, Sands C, Wist J, Murphy KG, Frost G. Diet shapes the metabolite profile in the intact human ileum, which affects PYY release. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadm8132. [PMID: 38896603 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adm8132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The human ileum contains a high density of enteroendocrine L-cells, which release the appetite-suppressing hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in response to food intake. Recent evidence highlighted the potential role of food structures in PYY release, but the link between food structures, ileal metabolites, and appetite hormone release remains unclear owing to limited access to intact human ileum. In a randomized crossover trial (ISRCTN11327221; isrctn.com), we investigated the role of human ileum in GLP-1 and PYY release by giving healthy volunteers diets differing in fiber and food structure: high-fiber (intact or disrupted food structures) or low-fiber disrupted food structures. We used nasoenteric tubes to sample chyme from the intact distal ileum lumina of humans in the fasted state and every 60 min for 480 min postprandially. We demonstrate the highly dynamic, wide-ranging molecular environment of the ileum over time, with a substantial decrease in ileum bacterial numbers and bacterial metabolites after food intake. We also show that high-fiber diets, independent of food structure, increased PYY release compared with a low-fiber diet during 0 to 240 min postprandially. High-fiber diets also increased ileal stachyose, and a disrupted high-fiber diet increased certain ileal amino acids. Treatment of human ileal organoids with ileal fluids or an amino acid and stachyose mixture stimulated PYY expression in a similar profile to blood PYY concentrations, confirming the role of ileal metabolites in PYY release. Our study demonstrates the diet-induced changes over time in the metabolite environment of intact human ileum, which play a role in PYY release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aygul Dagbasi
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claire Byrne
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Dominic Blunt
- Department of Imaging, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial NHS Trust, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - Jose Ivan Serrano-Contreras
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Georgia Franco Becker
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jesus Miguens Blanco
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephane Camuzeaux
- National Phenome Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Edward Chambers
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nathan Danckert
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Andres Bernal
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Maria Valdivia Garcia
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Aylin Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive and Development Biology (IRDB), Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Yue Ma
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julian Marchesi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Laura Martinez-Gili
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
- Section of Bioinformatics, Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lilian Mendoza
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Martina Tashkova
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Isabel Garcia-Perez
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andres Castillo Robles
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Caroline Sands
- National Phenome Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Julien Wist
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Chemistry Department, Universidad del Valle, Cali 76001, Colombia
| | - Kevin G Murphy
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
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3
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Watkins JD, Smith HA, Hengist A, Nielsen SB, Mikkelsen UR, Saunders J, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Effects of physical form of β-lactoglobulin and calcium ingestion on GLP-1 secretion, gastric emptying and energy intake in humans: a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1730-1739. [PMID: 38287700 PMCID: PMC11063665 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether adding Ca2+ to aggregate or native forms of β-lactoglobulin alters gut hormone secretion, gastric emptying rates and energy intake in healthy men and women. Fifteen healthy adults (mean ± sd: 9M/6F, age: 24 ± 5 years) completed four trials in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Participants consumed test drinks consisting of 30 g of β-lactoglobulin in a native form with (NATIVE + MINERALS) and without (NATIVE) a Ca2+-rich mineral supplement and in an aggregated form both with (AGGREG + MINERALS) and without the mineral supplement (AGGREG). Arterialised blood was sampled for 120 min postprandially to determine gut hormone concentrations. Gastric emptying was determined using 13C-acetate and 13C-octanoate, and energy intake was assessed with an ad libitum meal at 120 min. A protein × mineral interaction effect was observed for total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1TOTAL) incremental AUC (iAUC; P < 0·01), whereby MINERALS + AGGREG increased GLP-1TOTAL iAUC to a greater extent than AGGREG (1882 ± 603 v. 1550 ± 456 pmol·l-1·120 min, P < 0·01), but MINERALS + NATIVE did not meaningfully alter the GLP-1 iAUC compared with NATIVE (1669 ± 547 v. 1844 ± 550 pmol·l-1·120 min, P = 0·09). A protein × minerals interaction effect was also observed for gastric emptying half-life (P < 0·01) whereby MINERALS + NATIVE increased gastric emptying half-life compared with NATIVE (83 ± 14 v. 71 ± 8 min, P < 0·01), whereas no meaningful differences were observed between MINERALS + AGGREG v. AGGREG (P = 0·70). These did not result in any meaningful changes in energy intake (protein × minerals interaction, P = 0·06). These data suggest that the potential for Ca2+ to stimulate GLP-1 secretion at moderate protein doses may depend on protein form. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04659902).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Harry A. Smith
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | | | - Francoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James A. Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T. Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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4
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Dontamsetti KD, Pedrosa‐Suarez LC, Aktar R, Peiris M. Sensing of luminal contents and downstream modulation of GI function. JGH Open 2024; 8:e13083. [PMID: 38779131 PMCID: PMC11109814 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The luminal environment is rich in macronutrients coming from our diet and resident microbial populations including their metabolites. Together, they have the capacity to modulate unique cell surface receptors, known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Along the entire length of the gut epithelium, enteroendocrine cells express GPCRs to interact with luminal contents, such as GPR93 and the calcium sensing receptor to sense proteins, FFA2 and GPR84 to sense fatty acids, and SGLT1 and T1R to sense carbohydrates. Nutrient-receptor interaction causes the release of hormonal stores such as glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, and cholecystokinin, which further regulate gut function. Existing data show the role of luminal components and microbial fermentation products on gut function. However, there is a lack of understanding in the mechanistic interactions between diet-derived luminal components and microbial products and nutrient-sensing receptors and downstream gastrointestinal modulation. This review summarizes current knowledge on various luminal components and describes in detail the range of nutrients and metabolites and their interaction with nutrient receptors in the gut epithelium and the emerging impact on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Devi Dontamsetti
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Laura Camila Pedrosa‐Suarez
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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5
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Zuo H, Park J, Frangaj A, Ye J, Lu G, Manning JJ, Asher WB, Lu Z, Hu GB, Wang L, Mendez J, Eng E, Zhang Z, Lin X, Grassucci R, Hendrickson WA, Clarke OB, Javitch JA, Conigrave AD, Fan QR. Promiscuous G-protein activation by the calcium-sensing receptor. Nature 2024; 629:481-488. [PMID: 38632411 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07331-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) detects fluctuations in the extracellular Ca2+ concentration and maintains Ca2+ homeostasis1,2. It also mediates diverse cellular processes not associated with Ca2+ balance3-5. The functional pleiotropy of CaSR arises in part from its ability to signal through several G-protein subtypes6. We determined structures of CaSR in complex with G proteins from three different subfamilies: Gq, Gi and Gs. We found that the homodimeric CaSR of each complex couples to a single G protein through a common mode. This involves the C-terminal helix of each Gα subunit binding to a shallow pocket that is formed in one CaSR subunit by all three intracellular loops (ICL1-ICL3), an extended transmembrane helix 3 and an ordered C-terminal region. G-protein binding expands the transmembrane dimer interface, which is further stabilized by phospholipid. The restraint imposed by the receptor dimer, in combination with ICL2, enables G-protein activation by facilitating conformational transition of Gα. We identified a single Gα residue that determines Gq and Gs versus Gi selectivity. The length and flexibility of ICL2 allows CaSR to bind all three Gα subtypes, thereby conferring capacity for promiscuous G-protein coupling.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Calcium/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/chemistry
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Calcium-Sensing/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcium-Sensing/chemistry
- Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zuo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinseo Park
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurel Frangaj
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianxiang Ye
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guanqi Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie J Manning
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wesley B Asher
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhengyuan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guo-Bin Hu
- Laboratory for BioMolecular Structure, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Laboratory for BioMolecular Structure, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Mendez
- National Center for Cryo-EM Access and Training, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward Eng
- National Center for Cryo-EM Access and Training, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Grassucci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wayne A Hendrickson
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oliver B Clarke
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Qing R Fan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Gao J, Zhang S, Deng P, Wu Z, Lemaitre B, Zhai Z, Guo Z. Dietary L-Glu sensing by enteroendocrine cells adjusts food intake via modulating gut PYY/NPF secretion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3514. [PMID: 38664401 PMCID: PMC11045819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid availability is monitored by animals to adapt to their nutritional environment. Beyond gustatory receptors and systemic amino acid sensors, enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are believed to directly percept dietary amino acids and secrete regulatory peptides. However, the cellular machinery underlying amino acid-sensing by EECs and how EEC-derived hormones modulate feeding behavior remain elusive. Here, by developing tools to specifically manipulate EECs, we find that Drosophila neuropeptide F (NPF) from mated female EECs inhibits feeding, similar to human PYY. Mechanistically, dietary L-Glutamate acts through the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR to decelerate calcium oscillations in EECs, thereby causing reduced NPF secretion via dense-core vesicles. Furthermore, two dopaminergic enteric neurons expressing NPFR perceive EEC-derived NPF and relay an anorexigenic signal to the brain. Thus, our findings provide mechanistic insights into how EECs assess food quality and identify a conserved mode of action that explains how gut NPF/PYY modulates food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Gao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zhigang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zongzhao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Institute for Brain Research, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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7
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Li RJW, Barros DR, Kuah R, Lim YM, Gao A, Beaudry JL, Zhang SY, Lam TKT. Small intestinal CaSR-dependent and CaSR-independent protein sensing regulates feeding and glucose tolerance in rats. Nat Metab 2024; 6:39-49. [PMID: 38167726 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Proteins activate small intestinal calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and/or peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) to increase hormone secretion1-8, but the effect of small intestinal protein sensing and the mechanistic potential of CaSR and/or PepT1 in feeding and glucose regulation remain inconclusive. Here we show that, in male rats, CaSR in the upper small intestine is required for casein infusion to increase glucose tolerance and GLP1 and GIP secretion, which was also dependent on PepT1 (ref. 9). PepT1, but not CaSR, is required for casein infusion to lower feeding. Upper small intestine casein sensing fails to regulate feeding, but not glucose tolerance, in high-fat-fed rats with decreased PepT1 but increased CaSR expression. In the ileum, a CaSR-dependent but PepT1-independent pathway is required for casein infusion to lower feeding and increase glucose tolerance in chow-fed rats, in parallel with increased PYY and GLP1 release, respectively. High fat decreases ileal CaSR expression and disrupts casein sensing on feeding but not on glucose control, suggesting an ileal CaSR-independent, glucose-regulatory pathway. In summary, we discover small intestinal CaSR- and PepT1-dependent and -independent protein sensing mechanisms that regulate gut hormone release, feeding and glucose tolerance. Our findings highlight the potential of targeting small intestinal CaSR and/or PepT1 to regulate feeding and glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barros
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Kuah
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Gao
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline L Beaudry
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Sun Y, Song J, Liu H, Li L, Xiao K, Mao W, Jiang C. Calcium-sensing receptor alleviates gut damage caused by endotoxemia by regulating gut microbiota. Transl Pediatr 2023; 12:2179-2190. [PMID: 38197097 PMCID: PMC10772839 DOI: 10.21037/tp-23-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Growing evidence points to an association between the gut microbiota and neonatal diseases. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a major modulator of tissue responses associated with calcium homeostasis and is highly expressed in the mammalian gut. CaSR may affect the composition and balance of the intestinal microenvironment. Methods Neonatal rats were randomized to the control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CaSR agonist, and CaSR inhibitor groups. The intestinal contents of neonatal rats were collected within 24 hours or 7 days after intervention. Then, 16S rRNA short amplicon sequencing was used to analyze biological information and the richness and diversity of individual taxa. Results LPS aggravated intestinal injury. The CaSR agonist alleviated injury, and the inhibitor further enhance intestinal injury. Activation of CaSR enhanced the diversity of the gut microbiota and the abundance of Lactobacillus. The lowest abundance of Firmicutes and the highest abundance of Bacteroidetes were found in the agonist group. CaSR impacted the bacterial species in rats with endotoxemia, and Akkermansia had the greatest effect on the differences among groups. Conclusions Activation of CaSRs could enhance the species richness and β-diversity of the gut microbiota and alter the abundance of many taxa. This could attenuate LPS-induced gut injury by modulating the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiayu Song
- Department of Neonatology, Zhuhai Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaihao Xiao
- Department of Neonatology, Zhuhai Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunming Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Neonatology, Zhuhai Women and Children’s Hospital, Zhuhai, China
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9
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Loveday SM. Protein digestion and absorption: the influence of food processing. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:544-559. [PMID: 36522674 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rates of dietary protein digestion and absorption can be significantly increased or decreased by food processing treatments such as heating, gelling and enzymatic hydrolysis, with subsequent metabolic impacts, e.g. on muscle synthesis and glucose homeostasis.This review examines in vivo evidence that industrial and domestic food processing modify the kinetics of amino acid release and absorption following a protein-rich meal. It focuses on studies that used compositionally-matched test meals processed in different ways.Food processing at extremely high temperature at alkaline pH and/or in the presence of reducing sugars can modify amino acid sidechains, leading to loss of bioavailability. Some protein-rich food ingredients are deliberately aggregated, gelled or hydrolysed during manufacture. Hydrolysis accelerates protein digestion/absorption and increases splanchnic utilisation. Aggregation and gelation may slow or accelerate proteolysis in the gut, depending on the aggregate/gel microstructure.Milk, beef and eggs are heat processed prior to consumption to eliminate pathogens and improve palatability. The temperature and time of heating affect protein digestion and absorption rates, and effects are sometimes non-linear. In light of a dietary transition away from animal proteins, more research is needed on how food processing affects digestion and absorption of non-animal proteins.Food processing modifies the microstructure of protein-rich foods, and thereby alters protein digestion and absorption kinetics in the stomach and small intestine. Exploiting this principle to optimise metabolic outcomes requires more human clinical trials in which amino acid absorption rates are measured and food microstructure is explicitly considered, measured and manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Loveday
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore138673, Singapore
- Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
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10
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Noguchi H, Kohda N, Hara H, Hira T. Synergistic enhancement of glucagon-like peptide-1 release by γ-aminobutyric acid and L-phenylalanine in enteroendocrine cells-searching active ingredients in a water extract of corn zein protein. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1505-1513. [PMID: 37667511 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-releasing activity of an aqueous extract (ZeinS) from corn zein protein and aimed to identify the active compounds responsible for this activity. Glucagon-like peptide-1-releasing activity was evaluated using a murine enteroendocrine cell line (GLUTag). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed on purified fractions of ZeinS to identify active molecules. ZeinS stimulated more GLP-1 secretion from GLUTag cells compared to zein hydrolysate. Fractions displaying biological activity were determined by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation. Subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis identified several amino acids in the active fractions of ZeinS. In particular, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) exhibited significant GLP-1-releasing activity both alone and synergistically with L-phenylalanine (Phe). Moreover, ZeinS-induced GLP-1 secretion was attenuated by antagonists for the GABA receptor and calcium sensing receptor. These results demonstrate that GABA and Phe identified in ZeinS synergistically stimulate GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Noguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Otsu, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kohda
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Fuji Women's University, Ishikari, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Barton JR, Londregan AK, Alexander TD, Entezari AA, Covarrubias M, Waldman SA. Enteroendocrine cell regulation of the gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1272955. [PMID: 38027512 PMCID: PMC10662325 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1272955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are an essential interface between the gut and brain that communicate signals about nutrients, pain, and even information from our microbiome. EECs are hormone-producing cells expressed throughout the gastrointestinal epithelium and have been leveraged by pharmaceuticals like semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), terzepatide (Mounjaro), and retatrutide (Phase 2) for diabetes and weight control, and linaclotide (Linzess) to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and visceral pain. This review focuses on role of intestinal EECs to communicate signals from the gut lumen to the brain. Canonically, EECs communicate information about the intestinal environment through a variety of hormones, dividing EECs into separate classes based on the hormone each cell type secretes. Recent studies have revealed more diverse hormone profiles and communication modalities for EECs including direct synaptic communication with peripheral neurons. EECs known as neuropod cells rapidly relay signals from gut to brain via a direct communication with vagal and primary sensory neurons. Further, this review discusses the complex information processing machinery within EECs, including receptors that transduce intraluminal signals and the ion channel complement that govern initiation and propagation of these signals. Deeper understanding of EEC physiology is necessary to safely treat devastating and pervasive conditions like irritable bowel syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Barton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Annie K. Londregan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tyler D. Alexander
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ariana A. Entezari
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott A. Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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12
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Zhang M, Zhu L, Wu G, Zhang H, Wang X, Qi X. The impacts and mechanisms of dietary proteins on glucose homeostasis and food intake: a pivotal role of gut hormones. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37800337 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2256400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and energy metabolism disorders are the main reasons induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Besides providing energy, dietary nutrients could regulate glucose homeostasis and food intake via intestinal nutrient sensing induced gut hormone secretion. However, reviews regarding intestinal protein sensing are very limited, and no accurate information is available on their underlying mechanisms. Through intestinal protein sensing, dietary proteins regulate glucose homeostasis and food intake by secreting gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). After activating the sensory receptors, such as calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), peptide transporter-1 (PepT1), and taste 1 receptors (T1Rs), protein digests induced Ca2+ influx and thus triggered gut hormone release. Additionally, research models used to study intestinal protein sensing have been emphasized, especially several innovative models with excellent physiological relevance, such as co-culture cell models, intestinal organoids, and gut-on-a-chips. Lastly, protein-based dietary strategies that stimulate gut hormone secretion and inhibit gut hormone degradation are proposed for regulating glucose homeostasis and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiguang Qi
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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13
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Lu X, Luo C, Wu J, Deng Y, Mu X, Zhang T, Yang X, Liu Q, Li Z, Tang S, Hu Y, Du Q, Xu J, Xie R. Ion channels and transporters regulate nutrient absorption in health and disease. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2631-2642. [PMID: 37638698 PMCID: PMC10494301 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels and transporters are ubiquitously expressed on cell membrane, which involve in a plethora of physiological process such as contraction, neurotransmission, secretion and so on. Ion channels and transporters is of great importance to maintaining membrane potential homeostasis, which is essential to absorption of nutrients in gastrointestinal tract. Most of nutrients are electrogenic and require ion channels and transporters to absorb. This review summarizes the latest research on the role of ion channels and transporters in regulating nutrient uptake such as K+ channels, Ca2+ channels and ion exchangers. Revealing the mechanism of ion channels and transporters associated with nutrient uptake will be helpful to provide new methods to diagnosis and find potential targets for diseases like diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, etc. Even though some of study still remain ambiguous and in early stage, we believe that ion channels and transporters will be novel therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Lu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Jiangbo Wu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Ya Deng
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Xingyi Mu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Siqi Tang
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Yanxia Hu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Qian Du
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of GastroenterologyDigestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
- The Collaborative InnovAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical Universityation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
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14
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Masse KE, Lu VB. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and indoles: gut microbial metabolites with effects on enteroendocrine cell function and their potential as therapies for metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1169624. [PMID: 37560311 PMCID: PMC10407565 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1169624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract hosts the largest ecosystem of microorganisms in the body. The metabolism of ingested nutrients by gut bacteria produces novel chemical mediators that can influence chemosensory cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, hormone-releasing enteroendocrine cells which express a host of receptors activated by these bacterial metabolites. This review will focus on the activation mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide-1 releasing enteroendocrine cells by the three main bacterial metabolites produced in the gut: short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and indoles. Given the importance of enteroendocrine cells in regulating glucose homeostasis and food intake, we will also discuss therapies based on these bacterial metabolites used in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Elucidating the mechanisms gut bacteria can influence cellular function in the host will advance our understanding of this fundamental symbiotic relationship and unlock the potential of harnessing these pathways to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Van B. Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Atanga R, Singh V, In JG. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Cells: Present and Future Druggable Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108836. [PMID: 37240181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells are specialized secretory lineage cells in the small and large intestines that secrete hormones and peptides in response to luminal contents. The various hormones and peptides can act upon neighboring cells and as part of the endocrine system, circulate systemically via immune cells and the enteric nervous system. Locally, enteroendocrine cells have a major role in gastrointestinal motility, nutrient sensing, and glucose metabolism. Targeting the intestinal enteroendocrine cells or mimicking hormone secretion has been an important field of study in obesity and other metabolic diseases. Studies on the importance of these cells in inflammatory and auto-immune diseases have only recently been reported. The rapid global increase in metabolic and inflammatory diseases suggests that increased understanding and novel therapies are needed. This review will focus on the association between enteroendocrine changes and metabolic and inflammatory disease progression and conclude with the future of enteroendocrine cells as potential druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Atanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Julie G In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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16
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Dowsett L, Duluc L, Higgins E, Alghamdi F, Fast W, Salt IP, Leiper J. Asymmetric dimethylarginine positively modulates calcium-sensing receptor signalling to promote lipid accumulation. Cell Signal 2023; 107:110676. [PMID: 37028778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is generated through the irreversible methylation of arginine residues. It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, currently thought to be due to its ability to act as a competitive inhibitor of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase enzymes. Plasma ADMA concentrations increase with obesity and fall following weight loss; however, it is unknown whether they play an active role in adipose pathology. Here, we demonstrate that ADMA drives lipid accumulation through a newly identified NO-independent pathway via the amino-acid sensitive calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). ADMA treatment of 3 T3-L1 and HepG2 cells upregulates a suite of lipogenic genes with an associated increase in triglyceride content. Pharmacological activation of CaSR mimics ADMA while negative modulation of CaSR inhibits ADMA driven lipid accumulation. Further investigation using CaSR overexpressing HEK293 cells demonstrated that ADMA potentiates CaSR signalling via Gq intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation. This study identifies a signalling mechanism for ADMA as an endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor CaSR that potentially contributes to the impact of ADMA in cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dowsett
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Lucie Duluc
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Erin Higgins
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fatmah Alghamdi
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Walter Fast
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ian P Salt
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - James Leiper
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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17
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Yanagisawa Y. How dietary amino acids and high protein diets influence insulin secretion. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15577. [PMID: 36695783 PMCID: PMC9875820 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is the maintenance and regulation of blood glucose concentration within a tight physiological range, essential for the functioning of most tissues and organs. This is primarily achieved by pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Deficient pancreatic endocrine function, coupled with or without peripheral insulin resistance leads to prolonged hyperglycemia with chronic impairment of glucose homeostasis, most commonly seen in diabetes mellitus. High protein diets (HPDs) are thought to modulate glucose homeostasis through various metabolic pathways. Insulin secretion can be directly modulated by the amino acid products of protein digestion, which activate nutrient receptors and nutrient transporters expressed by the endocrine pancreas. Insulin secretion can also be modulated indirectly, through incretin release from enteroendocrine cells, and via vagal neuronal pathways. Additionally, glucose homeostasis can be promoted by the satiating effects of anorectic hormones released following HPD consumption. This review summarizes the insulinotropic mechanisms by which amino acids and HPDs may influence glucose homeostasis, with a particular focus on their applicability in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial College LondonLondonUK
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18
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Lednovich KR, Gough S, Brenner M, Qadri T, Layden BT. G
Protein‐Coupled Receptors in Metabolic Disease. GPCRS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS 2022:521-552. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119564782.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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19
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Kamakura R, Raza GS, Sodum N, Lehto V, Kovalainen M, Herzig K. Colonic Delivery of Nutrients for Sustained and Prolonged Release of Gut Peptides: A Novel Strategy for Appetite Management. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200192. [PMID: 35938221 PMCID: PMC9787473 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major global threats to human health and risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases and certain cancers. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a major role in appetite and glucose homeostasis and recently the USFDA approved GLP-1 agonists for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 is secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells in the distal part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in response to nutrient ingestion. Endogenously released GLP-1 has a very short half-life of <2 min and most of the nutrients are absorbed before reaching the distal GI tract and colon, which hinders the use of nutritional compounds for appetite regulation. The review article focuses on nutrients that endogenously stimulate GLP-1 and peptide YY (PYY) secretion via their receptors in order to decrease appetite as preventive action. In addition, various delivery technologies such as pH-sensitive, mucoadhesive, time-dependent, and enzyme-sensitive systems for colonic targeting of nutrients delivery are described. Sustained colonic delivery of nutritional compounds could be one of the most promising approaches to prevent obesity and associated metabolic diseases by, e.g., sustained GLP-1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Kamakura
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
| | - Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
| | - Nalini Sodum
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
| | - Vesa‐Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied PhysicsFaculty of Science and ForestryUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFI‐70211Finland
| | - Miia Kovalainen
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
| | - Karl‐Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of BiomedicineFaculty of Medicine, and Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOulu90220Finland
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic DiseasesPediatric InstitutePoznan University of Medical SciencesPoznań60–572Poland
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20
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Kong H, Yu L, Li C, Ban X, Gu Z, Liu L, Li Z. Perspectives on evaluating health effects of starch: Beyond postprandial glycemic response. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Zhu H, Wang K, Chen S, Kang J, Guo N, Chen H, Liu J, Wu Y, He P, Tu Y, Li B. Saponins from Camellia sinensis Seeds Stimulate GIP Secretion in Mice and STC-1 Cells via SGLT1 and TGR5. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163413. [PMID: 36014921 PMCID: PMC9416400 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is one of the important incretins and possesses lots of physiological activities such as stimulating insulin secretion and maintaining glucose homeostasis. The pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins are the major active ingredients in tea (Camellia sinensis) seeds. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tea seed saponins on the GIP secretion and related mechanisms. Our data showed that the total tea seed saponins (TSS, 65 mg/kg BW) and theasaponin E1 (TSE1, 2–4 µM) could increase the GIP mRNA and protein levels in mice and STC-1 cells. Phlorizin, the inhibitor of Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), reversed the TSE1-induced increase in Ca2+ and GIP mRNA level. In addition, TSE1 upregulated the protein expression of Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), and TGR5 siRNA significantly decreased GIP expression in TSE1-treated STC-1 cells. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that six proteins and five signaling pathways were associated with SGLT1, TGR5 and GIP regulated by TSE1. Taken together, tea seed saponins could stimulate GIP expression via SGLT1 and TGR5, and were promising natural active ingredients for improving metabolism and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqing Zhu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kaixi Wang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuna Chen
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiaxin Kang
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang Shuren University, 8 Shuren Road, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Junsheng Liu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Puming He
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Youying Tu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence:
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22
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Guha S, Majumder K. Comprehensive Review of γ-Glutamyl Peptides (γ-GPs) and Their Effect on Inflammation Concerning Cardiovascular Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7851-7870. [PMID: 35727887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl peptides (γ-GPs) are a group of peptides naturally found in various food sources. The unique γ-bond potentially enables them to resist gastrointestinal digestion and offers high stability in vivo with a longer half-life. In recent years, these peptides have caught researchers' attention due to their ability to impart kokumi taste and elicit various physiological functions via the allosteric activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). This review discusses the various food sources of γ-glutamyl peptides, different synthesis modes, allosteric activation of CaSR for taste perception, and associated multiple biological functions they can exhibit, with a special emphasis on their role in modulating chronic inflammation concerning cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Guha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Kaustav Majumder
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Binou P, Yanni AE, Kartsioti K, Barmpagianni A, Konstantopoulos P, Karathanos VT, Kokkinos A. Wheat Biscuits Enriched with Plant-Based Protein Contribute to Weight Loss and Beneficial Metabolic Effects in Subjects with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122516. [PMID: 35745249 PMCID: PMC9231350 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the impact of daily consumption of a snack fortified with plant proteins with high content in amino acids with appetite regulating properties (BCAAs and L-arginine), as part of a dietary intervention, on weight loss. Seventy adults without diabetes (26 male, 44 female) and with overweight/obesity participated in a 12-week restricted dietary intervention and were randomized to either a control or an intervention group, consuming daily 70 g of conventional wheat biscuits (CB) or an isocaloric amount of wheat biscuits enriched with plant proteins (PB) originating from legumes and seeds, respectively. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and venous blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Decreases in body weight, body fat mass and waist circumference were observed in both groups. Participants in the intervention group experienced greater weight loss (7.6 ± 2.7 vs. 6.2 ± 2.7%, p = 0.025) and marginally significant larger decrease in body fat mass (4.9 ± 2.2 vs. 3.9 ± 2.4 kg, p = 0.059). A moderate reduction in IL-1β levels (p = 0.081), a significantly higher decrease in TNF-α levels (p < 0.001) and a marginally significant greater leptin decrease (p = 0.066) in subjects of the PB group were noticed. Greater reductions in caloric and carbohydrate intake and a trend towards a higher decrease in fat intake were also observed in participants of this group. Incorporation of plant-based proteins with high content in amino acids with appetite-regulating properties in wheat biscuits may contribute to greater weight loss and improvement of metabolic parameters in subjects who are overweight or obese. Protein enrichment of snacks offers a beneficial qualitative manipulation that could be successfully incorporated in a diet plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Binou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (K.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Amalia E. Yanni
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (K.K.); (V.T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2109549174
| | - Klio Kartsioti
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (K.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Aikaterini Barmpagianni
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Panagiotis Konstantopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgery Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vaios T. Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece; (P.B.); (K.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.B.); (A.K.)
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Emetic Response to T-2 Toxin Correspond to Secretion of Glucagon-like Peptide-17–36 Amide and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060389. [PMID: 35737050 PMCID: PMC9228683 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-2 toxin, a major secondary metabolite of Fusarium Gramineae, is considered a great risk to humans and animals due to its toxicity, such as inducing emesis. The mechanism of emesis is a complex signal involving an imbalance of hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as activity of visceral afferent neurons. The T-2 toxin has been proven to induce emesis and possess the capacity to elevate expressions of intestinal hormones glucagon-like peptide-17–36 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), both of which are important emetic factors. In addition, the activation of calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are engaged in intestinal hormone release. However, it is unknown whether hormones GLP-1 and GIP mediate T-2 toxin-induced emetic response through activating CaSR and TRP channels. To further assess the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced emesis, we studied the hypothesis that T-2 toxin-caused emetic response and intestinal hormones GLP-1 and GIP released in mink are associated with activating calcium transduction. Following oral gavage and intraperitoneal injection T-2 toxin, emetic responses were observed in a dose-dependent manner, which notably corresponded to the secretion of GLP-1 and GIP, and were suppressed by pretreatment with respective antagonist Exending9–39 and Pro3GIP. Additional research found that NPS-2143 (NPS) and ruthenium red (RR), respective antagonists of CaSR and TRP channels, dramatically inhibited both T-2 toxin-induced emesis response and the expression of plasma GLP-1 and GIP. According to these data, we observed that T-2 toxin-induced emetic response corresponds to secretion of GLP-1 and GIP via calcium transduction.
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Ma Y, Lee E, Yoshikawa H, Noda T, Miyamoto J, Kimura I, Hatano R, Miki T. Phloretin suppresses carbohydrate-induced GLP-1 secretion via inhibiting short chain fatty acid release from gut microbiome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:176-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lok KH, Wareham NJ, Nair RS, How CW, Chuah LH. Revisiting the concept of incretin and enteroendocrine L-cells as type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106237. [PMID: 35487405 PMCID: PMC7614293 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The significant growth in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence strikes a common threat to the healthcare and economic systems globally. Despite the availability of several anti-hyperglycaemic agents in the market, none can offer T2DM remission. These agents include the prominent incretin-based therapy such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors that are designed primarily to promote GLP-1R activation. Recent interest in various therapeutically useful gastrointestinal hormones in T2DM and obesity has surged with the realisation that enteroendocrine L-cells modulate the different incretins secretion and glucose homeostasis, reflecting the original incretin definition. Targeting L-cells offers promising opportunities to mimic the benefits of bariatric surgery on glucose homeostasis, bodyweight management, and T2DM remission. Revising the fundamental incretin theory is an essential step for therapeutic development in this area. Therefore, the present review explores enteroendocrine L-cell hormone expression, the associated nutrient-sensing mechanisms, and other physiological characteristics. Subsequently, enteroendocrine L-cell line models and the latest L-cell targeted therapies are reviewed critically in this paper. Bariatric surgery, pharmacotherapy and new paradigm of L-cell targeted pharmaceutical formulation are discussed here, offering both clinician and scientist communities a new common interest to push the scientific boundary in T2DM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Hou Lok
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Rajesh Sreedharan Nair
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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L’intestin un organe endocrine : de la physiologie aux implications thérapeutiques en nutrition. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2021.12.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Fernandes MF, Tomczewski MV, Duncan RE. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion Is Inhibited by Lysophosphatidic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084163. [PMID: 35456981 PMCID: PMC9025735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). While dozens of compounds stimulate GLP-1 secretion, few inhibit. Reduced GLP-1 secretion and impaired GSIS occur in chronic inflammation. Lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) are bioactive phospholipids elevated in inflammation. The aim of this study was to test whether LPA inhibits GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo. GLUTag L-cells were treated with various LPA species, with or without LPA receptor (LPAR) antagonists, and media GLP-1 levels, cellular cyclic AMP and calcium ion concentrations, and DPP4 activity levels were analyzed. Mice were injected with LPA, with or without LPAR antagonists, and serum GLP-1 and DPP4 activity were measured. GLUTag GLP-1 secretion was decreased ~70–90% by various LPAs. GLUTag expression of Lpar1, 2, and 3 was orders of magnitude higher than Lpar4, 5, and 6, implicating the former group in this effect. In agreement, inhibition of GLP-1 secretion was reversed by the LPAR1/3 antagonist Ki16425, the LPAR1 antagonists AM095 and AM966, or the LPAR2 antagonist LPA2-antagonist 1. We hypothesized involvement of Gαi-mediated LPAR activity, and found that intracellular cyclic AMP and calcium ion concentrations were decreased by LPA, but restored by Ki16425. Mouse LPA injection caused an ~50% fall in circulating GLP-1, although only LPAR1 or LPAR1/3 antagonists, but not LPAR2 antagonism, prevented this. GLUTag L-cell and mouse serum DPP4 activity was unchanged by LPA or LPAR antagonists. LPA therefore impairs GLP-1 secretion in vitro and in vivo through Gαi-coupled LPAR1/3 signaling, providing a new mechanism linking inflammation with impaired GSIS.
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Wachsmuth HR, Weninger SN, Duca FA. Role of the gut-brain axis in energy and glucose metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:377-392. [PMID: 35474341 PMCID: PMC9076644 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding incoming nutrients to allow proper maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. This gut-brain communication is regulated by various peptides or hormones that are secreted from the gut in response to nutrients; these signaling molecules can enter the circulation and act directly on the brain, or they can act indirectly via paracrine action on local vagal and spinal afferent neurons that innervate the gut. In addition, the enteric nervous system can act as a relay from the gut to the brain. The current review will outline the different gut-brain signaling mechanisms that contribute to metabolic homeostasis, highlighting the recent advances in understanding these complex hormonal and neural pathways. Furthermore, the impact of the gut microbiota on various components of the gut-brain axis that regulates energy and glucose homeostasis will be discussed. A better understanding of the gut-brain axis and its complex relationship with the gut microbiome is crucial for the development of successful pharmacological therapies to combat obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,BIO5, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Müller M, Van Liefferinge E, Navarro M, Garcia-Puig E, Tilbrook A, van Barneveld R, Roura E. CCK and GLP-1 release in response to proteinogenic amino acids using a small intestine ex vivo model in pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6552238. [PMID: 35323927 PMCID: PMC9030139 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of individual amino acids (AA) on gut hormone secretion and appetite regulation in pigs remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the 20 proteinogenic AA on the release of the anorexigenic hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in postweaning pigs. Six 25-d-old male piglets (Domestic Landrace × Large White; body weight = 6.94 ± 0.29 kg) were humanely killed for the collection of intestinal segments from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Tissue samples from the three intestinal segments were used to determine which of the regions were more relevant for the analysis of gut peptides. Only the segments with the highest CCK and GLP-1 secretion and expression levels were evaluated with the 20 individual AA. Tissue segments were cut open, cleaned, and stripped of their muscle layer before identical circular samples were collected and incubated in 24-well plates for 1 h (37 °C, 5% v/v CO2). The culture broth consisted of a glucose-free KRB buffer containing no added AA (control) or with the addition of 10 mM of 1 of the 20 proteinogenic AA. Following incubation, tissues and supernatant were collected for gene expression and secretion analysis of CCK and GLP-1 levels. CCK secretion and mRNA expression were higher (P < 0.05) in duodenum when compared with proximal jejunum or ileum, whereas GLP-1/proglucagon levels were higher in ileum vs. duodenum (P < 0.05) and jejunum (P < 0.05, for GLP-1 only) in postweaning pigs. Based on these results, the effect of AA on CCK and GLP-1 secretion was studied in the duodenum and ileum, respectively. None of the AA tested stimulated both anorexigenic hormones. Of all the essential AA, Ile, Leu, Met, and Trp significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated GLP-1 from the ileum, while only Phe stimulated CCK from the duodenum. Of the nonessential AA, amide AA (Gln and Asn) caused the release of CCK, while Glu and Arg increased the release of GLP-1 from the ileum. Interpreting the results in the context of the digestion and absorption dynamics, non-bound AA are quickly absorbed and have their effect on gut peptide secretion limited to the proximal small intestine (i.e., duodenum), thus, mainly CCK. In contrast, protein-bound AA would only stimulate CCK release from the duodenum through feedback mechanisms (such as through GLP-1 secreted mainly in the ileum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Müller
- Centre of Nutrition & and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elout Van Liefferinge
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (LANUPRO), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Marta Navarro
- Centre of Nutrition & and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elisabet Garcia-Puig
- Centre of Nutrition & and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Tilbrook
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI) and the School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre of Nutrition & and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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31
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Nutrient Sensing via Gut in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052694. [PMID: 35269834 PMCID: PMC8910450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient-sensing mechanisms in animals' sense available nutrients to generate a physiological regulatory response involving absorption, digestion, and regulation of food intake and to maintain glucose and energy homeostasis. During nutrient sensing via the gastrointestinal tract, nutrients interact with receptors on the enteroendocrine cells in the gut, which in return respond by secreting various hormones. Sensing of nutrients by the gut plays a critical role in transmitting food-related signals to the brain and other tissues informing the composition of ingested food to digestive processes. These signals modulate feeding behaviors, food intake, metabolism, insulin secretion, and energy balance. The increasing significance of fly genetics with the availability of a vast toolbox for studying physiological function, expression of chemosensory receptors, and monitoring the gene expression in specific cells of the intestine makes the fly gut the most useful tissue for studying the nutrient-sensing mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize on the role of Drosophila gut in nutrient-sensing to maintain metabolic homeostasis and gut-brain cross talk using endocrine and neuronal signaling pathways stimulated by internal state or the consumption of various dietary nutrients. Overall, this review will be useful in understanding the post-ingestive nutrient-sensing mechanisms having a physiological and pathological impact on health and diseases.
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Meng Q, Culnan DM, Ahmed T, Sun M, Cooney RN. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass alters intestinal glucose transport in the obese Zucker rat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:901984. [PMID: 36034439 PMCID: PMC9405183 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.901984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gastrointestinal tract plays a major role in regulating glucose homeostasis and gut endocrine function. The current study examines the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on intestinal GLP-1, glucose transporter expression and function in the obese Zucker rat (ZR). METHODS Two groups of ZRs were studied: RYGB and sham surgery pair-fed (PF) fed rats. Body weight and food intake were measured daily. On post-operative day (POD) 21, an oral glucose test (OGT) was performed, basal and 30-minute plasma, portal venous glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were measured. In separate ZRs, the biliopancreatic, Roux limb (Roux) and common channel (CC) intestinal segments were harvested on POD 21. RESULTS Body weight was decreased in the RYGB group. Basal and 30-minute OGT plasma and portal glucose levels were decreased after RYGB. Basal plasma GLP-1 levels were similar, while a 4.5-fold increase in GLP-1 level was observed in 30-minute after RYGB (vs. PF). The increase in basal and 30-minute portal venous GLP-1 levels after RYGB were accompanied by increased mRNA expressions of proglucagon and PC 1/3, GPR119 protein in the Roux and CC segments. mRNA and protein levels of FFAR2/3 were increased in Roux segment. RYGB decreased brush border glucose transport, transporter proteins (SGLT1 and GLUT2) and mRNA levels of Tas1R1/Tas1R3 and α-gustducin in the Roux and CC segments. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in intestinal glucose transport and enhanced post-prandial GLP-1 release were associated with increases in GRP119 and FFAR2/3 after RYGB in the ZR model. Post-RYGB reductions in the regulation of intestinal glucose transport and L cell receptors regulating GLP-1 secretion represent potential mechanisms for improved glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Meng
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Derek M. Culnan
- Burn and Reconstructive Centers of America, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Tamer Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Mingjie Sun
- Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Robert N. Cooney
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert N. Cooney,
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Osuga Y, Harada K, Tsuboi T. Identification of a regulatory pathway of L-phenylalanine-induced GLP-1 secretion in the enteroendocrine L cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 588:118-124. [PMID: 34953208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is one of incretin hormone and is secreted when enteroendocrine L cells sense saccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids. Some amino acids have been shown to promote GLP-1 secretion from small intestinal enteroendocrine L cells. However, the molecular mechanisms that L-phenylalanine, a potent trigger of GLP-1 secretion, causes GLP-1 secretion from enteroendocrine L cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we used live-cell imaging to clarify the pathway by which L-phenylalanine activates enteroendocrine L cells. The results showed that L-phenylalanine was sensed by Gq-coupled receptor GPR142 and caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In addition, L-phenylalanine was taken up directly into the cell via Na+-dependent amino acid transporter, causing membrane depolarization and enhancing GLP-1 secretion. In summary, enteroendocrine L cells may regulate blood glucose levels in the body by detecting L-phenylalanine in the lumen and secreting GLP-1 via GPR142 and Na+-dependent amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Osuga
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kazuki Harada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Lim JJ, Sequeira IR, Yip WCY, Lu LW, Barnett D, Cameron-Smith D, Poppitt SD. Postprandial glycine as a biomarker of satiety: A dose-rising randomised control trial of whey protein in overweight women. Appetite 2021; 169:105871. [PMID: 34915106 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify biomarkers of appetite response, modelled using a dose-rising whey protein preload intervention. Female participants (n = 24) with body mass index (BMI) between 23 and 40 kg/m2 consumed preload beverages (0 g protein water control, WC; 12.5 g low-dose protein, LP; or 50.0 g high-dose protein, HP) after an overnight fast, in a randomised cross over design. Repeated venous blood samples were collected to measure plasma biomarkers of appetite response, including glucose, glucoregulatory peptides, gut peptides, and amino acids (AAs). Appetite was assessed using Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) and ad libitum energy intake (EI). Dose-rising protein beverage significantly changed the postprandial trajectory of almost all biomarkers (treatment*time, p < 0.05), but did not suppress postprandial appetite (treatment*time, p > 0.05) or EI (ANOVA, p = 0.799). Circulating glycine had the strongest association with appetite response. Higher area under the curve (AUC0-240) glycine was associated with lower EI (p = 0.026, trend). Furthermore, circulating glycine was associated with decreased Hunger in all treatment groups, whereas the associations of glucose, alanine and amylin with appetite were dependent on treatment groups. Multivariate models, incorporating multiple biomarkers, improved the estimation of appetite response (marginal R2, range: 0.13-0.43). In conclusion, whilst glycine, both alone and within a multivariate model, can estimate appetite response to both water and whey protein beverage consumption, a large proportion of variance in appetite response remains unexplained. Most biomarkers, when assessed in isolation, are poor predictors of appetite response, and likely of utility only in combination with VAS and EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jiet Lim
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ivana R Sequeira
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wilson C Y Yip
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Louise W Lu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Barnett
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; High Value Nutrition, National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Guo Y, Gao S, Jiang Z, Huang J, He X, Jin R, Sun S, Guo F, Gong Y, Sun X. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonist R568 inhibits small intestinal motility of mice through neural and non-neural mechanisms. Food Funct 2021; 12:11926-11937. [PMID: 34739536 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01988k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility (GI) disorder causes symptoms such as dyspepsia, abdominal distention, and constipation and severely affects quality of life. The calcium (Ca2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) expressed in the digestive tract can be activated by amino acids and participates in GI motility regulation. This study is designed to explore the effect and underlying mechanism of CaSR agonist R568 on the small intestine motility of mice in vivo and ex vivo. R568 was given to male C57BL/6 mice by gavage or incubated with isolated jejunum and ileum segments to observe its effects on GI motility and the involved neurons, neurotransmitters and hormones were detected by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The in vivo results showed that the intestinal propulsive rate reduced in response to oral intake of R568. R568 treatment increased the numbers of nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons and nitric oxide release but decreased the choline acetyl transferase-positive neurons and acetylcholine release in the myenteric plexuses. R568 increased the secretion of cholecystokinin in the intestinal tissues and serum but had no effect on the secretion of glucagon like peptide-1. Ex vivo results showed that R568 inhibited the contractility of intestinal strips from the jejunum and ileum. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), M-receptor antagonist-atropine, and tetrodotoxin (TTX) failed to block the effect of R568. CaSR co-expressed with interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the myenteric plexus suggests the possibility that ICCs mediated the effect of R568. Our findings demonstrate that CaSR activation inhibited intestinal motility, and both the enteric nervous system and non-neural mechanism are involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Shengli Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhongxin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jinfang Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaoman He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Ruijie Jin
- Qingdao medical college, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanbin Sun
- Qingdao medical college, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Xiao F, Guo F. Impacts of essential amino acids on energy balance. Mol Metab 2021; 57:101393. [PMID: 34785395 PMCID: PMC8829800 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity develops due to an imbalance in energy homeostasis, wherein energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Accumulating evidence shows that manipulations of dietary protein and their component amino acids affect the energy balance, resulting in changes in fat mass and body weight. Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signals regulating multiple biological pathways. Scope of review We present the currently available evidence regarding the effects of dietary alterations of a single essential amino acid (EAA) on energy balance and relevant signaling mechanisms at both central and peripheral levels. We summarize the association between EAAs and obesity in humans and the clinical use of modifying the dietary EAA composition for therapeutic intervention in obesity. Finally, similar mechanisms underlying diets varying in protein levels and diets altered of a single EAA are described. The current review would expand our understanding of the contribution of protein and amino acids to energy balance control, thus helping discover novel therapeutic approaches for obesity and related diseases. Major Conclusions Changes in circulating EAA levels, particularly increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), have been reported in obese human and animal models. Alterations in dietary EAA intake result in improvements in fat and weight loss in rodents, and each has its distinct mechanism. For example, leucine deprivation increases energy expenditure, reduces food intake and fat mass, primarily through regulation of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Methionine restriction by 80% decreases fat mass and body weight while developing hyperphagia, primarily through fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) signaling. Some effects of diets with different protein levels on energy homeostasis are mediated by similar mechanisms. However, reports on the effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary EAA imbalances on human body weight are few, and more investigations are needed in future. Dietary Essential Amino Acids (EAA) alterations affect energy homeostasis via distinct mechanisms. Alterations in dietary EAA intake can reduce fat mass and body weight. Increased circulating BCAAs have been observed in obese human and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China.
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Burman A, Kaji I. Luminal Chemosensory Cells in the Small Intestine. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113712. [PMID: 34835968 PMCID: PMC8620795 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the small intestine's well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreanna Burman
- Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Epithelial Biology Center and Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Pfeiffer AFH. The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: A pathophysiological update. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23 Suppl 3:5-29. [PMID: 34310013 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have their main physiological role in augmenting insulin secretion after their nutrient-induced secretion from the gut. A functioning entero-insular (gut-endocrine pancreas) axis is essential for the maintenance of a normal glucose tolerance. This is exemplified by the incretin effect (greater insulin secretory response to oral as compared to "isoglycaemic" intravenous glucose administration due to the secretion and action of incretin hormones). GIP and GLP-1 have additive effects on insulin secretion. Local production of GIP and/or GLP-1 in islet α-cells (instead of enteroendocrine K and L cells) has been observed, and its significance is still unclear. GLP-1 suppresses, and GIP increases glucagon secretion, both in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP plays a greater physiological role as an incretin. In type 2-diabetic patients, the incretin effect is reduced despite more or less normal secretion of GIP and GLP-1. While insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 are only slightly impaired in type 2 diabetes, GIP has lost much of its acute insulinotropic activity in type 2 diabetes, for largely unknown reasons. Besides their role in glucose homoeostasis, the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1 have additional biological functions: GLP-1 at pharmacological concentrations reduces appetite, food intake, and-in the long run-body weight, and a similar role is evolving for GIP, at least in animal studies. Human studies, however, do not confirm these findings. GIP, but not GLP-1 increases triglyceride storage in white adipose tissue not only through stimulating insulin secretion, but also by interacting with regional blood vessels and GIP receptors. GIP, and to a lesser degree GLP-1, play a role in bone remodelling. GLP-1, but not GIP slows gastric emptying, which reduces post-meal glycaemic increments. For both GIP and GLP-1, beneficial effects on cardiovascular complications and neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders have been observed, pointing to therapeutic potential over and above improving diabetes complications. The recent finding that GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonists like tirzepatide have superior efficacy compared to selective GLP-1 receptor agonists with respect to glycaemic control as well as body weight has renewed interest in GIP, which previously was thought to be without any therapeutic potential. One focus of this research is into the long-term interaction of GIP and GLP-1 receptor signalling. A GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin [9-39]) and, more recently, a GIP receptor agonist (GIP [3-30] NH2 ) and, hopefully, longer-acting GIP receptor agonists for human use will be helpful tools to shed light on the open questions. A detailed knowledge of incretin physiology and pathophysiology will be a prerequisite for designing more effective incretin-based diabetes drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel R Quast
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel- und Ernährungsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Watkins JD, Smith HA, Hengist A, Brunsgaard LH, Mikkelsen UR, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 responses to ingestion of protein with increasing doses of milk minerals rich in calcium. Br J Nutr 2021; 128:1-9. [PMID: 34369333 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452100297x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A high dose of whey protein hydrolysate fed with milk minerals rich in calcium (Capolac®) results in enhanced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations in lean individuals; however, the effect of different calcium doses ingested alongside protein is unknown. The present study assessed the dose response of calcium fed alongside 25 g whey protein hydrolysate on GLP-1 concentrations in individuals with overweight/obesity. Eighteen adults (mean ± sd: 8M/10F, 34 ± 18 years, 28·2 ± 2·9 kgm-2) completed four trials in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Participants consumed test solutions consisting of 25 g whey protein hydrolysate (CON), supplemented with 3179 mg (LOW), 6363 mg (MED) or 9547 mg (HIGH) Capolac® on different occasions, separated by at least 48 h. The calcium content of test solutions equated to 65, 892, 1719 and 2547 mg, respectively. Arterialised-venous blood was sampled over 180 min to determine plasma concentrations of GLP-1TOTAL, GLP-17-36amide, insulin, glucose, NEFA, and serum concentrations of calcium and albumin. Ad libitum energy intake was measured at 180 min. Time-averaged incremental AUC (iAUC) for GLP-1TOTAL (pmol·l-1·min-1) did not differ between CON (23 ± 4), LOW (25 ± 6), MED (24 ± 5) and HIGH (24 ± 6). Energy intake (kcal) did not differ between CON (940 ± 387), LOW (884 ± 345), MED (920 ± 334) and HIGH (973 ± 390). Co-ingestion of whey protein hydrolysate with Capolac® does not potentiate GLP-1 release in comparison with whey protein hydrolysate alone. The study was registered at clinical trials (NCT03819972).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Harry A Smith
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | | | - Francoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James A Betts
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Qin W, Ying W, Hamaker B, Zhang G. Slow digestion-oriented dietary strategy to sustain the secretion of GLP-1 for improved glucose homeostasis. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5173-5196. [PMID: 34350681 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated glucose metabolism is associated with many chronic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and strategies to restore and maintain glucose homeostasis are essential to health. The incretin hormone of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is known to play a critical role in regulating glucose homeostasis and dietary nutrients are the primary stimuli to the release of intestinal GLP-1. However, the GLP-1 producing enteroendocrine L-cells are mainly distributed in the distal region of the gastrointestinal tract where there are almost no nutrients to stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 under normal situations. Thus, a dietary strategy to sustain the release of GLP-1 was proposed, and the slow digestion property and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity of food components, approaches to reduce the rate of food digestion, and mechanisms to sustain the release of GLP-1 were reviewed. A slow digestion-oriented dietary approach through encapsulation of nutrients, incorporation of viscous dietary fibers, and enzyme inhibitors of phytochemicals in a designed whole food matrix will be implemented to efficiently reduce the digestion rate of food nutrients, potentiate their distal deposition and a sustained secretion of GLP-1, which will be beneficial to improved glucose homeostasis and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wang Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bruce Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Genyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Yanan Y, Yi J, Xiaojing L, Jing Q, Xiaohui W. Adipo-specific chemerin knockout alters the metabolomic profile of adipose tissue under normal and high-fat diet conditions: Application of an untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics method. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5220. [PMID: 34323295 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore the metabolic effect of chemerin, adipose-specific chemerin knockout (adipo-chemerin-/- ) male mice were established and fed with 5-week normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD), and then the glycolipid metabolism index was measured and epididymal adipose tissue metabolomics detected using untargeted LC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Under HFD, adipo-chemerin-/- mice showed improved glycolipid metabolism (decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, insulin and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) compared with flox (control) mice. Furthermore, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis score plots identified separation of metabolites between adipo-chemerin-/- mice and flox mice fed ND and HFD. Under HFD, 28 metabolites were significantly enhanced in adipo-chemerin-/- mice, and pathway enrichment analysis suggested strong relationship of the differential metabolites with arginine and proline metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, which were directly or indirectly related to lipid metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress. Under ND, taurine was increased in adipo-chemerin-/- mice, resulting in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and primary bile acid biosynthesis. In conclusion, the improved effect of chemerin knockdown on the glycolipid metabolism of HFD-feeding male mice might be associated with the increases in differential metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress, which provided insights into the mechanism of chemerin from a metabolomics aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yanan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Yi
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xiaojing
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qu Jing
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Xiaohui
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Reyes-Camacho D, Pérez JF, Vinyeta E, Aumiller T, Van der Klis JD, Solà-Oriol D. Prenatal Exposure to Innately Preferred D-Limonene and Trans-Anethole Does Not Overcome Innate Aversion to Eucalyptol, Affecting Growth Performance of Weanling Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072062. [PMID: 34359190 PMCID: PMC8300109 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Weanling piglets appear to be poorly adapted and motivated to ingest solid feed due to the innate reluctance of young animals to ingest an unfamiliar feed or flavor, i.e., feed neophobia, which commonly results in a period of underfeeding. This, and other common wean stress factors, lead to gastrointestinal disorders and impaired growth performance. Increasing the preference or familiarity for a certain type of food or for specific flavors may improve voluntary feed intake in weanling piglets. Botanical compounds (BCs) are described as functional feed additives and include sensorial properties that are able to influence feed intake and growth in pigs by dietary supplementation or sensory maternal learning. In this study, the effects of BCs such as D-limonene, trans-anethole, and eucalyptol on innate feed preference and growth performance of weanling piglets were evaluated by means of a double-choice feeding test and pre- and postnatal exposure to these compounds. Abstract In the present research, two studies were performed to determine the effects of specific botanical compounds (BCs) on the innate feed preference and feed intake of piglets, as follows: Exp. 1 studied the innate feed preferences of post-weaning piglets using a double-choice feeding test. A total of 828 weaned piglets were distributed into 36 pens (23 pigs/pen) and assigned to three dietary pair choice feeding options (n = 12): unsupplemented prestarter diets (reference) versus reference plus D-limonene, trans-anethole, or eucalyptol. Piglets showed a preference for diets with D-limonene (53.8%) and trans-anethole (54.5%), and an aversion to eucalyptol (41.6%) (p < 0.05). Exp. 2 studied whether the prenatal and perinatal exposure to D-limonene, trans-anethole, and eucalyptol influences the feed intake and growth of newly-weaned piglets. Twenty-eight gestating and lactating sows were distributed into two dietary treatments (n = 14): unsupplemented Control diets or Control plus a blend of BCs (BBC; containing D-limonene, trans-anethole, and eucalyptol). D-limonene, trans-anethole, and eucalyptol were transferred into the placental fluid, and D-limonene and trans-anethole into the milk (p < 0.05). Furthermore, weanling piglets (n = 200; Control) and (n = 203; BBC) received the same treatment as their mothers in prestarter diets. The early response after weaning showed that piglets’ post-weaning BW gain was higher in the Control (p < 0.05) group than in those exposed to BBC. In conclusion, prenatal exposure to preferred D-limonene and trans-anethole, or familiarity to eucalyptol did not help to overcome the innate aversion to eucalyptol and its negative effect on weanling piglets’ BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reyes-Camacho
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.R.-C.); (J.F.P.)
| | - José F. Pérez
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.R.-C.); (J.F.P.)
| | - Ester Vinyeta
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, 4209 Engerwitzdorf, Austria; (E.V.); (T.A.); (J.D.V.d.K.)
| | - Tobias Aumiller
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, 4209 Engerwitzdorf, Austria; (E.V.); (T.A.); (J.D.V.d.K.)
| | - Jan D. Van der Klis
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, 4209 Engerwitzdorf, Austria; (E.V.); (T.A.); (J.D.V.d.K.)
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.R.-C.); (J.F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Lu Y, Wang J, Soladoye OP, Aluko RE, Fu Y, Zhang Y. Preparation, receptors, bioactivity and bioavailability of γ-glutamyl peptides: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Watkins JD, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Protein- and Calcium-Mediated GLP-1 Secretion: A Narrative Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2540-2552. [PMID: 34192748 PMCID: PMC8634310 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced in the intestine that is secreted in response to nutrient exposure. GLP-1 potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells and promotes satiety. These important actions on glucose metabolism and appetite have led to widespread interest in GLP-1 receptor agonism. Typically, this involves pharmacological GLP-1 mimetics or targeted inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, the enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation. However, nutritional strategies provide a widely available, cost-effective alternative to pharmacological strategies for enhancing hormone release. Recent advances in nutritional research have implicated the combined ingestion of protein and calcium with enhanced endogenous GLP-1 release, which is likely due to activation of receptors with high affinity and/or sensitivity for amino acids and calcium. Specifically targeting these receptors could enhance gut hormone secretion, thus providing a new therapeutic option. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest research on protein- and calcium-mediated GLP-1 release with an emphasis on human data, and a perspective on potential mechanisms that link potent GLP-1 release to the co-ingestion of protein and calcium. In light of these recent findings, potential future research directions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Watkins
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Mita M, Sugawara I, Harada K, Ito M, Takizawa M, Ishida K, Ueda H, Kitaguchi T, Tsuboi T. Development of red genetically encoded biosensor for visualization of intracellular glucose dynamics. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 29:98-108.e4. [PMID: 34197723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the main source of energy for organisms, and it is important to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular glucose. Single fluorescent protein-based glucose indicators, named "Red Glifons" have been developed that apply to live-cell and dual-color imaging. These indicators exhibited more than 3-fold increase in fluorescence intensity in the presence of 10 mM glucose. The two Red Glifons developed have different half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values for glucose (300 μM and 3,000 μM) and are able to monitor a wide range of glucose dynamics. Red Glifon combined with green indicators allowing visualization of the interplay between glucose and ATP, lactate, or pyruvate. Glucose influx in the pharyngeal muscle of Caenorhabditis elegans, enteroendocrine cells, and human iPS cell-derived cardiac myocytes was observed using the Red Glifons. Thus these red glucose indicators serve as a multi-color imaging toolkit for investigating complex interactions in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mita
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Izumi Sugawara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Harada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Motoki Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mai Takizawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ishida
- Myoridge Co. Ltd., 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Schalla MA, Taché Y, Stengel A. Neuroendocrine Peptides of the Gut and Their Role in the Regulation of Food Intake. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1679-1730. [PMID: 33792904 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of food intake encompasses complex interplays between the gut and the brain. Among them, the gastrointestinal tract releases different peptides that communicate the metabolic state to specific nuclei in the hindbrain and the hypothalamus. The present overview gives emphasis on seven peptides that are produced by and secreted from specialized enteroendocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract in relation with the nutritional status. These established modulators of feeding are ghrelin and nesfatin-1 secreted from gastric X/A-like cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) secreted from duodenal I-cells, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, and peptide YY (PYY) secreted from intestinal L-cells and uroguanylin (UGN) released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1679-1730, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvette Taché
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Guo S, Yan T, Shi L, Liu A, Zhang T, Xu Y, Jiang W, Yang Q, Yang L, Liu L, Zhao R, Zhang S. Matrine, as a CaSR agonist promotes intestinal GLP-1 secretion and improves insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:153507. [PMID: 33636577 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrine (Mat), a bitter tastes compounds of derived from leguminosae such as Sophora flavescens and S. subprostrata, commonly used to improve obesity and diabetes. PURPOSE Our study to demonstrate bitter substances can stimulate the Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) or Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) to stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 to promote blood glucose regulation. METHODS The diabetic mice and intestinal secretory cell model were established to evaluate the Mat on glucose metabolism, intestinal insulin secretion and GLP-1 secretion related substances. To clarify the mechanism of Mat in regulating GLP-1 secretion by immunofluorescence, calcium labeling, siRNA, and molecular docking. RESULTS The results showed that Mat could significantly improve glucose metabolism and increased insulin and GLP-1 secretion in diabetic mice and increased trisphosphate inositol (IP3) levels by affecting the expression of phospholipase C β2 (PLCβ2) and promote an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in STC-1 cells to subsequently stimulate the secretion of GLP-1. Knockdown of the bitter taste receptors mTas2r108, mTas2r137, and mTas2r138 in STC-1 cells by siRNA did could not affect the role of Mat in regulating GLP-1. However, the secretion of GLP-1 by Mat could be significantly inhibited by administration of a CaSR inhibitor or siRNA CaSR. Molecular docking analysis showed that Mat could embed CaSR protein and bind to the original ligand of the egg white at the same amino acid site to play the role of an agonist. CONCLUSION Matrine is a typical bitter alkaloid could be used as an agonist of CaSR to stimulate the secretion of GLP-1 in the intestine, and it may be used as a potential drug for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China
| | - Linna Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China..
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China..
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, PR China..
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Lu VB, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Nutrient-Induced Cellular Mechanisms of Gut Hormone Secretion. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030883. [PMID: 33803183 PMCID: PMC8000029 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract can assess the nutrient composition of ingested food. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms in specialised epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract, the enteroendocrine cells, trigger the release of gut hormones that provide important local and central feedback signals to regulate nutrient utilisation and feeding behaviour. The evidence for nutrient-stimulated secretion of two of the most studied gut hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), along with the known cellular mechanisms in enteroendocrine cells recruited by nutrients, will be the focus of this review. The mechanisms involved range from electrogenic transporters, ion channel modulation and nutrient-activated G-protein coupled receptors that converge on the release machinery controlling hormone secretion. Elucidation of these mechanisms will provide much needed insight into postprandial physiology and identify tractable dietary approaches to potentially manage nutrition and satiety by altering the secreted gut hormone profile.
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Pizarroso NA, Fuciños P, Gonçalves C, Pastrana L, Amado IR. A Review on the Role of Food-Derived Bioactive Molecules and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Satiety Regulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:632. [PMID: 33669189 PMCID: PMC7919798 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. The growing relevance of this metabolic disease lies in its association with other comorbidities. Obesity is a multifaceted disease where intestinal hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY), produced by enteroendocrine cells (EECs), have a pivotal role as signaling systems. Receptors for these hormones have been identified in the gut and different brain regions, highlighting the interconnection between gut and brain in satiation mechanisms. The intestinal microbiota (IM), directly interacting with EECs, can be modulated by the diet by providing specific nutrients that induce environmental changes in the gut ecosystem. Therefore, macronutrients may trigger the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) through mechanisms including specific nutrient-sensing receptors in EECs, inducing the secretion of specific hormones that lead to decreased appetite or increased energy expenditure. Designing drugs/functional foods based in bioactive compounds exploiting these nutrient-sensing mechanisms may offer an alternative treatment for obesity and/or associated metabolic diseases. Organ-on-a-chip technology represents a suitable approach to model multi-organ communication that can provide a robust platform for studying the potential of these compounds as modulators of the MGBA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Isabel R. Amado
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/ n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (N.A.P.); (P.F.); (C.G.); (L.P.)
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Duca FA, Waise TMZ, Peppler WT, Lam TKT. The metabolic impact of small intestinal nutrient sensing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:903. [PMID: 33568676 PMCID: PMC7876101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract maintains energy and glucose homeostasis, in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent signaling to the brain and other tissues. In this review, we highlight the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in metabolic homeostasis, and link high-fat feeding, obesity, and diabetes with perturbations in these gut-brain signaling pathways. We identify how lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, initiate gut peptide release from the enteroendocrine cells through small intestinal sensing pathways, and how these peptides regulate food intake, glucose tolerance, and hepatic glucose production. Lastly, we highlight how the gut microbiota impact small intestinal nutrient-sensing in normal physiology, and in disease, pharmacological and surgical settings. Emerging evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms of small intestinal nutrient sensing in metabolic homeostasis have physiological and pathological impact as well as therapeutic potential in obesity and diabetes. The gastrointestinal tract participates in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent gut-brain signalling. Here the authors review the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in regulation of energy intake and systemic glucose metabolism, and link high-fat diet, obesity and diabetes with perturbations in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. .,School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - T M Zaved Waise
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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