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Gladys HJ, Jiayi Z, Bonetti L, Peng Hian WL, Vuust P, Agres K, Chen SHA. Understanding Music and Aging through the lens of Bayesian Inference. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024:105768. [PMID: 38908730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Bayesian inference has recently gained momentum in explaining music perception and aging. A fundamental mechanism underlying Bayesian inference is the notion of prediction. This framework could explain how predictions pertaining to musical (melodic, rhythmic, harmonic) structures engender action, emotion, and learning, expanding related concepts of music research, such as musical expectancies, groove, pleasure, and tension. Moreover, a Bayesian perspective of music perception may shed new insights on the beneficial effects of music in aging. Aging could be framed as an optimization process of Bayesian inference. As predictive inferences refine over time, the reliance on consolidated priors increases, while the updating of prior models through Bayesian inference attenuates. This may affect the ability of older adults to estimate uncertainties in their environment, limiting their cognitive and behavioral repertoire. With Bayesian inference as an overarching framework, this review synthesizes the literature on predictive inferences in music and aging, and details how music could be a promising tool in preventive and rehabilitative interventions for older adults through the lens of Bayesian inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiamin Gladys
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Zhang Jiayi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Leonardo Bonetti
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark; Centre for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music, Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kat Agres
- Centre for Music and Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S H Annabel Chen
- School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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2
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Chung C, Yang X, Hevner RF, Kennedy K, Vong KI, Liu Y, Patel A, Nedunuri R, Barton ST, Noel G, Barrows C, Stanley V, Mittal S, Breuss MW, Schlachetzki JCM, Kingsmore SF, Gleeson JG. Cell-type-resolved mosaicism reveals clonal dynamics of the human forebrain. Nature 2024; 629:384-392. [PMID: 38600385 PMCID: PMC11194162 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Debate remains around the anatomical origins of specific brain cell subtypes and lineage relationships within the human forebrain1-7. Thus, direct observation in the mature human brain is critical for a complete understanding of its structural organization and cellular origins. Here we utilize brain mosaic variation within specific cell types as distinct indicators for clonal dynamics, denoted as cell-type-specific mosaic variant barcode analysis. From four hemispheres and two different human neurotypical donors, we identified 287 and 780 mosaic variants, respectively, that were used to deconvolve clonal dynamics. Clonal spread and allele fractions within the brain reveal that local hippocampal excitatory neurons are more lineage-restricted than resident neocortical excitatory neurons or resident basal ganglia GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Furthermore, simultaneous genome transcriptome analysis at both a cell-type-specific and a single-cell level suggests a dorsal neocortical origin for a subgroup of DLX1+ inhibitory neurons that disperse radially from an origin shared with excitatory neurons. Finally, the distribution of mosaic variants across 17 locations within one parietal lobe reveals that restriction of clonal spread in the anterior-posterior axis precedes restriction in the dorsal-ventral axis for both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Thus, cell-type-resolved somatic mosaicism can uncover lineage relationships governing the development of the human forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changuk Chung
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Keng Ioi Vong
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arzoo Patel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Nedunuri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott T Barton
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geoffroy Noel
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea Barrows
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Swapnil Mittal
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin W Breuss
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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3
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Macefield VG. Is it time to expand the scope of the autonomic nervous system? J Physiol 2024; 602:533-534. [PMID: 38113314 DOI: 10.1113/jp286077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vaughan G Macefield
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Lowet AS, Zheng Q, Meng M, Matias S, Drugowitsch J, Uchida N. An opponent striatal circuit for distributional reinforcement learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.02.573966. [PMID: 38260354 PMCID: PMC10802299 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.02.573966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Machine learning research has achieved large performance gains on a wide range of tasks by expanding the learning target from mean rewards to entire probability distributions of rewards - an approach known as distributional reinforcement learning (RL)1. The mesolimbic dopamine system is thought to underlie RL in the mammalian brain by updating a representation of mean value in the striatum2,3, but little is known about whether, where, and how neurons in this circuit encode information about higher-order moments of reward distributions4. To fill this gap, we used high-density probes (Neuropixels) to acutely record striatal activity from well-trained, water-restricted mice performing a classical conditioning task in which reward mean, reward variance, and stimulus identity were independently manipulated. In contrast to traditional RL accounts, we found robust evidence for abstract encoding of variance in the striatum. Remarkably, chronic ablation of dopamine inputs disorganized these distributional representations in the striatum without interfering with mean value coding. Two-photon calcium imaging and optogenetics revealed that the two major classes of striatal medium spiny neurons - D1 and D2 MSNs - contributed to this code by preferentially encoding the right and left tails of the reward distribution, respectively. We synthesize these findings into a new model of the striatum and mesolimbic dopamine that harnesses the opponency between D1 and D2 MSNs5-15 to reap the computational benefits of distributional RL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Lowet
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiao Zheng
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Meng
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sara Matias
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jan Drugowitsch
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naoshige Uchida
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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5
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Coizet V, Ambroggi F. Subcortical Contribution to the Role of the Basal Ganglia in Action Selection. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1417-1418. [PMID: 38847143 PMCID: PMC11097989 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x2209240229143211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Coizet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frederic Ambroggi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, UMR 7291, Marseille, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone: Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Marseille, France
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6
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Gordleeva SY, Kastalskiy IA, Tsybina YA, Ermolaeva AV, Hramov AE, Kazantsev VB. Control of movement of underwater swimmers: Animals, simulated animates and swimming robots. Phys Life Rev 2023; 47:211-244. [PMID: 38072505 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The control of movement in living organisms represents a fundamental task that the brain has evolved to solve. One crucial aspect is how the nervous system organizes the transformation of sensory information into motor commands. These commands lead to muscle activation and subsequent animal movement, which can exhibit complex patterns. One example of such movement is locomotion, which involves the translation of the entire body through space. Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) are neuronal circuits that provide control signals for these movements. Compared to the intricate circuits found in the brain, CPGs can be simplified into networks of neurons that generate rhythmic activation, coordinating muscle movements. Since the 1990s, researchers have developed numerous models of locomotive circuits to simulate different types of animal movement, including walking, flying, and swimming. Initially, the primary goal of these studies was to construct biomimetic robots. However, it became apparent that simplified CPGs alone were not sufficient to replicate the diverse range of adaptive locomotive movements observed in living organisms. Factors such as sensory modulation, higher-level control, and cognitive components related to learning and memory needed to be considered. This necessitated the use of more complex, high-dimensional circuits, as well as novel materials and hardware, in both modeling and robotics. With advancements in high-power computing, artificial intelligence, big data processing, smart materials, and electronics, the possibility of designing a new generation of true bio-mimetic robots has emerged. These robots have the capability to imitate not only simple locomotion but also exhibit adaptive motor behavior and decision-making. This motivation serves as the foundation for the current review, which aims to analyze existing concepts and models of movement control systems. As an illustrative example, we focus on underwater movement and explore the fundamental biological concepts, as well as the mathematical and physical models that underlie locomotion and its various modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu Gordleeva
- National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 14 A. Nevskogo St., Kaliningrad, 236016, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Ln., Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - I A Kastalskiy
- National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Ln., Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Yu A Tsybina
- National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 2 Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - A V Ermolaeva
- National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 2 Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - A E Hramov
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 14 A. Nevskogo St., Kaliningrad, 236016, Russia; Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - V B Kazantsev
- National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 14 A. Nevskogo St., Kaliningrad, 236016, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Ln., Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Region, Russia
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7
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Magielse N, Heuer K, Toro R, Schutter DJLG, Valk SL. A Comparative Perspective on the Cerebello-Cerebral System and Its Link to Cognition. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:1293-1307. [PMID: 36417091 PMCID: PMC10657313 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The longstanding idea that the cerebral cortex is the main neural correlate of human cognition can be elaborated by comparative analyses along the vertebrate phylogenetic tree that support the view that the cerebello-cerebral system is suited to support non-motor functions more generally. In humans, diverse accounts have illustrated cerebellar involvement in cognitive functions. Although the neocortex, and its transmodal association cortices such as the prefrontal cortex, have become disproportionately large over primate evolution specifically, human neocortical volume does not appear to be exceptional relative to the variability within primates. Rather, several lines of evidence indicate that the exceptional volumetric increase of the lateral cerebellum in conjunction with its connectivity with the cerebral cortical system may be linked to non-motor functions and mental operation in primates. This idea is supported by diverging cerebello-cerebral adaptations that potentially coevolve with cognitive abilities across other vertebrates such as dolphins, parrots, and elephants. Modular adaptations upon the vertebrate cerebello-cerebral system may thus help better understand the neuroevolutionary trajectory of the primate brain and its relation to cognition in humans. Lateral cerebellar lobules crura I-II and their reciprocal connections to the cerebral cortical association areas appear to have substantially expanded in great apes, and humans. This, along with the notable increase in the ventral portions of the dentate nucleus and a shift to increased relative prefrontal-cerebellar connectivity, suggests that modular cerebellar adaptations support cognitive functions in humans. In sum, we show how comparative neuroscience provides new avenues to broaden our understanding of cerebellar and cerebello-cerebral functions in the context of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Magielse
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Otto Hahn Cognitive Neurogenetics Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Heuer
- Institute Pasteur, Unité de Neuroanatomie Appliquée et Théorique, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberto Toro
- Institute Pasteur, Unité de Neuroanatomie Appliquée et Théorique, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie L Valk
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-7: Brain and Behaviour), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Otto Hahn Cognitive Neurogenetics Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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8
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Chung C, Yang X, Hevner RF, Kennedy K, Vong KI, Liu Y, Patel A, Nedunuri R, Barton ST, Barrows C, Stanley V, Mittal S, Breuss MW, Schlachetzki JCM, Gleeson JG. Cell-type-resolved somatic mosaicism reveals clonal dynamics of the human forebrain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563814. [PMID: 37961480 PMCID: PMC10634852 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Debate remains around anatomic origins of specific brain cell subtypes and lineage relationships within the human forebrain. Thus, direct observation in the mature human brain is critical for a complete understanding of the structural organization and cellular origins. Here, we utilize brain mosaic variation within specific cell types as distinct indicators for clonal dynamics, denoted as cell-type-specific Mosaic Variant Barcode Analysis. From four hemispheres from two different human neurotypical donors, we identified 287 and 780 mosaic variants (MVs), respectively that were used to deconvolve clonal dynamics. Clonal spread and allelic fractions within the brain reveal that local hippocampal excitatory neurons are more lineage-restricted compared with resident neocortical excitatory neurons or resident basal ganglia GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Furthermore, simultaneous genome-transcriptome analysis at both a cell-type-specific and single-cell level suggests a dorsal neocortical origin for a subgroup of DLX1+ inhibitory neurons that disperse radially from an origin shared with excitatory neurons. Finally, the distribution of MVs across 17 locations within one parietal lobe reveals restrictions of clonal spread in the anterior-posterior axis precedes that of the dorsal-ventral axis for both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Thus cell-type resolved somatic mosaicism can uncover lineage relationships governing the development of the human forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changuk Chung
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Yang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Robert F. Hevner
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Pathology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Keng Ioi Vong
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Arzoo Patel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Rahul Nedunuri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Scott T. Barton
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chelsea Barrows
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Swapnil Mittal
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Martin W. Breuss
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Colorado Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | | | - Joseph G. Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
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9
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Lee J, Chen S, Monfared RV, Derdeyn P, Leong K, Chang T, Beier K, Baldi P, Alachkar A. Reanalysis of primate brain circadian transcriptomics reveals connectivity-related oscillations. iScience 2023; 26:107810. [PMID: 37752952 PMCID: PMC10518731 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research shows that brain circuits controlling vital physiological processes are closely linked with endogenous time-keeping systems. In this study, we aimed to examine oscillatory gene expression patterns of well-characterized neuronal circuits by reanalyzing publicly available transcriptomic data from a spatiotemporal gene expression atlas of a non-human primate. Unexpectedly, brain structures known for regulating circadian processes (e.g., hypothalamic nuclei) did not exhibit robust cycling expression. In contrast, basal ganglia nuclei, not typically associated with circadian physiology, displayed the most dynamic cycling behavior of its genes marked by sharp temporally defined expression peaks. Intriguingly, the mammillary bodies, considered hypothalamic nuclei, exhibited gene expression patterns resembling the basal ganglia, prompting reevaluation of their classification. Our results emphasize the potential for high throughput circadian gene expression analysis to deepen our understanding of the functional synchronization across brain structures that influence physiological processes and resulting complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Siwei Chen
- Department of Computer Science, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Roudabeh Vakil Monfared
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pieter Derdeyn
- Mathematical, Computational, and Systems Biology Program, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Leong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Beier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4560, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4560, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amal Alachkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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10
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Gribkova ED, Lee CA, Brown JW, Cui J, Liu Y, Norekian T, Gillette R. A common modular design of nervous systems originating in soft-bodied invertebrates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1263453. [PMID: 37854468 PMCID: PMC10579582 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1263453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates show a common modular theme in the flow of information for cost-benefit decisions. Sensory inputs are incentivized by integrating stimulus qualities with motivation and memory to affect appetitive state, a system of homeostatic drives, and labelled for directionality. Appetitive state determines action responses from a repertory of possibles and transmits the decision to a premotor system that frames the selected action in motor arousal and appropriate postural and locomotion commands. These commands are then sent to the primary motor pattern generators controlling the motorneurons, with feedback at each stage. In the vertebrates, these stages are mediated by forebrain pallial derivatives for incentive and directionality (olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, pallial amygdala, etc.) interacting with hypothalamus (homeostasis, motivation, and reward) for action selection in the forebrain basal ganglia, the mid/hindbrain reticular formation as a premotor translator for posture, locomotion, and arousal state, and the spinal cord and cranial nuclei as primary motor pattern generators. Gastropods, like the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica, show a similar organization but with differences that suggest how complex brains evolved from an ancestral soft-bodied bilaterian along with segmentation, jointed skeletons, and complex exteroceptors. Their premotor feeding network combines functions of hypothalamus and basal ganglia for homeostasis, motivation, presumed reward, and action selection for stimulus approach or avoidance. In Pleurobranchaea, the premotor analogy to the vertebrate reticular formation is the bilateral "A-cluster" of cerebral ganglion neurons that controls posture, locomotion, and serotonergic motor arousal. The A-cluster transmits motor commands to the pedal ganglia analogs of the spinal cord, for primary patterned motor output. Apparent pallial precursors are not immediately evident in Pleurobranchaea's central nervous system, but a notable candidate is a subepithelial nerve net in the peripheral head region that integrates chemotactile stimuli for incentive and directionality. Evolutionary centralization of its computational functions may have led to the olfaction-derived pallial forebrain in the ancestor's vertebrate descendants and their analogs in arthropods and annelids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D. Gribkova
- Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colin A. Lee
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Brown
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jilai Cui
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yichen Liu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Tigran Norekian
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, United States
| | - Rhanor Gillette
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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11
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Drew T, Fortier-Lebel N, Nakajima T. Cortical contribution to visuomotor coordination in locomotion and reaching. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102755. [PMID: 37633106 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of mammals is their ability to make precise visually guided limb movements to attain objects. This is best exemplified by the reach and grasp movements of primates, although it is not unique to this mammalian order. Precise, coordinated, visually guided movements are equally as important during locomotion in many mammalian species, especially in predators. In this context, vision is used to guide paw trajectory and placement. In this review we examine the contribution of the fronto-parietal network in the control of such movements. We suggest that this network is responsible for visuomotor coordination across behaviours and species. We further argue for analogies between cytoarchitectonically similar cortical areas in primates and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Drew
- Département de Neurosciences, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA), Groupe de recherche sur la signalisation neurale et la circuiterie (SNC), Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Nicolas Fortier-Lebel
- Département de Neurosciences, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA), Groupe de recherche sur la signalisation neurale et la circuiterie (SNC), Université de Montréal, Pavillon Paul-G. Desmarais, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Toshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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12
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Vollweiter D, Shergill JK, Hilse A, Kochlamazashvili G, Koch SP, Mueller S, Boehm-Sturm P, Haucke V, Maritzen T. Intersectin deficiency impairs cortico-striatal neurotransmission and causes obsessive-compulsive behaviors in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304323120. [PMID: 37603735 PMCID: PMC10469033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304323120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of appropriate behavioral responses involves dedicated neuronal circuits. The cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop is especially important for the expression of motor routines and habits. Defects in this circuitry are closely linked to obsessive stereotypic behaviors, hallmarks of neuropsychiatric diseases including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs). However, our knowledge of the essential synaptic machinery required to maintain balanced neurotransmission and plasticity within the cortico-striatal circuitry remains fragmentary. Mutations in the large synaptic scaffold protein intersectin1 (ITSN1) have been identified in patients presenting with ASD symptoms including stereotypic behaviors, although a causal relationship between stereotypic behavior and intersectin function has not been established. We report here that deletion of the two closely related proteins ITSN1 and ITSN2 leads to severe ASD/OCD-like behavioral alterations and defective cortico-striatal neurotransmission in knockout (KO) mice. Cortico-striatal function was compromised at multiple levels in ITSN1/2-depleted animals. Morphological analyses showed that the striatum of intersectin KO mice is decreased in size. Striatal neurons exhibit reduced complexity and an underdeveloped dendritic spine architecture. These morphological abnormalities correlate with defects in cortico-striatal neurotransmission and plasticity as well as reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor currents as a consequence of postsynaptic NMDA receptor depletion. Our findings unravel a physiological role of intersectin in cortico-striatal neurotransmission to counteract ASD/OCD. Moreover, we delineate a molecular pathomechanism for the neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients carrying intersectin mutations that correlates with the observation that NMDA receptor dysfunction is a recurrent feature in the development of ASD/OCD-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Vollweiter
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nanophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jasmeet Kaur Shergill
- Department of Nanophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hilse
- Department of Nanophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Paul Koch
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité 3R | Replace, Reduce, Refine, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité 3R | Replace, Reduce, Refine, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité 3R | Replace, Reduce, Refine, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charitéplatz 1, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, 10117Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Maritzen
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nanophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663Kaiserslautern, Germany
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13
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Alashram AR, Annino G. A Novel Neurorehabilitation Approach for Neural Plasticity
Overstimulation and Reorganization in Patients with Neurological
Disorders. PHYSIKALISCHE MEDIZIN, REHABILITATIONSMEDIZIN, KURORTMEDIZIN 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/a-2004-5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNeurological disorders are those that are associated with impairments in the
nervous system. These impairments affect the patient’s activities of
daily living. Recently, many advanced modalities have been used in the
rehabilitation field to treat various neurological impairments. However, many of
these modalities are available only in clinics, and some are expensive. Most
patients with neurological disorders have difficulty reaching clinics. This
review was designed to establish a new neurorehabilitation approach based on the
scientific way to improve patients’ functional recovery following
neurological disorders in clinics or at home. The human brain is a network, an
intricate, integrated system that coordinates operations among billions of
units. In fact, grey matter contains most of the neuronal cell bodies. It
includes the brain and the spinal cord areas involved in muscle control, sensory
perception, memory, emotions, decision-making, and self-control. Consequently,
patients’ functional ability results from complex interactions among
various brain and spinal cord areas and neuromuscular systems. While white
matter fibers connect numerous brain areas, stimulating or improving non-motor
symptoms, such as motivation, cognitive, and sensory symptoms besides motor
symptoms may enhance functional recovery in patients with neurological
disorders. The basic principles of the current treatment approach are
established based on brain connectivity. Using motor, sensory, motivation, and
cognitive (MSMC) interventions during rehabilitation may promote neural
plasticity and maximize functional recovery in patients with neurological
disorders. Experimental studies are strongly needed to verify our theories and
hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas R. Alashram
- Department of Physiotherapy, Middle East University, Amman,
Jordan
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private
University
| | - Giuseppe Annino
- Department of Medicine Systems, University of Rome “Tor
Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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14
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Williams D. Basal ganglia functional connectivity network analysis does not support the 'noisy signal' hypothesis of Parkinson's disease. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad123. [PMID: 37124947 PMCID: PMC10139445 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The 'noisy signal' hypothesis of basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) suggests that major motor symptoms of the disorder are caused by the development of abnormal basal ganglia activity patterns resulting in the propagation of 'noisy' signals to target systems. While such abnormal activity patterns might be useful biomarkers for the development of therapeutic interventions, correlation between specific changes in activity and PD symptoms has been inconsistently demonstrated, and raises questions concerning the accuracy of the hypothesis. Here, we tested this hypothesis by considering three nodes of the basal ganglia network, the subthalamus, globus pallidus interna, and cortex during self-paced and cued movements in patients with PD. Interactions between these regions were analyzed using measures that assess both linear and non-linear relationships. Marked changes in the network are observed with dopamine state. Specifically, we detected functional disconnection of the basal ganglia from the cortex and higher network variability in untreated PD, but various patterns of directed functional connectivity with lower network variability in treated PD. When we examine the system output, significant correlation is observed between variability in the cortico-basal ganglia network and muscle activity variability but only in the treated state. Rather than supporting a role of the basal ganglia in the transmission of noisy signals in patients with PD, these findings suggest that cortico-basal ganglia network interactions by fault or design, in the treated Parkinsonian state, are actually associated with improved cortical network output variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Williams
- Correspondence to: Dr David Williams. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Khalifa Bin Zayed Street, Tawam, Next to Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, PO Box 15551, United Arab Emirates. E-mail:
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15
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Deng JH, Zhang HW, Liu XL, Deng HZ, Lin F. Morphological changes in Parkinson's disease based on magnetic resonance imaging: A mini-review of subcortical structures segmentation and shape analysis. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:1356-1366. [PMID: 36579355 PMCID: PMC9791612 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i12.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in clinical symptoms, including bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. The pathophysiological changes in PD are inextricably linked to the subcortical structures. Shape analysis is a method for quantifying the volume or surface morphology of structures using magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in morphological analysis techniques for studying the subcortical structures in PD in vivo. This approach includes available pipelines for volume and shape analysis, focusing on the morphological features of volume and surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Huan Deng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Han-Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Deng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China
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16
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Marion-Poll L, Roussarie JP, Taing L, Dard-Dascot C, Servant N, Jaszczyszyn Y, Jordi E, Mulugeta E, Hervé D, Bourc’his D, Greengard P, Thermes C, Girault JA. DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation characterize the identity of D1 and D2 striatal projection neurons. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1321. [PMID: 36456703 PMCID: PMC9715678 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal DNA modifications differ from those in other cells, including methylation outside CpG context and abundant 5-hydroxymethylation whose relevance for neuronal identities are unclear. Striatal projection neurons expressing D1 or D2 dopamine receptors allow addressing this question, as they share many characteristics but differ in their gene expression profiles, connections, and functional roles. We compare translating mRNAs and DNA modifications in these two populations. DNA methylation differences occur predominantly in large genomic clusters including differentially expressed genes, potentially important for D1 and D2 neurons. Decreased gene body methylation is associated with higher gene expression. Hydroxymethylation differences are more scattered and affect transcription factor binding sites, which can influence gene expression. We also find a strong genome-wide hydroxymethylation asymmetry between the two DNA strands, particularly pronounced at expressed genes and retrotransposons. These results identify novel properties of neuronal DNA modifications and unveil epigenetic characteristics of striatal projection neurons heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Marion-Poll
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France ,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Present Address: Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211 Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Roussarie
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA ,grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Present Address: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Lieng Taing
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Present Address: UMR1166 Inserm and Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, 75013 France
| | - Cloelia Dard-Dascot
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198 France
| | - Nicolas Servant
- grid.440907.e0000 0004 1784 3645Institut Curie, INSERM U900, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Mines Paris Tech, PSL-Research University, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Yan Jaszczyszyn
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198 France
| | - Emmanuelle Jordi
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France ,Present Address: Coave Therapeutics, Paris, 75014 France
| | - Eskeatnaf Mulugeta
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.5645.2000000040459992XPresent Address: Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Department of Cell Biology, Rotterdam, 3000 CA The Netherlands
| | - Denis Hervé
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Déborah Bourc’his
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Paul Greengard
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Claude Thermes
- grid.457334.20000 0001 0667 2738Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198 France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM UMR-S1270, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Paris, 75005 France ,grid.462192.a0000 0004 0520 8345Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005 France
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17
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Insights into the Promising Prospect of G Protein and GPCR-Mediated Signaling in Neuropathophysiology and Its Therapeutic Regulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8425640. [PMID: 36187336 PMCID: PMC9519337 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8425640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are intricately involved in the conversion of extracellular feedback to intracellular responses. These specialized receptors possess a crucial role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Most nonsensory GPCRs are active in almost 90% of complex brain functions. At the time of receptor phosphorylation, a GPCR pathway is essentially activated through a G protein signaling mechanism via a G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK). Dopamine, an important neurotransmitter, is primarily involved in the pathophysiology of several CNS disorders; for instance, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and ADHD. Since dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate are potent neuropharmacological targets, dopamine itself has potential therapeutic effects in several CNS disorders. GPCRs essentially regulate brain functions by modulating downstream signaling pathways. GPR6, GPR52, and GPR8 are termed orphan GPCRs because they colocalize with dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in neurons of the basal ganglia, either alone or with both receptors. Among the orphan GPCRs, the GPR52 is recognized for being an effective psychiatric receptor. Various antipsychotics like aripiprazole and quetiapine mainly target GPCRs to exert their actions. One of the most important parts of signal transduction is the regulation of G protein signaling (RGS). These substances inhibit the activation of the G protein that initiates GPCR signaling. Developing a combination of RGS inhibitors with GPCR agonists may prove to have promising therapeutic potential. Indeed, several recent studies have suggested that GPCRs represent potentially valuable therapeutic targets for various psychiatric disorders. Molecular biology and genetically modified animal model studies recommend that these enriched GPCRs may also act as potential therapeutic psychoreceptors. Neurotransmitter and neuropeptide GPCR malfunction in the frontal cortex and limbic-related regions, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and brainstem, is likely responsible for the complex clinical picture that includes cognitive, perceptual, emotional, and motor symptoms. G protein and GPCR-mediated signaling play a critical role in developing new treatment options for mental health issues, and this study is aimed at offering a thorough picture of that involvement. For patients who are resistant to current therapies, the development of new drugs that target GPCR signaling cascades remains an interesting possibility. These discoveries might serve as a fresh foundation for the creation of creative methods for pharmacologically useful modulation of GPCR function.
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18
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Kempster P, Ma A. Parkinson’s disease, dopaminergic drugs and the plant world. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970714. [PMID: 36133818 PMCID: PMC9483127 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of drugs used for the treatment of neurological disorders relate to naturally occurring compounds, many of which are plant alkaloids. This is particularly true of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The pharmacopoeia of PD has strong botanical origins, while major discoveries about the neurochemistry of the basal ganglia came from the study of phytochemicals. This article narrates the development of pharmacotherapy for PD in terms of historically important plant-derived substances—tropane and hamala alkaloids, reserpine, levodopa, apomorphine, and ergoline dopamine receptor agonists. Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing secondary metabolic products that tend to be biologically active. They appear to be involved in plants’ adaptation to herbivorous animals, though their exact purpose and the ways in which they work are uncertain. A sizable group of alkaloids influence animal dopaminergic systems, highlighting a key biological relationship. While animals must acquire the energy that plants harness, plants need to engage with the animal attribute that they lack—movement—in order to maximize their reproductive fitness. Neuroactive flowering plant compounds have been interacting with vertebrate and invertebrate motor systems for 100 million years. A deep evolutionary connection helps to explain why the pharmacological treatment of PD is imprinted with the power of these mysterious botanical chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kempster
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Peter Kempster,
| | - Andrew Ma
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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19
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Etchegaray E, Baas D, Naville M, Haftek-Terreau Z, Volff JN. The neurodevelopmental gene MSANTD2 belongs to a gene family formed by recurrent molecular domestication of Harbinger transposons at the base of vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac173. [PMID: 35980103 PMCID: PMC9392472 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new genes is a major source of organism evolutionary innovation. Beyond their mutational effects, transposable elements can be co-opted by host genomes to form different types of sequences including novel genes, through a mechanism named molecular domestication.We report the formation of four genes through molecular domestication of Harbinger transposons, three in a common ancestor of jawed vertebrates about 500 million years ago and one in sarcopterygians approx. 430 million years ago. Additionally, one processed pseudogene arose approx. 60 million years ago in simians. In zebrafish, Harbinger-derived genes are expressed during early development but also in adult tissues, and predominantly co-expressed in male brain. In human, expression was detected in multiple organs, with major expression in the brain particularly during fetal development. We used CRISPR/Cas9 with direct gene knock-out in the F0 generation and the morpholino antisense oligonucleotide knock-down technique to study in zebrafish the function of one of these genes called MSANTD2, which has been suggested to be associated to neuro-developmental diseases such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia in human. MSANTD2 inactivation led to developmental delays including tail and nervous system malformation at one day post fertilization. Affected embryos showed dead cell accumulation, major anatomical defects characterized by impaired brain ventricle formation and alterations in expression of some characteristic genes involved in vertebrate nervous system development. Hence, the characterization of MSANTD2 and other Harbinger-derived genes might contribute to a better understanding of the genetic innovations having driven the early evolution of the vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Etchegaray
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Dominique Baas
- Unité MeLiS, UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284, INSERM U1314, Lyon, France
| | - Magali Naville
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Zofia Haftek-Terreau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
| | - Jean Nicolas Volff
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, UCBL1, CNRS UMR 5242, Lyon, France
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20
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Su Z, Wang Z, Lindtner S, Yang L, Shang Z, Tian Y, Guo R, You Y, Zhou W, Rubenstein JL, Yang Z, Zhang Z. Dlx1/2-dependent expression of Meis2 promotes neuronal fate determination in the mammalian striatum. Development 2022; 149:dev200035. [PMID: 35156680 PMCID: PMC8918808 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The striatum is a central regulator of behavior and motor function through the actions of D1 and D2 medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), which arise from a common lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) progenitor. The molecular mechanisms of cell fate specification of these two neuronal subtypes are incompletely understood. Here, we found that deletion of murine Meis2, which is highly expressed in the LGE and derivatives, led to a large reduction in striatal MSNs due to a block in their differentiation. Meis2 directly binds to the Zfp503 and Six3 promoters and is required for their expression and specification of D1 and D2 MSNs, respectively. Finally, Meis2 expression is regulated by Dlx1/2 at least partially through the enhancer hs599 in the LGE subventricular zone. Overall, our findings define a pathway in the LGE whereby Dlx1/2 drives expression of Meis2, which subsequently promotes the fate determination of striatal D1 and D2 MSNs via Zfp503 and Six3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Su
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zicong Shang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongliang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan You
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - John L. Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhengang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Abstract
This article outlines a hypothetical sequence of evolutionary innovations, along the lineage that produced humans, which extended behavioural control from simple feedback loops to sophisticated control of diverse species-typical actions. I begin with basic feedback mechanisms of ancient mobile animals and follow the major niche transitions from aquatic to terrestrial life, the retreat into nocturnality in early mammals, the transition to arboreal life and the return to diurnality. Along the way, I propose a sequence of elaboration and diversification of the behavioural repertoire and associated neuroanatomical substrates. This includes midbrain control of approach versus escape actions, telencephalic control of local versus long-range foraging, detection of affordances by the dorsal pallium, diversified control of nocturnal foraging in the mammalian neocortex and expansion of primate frontal, temporal and parietal cortex to support a wide variety of primate-specific behavioural strategies. The result is a proposed functional architecture consisting of parallel control systems, each dedicated to specifying the affordances for guiding particular species-typical actions, which compete against each other through a hierarchy of selection mechanisms. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cisek
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal CP 6123 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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22
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Abstract
The nervous system is a product of evolution. That is, it was constructed through a long series of modifications, within the strong constraints of heredity, and continuously subjected to intense selection pressures. As a result, the organization and functions of the brain are shaped by its history. We believe that this fact, underappreciated in contemporary systems neuroscience, offers an invaluable aid for helping us resolve the brain's mysteries. Indeed, we think that the consideration of evolutionary history ought to take its place alongside other intellectual tools used to understand the brain, such as behavioural experiments, studies of anatomical structure and functional characterization based on recordings of neural activity. In this introduction, we argue for the importance of evolution by highlighting specific examples of ways that evolutionary theory can enhance neuroscience. The rest of the theme issue elaborates this point, emphasizing the conservative nature of neural evolution, the important consequences of specific transitions that occurred in our history, and the ways in which considerations of evolution can shed light on issues ranging from specific mechanisms to fundamental principles of brain organization. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cisek
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montréal, 2960 chemin de la tour, local 1107 Montréal, QC H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Benjamin Y Hayden
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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23
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Das A, Goldberg JH. Songbird subthalamic neurons project to dopaminergic midbrain and exhibit singing-related activity. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:373-383. [PMID: 34965747 PMCID: PMC8896995 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00254.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skill learning requires motor output to be evaluated against internal performance benchmarks. In songbirds, ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons (DA) signal performance errors important for learning, but it remains unclear which brain regions project to VTA and how these inputs may contribute to DA error signaling. Here, we find that the songbird subthalamic nucleus (STN) projects to VTA and that STN microstimulation can excite VTA neurons. We also discover that STN receives inputs from motor cortical, auditory cortical, and ventral pallidal brain regions previously implicated in song evaluation. In the first neural recordings from songbird STN, we discover that the activity of most STN neurons is associated with body movements and not singing, but a small fraction of neurons exhibits precise song timing and performance error signals. Our results place the STN in a pathway important for song learning, but not song production, and expand the territories of songbird brain potentially associated with song learning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Songbird subthalamic (STN) neurons exhibit singing-related signals and are interconnected with the motor cortical nucleus, auditory pallium, ventral pallidum, and ventral tegmental area, areas important for song generation and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Das
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Jesse H. Goldberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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24
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Scarduzio M, Hess EJ, Standaert DG, Eskow Jaunarajs KL. Striatal synaptic dysfunction in dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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25
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Application of the Catecholaminergic Neuron Electron Transport (CNET) Physical Substrate for Consciousness and Action Selection to Integrated Information Theory. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24010091. [PMID: 35052119 PMCID: PMC8774445 DOI: 10.3390/e24010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A newly discovered physical mechanism involving incoherent electron tunneling in layers of the protein ferritin that are found in catecholaminergic neurons (catecholaminergic neuron electron transport or CNET) is hypothesized to support communication between neurons. Recent tests further confirm that these ferritin layers can also perform a switching function (in addition to providing an electron tunneling mechanism) that could be associated with action selection in those neurons, consistent with earlier predictions based on CNET. While further testing would be needed to confirm the hypothesis that CNET allows groups of neurons to communicate and act as a switch for selecting one of the neurons in the group to assist in reaching action potential, this paper explains how that hypothesized behavior would be consistent with Integrated Information Theory (IIT), one of a number of consciousness theories (CTs). While the sheer number of CTs suggest that any one of them alone is not sufficient to explain consciousness, this paper demonstrates that CNET can provide a physical substrate and action selection mechanism that is consistent with IIT and which can also be applied to other CTs, such as to conform them into a single explanation of consciousness.
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26
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Croteau-Chonka EC, Clayton MS, Venkatasubramanian L, Harris SN, Jones BMW, Narayan L, Winding M, Masson JB, Zlatic M, Klein KT. High-throughput automated methods for classical and operant conditioning of Drosophila larvae. eLife 2022; 11:70015. [PMID: 36305588 PMCID: PMC9678368 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning which stimuli (classical conditioning) or which actions (operant conditioning) predict rewards or punishments can improve chances of survival. However, the circuit mechanisms that underlie distinct types of associative learning are still not fully understood. Automated, high-throughput paradigms for studying different types of associative learning, combined with manipulation of specific neurons in freely behaving animals, can help advance this field. The Drosophila melanogaster larva is a tractable model system for studying the circuit basis of behaviour, but many forms of associative learning have not yet been demonstrated in this animal. Here, we developed a high-throughput (i.e. multi-larva) training system that combines real-time behaviour detection of freely moving larvae with targeted opto- and thermogenetic stimulation of tracked animals. Both stimuli are controlled in either open- or closed-loop, and delivered with high temporal and spatial precision. Using this tracker, we show for the first time that Drosophila larvae can perform classical conditioning with no overlap between sensory stimuli (i.e. trace conditioning). We also demonstrate that larvae are capable of operant conditioning by inducing a bend direction preference through optogenetic activation of reward-encoding serotonergic neurons. Our results extend the known associative learning capacities of Drosophila larvae. Our automated training rig will facilitate the study of many different forms of associative learning and the identification of the neural circuits that underpin them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise C Croteau-Chonka
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Lakshmi Narayan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Michael Winding
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Jean-Baptiste Masson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States,Decision and Bayesian Computation, Neuroscience Department & Computational Biology Department, Institut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Marta Zlatic
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States,MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristina T Klein
- Department of Zoology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
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27
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Alm PA. The Dopamine System and Automatization of Movement Sequences: A Review With Relevance for Speech and Stuttering. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:661880. [PMID: 34924974 PMCID: PMC8675130 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.661880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decades of research have gradually elucidated the complex functions of the dopamine system in the vertebrate brain. The multiple roles of dopamine in motor function, learning, attention, motivation, and the emotions have been difficult to reconcile. A broad and detailed understanding of the physiology of cerebral dopamine is of importance in understanding a range of human disorders. One of the core functions of dopamine involves the basal ganglia and the learning and execution of automatized sequences of movements. Speech is one of the most complex and highly automatized sequential motor behaviors, though the exact roles that the basal ganglia and dopamine play in speech have been difficult to determine. Stuttering is a speech disorder that has been hypothesized to be related to the functions of the basal ganglia and dopamine. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current understanding of the cerebral dopamine system, in particular the mechanisms related to motor learning and the execution of movement sequences. The primary aim was not to review research on speech and stuttering, but to provide a platform of neurophysiological mechanisms, which may be utilized for further research and theoretical development on speech, speech disorders, and other behavioral disorders. Stuttering and speech are discussed here only briefly. The review indicates that a primary mechanism for the automatization of movement sequences is the merging of isolated movements into chunks that can be executed as units. In turn, chunks can be utilized hierarchically, as building blocks of longer chunks. It is likely that these mechanisms apply also to speech, so that frequent syllables and words are produced as motor chunks. It is further indicated that the main learning principle for sequence learning is reinforcement learning, with the phasic release of dopamine as the primary teaching signal indicating successful sequences. It is proposed that the dynamics of the dopamine system constitute the main neural basis underlying the situational variability of stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per A Alm
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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He J, Kleyman M, Chen J, Alikaya A, Rothenhoefer KM, Ozturk BE, Wirthlin M, Bostan AC, Fish K, Byrne LC, Pfenning AR, Stauffer WR. Transcriptional and anatomical diversity of medium spiny neurons in the primate striatum. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5473-5486.e6. [PMID: 34727523 PMCID: PMC9359438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) constitute the vast majority of striatal neurons and the principal interface between dopamine reward signals and functionally diverse cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Information processing in these circuits is dependent on distinct MSN types: cell types that are traditionally defined according to their projection targets or dopamine receptor expression. Single-cell transcriptional studies have revealed greater MSN heterogeneity than predicted by traditional circuit models, but the transcriptional landscape in the primate striatum remains unknown. Here, we set out to establish molecular definitions for MSN subtypes in Rhesus monkeys and to explore the relationships between transcriptionally defined subtypes and anatomical subdivisions of the striatum. Our results suggest at least nine MSN subtypes, including dorsal striatum subtypes associated with striosome and matrix compartments, ventral striatum subtypes associated with the nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle, and an MSN-like cell type restricted to μ-opioid receptor rich islands in the ventral striatum. Although each subtype was demarcated by discontinuities in gene expression, continuous variation within subtypes defined gradients corresponding to anatomical locations and, potentially, functional specializations. These results lay the foundation for achieving cell-type-specific transgenesis in the primate striatum and provide a blueprint for investigating circuit-specific information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael Kleyman
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Neuroscience Institute, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jianjiao Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aydin Alikaya
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kathryn M Rothenhoefer
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bilge Esin Ozturk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Morgan Wirthlin
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Neuroscience Institute, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andreea C Bostan
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kenneth Fish
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Leah C Byrne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andreas R Pfenning
- Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science, Neuroscience Institute, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - William R Stauffer
- Department of Neurobiology, Systems Neuroscience Center, Brain Institute, Center for Neuroscience, Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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29
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Abstract
The olfactory system allows animals to navigate in their environment to feed, mate, and escape predators. It is well established that odorant exposure or electrical stimulation of the olfactory system induces stereotyped motor responses in fishes. However, the neural circuitry responsible for the olfactomotor transformations is only beginning to be unraveled. A neural substrate eliciting motor responses to olfactory inputs was identified in the lamprey, a basal vertebrate used extensively to examine the neural mechanisms underlying sensorimotor transformations. Two pathways were discovered from the olfactory organ in the periphery to the brainstem motor nuclei responsible for controlling swimming. The first pathway originates from sensory neurons located in the accessory olfactory organ and reaches a single population of projection neurons in the medial olfactory bulb, which, in turn, transmit the olfactory signals to the posterior tuberculum and then to downstream brainstem locomotor centers. A second pathway originates from the main olfactory epithelium and reaches the main olfactory bulb, the neurons of which project to the pallium/cortex. The olfactory signals are then conveyed to the posterior tuberculum and then to brainstem locomotor centers. Olfactomotor behavior can adapt, and studies were aimed at defining the underlying neural mechanisms. Modulation of bulbar neural activity by GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotoninergic inputs is likely to provide strong control over the hardwired circuits to produce appropriate motor behavior in response to olfactory cues. This review summarizes current knowledge relative to the neural circuitry producing olfactomotor behavior in lampreys and their modulatory mechanisms.
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30
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Kempster PA, Perju-Dumbrava L. The Thermodynamic Consequences of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:685314. [PMID: 34512508 PMCID: PMC8427692 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.685314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence point to a pervasive disturbance of energy balance in Parkinson's disease (PD). Weight loss, common and multifactorial, is the most observable sign of this. Bradykinesia may be best understood as an underinvestment of energy in voluntary movement. This accords with rodent experiments that emphasise the importance of dopamine in allocating motor energy expenditure. Oxygen consumption studies in PD suggest that, when activities are standardised for work performed, these inappropriate energy thrift settings are actually wasteful. That the dopaminergic deficit of PD creates a problem with energy efficiency highlights the role played by the basal ganglia, and by dopamine, in thermodynamic governance. This involves more than balancing energy, since living things maintain their internal order by controlling transformations of energy, resisting probabilistic trends to more random states. This review will also look at recent research in PD on the analysis of entropy-an information theory metric of predictability in a message-in recordings from the basal ganglia. Close relationships between energy and information converge around the concept of entropy. This is especially relevant to the motor system, which regulates energy exchange with the outside world through its flow of information. The malignant syndrome in PD, a counterpart of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, demonstrates how much thermodynamic disruption can result from breakdown of motor signalling in an extreme hypodopaminergic state. The macroenergetic disturbances of PD are consistent with a unifying hypothesis of dopamine's neurotransmitter actions-to adapt energy expenditure to prevailing economic circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Kempster
- Neurosciences Department, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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31
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Astrocytic contribution to glutamate-related central respiratory chemoreception in vertebrates. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 294:103744. [PMID: 34302992 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Central respiratory chemoreceptors play a key role in the respiratory homeostasis by sensing CO2 and H+ in brain and activating the respiratory neural network. This ability of specific brain regions to respond to acidosis and hypercapnia is based on neuronal and glial mechanisms. Several decades ago, glutamatergic transmission was proposed to be involved as a main mechanism in central chemoreception. However, a complete identification of mechanism has been elusive. At the rostral medulla, chemosensitive neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) are glutamatergic and they are stimulated by ATP released by RTN astrocytes in response to hypercapnia. In addition, recent findings show that caudal medullary astrocytes in brainstem can also contribute as CO2 and H+ sensors that release D-serine and glutamate, both gliotransmitters able to activate the respiratory neural network. In this review, we describe the mammalian astrocytic glutamatergic contribution to the central respiratory chemoreception trying to trace in vertebrates the emergence of several components involved in this process.
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32
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Fieblinger T. Striatal Control of Movement: A Role for New Neuronal (Sub-) Populations? Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:697284. [PMID: 34354577 PMCID: PMC8329243 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.697284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is a very heterogenous brain area, composed of different domains and compartments, albeit lacking visible anatomical demarcations. Two populations of striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) build the so-called direct and indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, whose coordinated activity is essential to control locomotion. Dysfunction of striatal SPNs is part of many movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In this mini review article, I will highlight recent studies utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptional profiles of striatal neurons. These studies discover that SPNs carry a transcriptional signature, indicating both their anatomical location and compartmental identity. Furthermore, the transcriptional profiles reveal the existence of additional distinct neuronal populations and previously unknown SPN sub-populations. In a parallel development, studies in rodent models of PD and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) report that direct pathway SPNs do not react uniformly to L-DOPA therapy, and that only a subset of these neurons is underlying the development of abnormal movements. Together, these studies demonstrate a new level of cellular complexity for striatal (dys-) function and locomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Fieblinger
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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33
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Bocchi VD, Conforti P, Vezzoli E, Besusso D, Cappadona C, Lischetti T, Galimberti M, Ranzani V, Bonnal RJP, De Simone M, Rossetti G, He X, Kamimoto K, Espuny-Camacho I, Faedo A, Gervasoni F, Vuono R, Morris SA, Chen J, Felsenfeld D, Pavesi G, Barker RA, Pagani M, Cattaneo E. The coding and long noncoding single-cell atlas of the developing human fetal striatum. Science 2021; 372:372/6542/eabf5759. [PMID: 33958447 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf5759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering how the human striatum develops is necessary for understanding the diseases that affect this region. To decode the transcriptional modules that regulate this structure during development, we compiled a catalog of 1116 long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) identified de novo and then profiled 96,789 single cells from the early human fetal striatum. We found that D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons (D1- and D2-MSNs) arise from a common progenitor and that lineage commitment is established during the postmitotic transition, across a pre-MSN phase that exhibits a continuous spectrum of fate determinants. We then uncovered cell type-specific gene regulatory networks that we validated through in silico perturbation. Finally, we identified human-specific lincRNAs that contribute to the phylogenetic divergence of this structure in humans. This work delineates the cellular hierarchies governing MSN lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Dickinson Bocchi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conforti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Vezzoli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Besusso
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Cappadona
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lischetti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Galimberti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoling He
- WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenji Kamimoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ira Espuny-Camacho
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Faedo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Gervasoni
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Romina Vuono
- WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samantha A Morris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Giulio Pavesi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roger A Barker
- WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. .,INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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Banerjee A, Rikhye RV, Marblestone A. Reinforcement-guided learning in frontal neocortex: emerging computational concepts. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bechtel W, Bich L. Grounding cognition: heterarchical control mechanisms in biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190751. [PMID: 33487110 PMCID: PMC7934967 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We advance an account that grounds cognition, specifically decision-making, in an activity all organisms as autonomous systems must perform to keep themselves viable—controlling their production mechanisms. Production mechanisms, as we characterize them, perform activities such as procuring resources from their environment, putting these resources to use to construct and repair the organism's body and moving through the environment. Given the variable nature of the environment and the continual degradation of the organism, these production mechanisms must be regulated by control mechanisms that select when a production is required and how it should be carried out. To operate on production mechanisms, control mechanisms need to procure information through measurement processes and evaluate possible actions. They are making decisions. In all organisms, these decisions are made by multiple different control mechanisms that are organized not hierarchically but heterarchically. In many cases, they employ internal models of features of the environment with which the organism must deal. Cognition, in the form of decision-making, is thus fundamental to living systems which must control their production mechanisms. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell’.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bechtel
- Department of Philosophy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo Bich
- IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society, Department of Philosophy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa 70, Donostia-San Sebastian 20018, Spain
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Abstract
Dystonia is by far the most intrusive and invalidating extrapyramidal side effect of potent classical antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia is classified in both acute and tardive forms. The incidence of drug-induced dystonia is associated with the affinity to inhibitory dopamine D2 receptors. Particularly acute dystonia can be treated with anticholinergic drugs, but the tardive form may also respond to such antimuscarinic treatment, which contrasts their effects in tardive dyskinesia. Combining knowledge of the pathophysiology of primary focal dystonia with the anatomical and pharmacological organization of the extrapyramidal system may shed some light on the mechanism of antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia. A suitable hypothesis is derived from the understanding that focal dystonia may be due to a faulty processing of somatosensory input, so leading to inappropriate execution of well-trained motor programmes. Neuroplastic alterations of the sensitivity of extrapyramidal medium-sized spiny projection neurons to stimulation, which are induced by the training of specific complex movements, lead to the sophisticated execution of these motor plans. The sudden and non-selective disinhibition of indirect pathway medium-sized spiny projection neurons by blocking dopamine D2 receptors may distort this process. Shutting down the widespread influence of tonically active giant cholinergic interneurons on all medium-sized spiny projection neurons by blocking muscarinic receptors may result in a reduction of the influence of extrapyramidal cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical regulation. Furthermore, striatal cholinergic interneurons have an important role to play in integrating cerebellar input with the output of cerebral cortex, and are also targeted by dopaminergic nigrostriatal fibres affecting dopamine D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton JM Loonen
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Geestelijke GezondheidsZorg Westelijk Noord-Brabant (GGZ WNB), Mental Health Hospital, Halsteren, The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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Aristieta A, Barresi M, Azizpour Lindi S, Barrière G, Courtand G, de la Crompe B, Guilhemsang L, Gauthier S, Fioramonti S, Baufreton J, Mallet NP. A Disynaptic Circuit in the Globus Pallidus Controls Locomotion Inhibition. Curr Biol 2020; 31:707-721.e7. [PMID: 33306949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) inhibit movements through two independent circuits: the striatal neuron-indirect and the subthalamic nucleus-hyperdirect pathways. These pathways exert opposite effects onto external globus pallidus (GPe) neurons, whose functional importance as a relay has changed drastically with the discovery of two distinct cell types, namely the prototypic and the arkypallidal neurons. However, little is known about the synaptic connectivity scheme of different GPe neurons toward both motor-suppressing pathways, as well as how opposite changes in GPe neuronal activity relate to locomotion inhibition. Here, we optogenetically dissect the input organizations of prototypic and arkypallidal neurons and further define the circuit mechanism and behavioral outcome associated with activation of the indirect or hyperdirect pathways. This work reveals that arkypallidal neurons are part of a novel disynaptic feedback loop differentially recruited by the indirect or hyperdirect pathways and that broadcasts inhibitory control onto locomotion only when arkypallidal neurons increase their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Aristieta
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Massimo Barresi
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Shiva Azizpour Lindi
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Grégory Barrière
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Courtand
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Brice de la Crompe
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Lise Guilhemsang
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Gauthier
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphanie Fioramonti
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Nicolas P Mallet
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
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A dynamic role for dopamine receptors in the control of mammalian spinal networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16429. [PMID: 33009442 PMCID: PMC7532218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73230-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is well known to regulate movement through the differential control of direct and indirect pathways in the striatum that express D1 and D2 receptors respectively. The spinal cord also expresses all dopamine receptors; however, how the specific receptors regulate spinal network output in mammals is poorly understood. We explore the receptor-specific mechanisms that underlie dopaminergic control of spinal network output of neonatal mice during changes in spinal network excitability. During spontaneous activity, which is a characteristic of developing spinal networks operating in a low excitability state, we found that dopamine is primarily inhibitory. We uncover an excitatory D1-mediated effect of dopamine on motoneurons and network output that also involves co-activation with D2 receptors. Critically, these excitatory actions require higher concentrations of dopamine; however, analysis of dopamine concentrations of neonates indicates that endogenous levels of spinal dopamine are low. Because endogenous levels of spinal dopamine are low, this excitatory dopaminergic pathway is likely physiologically-silent at this stage in development. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of dopamine, at low physiological concentrations is mediated by parallel activation of D2, D3, D4 and α2 receptors which is reproduced when endogenous dopamine levels are increased by blocking dopamine reuptake and metabolism. We provide evidence in support of dedicated spinal network components that are controlled by excitatory D1 and inhibitory D2 receptors that is reminiscent of the classic dopaminergic indirect and direct pathway within the striatum. These results indicate that network state is an important factor that dictates receptor-specific and therefore dose-dependent control of neuromodulators on spinal network output and advances our understanding of how neuromodulators regulate neural networks under dynamically changing excitability.
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Tonna M, Ponzi D, Palanza P, Marchesi C, Parmigiani S. Proximate and ultimate causes of ritual behavior. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112772. [PMID: 32544508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ritual behaviour, intended as a specific, repetitive and rigid form of action flow, appears both in social and non-social environmental contexts, representing an ubiquitous phenomenon in animal life including human individuals and cultures. The purpose of this contribution is to investigate an evolutionary continuum in proximate and ultimate causes of ritual behavior. A phylogenetic homology in proximal mechanisms can be found, based on the repetition of genetically programmed and/or epigenetically acquired action patterns of behavior. As far as its adaptive significance, ethological comparative studies show that the tendency to ritualization is driven by the unpredictability of social or ecological environmental stimuli. In this perspective, rituals may have a "homeostatic" function over unpredictable environments, as further highlighted by psychopathological compulsions. In humans, a circular loop may have occurred among ritual practices and symbolic activity to deal with a novel culturally-mediated world. However, we suggest that the compulsion to action patterns repetition, typical of all rituals, has a genetically inborn motor foundation, thus precognitive and pre-symbolic. Rooted in such phylogenetically conserved motor structure (proximate causes), the evolution of cognitive and symbolic capacities have generated the complexity of human rituals, though maintaining the original adaptive function (ultimate causes) to cope with unpredictable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tonna
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy.
| | - Davide Ponzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Parmigiani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainaibility, Unit of Behavioral Biology, University of Parma, Italy
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Abstract
Escape is one of the most studied animal behaviors, and there is a rich normative theory that links threat properties to evasive actions and their timing. The behavioral principles of escape are evolutionarily conserved and rely on elementary computational steps such as classifying sensory stimuli and executing appropriate movements. These are common building blocks of general adaptive behaviors. Here we consider the computational challenges required for escape behaviors to be implemented, discuss possible algorithmic solutions, and review some of the underlying neural circuits and mechanisms. We outline shared neural principles that can be implemented by evolutionarily ancient neural systems to generate escape behavior, to which cortical encephalization has been added to allow for increased sophistication and flexibility in responding to threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Branco
- UCL Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, London W1T 4JG, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 2LT, United Kingdom
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41
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Chávez-Pichardo ME, Reyes-Bravo DY, Mendoza-Trejo MS, Marín-López AG, Giordano M, Hernández-Chan N, Domínguez-Marchan K, Ortega-Rosales LC, Rodríguez VM. Brain alterations in GABA, glutamate and glutamine markers after chronic atrazine exposure in the male albino rat. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3217-3230. [PMID: 32561961 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR; 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) is an herbicide widely used to kill annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops such as corn, sorghum, and sugarcane. Studies in rodents have shown that chronic ATR exposure is associated with alterations in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway such as hyperactivity, decreased striatal dopamine levels, and diminished numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells in substantia nigra pars compacta. However, the effects of ATR on neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate have been scarcely studied. To evaluate the impact of ATR on motor and anxiety tasks, tissue levels of GABA, glutamate, glutamine, and extracellular and potassium-evoked release of glutamate in the striatum, we daily exposed Sprague-Dawley male rats to 1 or 10 mg ATR/kg of body weight for 12-14 months. As previously reported, chronic ATR exposure causes hyperactivity in the group exposed to 10 mg ATR/kg and increased anxiety in both groups exposed to ATR. GABA, glutamate, and glutamine levels were differentially altered in brain regions related to nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems, the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex. The groups exposed to 10 mg ATR/kg showed increased extracellular levels and release of glutamate in the striatum. These neurochemical alterations could underlie the behavioral changes observed in rats. These results indicate that chronic exposure to the herbicide ATR disrupts the neurochemistry of several brain structures and could be a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Chávez-Pichardo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - D Y Reyes-Bravo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - M S Mendoza-Trejo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - A G Marín-López
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - M Giordano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - N Hernández-Chan
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - K Domínguez-Marchan
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - L C Ortega-Rosales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - V M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México.
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42
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Abstract
Behavior is readily classified into patterns of movements with inferred common goals-actions. Goals may be discrete; movements are continuous. Through the careful study of isolated movements in laboratory settings, or via introspection, it has become clear that animals can exhibit exquisite graded specification to their movements. Moreover, graded control can be as fundamental to success as the selection of which action to perform under many naturalistic scenarios: a predator adjusting its speed to intercept moving prey, or a tool-user exerting the perfect amount of force to complete a delicate task. The basal ganglia are a collection of nuclei in vertebrates that extend from the forebrain (telencephalon) to the midbrain (mesencephalon), constituting a major descending extrapyramidal pathway for control over midbrain and brainstem premotor structures. Here we discuss how this pathway contributes to the continuous specification of movements that endows our voluntary actions with vigor and grace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchol Park
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA;
| | - Luke T Coddington
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA;
| | - Joshua T Dudman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA;
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43
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Greene DJ, Marek S, Gordon EM, Siegel JS, Gratton C, Laumann TO, Gilmore AW, Berg JJ, Nguyen AL, Dierker D, Van AN, Ortega M, Newbold DJ, Hampton JM, Nielsen AN, McDermott KB, Roland JL, Norris SA, Nelson SM, Snyder AZ, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE, Dosenbach NUF. Integrative and Network-Specific Connectivity of the Basal Ganglia and Thalamus Defined in Individuals. Neuron 2020; 105:742-758.e6. [PMID: 31836321 PMCID: PMC7035165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebral cortex form an interconnected network implicated in many neurological and psychiatric illnesses. A better understanding of cortico-subcortical circuits in individuals will aid in development of personalized treatments. Using precision functional mapping-individual-specific analysis of highly sampled human participants-we investigated individual-specific functional connectivity between subcortical structures and cortical functional networks. This approach revealed distinct subcortical zones of network specificity and multi-network integration. Integration zones were systematic, with convergence of cingulo-opercular control and somatomotor networks in the ventral intermediate thalamus (motor integration zones), dorsal attention and visual networks in the pulvinar, and default mode and multiple control networks in the caudate nucleus. The motor integration zones were present in every individual and correspond to consistently successful sites of deep brain stimulation (DBS; essential tremor). Individually variable subcortical zones correspond to DBS sites with less consistent treatment effects, highlighting the importance of PFM for neurosurgery, neurology, and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Scott Marek
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Evan M Gordon
- VISN17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Joshua S Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caterina Gratton
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Timothy O Laumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrian W Gilmore
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Berg
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annie L Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Donna Dierker
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew N Van
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mario Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dillan J Newbold
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Hampton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ashley N Nielsen
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen B McDermott
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jarod L Roland
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Norris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven M Nelson
- VISN17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Vital Longevity, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Mulcahy G, Atwood B, Kuznetsov A. Basal ganglia role in learning rewarded actions and executing previously learned choices: Healthy and diseased states. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228081. [PMID: 32040519 PMCID: PMC7010262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) is a collection of nuclei located deep beneath the cerebral cortex that is involved in learning and selection of rewarded actions. Here, we analyzed BG mechanisms that enable these functions. We implemented a rate model of a BG-thalamo-cortical loop and simulated its performance in a standard action selection task. We have shown that potentiation of corticostriatal synapses enables learning of a rewarded option. However, these synapses became redundant later as direct connections between prefrontal and premotor cortices (PFC-PMC) were potentiated by Hebbian learning. After we switched the reward to the previously unrewarded option (reversal), the BG was again responsible for switching to the new option. Due to the potentiated direct cortical connections, the system was biased to the previously rewarded choice, and establishing the new choice required a greater number of trials. Guided by physiological research, we then modified our model to reproduce pathological states of mild Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. We found that in the Parkinsonian state PMC activity levels become extremely variable, which is caused by oscillations arising in the BG-thalamo-cortical loop. The model reproduced severe impairment of learning and predicted that this is caused by these oscillations as well as a reduced reward prediction signal. In the Huntington state, the potentiation of the PFC-PMC connections produced better learning, but altered BG output disrupted expression of the rewarded choices. This resulted in random switching between rewarded and unrewarded choices resembling an exploratory phase that never ended. Along with other computational studies, our results further reconcile the apparent contradiction between the critical involvement of the BG in execution of previously learned actions and yet no impairment of these actions after BG output is ablated by lesions or deep brain stimulation. We predict that the cortico-BG-thalamo-cortical loop conforms to previously learned choice in healthy conditions, but impedes those choices in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Mulcahy
- Department of Mathematics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brady Atwood
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology & Toxicology, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexey Kuznetsov
- Indiana Alcohol Research Center, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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45
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Abstract
In this article, we challenge the usefulness of "attention" as a unitary construct and/or neural system. We point out that the concept has too many meanings to justify a single term, and that "attention" is used to refer to both the explanandum (the set of phenomena in need of explanation) and the explanans (the set of processes doing the explaining). To illustrate these points, we focus our discussion on visual selective attention. It is argued that selectivity in processing has emerged through evolution as a design feature of a complex multi-channel sensorimotor system, which generates selective phenomena of "attention" as one of many by-products. Instead of the traditional analytic approach to attention, we suggest a synthetic approach that starts with well-understood mechanisms that do not need to be dedicated to attention, and yet account for the selectivity phenomena under investigation. We conclude that what would serve scientific progress best would be to drop the term "attention" as a label for a specific functional or neural system and instead focus on behaviorally relevant selection processes and the many systems that implement them.
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46
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Bamford NS, McVicar K. Localising movement disorders in childhood. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2019; 3:917-928. [PMID: 31653548 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis and management of movement disorders in children can be improved by understanding the pathways, neurons, ion channels, and receptors involved in motor learning and control. In this Review, we use a localisation approach to examine the anatomy, physiology, and circuitry of the basal ganglia and highlight the mechanisms that underlie some of the major movement disorders in children. We review the connections between the basal ganglia and the thalamus and cortex, address the basic clinical definitions of movement disorders, and then place diseases within an anatomical or physiological framework that highlights basal ganglia function. We discuss how new pharmacological, behavioural, and electrophysiological approaches might benefit children with movement disorders by modifying synaptic function. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying movement disorders allows improved diagnostic and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel S Bamford
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Kathryn McVicar
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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47
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Dunkelmann T, Schemmert S, Honold D, Teichmann K, Butzküven E, Demuth HU, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Kutzsche J, Willbold D, Willuweit A. Comprehensive Characterization of the Pyroglutamate Amyloid-β Induced Motor Neurodegenerative Phenotype of TBA2.1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 63:115-130. [PMID: 29578479 PMCID: PMC5900553 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is being intensively investigated using a broad variety of animal models. Many of these models express mutant versions of human amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) that are associated with amyloid-β protein (Aβ)-induced early onset familial AD. Most of these models, however, do not develop bold neurodegenerative pathology and the respective phenotypes. Nevertheless, this may well be essential for their suitability to identify therapeutically active compounds that have the potential for a curative or at least disease-modifying therapy in humans. In this study, the new transgenic mouse model TBA2.1 was explored in detail to increase knowledge about the neurodegenerative process induced by the presence of pyroglutamate modified human Aβ3-42 (pEAβ3-42). Analysis of the sensorimotor phenotype, motor coordination, Aβ pathology, neurodegeneration, and gliosis revealed formation and progression of severe pathology and phenotypes including massive neuronal loss in homozygous TBA2.1 mice within a few months. In contrast, the start of a slight phenotype was observed only after 21 months in heterozygous mice. These data highlight the role of pEAβ3-42 in the disease development and progression of AD. Based on the findings of this study, homozygous TBA2.1 mice can be utilized to gain deeper understanding in the underlying mechanisms of pEAβ3-42 and might be suitable as an animal model for treatment studies targeting toxic Aβ species, complementary to the well described transgenic AβPP mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Dunkelmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schemmert
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Honold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Teichmann
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Elke Butzküven
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation (MWT), Fraunhofer-Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Biozentrum, Halle, Germany
| | - Nadim Joni Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, JARA, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum der RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Complex Systems, Structural Biochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Germany
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48
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Shofty B, Bergmann E, Zur G, Asleh J, Bosak N, Kavushansky A, Castellanos FX, Ben-Sira L, Packer RJ, Vezina GL, Constantini S, Acosta MT, Kahn I. Autism-associated Nf1 deficiency disrupts corticocortical and corticostriatal functional connectivity in human and mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104479. [PMID: 31128207 PMCID: PMC6689441 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with the autosomal dominant single gene disorder, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), display multiple structural and functional changes in the central nervous system, resulting in neuropsychological cognitive abnormalities. Here we assessed the pathological functional organization that may underlie the behavioral impairments in NF1 using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Coherent spontaneous fluctuations in the fMRI signal across the entire brain were used to interrogate the pattern of functional organization of corticocortical and corticostriatal networks in both NF1 pediatric patients and mice with a heterozygous mutation in the Nf1 gene (Nf1+/-). Children with NF1 demonstrated abnormal organization of cortical association networks and altered posterior-anterior functional connectivity in the default network. Examining the contribution of the striatum revealed that corticostriatal functional connectivity was altered. NF1 children demonstrated reduced functional connectivity between striatum and the frontoparietal network and increased striatal functional connectivity with the limbic network. Awake passive mouse functional connectivity MRI in Nf1+/- mice similarly revealed reduced posterior-anterior connectivity along the cingulate cortex as well as disrupted corticostriatal connectivity. The striatum of Nf1+/- mice showed increased functional connectivity to somatomotor and frontal cortices and decreased functional connectivity to the auditory cortex. Collectively, these results demonstrate similar alterations across species, suggesting that NF1 pathogenesis is linked to striatal dysfunction and disrupted corticocortical connectivity in the default network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Shofty
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; The Gilbert Israeli NF Center, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Bergmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Zur
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jad Asleh
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noam Bosak
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alexandra Kavushansky
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Liat Ben-Sira
- The Gilbert Israeli NF Center, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roger J Packer
- The Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Health System, Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gilbert L Vezina
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shlomi Constantini
- The Gilbert Israeli NF Center, Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maria T Acosta
- The Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Health System, Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Itamar Kahn
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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49
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Klaus A, Alves da Silva J, Costa RM. What, If, and When to Move: Basal Ganglia Circuits and Self-Paced Action Initiation. Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 42:459-483. [PMID: 31018098 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deciding what to do and when to move is vital to our survival. Clinical and fundamental studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input nucleus of the basal ganglia, the striatum, receives inputs from frontal, sensory, and motor cortices and interconnected thalamic areas that provide information about potential goals, context, and actions and directly or indirectly modulates basal ganglia outputs. The striatum also receives dopaminergic inputs that can signal reward prediction errors and also behavioral transitions and movement initiation. Here we review studies and models of how direct and indirect pathways can modulate basal ganglia outputs to facilitate movement initiation, and we discuss the role of cortical and dopaminergic inputs to the striatum in determining what to do and if and when to do it. Complex but exciting scenarios emerge that shed new light on how basal ganglia circuits modulate self-paced movement initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klaus
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Rui M Costa
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
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50
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Tonna M, Marchesi C, Parmigiani S. The biological origins of rituals: An interdisciplinary perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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