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Qin Y, Tan J, Han X, Wang N, Zhai X, Lu Y. Effects of Yinzhihuang on Alleviating Cyclosporine A-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury via Farnesoid X Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Transporters and Enzymes in Vitro and in Vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1810-1819. [PMID: 38044100 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Yinzhihuang (YZH), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, was widely used to treat cholestasis. Cholestatic liver injury limited the use of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) in preventing organ rejection after solid organ transplantation. Clinical evidences suggested that YZH could enhance bile acids and bilirubin clearance, providing a potential therapeutic strategy against CsA-induced cholestasis. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether YZH can effectively alleviate CsA-induced cholestatic liver injury, as well as the molecular mechanisms responsible for its hepatoprotective effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of YZH on CsA-induced cholestatic liver injury and explore its molecular mechanisms in vivo and vitro. The results demonstrated that YZH significantly improved the CsA-induced cholestatic liver injury and reduced the level of liver function markers in serum of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Targeted protein and gene analysis indicated that YZH increased bile acids and bilirubin efflux into bile through the regulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), bile salt export pump (Bsep), sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) transport systems, as well as upstream nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (Fxr). Moreover, YZH modulated enzymes involved in bile acids synthesis and bilirubin metabolism including Cyp family 7 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp7a1) and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) glucuronosyltransferase family 1 member A1 (Ugt1a1). Furthermore, the active components geniposidic acid, baicalin and chlorogenic acid exerted regulated metabolic enzymes and transporters in LO2 cells. In conclusion, YZH may prevent CsA-induced cholestasis by regulating the transport systems, metabolic enzymes, and upstream nuclear receptors Fxr to restore bile acid and bilirubin homeostasis. These findings highlight the potential of YZH as a therapeutic intervention for CsA-induced cholestasis and open avenues for further research into its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jingxuan Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xuemei Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Nanxi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xuejia Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Centre for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness
| | - Yongning Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Centre for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness
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2
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Driessen M, van der Plas-Duivesteijn S, Kienhuis AS, van den Brandhof EJ, Roodbergen M, van de Water B, Spaink HP, Palmblad M, van der Ven LTM, Pennings JLA. Identification of proteome markers for drug-induced liver injury in zebrafish embryos. Toxicology 2022; 477:153262. [PMID: 35868597 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising alternative non-rodent model in toxicology, and initial studies suggested its applicability in detecting hepatic responses related to drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Here, we hypothesize that detailed analysis of underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxicity in ZFE contributes to the improved identification of hepatotoxic properties of compounds and to the reduction of rodents used for hepatotoxicity assessment. ZFEs were exposed to nine reference hepatotoxicants, targeted at induction of steatosis, cholestasis, and necrosis, and effects compared with negative controls. Protein profiles of the individual compounds were generated using LC-MS/MS. We identified differentially expressed proteins and pathways, but as these showed considerable overlap, phenotype-specific responses could not be distinguished. This led us to identify a set of common hepatotoxicity marker proteins. At the pathway level, these were mainly associated with cellular adaptive stress-responses, whereas single proteins could be linked to common hepatotoxicity-associated processes. Applying several stringency criteria to our proteomics data as well as information from other data sources resulted in a set of potential robust protein markers, notably Igf2bp1, Cox5ba, Ahnak, Itih3b.2, Psma6b, Srsf3a, Ces2b, Ces2a, Tdo2b, and Anxa1c, for the detection of adverse responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Driessen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Evert-Jan van den Brandhof
- Centre for Environmental Quality, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne Roodbergen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Palmblad
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leo T M van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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3
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Guo Z, Liu M, Meng J, Xue Y, Huang Q, Zheng Y, Wu Y, Chen Z, Yu J, Zhong D, Li G, Chen X, Diao X. Mechanistic study on the species differences in excretion pathway of HR011303 in human and rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:809-818. [PMID: 34862251 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excretion of [14C]HR011303-derived radioactivity showed significant species difference. Urine (81.50% of dose) was the main excretion route in healthy male subjects, whereas feces (87.16% of dose) was the main excretion route in rats. To further elucidate the underlying cause for excretion species differences of HR011303, studies were conducted to uncover its metabolism and excretion mechanism. M5, a glucuronide metabolite of HR011303, is the main metabolite in humans and rats. Results of rat microsomes incubation study suggested that HR011303 was metabolized to M5 in the rat liver. According to previous studies, M5 is produced in both human liver and kidney microsomes. We found M5 in human liver can be transported to the blood by multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 3 and then the majority of M5 can be hydrolyzed to HR011303. HR011303 enters the human kidney or liver through passive diffusion, whereas M5 is taken up through organic anion transporter (OAT) 3, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, and OATP1B3. When HR011303 alone was present, it can be metabolized to M5 in both sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRH) and sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes (SCHH) and excreted into bile as M5 in SCRH. Using transporter inhibitors in sandwich-cultured model and membrane vesicles that expressing MRP2 or Mrp2, we found M5 was substance of MRP2/Mrp2 and the bile efflux of M5 mainly mediated by MRP2/Mrp2. Considering the significant role of MRP3/Mrp3 and MRP2/Mrp2 in the excretion of glucuronides, the competition between them for M5 was possibly the determinant for the different excretion routes in humans and rats. Significance Statement Animal experiments are necessary to predict dosage and safety of candidate drugs prior to clinical trials. However, extrapolation results often differ from actual situation. For HR011303, excretory pathways exhibited a complete reversal, through urine in humans and feces in rats. Such phenomena have been observed in several drugs, but no in-depth studies have been conducted to date. In the present study, the excretion species differences of HR011303 can be explained by the competition for M5 between MRP2/Mrp2 and MRP3/Mrp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China
| | - Mengling Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jian Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yaru Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd., China
| | - Yuandong Zheng
- DMPK, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yali Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinet, China
| | - Guangze Li
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co. Ltd., China
| | | | - Xingxing Diao
- DMPK, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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4
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Tabernilla A, dos Santos Rodrigues B, Pieters A, Caufriez A, Leroy K, Van Campenhout R, Cooreman A, Gomes AR, Arnesdotter E, Gijbels E, Vinken M. In Vitro Liver Toxicity Testing of Chemicals: A Pragmatic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5038. [PMID: 34068678 PMCID: PMC8126138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is among the most frequently targeted organs by noxious chemicals of diverse nature. Liver toxicity testing using laboratory animals not only raises serious ethical questions, but is also rather poorly predictive of human safety towards chemicals. Increasing attention is, therefore, being paid to the development of non-animal and human-based testing schemes, which rely to a great extent on in vitro methodology. The present paper proposes a rationalized tiered in vitro testing strategy to detect liver toxicity triggered by chemicals, in which the first tier is focused on assessing general cytotoxicity, while the second tier is aimed at identifying liver-specific toxicity as such. A state-of-the-art overview is provided of the most commonly used in vitro assays that can be used in both tiers. Advantages and disadvantages of each assay as well as overall practical considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (A.T.); (B.d.S.R.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.L.); (R.V.C.); (A.C.); (A.R.G.); (E.A.); (E.G.)
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5
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Kunst RF, Niemeijer M, van der Laan LJW, Spee B, van de Graaf SFJ. From fatty hepatocytes to impaired bile flow: Matching model systems for liver biology and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114173. [PMID: 32717228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of model systems are used in hepatobiliary research. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of established and emerging models for specific research questions. We specifically discuss the value and limitations of these models for research on metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), (previously named non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH)) and cholestasis-related diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The entire range of models is discussed varying from immortalized cell lines, mature or pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids/spheroids, to animal models and human ex vivo models such as normothermic machine perfusion of livers and living liver slices. Finally, the pros and cons of each model are discussed as well as the need in the scientific community for continuous innovation in model development to better mimic the human (patho)physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni F Kunst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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6
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Török G, Erdei Z, Lilienberg J, Apáti Á, Homolya L. The importance of transporters and cell polarization for the evaluation of human stem cell-derived hepatic cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227751. [PMID: 31971960 PMCID: PMC6977753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising applications of human pluripotent stem cells is their utilization for human-based pharmacological models. Despite the fact that membrane transporters expressed in the liver play pivotal role in various hepatic functions, thus far only little attention was devoted to the membrane transporter composition of the stem cell-derived liver models. In the present work, we have differentiated HUES9, a human embryonic stem cell line, toward the hepatic lineage, and monitored the expression levels of numerous differentiation marker and liver transporter genes with special focus on ABC transporters. In addition, the effect of bile acid treatment and polarizing culturing conditions on hepatic maturation has been assessed. We found that most transporter genes crucial for hepatic functions are markedly induced during hepatic differentiation; however, as regards the transporter composition the end-stage cells still exhibited dual, hepatocyte and cholangiocyte character. Although the bile acid treatment and sandwich culturing only slightly influenced the gene expressions, the stimulated cell polarization resulted in formation of bile canaliculi and proper localization of transporters. Our results point to the importance of membrane transporters in human stem cell-derived hepatic models and demonstrate the relevance of cell polarization in generation of applicable cellular models with correctly localized transporters. On the basis of our observations we suggest that conventional criteria for the evaluation of the quality of stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells ought to be augmented with additional elements, such as polarized and functional expression of hepatic transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Török
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Erdei
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Lilienberg
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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7
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Deferm N, De Vocht T, Qi B, Van Brantegem P, Gijbels E, Vinken M, de Witte P, Bouillon T, Annaert P. Current insights in the complexities underlying drug-induced cholestasis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:520-548. [PMID: 31589080 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1635081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) poses a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. It causes both drug attrition and post-approval withdrawal of drugs. DIC represents itself as an impaired secretion and flow of bile, leading to the pathological hepatic and/or systemic accumulation of bile acids (BAs) and their conjugate bile salts. Due to the high number of mechanisms underlying DIC, predicting a compound's cholestatic potential during early stages of drug development remains elusive. A profound understanding of the different molecular mechanisms of DIC is, therefore, of utmost importance. Although many knowledge gaps and caveats still exist, it is generally accepted that alterations of certain hepatobiliary membrane transporters and changes in hepatocellular morphology may cause DIC. Consequently, liver models, which represent most of these mechanisms, are valuable tools to predict human DIC. Some of these models, such as membrane-based in vitro models, are exceptionally well-suited to investigate specific mechanisms (i.e. transporter inhibition) of DIC, while others, such as liver slices, encompass all relevant biological processes and, therefore, offer a better representation of the in vivo situation. In the current review, we highlight the principal molecular mechanisms associated with DIC and offer an overview and critical appraisal of the different liver models that are currently being used to predict the cholestatic potential of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Deferm
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom De Vocht
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Bouillon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Chang JH, Sangaraju D, Liu N, Jaochico A, Plise E. Comprehensive Evaluation of Bile Acid Homeostasis in Human Hepatocyte Co-Culture in the Presence of Troglitazone, Pioglitazone, and Acetylsalicylic Acid. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4230-4240. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae H. Chang
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ning Liu
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Allan Jaochico
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emile Plise
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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9
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Aleo MD, Ukairo O, Moore A, Irrechukwu O, Potter DM, Schneider RP. Liver safety evaluation of endothelin receptor antagonists using HepatoPac
®
: A single model impact assessment on hepatocellular health, function and bile acid disposition. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1192-1207. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Aleo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Worldwide Research & DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut
| | | | - Amanda Moore
- BioIVT, formerly Hepregen Corporation Medford Massachusetts
| | | | - David M. Potter
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Worldwide Research & DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut
| | - Richard P. Schneider
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Worldwide Research & DevelopmentPfizer Inc. Groton Connecticut
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10
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Lee EH, Kim S, Choi MS, Park SM, Moon KS, Yoon S, Oh JH. Inhibition of PPARα target genes during cyclosporine A-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Fernández-Murga ML, Petrov PD, Conde I, Castell JV, Goméz-Lechón MJ, Jover R. Advances in drug-induced cholestasis: Clinical perspectives, potential mechanisms and in vitro systems. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:196-212. [PMID: 29990576 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing research, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a serious issue of increasing importance to the medical community that challenges health systems, pharmaceutical industries and drug regulatory agencies. Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) represents a frequent manifestation of DILI in humans, which is characterised by an impaired canalicular bile flow resulting in a detrimental accumulation of bile constituents in blood and tissues. From a clinical point of view, cholestatic DILI generates a wide spectrum of presentations and can be a diagnostic challenge. The drug classes mostly associated with DIC are anti-infectious, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, psychotropic and cardiovascular agents, steroids, and other miscellaneous drugs. The molecular mechanisms of DIC have been investigated since the 1980s but they remain debatable. It is recognised that altered expression and/or function of hepatobiliary membrane transporters underlies some forms of cholestasis, and this and other concomitant mechanisms are very likely in DIC. Deciphering these processes may pave the ways for diagnosis, prognosis and prevention, for which currently major gaps and caveats exist. In this review, we summarise recent advances in the field of DIC, including clinical aspects, the potential mechanisms postulated so far and the in vitro systems that can be useful to investigate and identify new cholestatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leonor Fernández-Murga
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Petar D Petrov
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Conde
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
| | - M José Goméz-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Jackson JP, Freeman KM, St. Claire RL, Black CB, Brouwer KR. Cholestatic Drug Induced Liver Injury: A Function of Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition and Farnesoid X Receptor Antagonism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Vilas-Boas V, Cooreman A, Gijbels E, Van Campenhout R, Gustafson E, Ballet S, Annaert P, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Primary hepatocytes and their cultures for the testing of drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2018; 85:1-30. [PMID: 31307583 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major reason for discontinuation of drug development and withdrawal of drugs from the market. Intensive efforts in the last decades have focused on the establishment and finetuning of liver-based in vitro models for reliable prediction of hepatotoxicity triggered by drug candidates. Of those, primary hepatocytes and their cultures still are considered the gold standard, as they provide an acceptable reflection of the hepatic in vivo situation. Nevertheless, these in vitro systems cope with gradual deterioration of the differentiated morphological and functional phenotype. The present paper gives an overview of traditional and more recently introduced strategies to counteract this dedifferentiation process in an attempt to set up culture models that can be used for long-term testing purposes. The relevance and applicability of such optimized cultures of primary hepatocytes for the testing of drug-induced cholestatic liver injury is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Cooreman
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raf Van Campenhout
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emma Gustafson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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14
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Kenna JG, Uetrecht J. Do In Vitro Assays Predict Drug Candidate Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury Risk? Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1658-1669. [PMID: 30021844 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro assays are commonly used during drug discovery to try to decrease the risk of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI). But how effective are they at predicting risk? One of the most widely used methods evaluates cell cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity assays that used cell lines that are very different from normal hepatocytes, and high concentrations of drug, were not very accurate at predicting idiosyncratic drug reaction risk. Even cytotoxicity assays that use more biologically normal cells resulted in many false-positive and false-negative results. Assays that quantify reactive metabolite formation, mitochondrial injury, and bile salt export pump (BSEP) inhibition have also been described. Although evidence suggests that reactive metabolite formation and BSEP inhibition can play a role in the mechanism of iDILI, these assays are not very accurate at predicting risk. In contrast, inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain appears not to play an important role in the mechanism of iDILI, although other types of mitochondrial injury may do so. It is likely that there are many additional mechanisms by which drugs can cause iDILI. However, simply measuring more parameters is unlikely to provide better predictive assays unless those parameters are actually involved in the mechanism of iDILI. Hence, a better mechanistic understanding of iDILI is required; however, mechanistic studies of iDILI are very difficult. There is substantive evidence that most iDILI is immune mediated; therefore, the most accurate assays may involve those that determine immune responses to drugs. New methods to manipulate immune tolerance may greatly facilitate development of more suitable methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerry Kenna
- Safer Medicines Trust, Kingsbridge, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); and Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.U.)
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Safer Medicines Trust, Kingsbridge, United Kingdom (J.G.K.); and Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.U.)
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15
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Oorts M, Keemink J, Deferm N, Adriaensen R, Richert L, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Extra collagen overlay prolongs the differentiated phenotype in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2018; 90:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Metabolic Activation of Cholestatic Drug-Induced Bile Acid-Dependent Toxicity in Human Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2509-2514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Tetsuka K, Ohbuchi M, Tabata K. Recent Progress in Hepatocyte Culture Models and Their Application to the Assessment of Drug Metabolism, Transport, and Toxicity in Drug Discovery: The Value of Tissue Engineering for the Successful Development of a Microphysiological System. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2302-2311. [PMID: 28533121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology has provided many useful culture models. This article reviews the merits of this technology in a hepatocyte culture system and describes the applications of the sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model in drug discovery. In addition, we also review recent investigations of the utility of the 3-dimensional bioprinted human liver tissue model and spheroid model. Finally, we present the future direction and developmental challenges of a hepatocyte culture model for the successful establishment of a microphysiological system, represented as an organ-on-a-chip and even as a human-on-a-chip. A merit of advanced culture models is their potential use for detecting hepatotoxicity through repeated exposure to chemicals as they allow long-term culture while maintaining hepatocyte functionality. As a future direction, such advanced hepatocyte culture systems can be connected to other tissue models for evaluating tissue-to-tissue interaction beyond cell-to-cell interaction. This combination of culture models could represent parts of the human body in a microphysiological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Tetsuka
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Masato Ohbuchi
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Tabata
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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Starokozhko V, Greupink R, van de Broek P, Soliman N, Ghimire S, de Graaf IAM, Groothuis GMM. Rat precision-cut liver slices predict drug-induced cholestatic injury. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3403-3413. [PMID: 28391356 PMCID: PMC5608839 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is one of the leading manifestations of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). As the underlying mechanisms for DIC are not fully known and specific and predictive biomarkers and pre-clinical models are lacking, the occurrence of DIC is often only reported when the drug has been approved for registration. Therefore, appropriate models that predict the cholestatic potential of drug candidates and/or provide insight into the mechanism of DIC are highly needed. We investigated the application of rat precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) to predict DIC, using several biomarkers of cholestasis: hepatocyte viability, intracellular accumulation of total as well as individual bile acids and changes in the expression of genes known to play a role in cholestasis. Rat PCLS exposed to the cholestatic drugs chlorpromazine, cyclosporine A and glibenclamide for 48 h in the presence of a 60 μM physiological bile acid (BA) mix reflected various changes associated with cholestasis, such as decrease in hepatocyte viability, accumulation and changes in the composition of BA and changes in the gene expression of Fxr, Bsep and Ntcp. The toxicity of the drugs was correlated with the accumulation of BA, and especially DCA and CDCA and their conjugates, but to a different extent for different drugs, indicating that BA toxicity is not the only cause for the toxicity of cholestatic drugs. Moreover, our study supports the use of several biomarkers to test drugs for DIC. In conclusion, our results indicate that PCLS may represent a physiological and valuable model to identify cholestatic drugs and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Greupink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra van de Broek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nashwa Soliman
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samiksha Ghimire
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Pedersen JM, Khan EK, Bergström CAS, Palm J, Hoogstraate J, Artursson P. Substrate and method dependent inhibition of three ABC-transporters (MDR1, BCRP, and MRP2). Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 103:70-76. [PMID: 28263911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug transport and drug-drug interactions (DDI) with human ABC transporters are generally investigated in mammalian cell lines or inverted membrane vesicles from insect cells (Sf9) overexpressing the transporter of interest. In this study, we instead used membrane vesicles from human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) overexpressing wild type MDR1/Pgp (ABCB1), BCRP (ABCG2), and MRP2 (ABCC2) with the aim to study the concentration dependent inhibition of shared and prototypic probe substrates. We first investigated 15 substrates and identified estrone-17-beta-glucorinide (E17G) as shared substrate. Nine specific and general inhibitors were then studied using E17G and prototypic probe substrates. The results were compared with those previously obtained in Sf9 vesicles and cell lines of canine (MDCKII) and human (Saos-2) origin. For the majority of inhibitors, Ki values differed <10-fold between E17G and probe substrates. Significant differences in Ki values were observed for about one third of the inhibitors. The transport inhibition potencies in HEK293 vesicles were in good agreement with those obtained in Sf9 vesicles. Large differences were found in the inhibition potencies observed in the vesicular systems compared to the cellular systems. Nevertheless, the rank order correlations between the different experimental systems were generally good. Our study provides further information on substrate dependent inhibition of ABC-transporters, and suggests that simple ranking of compounds can be used as a tier one approach to bridge results obtained in different experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elin K Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Univeristy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Palm
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Janet Hoogstraate
- CNS and Pain Innovative Medicines DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy and Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Chemical Biology Consortium, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Zhou L, Pang X, Jiang J, Zhong D, Chen X. Nimesulide and 4′-Hydroxynimesulide as Bile Acid Transporters Inhibitors Are Contributory Factors for Drug-Induced Cholestasis. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:441-448. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Kenna JG. Human biology-based drug safety evaluation: scientific rationale, current status and future challenges. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:567-574. [PMID: 28150517 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1290082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal toxicity studies used to assess the safety of new candidate pharmaceuticals prior to their progression into human clinical trials are unable to assess the risk of non-pharmacologically mediated idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (ADRs), the most frequent of which are drug-induced liver injury and cardiotoxicity. Idiosyncratic ADRs occur only infrequently and in certain susceptible humans, but are caused by many hundreds of different drugs and may lead to serious illness. Areas covered: Idiosyncratic ADRs are initiated by drug-related chemical insults, which cause toxicity due to susceptibility factors that manifest only in certain patients. The chemical insults can be detected using in vitro assays. These enable useful discrimination between drugs that cause high versus low levels of idiosyncratic ADR concern. Especially promising assays, which have been described recently in peer-reviewed scientific literature, are highlighted. Expert opinion: Effective interpretation of in vitro toxicity data requires integration of endpoints from multiple assays, which each address different mechanisms, and must also take account of human systemic and tissue drug exposure in vivo. Widespread acceptance and use of such assays has been hampered by the lack of correlation between idiosyncratic human ADR risk and toxicities observed in vivo in animals.
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22
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Macrolide antibiotics differentially influence human HepG2 cytotoxicity and modulate intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathways in rat hepatocellular carcinoma model. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:379-395. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-016-1337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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Sandwich-Cultured Hepatocytes as a Tool to Study Drug Disposition and Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:443-459. [PMID: 26869411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) are metabolically competent and have proper localization of basolateral and canalicular transporters with functional bile networks. Therefore, this cellular model is a unique tool that can be used to estimate biliary excretion of compounds. SCH have been used widely to assess hepatobiliary disposition of endogenous and exogenous compounds and metabolites. Mechanistic modeling based on SCH data enables estimation of metabolic and transporter-mediated clearances, which can be used to construct physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for prediction of drug disposition and drug-drug interactions in humans. In addition to pharmacokinetic studies, SCH also have been used to study cytotoxicity and perturbation of biological processes by drugs and hepatically generated metabolites. Human SCH can provide mechanistic insights underlying clinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In addition, data generated in SCH can be integrated into systems pharmacology models to predict potential DILI in humans. In this review, applications of SCH in studying hepatobiliary drug disposition and bile acid-mediated DILI are discussed. An example is presented to show how data generated in the SCH model were used to establish a quantitative relationship between intracellular bile acids and cytotoxicity, and how this information was incorporated into a systems pharmacology model for DILI prediction.
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24
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Hepatic 3D spheroid models for the detection and study of compounds with cholestatic liability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35434. [PMID: 27759057 PMCID: PMC5069690 DOI: 10.1038/srep35434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) is poorly understood and its preclinical prediction is mainly limited to assessing the compound's potential to inhibit the bile salt export pump (BSEP). Here, we evaluated two 3D spheroid models, one from primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and one from HepaRG cells, for the detection of compounds with cholestatic liability. By repeatedly co-exposing both models to a set of compounds with different mechanisms of hepatotoxicity and a non-toxic concentrated bile acid (BA) mixture for 8 days we observed a selective synergistic toxicity of compounds known to cause cholestatic or mixed cholestatic/hepatocellular toxicity and the BA mixture compared to exposure to the compounds alone, a phenomenon that was more pronounced after extending the exposure time to 14 days. In contrast, no such synergism was observed after both 8 and 14 days of exposure to the BA mixture for compounds that cause non-cholestatic hepatotoxicity. Mechanisms behind the toxicity of the cholestatic compound chlorpromazine were accurately detected in both spheroid models, including intracellular BA accumulation, inhibition of ABCB11 expression and disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, the observed synergistic toxicity of chlorpromazine and BA was associated with increased oxidative stress and modulation of death receptor signalling. Combined, our results demonstrate that the hepatic spheroid models presented here can be used to detect and study compounds with cholestatic liability.
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25
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Key Challenges and Opportunities Associated with the Use of In Vitro Models to Detect Human DILI: Integrated Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9737920. [PMID: 27689095 PMCID: PMC5027328 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9737920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of late-stage clinical drug attrition, market withdrawal, black-box warnings, and acute liver failure. Consequently, it has been an area of focus for toxicologists and clinicians for several decades. In spite of considerable efforts, limited improvements in DILI prediction have been made and efforts to improve existing preclinical models or develop new test systems remain a high priority. While prediction of intrinsic DILI has improved, identifying compounds with a risk for idiosyncratic DILI (iDILI) remains extremely challenging because of the lack of a clear mechanistic understanding and the multifactorial pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug reactions. Well-defined clinical diagnostic criteria and risk factors are also missing. This paper summarizes key data interpretation challenges, practical considerations, model limitations, and the need for an integrated risk assessment. As demonstrated through selected initiatives to address other types of toxicities, opportunities exist however for improvement, especially through better concerted efforts at harmonization of current, emerging and novel in vitro systems or through the establishment of strategies for implementation of preclinical DILI models across the pharmaceutical industry. Perspectives on the incorporation of newer technologies and the value of precompetitive consortia to identify useful practices are also discussed.
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26
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Vatakuti S, Olinga P, Pennings JLA, Groothuis GMM. Validation of precision-cut liver slices to study drug-induced cholestasis: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1401-1412. [PMID: 27344345 PMCID: PMC5316400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is one of the major reasons for withdrawal of drugs from the market. Therefore, there is a need to screen new drugs for hepatotoxicity in humans at an earlier stage. The aim of this study was to validate human precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) as an ex vivo model to predict drug-induced cholestasis and identify the possible mechanisms of cholestasis-induced toxicity using gene expression profiles. Five hepatotoxicants, which are known to induce cholestasis (alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, ethinyl estradiol and methyl testosterone) were used at concentrations inducing low (<30 %) and medium (30-50 %) toxicity, based on ATP content. Human PCLS were incubated with the drugs in the presence of a non-toxic concentration (60 µM) of a bile acid mixture (portal vein concentration and composition) as model for bile acid-induced cholestasis. Regulated genes include bile acid transporters and cholesterol transporters. Pathway analysis revealed that hepatic cholestasis was among the top ten regulated pathways, and signaling pathways such as farnesoid X receptor- and liver X receptor-mediated responses, which are known to play a role in cholestasis, were significantly affected by all cholestatic compounds. Other significantly affected pathways include unfolded protein response and protein ubiquitination implicating the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This study shows that human PCLS incubated in the presence of a physiological bile acid mixture correctly reflect the pathways affected in drug-induced cholestasis in the human liver. In the future, this human PCLS model can be used to identify cholestatic adverse drug reactions of new chemical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Vatakuti
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Metabolic activation and drug-induced liver injury: in vitro approaches for the safety risk assessment of new drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:752-68. [PMID: 26691983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant leading cause of hepatic dysfunction, drug failure during clinical trials and post-market withdrawal of approved drugs. Many cases of DILI are unexpected reactions of an idiosyncratic nature that occur in a small group of susceptible individuals. Intensive research efforts have been made to understand better the idiosyncratic DILI and to identify potential risk factors. Metabolic bioactivation of drugs to form reactive metabolites is considered an initiation mechanism for idiosyncratic DILI. Reactive species may interact irreversibly with cell macromolecules (covalent binding, oxidative damage), and alter their structure and activity. This review focuses on proposed in vitro screening strategies to predict and reduce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with drug bioactivation. Compound incubation with metabolically competent biological systems (liver-derived cells, subcellular fractions), in combination with methods to reveal the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g., formation of adducts with liver proteins, metabolite trapping or enzyme inhibition assays), are approaches commonly used to screen the reactivity of new molecules in early drug development. Several cell-based assays have also been proposed for the safety risk assessment of bioactivable compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Activation, Metabolic
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/trends
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Coculture Techniques/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques/trends
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Microfluidics/methods
- Microfluidics/trends
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tissue Scaffolds/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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28
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Dambach DM, Misner D, Brock M, Fullerton A, Proctor W, Maher J, Lee D, Ford K, Diaz D. Safety Lead Optimization and Candidate Identification: Integrating New Technologies into Decision-Making. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 29:452-72. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M. Dambach
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dinah Misner
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mathew Brock
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron Fullerton
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William Proctor
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Maher
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dong Lee
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kevin Ford
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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29
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High-content screening imaging and real-time cellular impedance monitoring for the assessment of chemical’s bio-activation with regards hepatotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1916-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Li X, Zhong K, Guo Z, Zhong D, Chen X. Fasiglifam (TAK-875) Inhibits Hepatobiliary Transporters: A Possible Factor Contributing to Fasiglifam-Induced Liver Injury. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1751-9. [PMID: 26276582 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasiglifam (TAK-875), a selective G-protein-coupled receptor 40 agonist, was developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, its development was terminated in phase III clinical trials because of liver safety concerns. Our preliminary study indicated that intravenous administration of 100 mg/kg of TAK-875 increased the serum total bile acid concentration by 3 to 4 times and total bilirubin levels by 1.5 to 2.6 times in rats. In the present study, we examined the inhibitory effects of TAK-875 on hepatobiliary transporters to explore the mechanisms underlying its hepatotoxicity. TAK-875 decreased the biliary excretion index and the in vitro biliary clearance of d₈-taurocholic acid in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes, suggesting that TAK-875 impaired biliary excretion of bile acids, possibly by inhibiting bile salt export pump (Bsep). TAK-875 inhibited the efflux transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2) in rat hepatocytes using 5 (and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein as a substrate. Inhibition of MRP2 was further confirmed by reduced transport of vinblastine in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells overexpressing MRP2 with IC₅₀ values of 2.41 μM. TAK-875 also inhibited the major bile acid uptake transporter Na(+)/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp), which transports d₈-taurocholic acid into rat hepatocytes, with an IC₅₀ value of 10.9 μM. TAK-875 significantly inhibited atorvastatin uptake in organic anion transporter protein (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3 cells with IC₅₀ values of 2.28 and 3.98 μM, respectively. These results indicate that TAK-875 inhibited the efflux transporter MRP2/Mrp2 and uptake transporters Ntcp and OATP/Oatp, which may affect bile acid and bilirubin homeostasis, resulting in hyperbilirubinemia and cholestatic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zitao Guo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Lee SY, Kim HJ, Choi D. Cell sources, liver support systems and liver tissue engineering: alternatives to liver transplantation. Int J Stem Cells 2015; 8:36-47. [PMID: 26019753 PMCID: PMC4445708 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2015.8.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the largest organ in the body; it has a complex architecture, wide range of functions and unique regenerative capacity. The growing incidence of liver diseases worldwide requires increased numbers of liver transplant and leads to an ongoing shortage of donor livers. To meet the huge demand, various alternative approaches are being investigated including, hepatic cell transplantation, artificial devices and bioprinting of the organ itself. Adult hepatocytes are the preferred cell sources, but they have limited availability, are difficult to isolate, propagate poor and undergo rapid functional deterioration in vitro. There have been efforts to overcome these drawbacks; by improving culture condition for hepatocytes, providing adequate extracellular matrix, co-culturing with extra-parenchymal cells and identifying other cell sources. Differentiation of human stem cells to hepatocytes has become a major interest in the field of stem cell research and has progressed greatly. At the same time, use of decellularized organ matrices and 3 D printing are emerging cutting-edge technologies for tissue engineering, opening up new paths for liver regenerative medicine. This review provides a compact summary of the issues, and the locations of liver support systems and tissue engineering, with an emphasis on reproducible and useful sources of hepatocytes including various candidates formed by differentiation from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Joon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Gao Y, Liang J, Luo Y, Gong Y. Structural optimization design of perfusion bioreactors with multilayer circular parallel plates scaffold. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1021279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Gao YB, Liang JX, Luo YX, Yan J. A tracer liquid image velocimetry for multi-layer radial flow in bioreactors. Biomed Eng Online 2015; 14:10. [PMID: 25888748 PMCID: PMC4339657 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-015-0002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This paper presents a Tracer Liquid Image Velocimetry (TLIV) for multi-layer radial flow in bioreactors used for cells cultivation of tissue engineering. The goal of this approach is to use simple devices to get good measuring precision, specialized for the case in which the uniform level of fluid shear stress was required while fluid velocity varied smoothly. Methods Compared to the widely used Particles Image Velocimetry (PIV), this method adopted a bit of liquid as tracer, without the need of laser source. Sub-pixel positioning algorithm was used to overcome the adverse effects of the tracer liquid deformation. In addition, a neighborhood smoothing algorithm was used to restrict the measurement perturbation caused by diffusion. Experiments were carried out in a parallel plates flow chamber. And mathematical models of the flow chamber and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation were separately employed to validate the measurement precision of TLIV. Results The mean relative error between the simulated and measured data can be less than 2%, while in similar validations using PIV, the error was around 8.8%. Conclusions TLIV avoided the contradiction between the particles’ visibility and following performance with tested fluid, which is difficult to overcome in PIV. And TLIV is easier to popularize for its simple experimental condition and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bao Gao
- School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiu-Xing Liang
- School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu-Xi Luo
- School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jia Yan
- School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
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A transcriptomics-based hepatotoxicity comparison between the zebrafish embryo and established human and rodent in vitro and in vivo models using cyclosporine A, amiodarone and acetaminophen. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:403-12. [PMID: 25448281 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising alternative, non-rodent model in toxicology, which has an advantage over the traditionally used models as it contains complete biological complexity and provides a medium to high-throughput setting. Here, we assess how the ZFE compares to the traditionally used models for liver toxicity testing, i.e., in vivo mouse and rat liver, in vitro mouse and rat hepatocytes, and primary human hepatocytes. For this comparison, we analyzed gene expression changes induced by three model compounds for cholestasis, steatosis, and necrosis. The three compounds, cyclosporine A, amiodarone, and acetaminophen, were chosen because of their relevance to human toxicity and these compounds displayed hepatotoxic-specific changes in the mouse in vivo data. Compound induced expression changes in the ZFE model shared similarity with both in vivo and in vitro. Comparison on single gene level revealed the presence of model specific changes and no clear concordance across models. However, concordance was identified on the pathway level. Specifically, the pathway "regulation of metabolism - bile acids regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism via FXR" was affected across all models and compounds. In conclusion, our study with three hepatotoxic model compounds shows that the ZFE model is at least as comparable to traditional models in identifying hepatotoxic activity and has the potential for use as a pre-screen to determine the hepatotoxic potential of compounds.
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Woodhead JL, Yang K, Siler SQ, Watkins PB, Brouwer KLR, Barton HA, Howell BA. Exploring BSEP inhibition-mediated toxicity with a mechanistic model of drug-induced liver injury. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:240. [PMID: 25426072 PMCID: PMC4224072 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) has been linked to incidence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), presumably by the accumulation of toxic bile acids in the liver. We have previously constructed and validated a model of bile acid disposition within DILIsym®, a mechanistic model of DILI. In this paper, we use DILIsym® to simulate the DILI response of the hepatotoxic BSEP inhibitors bosentan and CP-724,714 and the non-hepatotoxic BSEP inhibitor telmisartan in humans in order to explore whether we can predict that hepatotoxic BSEP inhibitors can cause bile acid accumulation to reach toxic levels. We also simulate bosentan in rats in order to illuminate potential reasons behind the lack of toxicity in rats compared to the toxicity observed in humans. DILIsym® predicts that bosentan, but not telmisartan, will cause mild hepatocellular ATP decline and serum ALT elevation in a simulated population of humans. The difference in hepatotoxic potential between bosentan and telmisartan is consistent with clinical observations. However, DILIsym® underpredicts the incidence of bosentan toxicity. DILIsym® also predicts that bosentan will not cause toxicity in a simulated population of rats, and that the difference between the response to bosentan in rats and in humans is primarily due to the less toxic bile acid pool in rats. Our simulations also suggest a potential synergistic role for bile acid accumulation and mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) inhibition in producing the observed toxicity in CP-724,714, and suggest that CP-724,714 metabolites may also play a role in the observed toxicity. Our work also compares the impact of competitive and noncompetitive BSEP inhibition for CP-724,714 and demonstrates that noncompetitive inhibition leads to much greater bile acid accumulation and potential toxicity. Our research demonstrates the potential for mechanistic modeling to contribute to the understanding of how bile acid transport inhibitors cause DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Woodhead
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kyunghee Yang
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott Q Siler
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Watkins
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC-Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hugh A Barton
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc. Groton CT, USA
| | - Brett A Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Krueger W, Boelsterli UA, Rasmussen TP. Stem Cell Strategies to Evaluate Idiosyncratic Drug-induced Liver Injury. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2014; 2:143-52. [PMID: 26355943 PMCID: PMC4521249 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The host-dependent nature of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) suggests that rare genetic polymorphisms may contribute to the disease. Indeed, a few mutations in key genes have already been identified using conventional human genetics approaches. Over 50 commonly used drugs can precipitate iDILI, making this a substantial medical problem. Only recently have human induced pluripotent stem cells been used as a research tool to discover novel iDILI genes and to study the mechanisms of iDILI in vitro. Here we review the current state of stem cell use in the investigation of iDILI, with a special focus on genetics. In addition, the concerns and difficulties associated with genetics and animal model research are discussed. We then present the features of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells (which may be derived from iDILI patients themselves), and explain why these cells may be of great utility. A variety of recent approaches to produce hepatocyte-like cells from pluripotent cells and the associated advantages and limitations of such cells are discussed. Future directions for the use of stem cell science to investigate iDILI include novel ways to identify new iDILI genes, a consideration of epigenetic impacts on iDILI, and the development of new and improved strategies for the production of hepatocytes from human pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Krueger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Urs A. Boelsterli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Theodore P. Rasmussen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, Storrs/Farmington, CT, USA
- Correspondence to: Theodore P. Rasmussen, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, U-3092, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Tel: +86-486-8339, Fax: +86-486-5792. E-mail:
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Systems pharmacology modeling predicts delayed presentation and species differences in bile acid-mediated troglitazone hepatotoxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:589-98. [PMID: 25068506 PMCID: PMC4480860 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Troglitazone (TGZ) causes delayed, life-threatening drug-induced liver injury in some patients but was not hepatotoxic in rats. This study investigated altered bile acid homeostasis as a mechanism of TGZ hepatotoxicity using a systems pharmacology model incorporating drug/metabolite disposition, bile acid physiology/pathophysiology, hepatocyte life cycle, and liver injury biomarkers. In the simulated human population, TGZ (200-600 mg/day × 6 months) resulted in delayed increases in serum alanine transaminase >3× the upper limit of normal in 0.3-5.1%, with concomitant bilirubin elevations >2× the upper limit of normal in 0.3-3.6%, of the population. By contrast, pioglitazone (15-45 mg/day × 6 months) did not elicit hepatotoxicity, consistent with clinical data. TGZ was not hepatotoxic in the simulated rat population. In summary, mechanistic modeling based only on bile acid effects accurately predicted the incidence, delayed presentation, and species differences in TGZ hepatotoxicity, in addition to predicting the relative liver safety of pioglitazone. Systems pharmacology models integrating physiology and experimental data can evaluate drug-induced liver injury mechanisms and may be useful to predict the hepatotoxic potential of drug candidates.
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Driessen M, Kienhuis AS, Vitins AP, Pennings JLA, Pronk TE, van den Brandhof EJ, Roodbergen M, van de Water B, van der Ven LTM. Gene expression markers in the zebrafish embryo reflect a hepatotoxic response in animal models and humans. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:48-56. [PMID: 25064622 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising non-rodent model in toxicology, and initial studies suggested its applicability in detecting hepatotoxic responses. Here, we hypothesize that the detailed analysis of underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxicity in ZFE contributes to the improved identification of hepatotoxic properties of new compounds and to the reduction of rodents used for screening. ZFEs were exposed to nine reference hepatotoxicants, targeted at induction of cholestasis, steatosis and necrosis, and two non-hepatotoxic controls. Histopathology revealed various specific morphological changes in the ZFE hepatocytes indicative of cell injury. Gene expression profiles of the individual compounds were generated using microarrays. Regulation of single genes and of pathways could be linked to hepatotoxic responses in general, but phenotype-specific responses could not be distinguished. Hepatotoxicity-associated pathways included xenobiotic metabolism and oxidoreduction related pathways. Overall analysis of gene expression identified a limited set of potential biomarkers specific for a common hepatotoxicity response. This set included several cytochrome P450 genes (cyp2k19, cyp4v7, cyp2aa3), genes related to liver development (pklr) and genes important in oxidoreduction processes (zgc:163022, zgc:158614, zgc:101858 and sqrdl). In conclusion, the ZFE model allows for identification of hepatotoxicants, without discrimination into specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Driessen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexa P Vitins
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa E Pronk
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evert-Jan van den Brandhof
- Centre for Environmental Quality, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Roodbergen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leo T M van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Hanafusa H, Morikawa Y, Uehara T, Kaneto M, Ono A, Yamada H, Ohno Y, Urushidani T. Comparative gene and protein expression analyses of a panel of cytokines in acute and chronic drug-induced liver injury in rats. Toxicology 2014; 324:43-54. [PMID: 25051504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant safety issue associated with medication use, and is the major cause of failures in drug development and withdrawal in post marketing. Cytokines are signaling molecules produced and secreted by immune cells and play crucial roles in the progression of DILI. Although there are numerous reports of cytokine changes in several DILI models, a comprehensive analysis of cytokine expression changes in rat liver injury induced by various compounds has, to the best of our knowledge, not been performed. In the past several years, we have built a public, free, large-scale toxicogenomics database, called Open TG-GATEs, containing microarray data and toxicity data of the liver of rats treated with various hepatotoxic compounds. In this study, we measured the protein expression levels of a panel of 24 cytokines in frozen liver of rats treated with a total of 20 compounds, obtained in the original study that formed the basis of the Open TG-GATEs database and analyzed protein expression profiles combined with mRNA expression profiles to investigate the correlation between mRNA and protein expression levels. As a result, we demonstrated significant correlations between mRNA and protein expression changes for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1α, monocyte chemo-attractant protein (MCP)-1/CC-chemokine ligand (Ccl)2, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/Ccl5 in several different types of DILI. We also demonstrated that IL-1β protein and MCP-1/Ccl2 mRNA were commonly up-regulated in the liver of rats treated with different classes of hepatotoxicants and exhibited the highest accuracy in the detection of hepatotoxicity. The results also demonstrate that hepatic mRNA changes do not always correlate with protein changes of cytokines in the liver. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive analysis of mRNA-protein correlations of factors involved in various types of DILI, as well as additional insights into the importance of understanding complex cytokine expression changes in assessing DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hanafusa
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Morikawa
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan; Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeki Uehara
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan; Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan,.
| | - Masako Kaneto
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan,; National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohno
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Urushidani
- Toxicogenomics Informatics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan,; Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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Miszczuk GS, Barosso IR, Zucchetti AE, Boaglio AC, Pellegrino JM, Sánchez Pozzi EJ, Roma MG, Crocenzi FA. Sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes as an in vitro model to study canalicular transport alterations in cholestasis. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:979-90. [PMID: 24912783 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
At present, it has not been systematically evaluated whether the functional alterations induced by cholestatic compounds in canalicular transporters involved in bile formation can be reproduced in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRHs). Here, we focused on two clinically relevant cholestatic agents, such as estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide (E17G) and taurolithocholate (TLC), also testing the ability of dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP) to prevent their effects. SCRHs were incubated with E17G (200 µM) or TLC (2.5 µM) for 30 min, with or without pre-incubation with DBcAMP (10 µM) for 15 min. Then, the increase in glutathione methyl fluorescein (GS-MF)-associated fluorescence inside the canaliculi was monitored by quantitative time-lapse imaging, and Mrp2 transport activity was calculated by measuring the slope of the time-course fluorescence curves during the initial linear phase, which was considered to be the Mrp2-mediated initial transport rate (ITR). E17G and TLC impaired canalicular bile formation, as evidenced by a decrease in both the bile canaliculus volume and the bile canaliculus width, estimated from 3D and 2D confocal images, respectively. These compounds decreased ITR and induced retrieval of Mrp2, a main pathomechanism involved in their cholestatic effects. Finally, DBcAMP prevented these effects, and its well-known choleretic effect was evident from the increase in the canalicular volume/width values; this choleretic effect is associated in part with its capability to increase Mrp2 activity, evidenced here by the increase in ITR of GS-MF. Our study supports the use of SCRHs as an in vitro model useful to quantify canalicular transport function under conditions of cholestasis and choleresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisel S Miszczuk
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 570, S2002LRL, Rosario, Argentina
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de Lima Toccafondo Vieira M, Tagliati CA. Hepatobiliary transporters in drug-induced cholestasis: a perspective on the current identifying tools. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:581-97. [PMID: 24588537 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.884069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired bile formation leads to the accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts in hepatocytes and, consequently, cholestasis and severe liver disease. Knowledge of the role of hepatobiliary transporters, especially the bile salt export pump (BSEP), in the pathogenesis of cholestasis is continuously increasing. AREAS COVERED This review provides an introduction into the role of these transport proteins in bile formation. It addresses the clinical relevance and pathophysiologic consequences of altered functions of these transporters by genetic mutations and drugs. In particular, the current practical aspects of identification and mitigation of drug candidates with liver liabilities employed during drug development, with an emphasis on preclinical screening for BSEP interaction, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Within the potential pathogenetic mechanisms of acquired cholestasis, the inhibition of BSEP by drugs is well established. Interference of a new compound with BSEP transport activity should raise a warning sign to conduct follow-up experiments and to monitor liver function during clinical development. A combination of in vitro screening for transport interaction, in silico predicting models, and consideration of physicochemical and metabolic properties should lead to a more efficient screening of potential liver liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela de Lima Toccafondo Vieira
- Faculdade de Farmácia - UFMG, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6.627 - Pampulha, 31270-901 - Belo Horizonte - MG , Brazil +55 31 3547 3462 ;
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Integrated systems toxicology approaches identified the possible involvement of ABC transporters pathway in erythromycin estolate-induced liver injury in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:343-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Lepist EI, Gillies H, Smith W, Hao J, Hubert C, St. Claire RL, Brouwer KR, Ray AS. Evaluation of the endothelin receptor antagonists ambrisentan, bosentan, macitentan, and sitaxsentan as hepatobiliary transporter inhibitors and substrates in sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87548. [PMID: 24498134 PMCID: PMC3907537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of the transporter-mediated hepatobiliary elimination of bile salts is a putative mechanism for liver toxicity observed with some endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs). Methods Sandwich-cultured human hepatocytes were used to study the hepatobiliary distribution and accumulation of exogenous taurocholate, ERAs and endogenous bile acids. The molecular mechanisms for findings in hepatocytes or clinical observations were further explored using either vesicular assays (efflux transporters) or transfected cell-lines (uptake transporters). Inhibition constants (IC50) were measured for the human hepatobiliary transporters bile salt export pump (BSEP), sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2), P-glycoprotein (Pgp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and OATP1B3. Results The ERAs showed dose-dependent reductions in exogenous taurocholate cellular accumulation in human hepatocytes, with macitentan having the greatest effect. Consistent with their effects on bile acids, the ERAs inhibited bile transporters. IC50 values for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 ranged from 2 µM for macitentan to 47 µM for ambrisentan. Macitentan and bosentan also inhibited NTCP with IC50 values of 10 and 36 µM, respectively. Similar to previously reported findings with sitaxsentan, BSEP inhibition was observed for bosentan and macitentan with IC50 values of 42 and 12 µM, respectively. In contrast, ambrisentan showed little or no inhibition of these transporters. Other transporters tested were weakly inhibited by the ERAs. Accumulation in hepatocytes was also a factor in the effects on bile transport. Macitentan demonstrated the greatest accumulation in human hepatocytes (∼100x) followed by sitaxsentan (∼40x), bosentan (∼20x) and ambrisentan (∼2x). Conclusions Significant differences in the inhibition of hepatic transporters were observed between the evaluated ERAs in vitro. Macitentan had the highest level of cellular accumulation and caused the greatest effects on bile acid distribution in human hepatocytes followed by sitaxsentan and bosentan. Ambrisentan showed a low potential to affect bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Irene Lepist
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Hunter Gillies
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - William Smith
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jia Hao
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Hubert
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert L. St. Claire
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Brouwer
- Qualyst Transporter Solutions, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adrian S. Ray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hepatocyte-based in vitro model for assessment of drug-induced cholestasis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 274:124-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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YANG KYUNGHEE, KÖCK KATHLEEN, SEDYKH ALEXANDER, TROPSHA ALEXANDER, BROUWER KIML. An updated review on drug-induced cholestasis: mechanisms and investigation of physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:3037-57. [PMID: 23653385 PMCID: PMC4369767 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis is an important form of acquired liver disease and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Bile acids are key signaling molecules, but they can exert toxic responses when they accumulate in hepatocytes. This review focuses on the physiological mechanisms of drug-induced cholestasis associated with altered bile acid homeostasis due to direct (e.g., bile acid transporter inhibition) or indirect (e.g., activation of nuclear receptors, altered function/expression of bile acid transporters) processes. Mechanistic information about the effects of a drug on bile acid homeostasis is important when evaluating the cholestatic potential of a compound, but experimental data often are not available. The relationship between physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, and inhibition of the bile salt export pump among 77 cholestatic drugs with different pathophysiological mechanisms of cholestasis (i.e., impaired formation of bile vs. physical obstruction of bile flow) was investigated. The utility of in silico models to obtain mechanistic information about the impact of compounds on bile acid homeostasis to aid in predicting the cholestatic potential of drugs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- KYUNGHEE YANG
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - KATHLEEN KÖCK
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - ALEXANDER SEDYKH
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - ALEXANDER TROPSHA
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - KIM L.R. BROUWER
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Kienhuis AS, Vitins AP, Pennings JL, Pronk TE, Speksnijder EN, Roodbergen M, van Delft JH, Luijten M, van der Ven LT. Cyclosporine A treated in vitro models induce cholestasis response through comparison of phenotype-directed gene expression analysis of in vivo Cyclosporine A-induced cholestasis. Toxicol Lett 2013; 221:225-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Palakkan AA, Hay DC, Anil Kumar PR, Kumary TV, Ross JA. Liver tissue engineering and cell sources: issues and challenges. Liver Int 2013; 33:666-76. [PMID: 23490085 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases are of major concern as they now account for millions of deaths annually. As a result of the increased incidence of liver disease, many patients die on the transplant waiting list, before a donor organ becomes available. To meet the huge demand for donor liver, alternative approaches using liver tissue engineering principles are being actively pursued. Even though adult hepatocytes, the primary cells of the liver are most preferred for tissue engineering of liver, their limited availability, isolation from diseased organs, lack of in vitro propagation and deterioration of function acts as a major drawback to their use. Various approaches have been taken to prevent the functional deterioration of hepatocytes including the provision of an adequate extracellular matrix and co-culture with non-parenchymal cells of liver. Great progress has also been made to differentiate human stem cells to hepatocytes and to use them for liver tissue engineering applications. This review provides an overview of recent challenges, issues and cell sources with regard to liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A Palakkan
- Tissue Injury and Repair Group, University of Edinburgh - MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
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Herédi-Szabó K, Kis E, Krajcsi P. The vesicular transport assay: validated in vitro methods to study drug-mediated inhibition of canalicular efflux transporters ABCB11/BSEP and ABCC2/MRP2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 23:Unit 23.4. [PMID: 23169269 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx2304s54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The canalicular membrane of hepatocytes contains several transport proteins that use the energy of ATP to efflux potentially toxic molecules to the bile. Probably the two most important proteins at this location are MRP2 and BSEP, which transport phase II conjugates of xenobiotics and endobiotics and conjugated bile salts, respectively. The impaired function of either of these transporter proteins reduces the clearance of the toxic conjugates, resulting in their accumulation in the hepatocytes and eventually the plasma. Conjugated bile salts and phase II metabolites are compounds with low passive permeability; therefore, the most commonly used test system to investigate MRP2- and BSEP-mediated transport processes is the vesicular transport assay. The concentration of probe substrates and inhibitors used in the experiment is close to their free concentration in the hepatocytes, providing an advantage when calculating kinetic parameters (K(m), K(i), V(max)). The protocols aim to assist scientists to set up a transport assay for a known or potential substrate and test small molecule inhibition of the transporters.
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Krajcsi P. Drug-transporter interaction testing in drug discovery and development. World J Pharmacol 2013; 2:35-46. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v2.i1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body consists of several physiological barriers that express a number of membrane transporters. For an orally absorbed drug the intestinal, hepatic, renal and blood-brain barriers are of the greatest importance. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that mediate cellular efflux and the solute carrier transporters that mostly mediate cellular uptake are the two superfamilies responsible for membrane transport of vast majority of drugs and drug metabolites. The total number of human transporters in the two superfamilies exceeds 400, and about 40-50 transporters have been characterized for drug transport. The latest Food and Drug Administration guidance focuses on P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), OATP1B3, organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), and organic anion transporters 1 (OAT1) and OAT3. The European Medicines Agency’s shortlist additionally contains the bile salt export pump, OCT1, and the multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) and MATE2/MATE2K. A variety of transporter assays are available to test drug-transporter interactions, transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, and transporter-mediated toxicity. The drug binding site of ABC transporters is accessible from the cytoplasm or the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Therefore, vesicular transport assays utilizing inside-out vesicles are commonly used assays, where the directionality of transport results in drugs being transported into the vesicle. Monolayer assays utilizing polarized cells expressing efflux transporters are the test systems suggested by regulatory agencies. However, in some monolayers, uptake transporters must be coexpressed with efflux transporters to assure detectable transport of low passive permeability drugs. For uptake transporters mediating cellular drug uptake, utilization of stable transfectants have been suggested. In vivo animal models complete the testing battery. Some issues, such as in vivo relevance, gender difference, age and ontogeny issues can only be addressed using in vivo models. Transporter specificity is provided by using knock-out or mutant models. Alternatively, chemical knock-outs can be employed. Compensatory changes are less likely when using chemical knock-outs. On the other hand, specific inhibitors for some uptake transporters are not available, limiting the options to genetic knock-outs.
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De Bruyn T, Chatterjee S, Fattah S, Keemink J, Nicolaï J, Augustijns P, Annaert P. Sandwich-cultured hepatocytes: utility for in vitro exploration of hepatobiliary drug disposition and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:589-616. [PMID: 23452081 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.773973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The sandwich-cultured hepatocyte (SCH) model has become an invaluable in vitro tool for studying hepatic drug transport, metabolism, biliary excretion and toxicity. The relevant expression of many hepatocyte-specific functions together with the in vivo-like morphology favor SCHs over other preclinical models for evaluating hepatobiliary drug disposition and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors highlight recommended procedures required for reproducibly culturing hepatocytes in sandwich configuration. It also provides an overview of the SCH model characteristics as a function of culture time. Lastly, the article presents a summary of the most prominent applications of the SCH model, including hepatic drug clearance prediction, drug-drug interaction potential and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. EXPERT OPINION When human (cryopreserved) hepatocytes are used to establish sandwich cultures, the model appears particularly valuable to quantitatively investigate clinically relevant mechanisms related to in vivo hepatobiliary drug disposition and hepatotoxicity. Nonetheless, the SCH model would largely benefit from better insight into the fundamental cell signaling mechanisms that are critical for long-term in vitro maintenance of the hepatocytic phenotype. Studies systematically exploring improved cell culture conditions (e.g., co-cultures or extracellular matrix modifications), as well as in vitro work identifying key transcription factors involved in hepatocyte differentiation are currently emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49-bus-921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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