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Shirai K, Qiu S, Minowa H, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Air-liquid interface culture and modified culture medium promote the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into intestinal epithelial cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 55:100994. [PMID: 38452616 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
An in vitro system that evaluates pharmacokinetics in the small intestine is crucial for the development of oral drugs. We produced human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells (hiSIECs) with high drug metabolizing enzyme and drug transporter activities. However, the gene expression of our hiSIECs partially differed from that of the human small intestine, with low drug metabolizing enzyme activities. Therefore, we used air-liquid interface (ALI) culture and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5AZA)-free medium to generate hiSIECs (novel hiSIECs). Novel hiSIECs showed enhanced gene expression of drug metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and carboxylesterase 2 that are highly expressed in the small intestine. In addition, the expression of genes involved in nutrient absorption-one of the major functions of the small intestine-also increased. The novel hiSIECs expressed ZO-1 and E-cadherin. Moreover, the novel hiSIECs exhibited a barrier function that allowed low lucifer yellow permeation. The novel hiSIECs showed high activities of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, which are abundantly expressed in the small intestine. In conclusion, the novel hiSIECs have great potential as an in vitro system to evaluate pharmacokinetics in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Shirai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Shimeng Qiu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Hanako Minowa
- Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan; Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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Imakura Y, Mima S, Yamazaki N, Inomata A, Mochizuki S, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Utility of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells for pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and immunological studies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 692:149356. [PMID: 38071890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The small intestine, which plays a crucial role in the absorption and metabolism of drugs and foods, serves as a target organ for drug-induced toxicity and immune interactions with functional foods and intestinal bacteria. Current alternative models of the human small intestine, such as Caco-2 cells and experimental animals, have limitations due to variations in the expression levels of metabolic enzymes, transporters, and receptors. This study presents investigations into the utility of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells (hiSIECs) for pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and immunological studies, respectively. While hiSIECs displayed small intestinal epithelial cell characteristics and barrier function, they demonstrated pharmacokinetic properties such as cytochrome P450 3A4/5 activity equivalent to human primary enterocytes and stable P-glycoprotein activity. These cells also demonstrated potential for assessing two forms of intestinal toxicity caused by anticancer drugs and gamma-secretase inhibitors, displaying immune responses mediated by toll-like and fatty acid receptors while serving as an inflammatory gut model through the addition of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. Overall, hiSIECs hold promise as an in vitro model for assessing pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and effects on the intestinal immunity of pharmaceuticals, functional foods, supplements, and intestinal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Imakura
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shinji Mima
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Nao Yamazaki
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Inomata
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Seiichi Mochizuki
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratory, FUJIFILM Corporation, 577 Ushijima, Kaisei-machi, Ashigarakami-gun, Kanagawa, 258-8577, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
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Michiba K, Watanabe K, Imaoka T, Nakai D. Recent Advances in the Gastrointestinal Complex in Vitro Model for ADME Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:37. [PMID: 38258048 PMCID: PMC10819272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal absorption is a complex process involving the permeability of the epithelial barrier, efflux transporter activity, and intestinal metabolism. Identifying the key factors that govern intestinal absorption for each investigational drug is crucial. To assess and predict intestinal absorption in humans, it is necessary to leverage appropriate in vitro systems. Traditionally, Caco-2 monolayer systems and intestinal Ussing chamber studies have been considered the 'gold standard' for studying intestinal absorption. However, these methods have limitations that hinder their universal use in drug discovery and development. Recently, there has been an increasing number of reports on complex in vitro models (CIVMs) using human intestinal organoids derived from intestinal tissue specimens or iPSC-derived enterocytes plated on 2D or 3D in microphysiological systems. These CIVMs provide a more physiologically relevant representation of key ADME-related proteins compared to conventional in vitro methods. They hold great promise for use in drug discovery and development due to their ability to replicate the expressions and functions of these proteins. This review highlights recent advances in gut CIVMs employing intestinal organoid model systems compared to conventional methods. It is important to note that each CIVM should be tailored to the investigational drug properties and research questions at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Michiba
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan; (K.W.); (T.I.); (D.N.)
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Differential gene expression in iPSC-derived human intestinal epithelial cell layers following exposure to two concentrations of butyrate, propionate and acetate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13988. [PMID: 35977967 PMCID: PMC9385623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells and the intestinal microbiota are in a mutualistic relationship that is dependent on communication. This communication is multifaceted, but one aspect is communication through compounds produced by the microbiota such as the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate, propionate and acetate. Studying the effects of SCFAs and especially butyrate in intestinal epithelial cell lines like Caco-2 cells has been proven problematic. In contrast to the in vivo intestinal epithelium, Caco-2 cells do not use butyrate as an energy source, leading to a build-up of butyrate. Therefore, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell derived intestinal epithelial cells, grown as a cell layer, to study the effects of butyrate, propionate and acetate on whole genome gene expression in the cells. For this, cells were exposed to concentrations of 1 and 10 mM of the individual short-chain fatty acids for 24 h. Unique gene expression profiles were observed for each of the SCFAs in a concentration-dependent manner. Evaluation on both an individual gene level and pathway level showed that butyrate induced the biggest effects followed by propionate and then acetate. Several known effects of SCFAs on intestinal cells were confirmed, such as effects on metabolism and immune responses. The changes in metabolic pathways in the intestinal epithelial cell layers in this study demonstrate that there is a switch in energy homeostasis, this is likely associated with the use of SCFAs as an energy source by the induced pluripotent stem cell derived intestinal epithelial cells similar to in vivo intestinal tissues where butyrate is an important energy source.
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5
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Suspension culture of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids using natural polysaccharides. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Arian CM, Imaoka T, Yang J, Kelly EJ, Thummel KE. Gutsy science: In vitro systems of the human intestine to model oral drug disposition. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 230:107962. [PMID: 34478775 PMCID: PMC8821120 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The intestine has important gate-keeping functions that can profoundly affect the systemic blood exposure of orally administered drugs. Thus, characterizing a new molecular entity's (NME) disposition within the intestine is of utmost importance in drug development. While currently used in vitro systems, such as Ussing chamber, precision-cut intestinal slices, immortalized cell lines, and primary enterocytes provide substantial knowledge about drug absorption and the intestinal first-pass effect, they remain sub-optimal for quantitatively predicting this process and the oral bioavailability of many drugs. Use of novel in vitro systems such as intestinal organoids and intestinal microphysiological systems have provided substantial advances over the past decade, expanding our understanding of intestinal physiology, pathology, and development. However, application of these emerging in vitro systems in the pharmaceutical science is in its infancy. Preliminary work has demonstrated that these systems more accurately recapitulate the physiology and biochemistry of the intact intestine, as it relates to oral drug disposition, and thus they hold considerable promise as preclinical testing platforms of the future. Here we review currently used and emerging in vitro models of the human intestine employed in pharmaceutical science research. We also highlight aspects of these emerging tools that require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Arian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tomoki Imaoka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jade Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Saari J, Siddique F, Korpela S, Mäntylä E, Ihalainen TO, Kaukinen K, Aalto-Setälä K, Lindfors K, Juuti-Uusitalo K. Toward Xeno-Free Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031312. [PMID: 35163236 PMCID: PMC8835723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal epithelium has an important role in nutrition, but also in drug absorption and metabolism. There are a few two-dimensional (2D) patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based intestinal models enabling easy evaluation of transcellular transport. It is known that animal-derived components induce variation in the experimental outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to refine the differentiation protocol by using animal-free components. More specifically, we compared maturation of 2D-cultured iPCSs toward small intestinal epithelial cells when cultured either with or without serum, and either on Geltrex or on animal-free, recombinant laminin-based substrata. Differentiation status was characterized by qPCR, immunofluorescence imaging, and functionality assays. Our data suggest that differentiation toward definitive endoderm is more efficient without serum. Both collagen- and recombinant laminin-based coating supported differentiation of definitive endoderm, posterior definitive endoderm, and small intestinal epithelial cells from iPS-cells equally well. Small intestinal epithelial cells differentiated on recombinant laminin exhibited slightly more enterocyte specific cellular functionality than cells differentiated on Geltrex. Our data suggest that functional small intestinal epithelial cells can be generated from iPSCs in serum-free method on xeno-free substrata. This method is easily converted to an entirely xeno-free method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Saari
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
| | - Fatima Siddique
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
| | - Sanna Korpela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
| | - Elina Mäntylä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
| | - Katri Kaukinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Katriina Aalto-Setälä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
- Heart Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Katri Lindfors
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
| | - Kati Juuti-Uusitalo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (J.S.); (F.S.); (S.K.); (E.M.); (T.O.I.); (K.K.); (K.A.-S.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-1904292
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8
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Takakura H, Horinaka M, Imai A, Aono Y, Nakao T, Miyamoto S, Iizumi Y, Watanabe M, Narita T, Ishikawa H, Mutoh M, Sakai T. Sodium salicylate and 5-aminosalicylic acid synergistically inhibit the growth of human colon cancer cells and mouse intestinal polyp-derived cells. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 70:93-102. [PMID: 35400827 PMCID: PMC8921728 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As colon cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, practical prevention strategies for colon cancer are needed. Recently, treatment with aspirin and/or 5-aminosalicylic acid-related agents was reported to reduce the number of intestinal polyps in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. To evaluate the mechanism of aspirin and 5-aminosalicylic acid for suppressing the colon polyp growth, single and combined effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid and sodium salicylate (metabolite of aspirin) were tested in the two human colon cancer cells with different cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels and intestinal polyp-derived cells from familial adenomatous polyposis model mouse. The combination induced cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase along with inhibition of cell growth and colony-forming ability in these cells. The combination reduced cyclin D1 via proteasomal degradation and activated retinoblastoma protein. The combination inhibited the colony-forming ability of mouse colonic mucosa cells by about 50% and the colony-forming ability of mouse intestinal polyp-derived cells by about 90%. The expression level of cyclin D1 in colon mucosa cells was lower than that in intestinal polyp-derived cells. These results suggest that this combination may be more effective in inhibiting cell growth of intestinal polyps through cyclin D1 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takakura
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Ayaka Imai
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Yuichi Aono
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Toshimasa Nakao
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center
| | - Yosuke Iizumi
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Motoki Watanabe
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Takumi Narita
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Hashimoto Y, Michiba K, Maeda K, Kusuhara H. Quantitative prediction of pharmacokinetic properties of drugs in humans: Recent advance in in vitro models to predict the impact of efflux transporters in the small intestine and blood-brain barrier. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:142-151. [PMID: 34924119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux transport systems are essential to suppress the absorption of xenobiotics from the intestinal lumen and protect the critical tissues at the blood-tissue barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier. The function of drug efflux transport is dominated by various transporters. Accumulated clinical evidences have revealed that genetic variations of the transporters, together with coadministered drugs, affect the expression and/or function of transporters and subsequently the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs. Thus, in the preclinical stage of drug development, quantitative prediction of the impact of efflux transporters as well as that of uptake transporters and metabolic enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans has been performed using various in vitro experimental tools. Various kinds of human-derived cell systems can be applied to the precise prediction of drug transport in humans. Mathematical modeling consisting of each intrinsic metabolic or transport process enables us to understand the disposition of drugs both at the organ level and at the level of the whole body by integrating a variety of experimental results into model parameters. This review focuses on the role of efflux transporters in the intestinal absorption and brain distribution of drugs, in addition to recent advances in predictive tools and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Michiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Agustina R, Masuo Y, Kido Y, Shinoda K, Ishimoto T, Kato Y. Identification of Food-Derived Isoflavone Sulfates as Inhibition Markers for Intestinal Breast Cancer Resistance Proteins. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:972-984. [PMID: 34413161 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential inhibition of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a drug efflux transporter, is a key issue during drug development, and the use of its physiologic substrates as biomarkers can be advantageous to assess inhibition. In this study, we aimed to identify BCRP substrates by an untargeted metabolomic approach. Mice were orally administered lapatinib to inhibit BCRP in vivo, and plasma samples were assessed by liquid chromatography/time of flight/mass spectrometry with all-ion fragmentation acquisition and quantified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A differential metabolomic analysis was also performed for plasma from Bcrp -/- and wild-type mice. Plasma peaks of food-derived isoflavone metabolites, daidzein sulfate (DS), and genistein sulfate (GS) increased after lapatinib administration and in Bcrp -/- mice. Administration of lapatinib and another BCRP inhibitor febuxostat increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of DS, GS, and equol sulfate (ES) by 3.6- and 1.8-, 5.6- and 4.1-, and 1.6- and 4.8-fold, respectively. BCRP inhibitors also increased the AUC and maximum plasma concentration of DS and ES after coadministration with each parent compound. After adding parent compounds to the apical side of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial-like cells, DS, GS, and ES in the basal compartment significantly increased in the presence of lapatinib and febuxostat, suggesting the inhibition of intestinal BCRP. ATP-dependent uptake of DS and ES in BCRP-expressing membrane vesicles was reduced by both inhibitors, indicating inhibition of BCRP-mediated DS and ES transport. Thus, we propose the first evidence of surrogate markers for BCRP inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study performed untargeted metabolomics to identify substrates of BCRP/ABCG2 to assess changes in its transport activity in vivo by BCRP/ABCG2 inhibitors. Food-derived isoflavone sulfates were identified as useful markers for evaluating changes in BCRP-mediated transport in the small intestine by its inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Agustina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Yasuto Kido
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Kyosuke Shinoda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
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11
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An Efficient Method for the Differentiation of Human iPSC-Derived Endoderm toward Enterocytes and Hepatocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040812. [PMID: 33917333 PMCID: PMC8067398 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoderm, differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), can differentiate into the small intestine and liver, which are vital for drug absorption and metabolism. The development of human iPSC-derived enterocytes (HiEnts) and hepatocytes (HiHeps) has been reported. However, pharmacokinetic function-deficiency of these cells remains to be elucidated. Here, we aimed to develop an efficient differentiation method to induce endoderm formation from human iPSCs. Cells treated with activin A for 168 h expressed higher levels of endodermal genes than those treated for 72 h. Using activin A (days 0–7), CHIR99021 and PI−103 (days 0–2), and FGF2 (days 3–7), the hiPSC-derived endoderm (HiEnd) showed 97.97% CD−117 and CD−184 double-positive cells. Moreover, HiEnts derived from the human iPSC line Windy had similar or higher expression of small intestine-specific genes than adult human small intestine. Activities of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein and drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4/5 were confirmed. Additionally, Windy-derived HiHeps expressed higher levels of hepatocyte- and pharmacokinetics-related genes and proteins and showed higher CYP3A4/5 activity than those derived through the conventional differentiation method. Thus, using this novel method, the differentiated HiEnts and HiHeps with pharmacokinetic functions could be used for drug development.
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12
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Fritsche E, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Kapr J, Galanjuk S, Hartmann J, Mertens PR, Kämpfer AAM, Schins RPF, Tigges J, Koch K. Stem Cells for Next Level Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006252. [PMID: 33354870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The call for a paradigm change in toxicology from the United States National Research Council in 2007 initiates awareness for the invention and use of human-relevant alternative methods for toxicological hazard assessment. Simple 2D in vitro systems may serve as first screening tools, however, recent developments infer the need for more complex, multicellular organotypic models, which are superior in mimicking the complexity of human organs. In this review article most critical organs for toxicity assessment, i.e., skin, brain, thyroid system, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine are discussed with regards to their functions in health and disease. Embracing the manifold modes-of-action how xenobiotic compounds can interfere with physiological organ functions and cause toxicity, the need for translation of such multifaceted organ features into the dish seems obvious. Currently used in vitro methods for toxicological applications and ongoing developments not yet arrived in toxicity testing are discussed, especially highlighting the potential of models based on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells of human origin. Finally, the application of innovative technologies like organs-on-a-chip and genome editing point toward a toxicological paradigm change moves into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Julia Kapr
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Saskia Galanjuk
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Hartmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Angela A M Kämpfer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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13
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Ichikawa M, Negoro R, Kawai K, Yamashita T, Takayama K, Mizuguchi H. Vinblastine treatment decreases the undifferentiated cell contamination of human iPSC-derived intestinal epithelial-like cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 20:463-472. [PMID: 33614822 PMCID: PMC7868938 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells (hiPSC-IECs) are expected to be utilized in regenerative medicine. To perform a safe transplantation without the risk of tumor formation, residual undifferentiated hiPSCs must be removed from hiPSC-IECs. In this study, we examined whether vinblastine (a multiple drug resistance 1 [MDR1] substrate) could remove residual undifferentiated hiPSCs in hiPSC-IECs and attempted to generate hiPSC-IECs applicable to transplantation medicine. We found that the expression levels of pluripotent markers were largely decreased and those of intestinal markers were increased by vinblastine treatment. The treatment of undifferentiated hiPSCs with vinblastine significantly decreased their viability. These results suggested that undifferentiated hiPSCs can be eliminated from hiPSC-IECs by vinblastine treatment. We hypothesized that MDR1-negative cells (such as undifferentiated hiPSCs) die upon vinblastine treatment because they are unable to excrete vinblastine. As expected, the cell viability of MDR1-knockout hiPSC-IECs was significantly decreased by vinblastine treatment. Furthermore, teratomas were formed by subcutaneous transplantation of hiPSC-IECs mixed with undifferentiated hiPSCs into mice, but they were not observed when the transplanted cells were pre-treated with vinblastine. Vinblastine-treated hiPSC-IECs would be an effective cell source for safe regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kanae Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Agarwal T, Onesto V, Lamboni L, Ansari A, Maiti TK, Makvandi P, Vosough M, Yang G. Engineering biomimetic intestinal topological features in 3D tissue models: retrospects and prospects. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-020-00120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Yoshida S, Honjo T, Iino K, Ishibe R, Leo S, Shimada T, Watanabe T, Ishikawa M, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Shiraki N, Kume S. Generation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Functional Enterocyte-Like Cells for Pharmacokinetic Studies. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:295-308. [PMID: 33513361 PMCID: PMC7878837 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to establish an in vitro differentiation procedure to generate matured small intestinal cells mimicking human small intestine from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We previously reported the efficient generation of CDX2-expressing intestinal progenitor cells from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) and (3,5-difluorophenylacetyl)-L-alanyl-L-2-phenylglycine tert-butyl ester (DAPT) to treat definitive endodermal cells. Here, we demonstrate the generation of enterocyte-like cells by culturing human iPSC-derived intestinal progenitor cells on a collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM) and treating cells with a simple maturation medium containing BIO, DMSO, dexamethasone, and activated vitamin D3. Functional tests further confirmed that these iPSC-derived enterocyte-like cells exhibit P-gp- and BCRP-mediated efflux and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)-mediated metabolism. We concluded that hiPS cell-derived enterocyte-like cells can be used as a model for the evaluation of drug transport and metabolism studies in the human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Yoshida
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 1-1, Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takayuki Honjo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Keita Iino
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ishibe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Sylvia Leo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoka Shimada
- Analytical Chemistry & Technology, Shionogi TechnoAdvance Research Co., Ltd., 1-1, Futabacho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Watanabe
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., 21 Suzukawa, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Masaya Ishikawa
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology and Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., 21 Suzukawa, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1146, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B-25 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
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16
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Janssen AWF, Duivenvoorde LPM, Rijkers D, Nijssen R, Peijnenburg AACM, van der Zande M, Louisse J. Cytochrome P450 expression, induction and activity in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids and comparison with primary human intestinal epithelial cells and Caco-2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:907-922. [PMID: 33263786 PMCID: PMC7904554 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are a promising in vitro model consisting of different intestinal cell types with a 3D microarchitecture resembling native tissue. In the current study, we aimed to assess the expression of the most common intestinal CYP enzymes in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived HIO model, and the suitability of that model to study chemical-induced changes in CYP expression and activity. We compared this model with the commonly used human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 and with a human primary intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-based model, closely resembling in vivo tissue. We optimized an existing protocol to differentiate hiPSCs into HIOs and demonstrated that obtained HIOs contain a polarized epithelium with tight junctions consisting of enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and Paneth cells. We extensively characterized the gene expression of CYPs and activity of CYP3A4/5, indicating relatively high gene expression levels of the most important intestinal CYP enzymes in HIOs compared to the other models. Furthermore, we showed that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 were induced by β-naphtoflavone in all three models, whereas CYP3A4 was induced by phenobarbital and rifampicin in HIOs, in the IEC-based model (although not statistically significant), but not in Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, CYP2B6 expression was not induced in any of the models by the well-known liver CYP2B6 inducer phenobarbital. In conclusion, our study indicates that hiPSC-based HIOs are a useful in vitro intestinal model to study biotransformation of chemicals in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes P M Duivenvoorde
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Nijssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Gellan Gum Promotes the Differentiation of Enterocytes from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100951. [PMID: 33050367 PMCID: PMC7599917 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of drug pharmacokinetics in the small intestine is critical for developing orally administered drugs. Caucasian colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells are employed to evaluate drug absorption in preclinical trials of drug development. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Caco-2 cells are different from those of the normal human small intestine. Besides this, it is almost impossible to obtain primary human intestinal epithelial cells of the same batch. Therefore, human iPS cell-derived enterocytes (hiPSEs) with pharmacokinetic functions similar to human intestinal epithelial cells are expected to be useful for the evaluation of drug absorption. Previous studies have been limited to the use of cytokines and small molecules to generate hiPSEs. Dietary fibers play a critical role in maintaining intestinal physiology. We used gellan gum (GG), a soluble dietary fiber, to optimize hiPSE differentiation. hiPSEs cocultured with GG had significantly higher expression of small intestine- and pharmacokinetics-related genes and proteins. The activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 2C19, and peptide transporter 1 were significantly increased in the GG treatment group compared to the control group. At the end point of differentiation, the percentage of senescent cells increased. Therefore, GG could improve the differentiation efficiency of human iPS cells to enterocytes and increase intestinal maturation by extending the life span of hiPSEs.
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18
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Naumovska E, Aalderink G, Wong Valencia C, Kosim K, Nicolas A, Brown S, Vulto P, Erdmann KS, Kurek D. Direct On-Chip Differentiation of Intestinal Tubules from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144964. [PMID: 32674311 PMCID: PMC7404294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal organoids have emerged as the new paradigm for modelling the healthy and diseased intestine with patient-relevant properties. In this study, we show directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells towards intestinal-like phenotype within a microfluidic device. iPSCs are cultured against a gel in microfluidic chips of the OrganoPlate, in which they undergo stepwise differentiation. Cells form a tubular structure, lose their stem cell markers and start expressing mature intestinal markers, including markers for Paneth cells, enterocytes and neuroendocrine cells. Tubes develop barrier properties as confirmed by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Lastly, we show that tubules respond to pro-inflammatory cytokine triggers. The whole procedure for differentiation lasts 14 days, making it an efficient process to make patient-specific organoid tubules. We anticipate the usage of the platform for disease modelling and drug candidate screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Naumovska
- Mimetas BV, Model Development, J.H. Oortweg 16, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (G.A.); (K.K.); (A.N.); (P.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (C.W.V.); (S.B.)
| | - Germaine Aalderink
- Mimetas BV, Model Development, J.H. Oortweg 16, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (G.A.); (K.K.); (A.N.); (P.V.)
| | - Christian Wong Valencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (C.W.V.); (S.B.)
| | - Kinga Kosim
- Mimetas BV, Model Development, J.H. Oortweg 16, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (G.A.); (K.K.); (A.N.); (P.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (C.W.V.); (S.B.)
| | - Arnaud Nicolas
- Mimetas BV, Model Development, J.H. Oortweg 16, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (G.A.); (K.K.); (A.N.); (P.V.)
| | - Stephen Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (C.W.V.); (S.B.)
| | - Paul Vulto
- Mimetas BV, Model Development, J.H. Oortweg 16, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (G.A.); (K.K.); (A.N.); (P.V.)
| | - Kai S. Erdmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (C.W.V.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.E.); (D.K.)
| | - Dorota Kurek
- Mimetas BV, Model Development, J.H. Oortweg 16, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (G.A.); (K.K.); (A.N.); (P.V.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.E.); (D.K.)
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19
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Li AP. In Vitro Human Cell–Based Experimental Models for the Evaluation of Enteric Metabolism and Drug Interaction Potential of Drugs and Natural Products. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:980-992. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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20
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Kabeya T, Mima S, Imakura Y, Miyashita T, Ogura I, Yamada T, Yasujima T, Yuasa H, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Pharmacokinetic functions of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:374-382. [PMID: 32651148 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.04.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To develop a novel intestinal drug absorption system using intestinal epithelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the cells must possess sufficient pharmacokinetic functions. However, the CYP3A4/5 activities of human iPS cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells prepared using conventional differentiation methods is low. Further, studies of the CYP3A4/5 activities of human iPS-derived and primary small intestinal cells are not available. To fill this gap in our knowledge, here we used forskolin to develop a new differentiation protocol that activates adenosine monophosphate signaling. mRNA expressions of human iPS cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells, such as small intestine markers, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and drug transporters, were comparable to or greater than those of the adult small intestine. The activities of CYP3A4/5 in the differentiated cells were equal to those of human primary small intestinal cells. The differentiated cells had P-glycoprotein and PEPT1 activities equivalent to those of Caco-2 cells. Differentiated cells were superior to Caco-2 cells for predicting the membrane permeability of drugs that were absorbed through a paracellular pathway and via drug transporters. In summary, here we produced human iPS cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells with CYP3A4/5 activities equivalent to those of human primary small intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kabeya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Mima
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Yuki Imakura
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Toshihide Miyashita
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Izumi Ogura
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Tadanori Yamada
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yasujima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yuasa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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21
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Negoro R, Kawai K, Ichikawa M, Deguchi S, Takayama K, Mizuguchi H. Establishment of MDR1-knockout human induced pluripotent stem cell line. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:288-296. [PMID: 32303458 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) is highly expressed in various organs, including the liver, small intestine, and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Because MDR1 plays important roles in the excretion of many drugs, it is necessary to evaluate whether drug candidates are potential substrates of MDR1. Recently, many researchers have shown that human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived differentiated cells such as hepatocytes and enterocytes can be applied for pharmacokinetic testing. Here, we attempted to generate MDR1-knockout (KO) iPS cell lines using genome editing technology. The correctly targeted human iPS cell lines were successfully obtained. The expression levels of pluripotent markers in human iPS cells were not changed by MDR1 knockout. The gene expression levels of hepatic markers in MDR1-KO iPS-derived hepatocyte-like cells were higher than those in undifferentiated MDR1-KO iPS cells, suggesting that MDR1-KO iPS cells have hepatic differentiation capacity. In addition, MDR1 expression levels were hardly detected in MDR1-KO iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. We thus succeeded in establishing MDR1-KO iPS cell lines that could be utilized for pharmacokinetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kanae Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moe Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sayaka Deguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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22
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Yoshida S, Miwa H, Kawachi T, Kume S, Takahashi K. Generation of intestinal organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells for drug testing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5989. [PMID: 32249832 PMCID: PMC7136241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug absorption via the intestinal tissue is modulated by membrane permeability and metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In drug discovery research, using human IECs to evaluate membrane permeability and metabolic stability can offer very useful information when exploring for drug candidate compounds that have good bioavailability and when trying to predict the fraction absorbed and intestinal availability in humans. Here, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic functions of human IECs differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in 3D cultures. As human IECs differentiated in 3D cultures form intestinal organoids and spheroids (herein termed organoids), their morphology makes it difficult to evaluate their pharmacokinetic functions. Therefore, we dissociated intestinal organoids into single cells and attempted to purify human IECs. We found that hiPSC-derived IECs (hiPSC-IECs) expressed the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and could be highly purified by sorting EpCAM+ cells. The hiPSC-IEC monolayer showed a high TEER value (approximately 350 Ω × cm2). In addition, hiPSC-IECs oxidatively metabolized terfenadine (CYP3A and CYP2J2 substrate) and midazolam (CYP3A substrate). These results indicated that hiPSC-IECs form tight-junction and have cytochrome P450 enzymatic activities. In conclusion, we developed a novel application of hiPSC-derived intestinal organoids for drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Yoshida
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Research Laboratory for Development, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., 3-1-1, Toyonaka, 561-0825, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Drug Discovery Technologies, Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., 3-1-1, Toyonaka, 561-0825, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawachi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Research Laboratory for Development, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., 3-1-1, Toyonaka, 561-0825, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8501, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Drug Discovery Technologies, Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., 3-1-1, Toyonaka, 561-0825, Osaka, Japan
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Mayumi K, Akazawa T, Kanazu T, Ohnishi S, Hasegawa H. Successful Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics After Oral Administration by Optimized Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Approach and Permeation Assay Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1605-1614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Volpe DA. Advances in cell-based permeability assays to screen drugs for intestinal absorption. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:539-549. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1735347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna A. Volpe
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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25
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Kondo S, Mizuno S, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Establishment of a novel culture method for maintaining intestinal stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio049064. [PMID: 31919043 PMCID: PMC6955217 DOI: 10.1242/bio.049064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine plays an important role in the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs due to the presence of drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes. However, few appropriate methods exist to investigate intestinal pharmacokinetics. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can form various types of cells and represent a potentially useful tool for drug discovery. We previously reported that differentiated enterocytes from human iPS cells are useful for pharmacokinetic studies; however, the process is time and resource intensive. Here, we established a new two-dimensional culture method for maintaining human iPS-cell-derived intestinal stem cells (ISCs) with differentiation potency and evaluated their ability to differentiate into enterocytes exhibiting appropriate pharmacokinetic function. The culture method used several factors to activate signalling pathways required for maintaining stemness, followed by differentiation into enterocytes. Functional evaluation was carried out to verify epithelial-marker expression and inducibility and activity of metabolic enzymes and transporters. Our results confirmed the establishment of an ISC culture method for maintaining stemness and verified that the differentiated enterocytes from the maintained ISCs demonstrated proper pharmacokinetic function. Thus, our findings describe a time- and cost-effective approach that can be used as a general evaluation tool for evaluating intestinal pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kondo
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shota Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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26
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Genova E, Cavion F, Lucafò M, Leo LD, Pelin M, Stocco G, Decorti G. Induced pluripotent stem cells for therapy personalization in pediatric patients: Focus on drug-induced adverse events. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:1020-1044. [PMID: 31875867 PMCID: PMC6904863 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i12.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are major clinical problems, particularly in special populations such as pediatric patients. Indeed, ADRs may be caused by a plethora of different drugs leading, in some cases, to hospitalization, disability or even death. In addition, pediatric patients may respond differently to drugs with respect to adults and may be prone to developing different kinds of ADRs, leading, in some cases, to more severe consequences. To improve the comprehension, and thus the prevention, of ADRs, the set-up of sensitive and personalized assays is urgently needed. Important progress is represented by the possibility of setting up groundbreaking patient-specific assays. This goal has been powerfully achieved using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Due to their genetic and physiological species-specific differences and their ability to be differentiated ideally into all tissues of the human body, this model may be accurate in predicting drug toxicity, especially when this toxicity is related to individual genetic differences. This review is an up-to-date summary of the employment of iPSCs as a model to study ADRs, with particular attention to drugs used in the pediatric field. We especially focused on the intestinal, hepatic, pancreatic, renal, cardiac, and neuronal levels, also discussing progress in organoids creation. The latter are three-dimensional in vitro culture systems derived from pluripotent or adult stem cells simulating the architecture and functionality of native organs such as the intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and brain. Based on the existing knowledge, these models are powerful and promising tools in multiple clinical applications including toxicity screening, disease modeling, personalized and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Genova
- PhD School in Reproduction and Development Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Federica Cavion
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Marianna Lucafò
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Luigina De Leo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Decorti
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
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27
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Kawai K, Negoro R, Ichikawa M, Yamashita T, Deguchi S, Harada K, Hirata K, Takayama K, Mizuguchi H. Establishment of SLC15A1/PEPT1-Knockout Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line for Intestinal Drug Absorption Studies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:49-57. [PMID: 31890740 PMCID: PMC6926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because many peptide and peptide-mimetic drugs are substrates of peptide transporter 1, it is important to evaluate the peptide transporter 1-mediated intestinal absorption of drug candidates in the early phase of drug development. Although intestinal cell lines treated with inhibitors of peptide transporter 1 are widely used to examine whether drug candidates are substrates for peptide transporter 1, these inhibitors are not sufficiently specific for peptide transporter 1. In this study, to generate a more precise evaluation model, we established peptide transporter 1-knockout induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by using a CRISPR-Cas9 system and differentiated the cells into intestinal epithelial-like cells. The permeability value and uptake capacity of glycylsarcosine (substrate of peptide transporter 1) in peptide transporter 1-knockout intestinal epithelial-like cells were significantly lower than those in wild-type intestinal epithelial-like cells, suggesting that peptide transporter 1 was successfully depleted in the epithelial cells. Taken together, our model can be useful in the development of peptide and peptide-mimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moe Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sayaka Deguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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28
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Iwao T, Matsunaga T. [Generation of human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes and enterocytes for application to drug disposition studies]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 154:72-77. [PMID: 31406046 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.154.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In drug disposition, the liver and small intestine are very important as tissues involving in drug metabolism, absorption, and excretion. Thus, in drug development studies, it is necessary to evaluate the pharmacokinetics in these tissues accurately including the contributions of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Currently, all kinds of evaluation systems have been used for the pharmacokinetic prediction; however, there are some issues in these systems. Therefore, the researches for the development of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived hepatocytes and enterocytes, as novel systems besides existing ones, are being advanced. Because human iPS cells have abilities of pluripotency and almost infinite proliferation, it is thought to be possible to stably provide the high-quality cells that have similar characteristics to human normal tissue cells by using human iPS cells. In this review, we describe current status of differentiation studies of human iPS cell-derived hepatocytes and enterocytes and the functional characteristics of these cells centered on pharmacokinetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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29
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Negoro R, Takayama K, Kawai K, Harada K, Sakurai F, Hirata K, Mizuguchi H. Efficient Generation of Small Intestinal Epithelial-like Cells from Human iPSCs for Drug Absorption and Metabolism Studies. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1539-1550. [PMID: 30472010 PMCID: PMC6294172 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine plays an important role in the absorption and metabolism of oral drugs. In the current evaluation system, it is difficult to predict the precise absorption and metabolism of oral drugs. In this study, we generated small intestinal epithelial-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-SIECs), which could be applied to drug absorption and metabolism studies. The small intestinal epithelial-like cells were efficiently generated from human induced pluripotent stem cell by treatment with WNT3A, R-spondin 3, Noggin, EGF, IGF-1, SB202190, and dexamethasone. The gene expression levels of small intestinal epithelial cell (SIEC) markers were similar between the hiPS-SIECs and human adult small intestine. Importantly, the gene expression levels of colonic epithelial cell markers in the hiPS-SIECs were much lower than those in human adult colon. The hiPS-SIECs generated by our protocol exerted various SIEC functions. In conclusion, the hiPS-SIECs can be utilized for evaluation of drug absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kanae Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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30
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Kondo S, Mizuno S, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Using human iPS cell-derived enterocytes as novel in vitro model for the evaluation of human intestinal mucosal damage. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:975-984. [PMID: 30317465 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The primary component in gut mucus is mucin 2 (MUC2) secreted by goblet cells. Fluctuations in MUC2 expression are considered a useful indicator for evaluating mucosal damage and protective effect of various agents using animal studies. However, there are few in vitro studies evaluating mucosal damage using MUC2 as the indicator. Hence, we attempted to establish a novel in vitro model with MUC2 as the indicator for evaluating drug-induced mucosal damage and protective effect using enterocytes derived from human iPS cells. METHODS Compounds were added into enterocytes derived from human iPS cells, and MUC2 mRNA and protein expression levels were evaluated. Further, the effect of compounds on membrane permeability was investigated. RESULTS Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were found to decrease MUC2 mRNA expression in enterocytes, whereas mucosal protective agents increased mRNA levels. Changes in MUC2 protein expression were consistent with those of mRNA. Additionally, our results indicated that indomethacin caused mucosal damage, affecting membrane permeability of the drug. Moreover, we observed protective effect of rebamipide against the indomethacin-induced permeability increase. CONCLUSIONS The developed model could facilitate evaluating drug-induced mucosal damage and protective effects of various agents and could impact drug development studies regarding pharmacological efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kondo
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Shota Mizuno
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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31
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Iwao T. [Development of an In Vitro System for Evaluating Intestinal Drug Disposition Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Epithelial Cells]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:1241-1247. [PMID: 30270266 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissues of the small intestine are crucial to understanding drug disposition because these tissues regulate the bioavailability of drugs. However, no evaluation system is currently available for precise and comprehensive analysis of intestinal pharmacokinetics. To address this, functional intestinal epithelial cells were generated from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells for use in pharmacokinetic studies. An improved intestinal differentiation method was established by screening a variety of small molecule compounds against cells during differentiation. The mRNA expression levels of intestinal markers, drug transporters, and CYP3A4 were found to increase following treatment with compounds that act as inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase, DNA methyltransferase, and transforming growth factor-β. Therefore, we inferred that these compounds enhanced differentiation into intestinal epithelial cells. The differentiated intestinal epithelial cells in the presence of these compounds possessed drug-metabolizing enzyme activities, such as those of CYPs, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferase. In addition, these cells had the ability to induce CYP3A4 in the presence of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The differentiated intestinal epithelial cells seeded on cell culture inserts formed loose-tight junctions, similar to those in the human small intestine, rather than Caco-2 cells. The cells exhibited polarity, such as apical and basal sides. We also demonstrated that the uptake and efflux transport activities in the cells occurred via peptide transporter and breast cancer resistance protein, respectively. Taken together, it was suggested that human iPS cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells are pharmacokinetically functional, and represent a promising model system for pharmacokinetic studies of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
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32
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Akazawa T, Yoshida S, Ohnishi S, Kanazu T, Kawai M, Takahashi K. Application of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Differentiated from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Studies of Prodrug Hydrolysis and Drug Absorption in the Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1497-1506. [PMID: 30135242 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell models to investigate intestinal absorption functions, such as those of transporters and metabolic enzymes, are essential for oral drug discovery and development. The purpose of this study was to generate intestinal epithelial cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-IECs) and then clarify whether the functions of hydrolase and transporters in them reflect oral drug absorption in the small intestine. The hiPSC-IECs showed the transport activities of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), revealed by using their probe substrates ([3H]digoxin, sulfasalazine, and [14C]glycylsarcosine), and the metabolic activities of CYP3A4, CES2, and CES1, which were clarified using their probe substrates (midazolam, irinotecan, and temocapril). The intrinsic clearance by hydrolysis of six ester prodrugs into the active form in hiPSC-IECs was correlated with the plasma exposure (Cmax , AUC, and bioavailability) of the active form after oral administration of these prodrugs to rats. Also, the permeability coefficients of 14 drugs, containing two substrates of P-gp (doxorubicin and [3H]digoxin), one substrate of BCRP (sulfasalazine), and 11 nonsubstrates of transporters (ganciclovir, [14C]mannitol, famotidine, sulpiride, atenolol, furosemide, ranitidine, hydrochlorothiazide, acetaminophen, propranolol, and antipyrine) in hiPSC-IECs were correlated with their values of the fraction of intestinal absorption (Fa) in human clinical studies. These findings suggest that hiPSC-IECs would be a useful cell model to investigate the hydrolysis of ester prodrugs and to predict drug absorption in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Akazawa
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinpei Yoshida
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohnishi
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takushi Kanazu
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawai
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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33
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Sawant-Basak A, Rodrigues AD, Lech M, Doyonnas R, Kasaian M, Prasad B, Tsamandouras N. Physiologically Relevant, Humanized Intestinal Systems to Study Metabolism and Transport of Small Molecule Therapeutics. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1581-1587. [PMID: 30126862 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal disposition of small molecules involves interplay of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), transporters, and host-microbiome interactions, which has spurred the development of in vitro intestinal models derived from primary tissue sources. Such models have been bioengineered from intestinal crypts, mucosal extracts, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived organoids, and human intestinal tissue. This minireview discusses the utility and limitations of these human-derived models in support of small molecule drug metabolism and disposition. Enteroids from human intestinal crypts, organoids derived from iPSCs using growth factors or small molecule compounds, and enterocytes extracted from mucosal scrapings show key absorptive cell morphology while are limited in quantitative applications due to the lack of accessibility to the apical compartment, the lack of monolayers, or low expression of key DMEs, transporters, and nuclear hormone receptors. Despite morphogenesis to epithelial cells, similar challenges have been reported by more advanced technologies that have explored the impact of flow and mechanical stretch on proliferation and differentiation of Caco-2 cells. Most recently, bioengineered human intestinal epithelial or ileal cells have overcome many of the challenges, as the DME and transporter expression pattern resembles that of native intestinal tissue. Engineering advances may improve such models to support longer-term applications and meet end-user needs. Biochemical characterization and transcriptomic, proteomic, and functional endpoints of emerging novel intestinal models, when referenced to native human tissue, can provide greater confidence and increased utility in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sawant-Basak
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.).
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Matthew Lech
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Regis Doyonnas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Marion Kasaian
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Nikolaos Tsamandouras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
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Kabeya T, Qiu S, Hibino M, Nagasaki M, Kodama N, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Cyclic AMP Signaling Promotes the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1411-1419. [PMID: 30068521 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a novel in vitro system for predicting intestinal drug absorption using human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells, the cells need to have sufficient drug-metabolizing enzyme and drug transporter activities. We found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling plays an important role in the differentiation of human iPS cells into intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effects of signaling activation in the intestinal differentiation of human iPS cells and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of human iPS cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells. Human iPS cells were differentiated into intestinal stem cells using activin A and fibroblast growth factor 2. Subsequently, the intestinal stem cells were maturated into intestinal epithelial cells by treatment with 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which activate cAMP signaling. The expression levels of intestinal markers and pharmacokinetics-related genes in the differentiated cells were markedly increased by using 8-Br-cAMP and IBMX. In the cells differentiated with the compound we observed cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inducibility via pregnane X receptor and vitamin D receptor. The metabolic activities of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, which are expressed in the human small intestine, were also markedly increased. Furthermore, uptake of glycylsarcosine via peptide transporter 1 was markedly increased. The cells differentiated with the compounds also had drug transporter activities via organic anion transporters and P-glycoprotein. This study is the first to report that the activation of cAMP signaling promotes differentiation of human iPS cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kabeya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.K., S.Q., N.K., T.I., T.M.) and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., M.N., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shimeng Qiu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.K., S.Q., N.K., T.I., T.M.) and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., M.N., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Momona Hibino
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.K., S.Q., N.K., T.I., T.M.) and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., M.N., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mizuka Nagasaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.K., S.Q., N.K., T.I., T.M.) and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., M.N., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nao Kodama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.K., S.Q., N.K., T.I., T.M.) and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., M.N., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.K., S.Q., N.K., T.I., T.M.) and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., M.N., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.K., S.Q., N.K., T.I., T.M.) and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.H., M.N., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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35
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Onozato D, Yamashita M, Fukuyama R, Akagawa T, Kida Y, Koeda A, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Efficient Generation of Cynomolgus Monkey Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids with Pharmacokinetic Functions. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1033-1045. [PMID: 29742964 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In preclinical studies, the cynomolgus monkey (CM) model is frequently used to predict the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the human small intestine, because of its evolutionary closeness to humans. Intestinal organoids that mimic the intestinal tissue have attracted attention in regenerative medicine and drug development. In this study, we generated intestinal organoids from CM induced pluripotent stem (CMiPS) cells and analyzed their pharmacokinetic functions. CMiPS cells were induced into the hindgut; then, the cells were seeded on microfabricated culture vessel plates to form spheroids. The resulting floating spheroids were differentiated into intestinal organoids in a medium containing small-molecule compounds. The mRNA expression of intestinal markers and pharmacokinetic-related genes was markedly increased in the presence of small-molecule compounds. The organoids possessed a polarized epithelium and contained various cells constituting small intestinal tissues. The intestinal organoids formed functional tight junctions and expressed drug transporter proteins. In addition, in the organoids generated, cytochrome P450 3A8 (CYP3A8) activity was inhibited by the specific inhibitor ketoconazole and was induced by rifampicin. Therefore, in the present work, we successfully generated intestinal organoids, with pharmacokinetic functions, from CMiPS cells using small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Onozato
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misaki Yamashita
- 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fukuyama
- 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takumi Akagawa
- 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kida
- 2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiko Koeda
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan .,2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan .,2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan .,2 Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Nagoya City University , Nagoya, Japan
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36
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iPSC-Derived Enterocyte-like Cells for Drug Absorption and Metabolism Studies. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:696-708. [PMID: 29945758 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal cell models have been widely studied and used to evaluate absorption and metabolism of drugs in the small intestine, constituting valuable tools as a first approach to evaluate the behavior of new drugs. However, such cell models might not be able to fully predict the absorption mechanisms and metabolic pathways of the tested compounds. In recent years, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) differentiated into enterocyte-like cells have been proposed as more biorelevant intestinal models. In this review, we describe mechanisms underlying the differentiation of iPSCs into enterocyte-like cells, appraise the usefulness of these cells in tridimensional intestinal models, and discuss their suitability to be used in the future for drug screening.
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Onozato D, Yamashita M, Nakanishi A, Akagawa T, Kida Y, Ogawa I, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Generation of Intestinal Organoids Suitable for Pharmacokinetic Studies from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1572-1580. [PMID: 29615438 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal organoids morphologically resemble intestinal tissues and are expected to be used in both regenerative medicine and drug development studies, including pharmacokinetic studies. However, the pharmacokinetic properties of these organoids remain poorly characterized. In this study, we aimed to generate pharmacokinetically functional intestinal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Human iPS cells were induced to differentiate into the midgut and then seeded on EZSPHERE plates (AGC Techno Glass Inc., Shizuoka, Japan) to generate uniform spheroids, and the floating spheroids were subsequently differentiated into intestinal organoids using small-molecule compounds. Exposure to the small-molecule compounds potently increased the expression of intestinal markers and pharmacokinetic-related genes in the organoids, and the organoids also included various intestinal cells such as enterocytes, intestinal stem cells, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts. Moreover, microvilli and tight junctions were observed in the organoids. Furthermore, we detected not only the expression of drug transporters but also efflux transport activity through ABCB1/MDR1 and the induction of the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 by ligands of nuclear receptors. Our results demonstrated the successful generation of pharmacokinetically functional intestinal organoids from human iPS cells. Thus, these intestinal organoids could be used as a pharmacokinetic evaluation system in drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Onozato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misaki Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Anna Nakanishi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takumi Akagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Isamu Ogawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.O., M.Y., A.N., T.H., T.I., T.M.), and Educational Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (T.A., Y.K., I.O., T.H., T.I., T.M.), Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Kabeya T, Matsumura W, Iwao T, Hosokawa M, Matsunaga T. Functional analysis of carboxylesterase in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived enterocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:143-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kodama N, Iwao T, Katano T, Ohta K, Yuasa H, Matsunaga T. Characteristic Analysis of Intestinal Transport in Enterocyte-Like Cells Differentiated from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:0. [PMID: 27417181 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.069336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that differentiated enterocytes from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells exhibited drug-metabolizing activities and cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 inducibility. The aim of this study was to apply human iPS cell-derived enterocytes in pharmacokinetic studies by investigating the characteristics of drug transport into enterocyte-like cells. Human iPS cells cultured on feeder cells were differentiated into endodermal cells using activin A. These endodermal-like cells were then differentiated into intestinal stem cells by fibroblast growth factor 2. Finally, epidermal growth factor and small-molecule compounds induced the maturation of the intestinal stem cell-like cells. After differentiation, we performed transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements, immunofluorescence staining, and transport studies. TEER values increased in a time-dependent manner and reached approximately 100 Ω × cm(2) Efflux transport of Hoechst 33342, a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), was observed and inhibited by the BCRP inhibitor Ko143. The uptake of peptide transporter 1 substrate glycylsarcosine was also confirmed and suppressed when the temperature was lowered to 4°C. Using immunofluorescence staining, villin and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase were expressed. These results suggest that human iPS cell-derived enterocytes had loose tight junctions, polarity, as well as uptake and efflux transport functions. In addition, the rank order of apparent membrane permeability coefficient (Papp) values of these test compounds across the enterocyte-like cell membrane corresponded to the fraction absorbance (Fa) values. Therefore, differentiated enterocytes from human iPS cells may provide a useful comprehensive evaluation model of drug transport and metabolism in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Kodama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (N.K., T.I., T.M.), Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.K., K.O., H.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (N.K., T.I., T.M.), Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.K., K.O., H.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Katano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (N.K., T.I., T.M.), Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.K., K.O., H.Y.)
| | - Kinya Ohta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (N.K., T.I., T.M.), Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.K., K.O., H.Y.)
| | - Hiroaki Yuasa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (N.K., T.I., T.M.), Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.K., K.O., H.Y.)
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (N.K., T.I., T.M.), Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan (T.K., K.O., H.Y.)
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40
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Kodama N, Iwao T, Kabeya T, Horikawa T, Niwa T, Kondo Y, Nakamura K, Matsunaga T. Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, DNA methyltransferase, and transforming growth factor-β promotes differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into enterocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Modeling of drug-mediated CYP3A4 induction by using human iPS cell-derived enterocyte-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:631-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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42
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Ozawa T, Takayama K, Okamoto R, Negoro R, Sakurai F, Tachibana M, Kawabata K, Mizuguchi H. Generation of enterocyte-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells for drug absorption and metabolism studies in human small intestine. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16479. [PMID: 26559489 PMCID: PMC4642303 DOI: 10.1038/srep16479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytes play an important role in drug absorption and metabolism. However, a widely used enterocyte model, Caco-2 cell, has difficulty in evaluating both drug absorption and metabolism because the expression levels of some drug absorption and metabolism-related genes in these cells differ largely from those of human enterocytes. Therefore, we decided to generate the enterocyte-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells (hiPS-ELCs), which are applicable to drug absorption and metabolism studies. The efficiency of enterocyte differentiation from human iPS cells was significantly improved by using EGF, SB431542, and Wnt3A, and extending the differentiation period. The gene expression levels of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and peptide transporter 1 in the hiPS-ELCs were higher than those in Caco-2 cells. In addition, CYP3A4 expression in the hiPS-ELCs was induced by treatment with 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or rifampicin, which are known to induce CYP3A4 expression, indicating that the hiPS-ELCs have CYP3A4 induction potency. Moreover, the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) value of the hiPS-ELC monolayer was approximately 240 Ω*cm2, suggesting that the hiPS-ELC monolayer could form a barrier. In conclusion, we succeeded in establishing an enterocyte model from human iPS cells which have potential to be applied for drug absorption and metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ozawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,iPS Cell-based Research Project on Hepatic Toxicity and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Okamoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Regulatory Sciences for Oligonucleotide Therapeutics, Clinical Drug Development Project, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Tachibana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,iPS Cell-based Research Project on Hepatic Toxicity and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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