1
|
Tan SPF, Tillmann A, Murby SJ, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Scotcher D, Galetin A. Albumin-Mediated Drug Uptake by Organic Anion Transporter 1/3 Is Real: Implications for the Prediction of Active Renal Secretion Clearance. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4603-4617. [PMID: 39166754 PMCID: PMC11372837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Modulation of the transport-mediated active uptake by human serum albumin (HSA) for highly protein-bound substrates has been reported and improved the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of hepatic clearance. However, evidence for the relevance of such a phenomenon in the case of renal transporters is sparse. In this study, transport of renal organic anion transporter 1 or 3 (OAT1/3) substrates into conditionally immortalized proximal tubular epithelial cells transduced with OAT1/3 was measured in the presence and absence of 1 and 4% HSA while keeping the unbound substrate concentration constant (based on measured fraction unbound, fu,inc). In the presence of 4% HSA, the unbound intrinsic active uptake clearance (CLint,u,active) of six highly protein-bound substrates increased substantially relative to the HSA-free control (3.5- to 122-fold for the OAT1 CLint,u,active, and up to 28-fold for the OAT3 CLint,u,active). The albumin-mediated uptake effect (fold increase in CLint,u,active) was more pronounced with highly bound substrates compared to no effect seen for weakly protein-bound substrates adefovir (OAT1-specific) and oseltamivir carboxylate (OAT3-specific). The relationship between OAT1/3 CLint,u,active and fu,inc agreed with the facilitated-dissociation model; a relationship was established between the albumin-mediated fold change in CLint,u,active and fu,inc for both the OAT1 and OAT3, with implications for IVIVE modeling. The relative activity factor and the relative expression factor based on global proteomic quantification of in vitro OAT1/3 expression were applied for IVIVE of renal clearance. The inclusion of HSA improved the bottom-up prediction of the level of OAT1/3-mediated secretion and renal clearance (CLsec and CLr), in contrast to the underprediction observed with the control (HSA-free) scenario. For the first time, this study confirmed the presence of the albumin-mediated uptake effect with renal OAT1/3 transporters; the extent of the effect was more pronounced for highly protein-bound substrates. We recommend the inclusion of HSA in routine in vitro OAT1/3 assays due to considerable improvements in the IVIVE of CLsec and CLr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Pei Feng Tan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Annika Tillmann
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Susan J Murby
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Certara Predictive Technologies (CPT), Certara Inc., 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, U.K
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang S, Wang X, Zheng F, Pei L, Liu J, Di B, Shi Y. Toxicokinetics of α- and β-amanitin in mice following single and combined administrations: Simulating in vivo amatoxins processes in clinical cases. Toxicon 2024; 247:107839. [PMID: 38971475 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
α-Amanitin and β-amanitin, two of the most toxic amatoxin compounds, typically coexist in the majority of Amanita mushrooms. The aim of this study was to use a newly developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to determine the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of α- and β-amanitin following single or combined oral (po) administration in mice. α-Amanitin and β-amanitin administered at 2 or 10 mg/kg doses showed similar toxicokinetic profiles, except for peak concentration (Cmax). The elimination half-life (t1/2) values of α-amanitin and β-amanitin in mice were 2.4-2.8 h and 2.5-2.7 h, respectively. Both α- and β-amanitin were rapidly absorbed into the body, with times to reach peak concentration (Tmax) between 1.0 and 1.5 h. Following single oral administration at 10 mg/kg, the Cmax was significantly lower for α-amanitin (91.1 μg/L) than for β-amanitin (143.1 μg/L) (p < 0.05). The toxicokinetic parameters of α-amanitin, such as t1/2, mean residence time (MRT), and volume of distribution (Vz/F) and of β-amanitin, such as Vz/F, were significantly different (p < 0.05) when combined administration was compared to single administration. Tissues collected at 24 h after po administration revealed decreasing tissue distributions for α- and β-amanitin of intestine > stomach > kidney > lung > spleen > liver > heart. The substantial distribution of toxins in the kidney corresponds to the known target organs of amatoxin poisoning. The content in the stomach, liver, and kidney was significantly higher for of β-amanitin than for α-amanitin at 24 h following oral administration of a 10 mg/kg dose. No significant difference was detected in the tissue distribution of either amatoxin following single or combined administration. After po administration, both amatoxins were primarily excreted through the feces. Our data suggest the possibility of differences in the toxicokinetics in patients poisoned by mushrooms containing both α- and β-amanitin than containing a single amatoxin. Continuous monitoring of toxin concentrations in patients' blood and urine samples is necessary in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China
| | - Fenshuang Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University (Yunnan Second People's Hospital, Yunnan Eye Hospital), Kunming, 650021, PR China
| | - Lina Pei
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China
| | - Jinting Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, 200063, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ryu S, Yamaguchi E, Sadegh Modaresi SM, Agudelo J, Costales C, West MA, Fischer F, Slitt AL. Evaluation of 14 PFAS for permeability and organic anion transporter interactions: Implications for renal clearance in humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142390. [PMID: 38801906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a diverse group of synthetic fluorinated chemicals known to elicit adverse health effects in animals and humans. However, only a few studies investigated the mechanisms underlying clearance of PFAS. Herein, the relevance of human renal transporters and permeability to clearance and bioaccumulation for 14 PFAS containing three to eleven perfluorinated carbon atoms (ηpfc = 3-11) and several functional head-groups was investigated. Apparent permeabilities and interactions with human transporters were measured using in vitro cell-based assays, including the MDCK-LE cell line, and HEK293 stable transfected cell lines expressing organic anion transporter (OAT) 1-4 and organic cation transporter (OCT) 2. The results generated align with the Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS), affirming that permeability, molecular weight, and ionization serve as robust predictors of clearance and renal transporter engagement. Notably, PFAS with low permeability (ECCS 3A and 3B) exhibited substantial substrate activity for OAT1 and OAT3, indicative of active renal secretion. Furthermore, we highlight the potential contribution of OAT4-mediated reabsorption to the renal clearance of PFAS with short ηpfc, such as perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS). Our data advance our mechanistic understanding of renal clearance of PFAS in humans, provide useful input parameters for toxicokinetic models, and have broad implications for toxicological evaluation and regulatory considerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ryu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States; Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Modaresi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Juliana Agudelo
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Mark A West
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Fabian Fischer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States.
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Russell LE, Yadav J, Maldonato BJ, Chien HC, Zou L, Vergara AG, Villavicencio EG. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions: regulatory guidelines, in vitro and in vivo methodologies and translation, special populations, and the blood-brain barrier. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-28. [PMID: 38967415 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2364591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
This review, part of a special issue on drug-drug interactions (DDIs) spearheaded by the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (ISSX) New Investigators, explores the critical role of drug transporters in absorption, disposition, and clearance in the context of DDIs. Over the past two decades, significant advances have been made in understanding the clinical relevance of these transporters. Current knowledge on key uptake and efflux transporters that affect drug disposition and development is summarized. Regulatory guidelines from the FDA, EMA, and PMDA that inform the evaluation of potential transporter-mediated DDIs are discussed in detail. Methodologies for preclinical and clinical testing to assess potential DDIs are reviewed, with an emphasis on the utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. This includes the application of relative abundance and expression factors to predict human pharmacokinetics (PK) using preclinical data, integrating the latest regulatory guidelines. Considerations for assessing transporter-mediated DDIs in special populations, including pediatric, hepatic, and renal impairment groups, are provided. Additionally, the impact of transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) on the disposition of CNS-related drugs is explored. Enhancing the understanding of drug transporters and their role in drug disposition and toxicity can improve efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Continued research is essential to bridge remaining gaps in knowledge, particularly in comparison with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Russell
- Department of Quantitative, Translational, and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin J Maldonato
- Department of Nonclinical Development and Clinical Pharmacology, Revolution Medicines, Inc, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zou
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ana G Vergara
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Erick G Villavicencio
- Department of Biology-Discovery, Imaging and Functional Genomics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gu C, Chen Y, Li H, Wang J, Liu S. Considerations when treating influenza infections with oseltamivir. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:1301-1316. [PMID: 38995220 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2376660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the coronavirus disease 2019-mandated social distancing policy has been lifted worldwide, the circulation of influenza is expected to resume. Currently, oseltamivir is approved as the first-line agent for influenza prevention and treatment. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the updated evidence in the pharmacology, resistance mechanisms, clinical pharmacy management, and real-world data on oseltamivir for influenza. EXPERT OPINION Oseltamivir is an oral prodrug of oseltamivir carboxylate, an influenza A and B neuraminidase inhibitor. Recently, the therapeutic efficacy of oseltamivir has been demonstrated in several trials. Oseltamivir is generally well-tolerated but may lead to neuropsychiatric events and bleeding. Oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus has been associated with the H275Y mutation in the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, while most strains are still sensitive to oseltamivir. Dose adjustment for oseltamivir should be based on creatinine clearance and body weight in pediatric patients with renal failure. According to real-world data from Nanfang Hospital, the annual number of patients prescribed oseltamivir declined from 35,711 in 2019 to 8,971 in 2020, with marked increases in 2022 (20,213) and 2023 (18,071). Among the 206 inpatients, children aged < 6 years who were treated with oseltamivir had the shortest duration to defervescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Haobin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism Research and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinshen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism Research and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, NMPA Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism Research and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- MOE Innovation Center for Medical Basic Research on Inflammation and Immune Related Diseases, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rollison HE, Mitra P, Chanteux H, Fang Z, Liang X, Park SH, Costales C, Hanna I, Thakkar N, Vergis JM, Bow DAJ, Hillgren KM, Brumm J, Chu X, Hop CECA, Lai Y, Li CY, Mahar KM, Salphati L, Sane R, Shen H, Taskar K, Taub M, Tohyama K, Xu C, Fenner KS. Survey of Pharmaceutical Industry's Best Practices around In Vitro Transporter Assessment and Implications for Drug Development: Considerations from the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality for Pharmaceutical Development Transporter Working Group. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:582-596. [PMID: 38697852 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development Transporter Working Group had a rare opportunity to analyze a crosspharma collation of in vitro data and assay methods for the evaluation of drug transporter substrate and inhibitor potential. Experiments were generally performed in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Discrepancies, such as not considering the impact of preincubation for inhibition and free or measured in vitro drug concentrations, may be due to the retrospective nature of the dataset and analysis. Lipophilicity was a frequent indicator of crosstransport inhibition (P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B, and OCT1), with high molecular weight (MW ≥500 Da) also common for OATP1B and BCRP inhibitors. A high level of overlap in in vitro inhibition across transporters was identified for BCRP, OATP1B1, and MATE1, suggesting that prediction of DDIs for these transporters will be common. In contrast, inhibition of OAT1 did not coincide with inhibition of any other transporter. Neutrals, bases, and compounds with intermediate-high lipophilicity tended to be P-gp and/or BCRP substrates, whereas compounds with MW <500 Da tended to be OAT3 substrates. Interestingly, the majority of in vitro inhibitors were not reported to be followed up with a clinical study by the submitting company, whereas those compounds identified as substrates generally were. Approaches to metabolite testing were generally found to be similar to parent testing, with metabolites generally being equally or less potent than parent compounds. However, examples where metabolites inhibited transporters in vitro were identified, supporting the regulatory requirement for in vitro testing of metabolites to enable integrated clinical DDI risk assessment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A diverse dataset showed that transporter inhibition often correlated with lipophilicity and molecular weight (>500 Da). Overlapping transporter inhibition was identified, particularly that inhibition of BCRP, OATP1B1, and MATE1 was frequent if the compound inhibited other transporters. In contrast, inhibition of OAT1 did not correlate with the other drug transporters tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Rollison
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Pallabi Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Zhizhou Fang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Seong Hee Park
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Chester Costales
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Imad Hanna
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Nilay Thakkar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - James M Vergis
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Daniel A J Bow
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Jochen Brumm
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Cindy Yanfei Li
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kelly M Mahar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Rucha Sane
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Hong Shen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kunal Taskar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Mitchell Taub
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Christine Xu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Katherine S Fenner
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alsmadi MM, Abudaqqa AA, Idkaidek N, Qinna NA, Al-Ghazawi A. The Effect of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome on Pravastatin Oral Bioavailability: In vivo and in silico evaluation using bottom-up wbPBPK modeling. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:86. [PMID: 38605192 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The common disorders irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can modify the drugs' pharmacokinetics via their induced pathophysiological changes. This work aimed to investigate the impact of these two diseases on pravastatin oral bioavailability. Rat models for IBS and IBD were used to experimentally test the effects of IBS and IBD on pravastatin pharmacokinetics. Then, the observations made in rats were extrapolated to humans using a mechanistic whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (wbPBPK) model. The rat in vivo studies done herein showed that IBS and IBD decreased serum albumin (> 11% for both), decreased PRV binding in plasma, and increased pravastatin absolute oral bioavailability (0.17 and 0.53 compared to 0.01) which increased plasma, muscle, and liver exposure. However, the wbPBPK model predicted muscle concentration was much lower than the pravastatin toxicity thresholds for myotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis. Overall, IBS and IBD can significantly increase pravastatin oral bioavailability which can be due to a combination of increased pravastatin intestinal permeability and decreased pravastatin gastric degradation resulting in higher exposure. This is the first study in the literature investigating the effects of IBS and IBD on pravastatin pharmacokinetics. The high interpatient variability in pravastatin concentrations as induced by IBD and IBS can be reduced by oral administration of pravastatin using enteric-coated tablets. Such disease (IBS and IBD)-drug interaction can have more drastic consequences for narrow therapeutic index drugs prone to gastric degradation, especially for drugs with low intestinal permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motasem M Alsmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
- Nanotechnology Institute, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Alla A Abudaqqa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nasir Idkaidek
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nidal A Qinna
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
- University of Petra Pharmaceutical Center (UPPC), University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muhammad S, Zahir N, Bibi S, Alshahrani MY, Shafiq-urRehman, Chaudhry AR, Sarwar F, Tousif MI. Computational prediction for designing novel ketonic derivatives as potential inhibitors for breast cancer: A trade-off between drug likeness and inhibition potency. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 109:108020. [PMID: 38286082 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Unlike simple molecular screening, a combined hybrid computational methodology has been applied which includes quantum chemical methods, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to design some novel ketonic derivatives. The current study contains the derivatives of an experimental ligand which are designed as a trade-off between drug likeness and inhibition strength. We investigate the interaction of various newly designed ketonic compounds with the breast cancer receptor known as the Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα). The molecular structures of all newly designed ligands were studied quantum chemically in terms of their fully optimized structures, 3-D molecular orbital distributions, global chemical descriptors, molecular electrostatic potentials and energies of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). All ligands under study show good binding affinities with the ERα protein. The ligands CMR2 and CMR4 exhibit improved molecular docking interactions. The intermolecular interactions indicate that CMR4 demonstrates better hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions with protein (ERα). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on ligands and reference drugs interacting with the ERα protein over a time span of 120 nanoseconds. The molecular dynamics results are interpreted in terms of ligand-protein stability and flexible behaviour based on their respective values of RMSD, RMSF, H-bonds, the radius of gyration, and SASA graphs. To analyse ligand-protein interactions throughout the entire 120 ns trajectory, a more advanced MM/PBSA method is utilized, where six selected ligands (CMR1, CMR2, CMR3, CMR4, CMR5 and CMR9) illustrate promising results for inhibition of the ERα receptor as assessed through MM/BBSA analysis. The CMR9 has the highest MM/BBSA binding free energy (-14.46 kcal/mol). The ADMET analysis reveals that CMR4 has maximum intestinal absorption (6.68) and clearance rate (0.1). All the compounds are non-toxic and safe to use. These findings indicate the potential of involving different computational techniques to design the ligand structures and to study the ligand-protein interactions for better understanding and achieving more potent synthetic inhibitors for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nimra Zahir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shamsa Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 9088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiq-urRehman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Sarwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Tousif
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Galetin A, Brouwer KLR, Tweedie D, Yoshida K, Sjöstedt N, Aleksunes L, Chu X, Evers R, Hafey MJ, Lai Y, Matsson P, Riselli A, Shen H, Sparreboom A, Varma MVS, Yang J, Yang X, Yee SW, Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Zhang L, Giacomini KM. Membrane transporters in drug development and as determinants of precision medicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:255-280. [PMID: 38267543 PMCID: PMC11464068 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The effect of membrane transporters on drug disposition, efficacy and safety is now well recognized. Since the initial publication from the International Transporter Consortium, significant progress has been made in understanding the roles and functions of transporters, as well as in the development of tools and models to assess and predict transporter-mediated activity, toxicity and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Notable advances include an increased understanding of the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on transporter activity, the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling in predicting transporter-mediated drug disposition, the identification of endogenous biomarkers to assess transporter-mediated DDIs and the determination of the cryogenic electron microscopy structures of SLC and ABC transporters. This article provides an overview of these key developments, highlighting unanswered questions, regulatory considerations and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Kenta Yoshida
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Research and Early Development, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauren Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond Evers
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Hafey
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism, and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Riselli
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xinning Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yousaf MA, Anwer SA, Basheera S, Sivanandan S. Computational investigation of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals targeting EGFR: molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1901-1923. [PMID: 37154824 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2206288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a prominent target for anticancer therapy due to its role in activating several cell signaling cascades. Clinically approved EGFR inhibitors are reported to show treatment resistance and toxicity, this study, therefore, investigates Moringa oleifera phytochemicals to find potent and safe anti-EGFR compounds. For that, phytochemicals were screened based on drug-likeness and molecular docking analysis followed by molecular dynamics simulation, density functional theory analysis and ADMET analysis to identify the effective inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) domain. Known EGFR-TK inhibitors (1-4 generations) were used as control. Among 146 phytochemicals, 136 compounds showed drug-likeness, of which Delta 7-Avenasterol was the most potential EGFR-TK inhibitor with a binding energy of -9.2 kcal/mol followed by 24-Methylenecholesterol (-9.1 kcal/mol), Campesterol (-9.0 kcal/mol) and Ellagic acid (-9.0 kcal/mol). In comparison, the highest binding affinity from control drugs was displayed by Rociletinib (-9.0 kcal/mol). The molecular dynamics simulation (100 ns) exhibited the structural stability of native EGFR-TK and protein-inhibitor complexes. Further, MM/PBSA computed the binding free energies of protein complex with Delta 7-Avenasterol, 24-Methylenecholesterol, Campesterol and Ellagic acid as -154.559 ± 18.591 kJ/mol, -139.176 ± 19.236 kJ/mol, -136.212 ± 17.598 kJ/mol and -139.513 ± 23.832 kJ/mol, respectively. Non-polar interactions were the major contributors to these energies. The density functional theory analysis also established the stability of these inhibitor compounds. ADMET analysis depicted acceptable outcomes for all top phytochemicals without displaying any toxicity. In conclusion, this report has identified promising EGFR-TK inhibitors to treat several cancers that can be further investigated through laboratory and clinical tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abrar Yousaf
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Anjum Anwer
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shefin Basheera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Saraswathy Thangavelu Extension Centre, A Research Centre of University of Kerala, KSCSTE-Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Puthenthope, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Sreekumar Sivanandan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Saraswathy Thangavelu Extension Centre, A Research Centre of University of Kerala, KSCSTE-Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Puthenthope, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huh Y, Plotka A, Wei H, Kaplan J, Raha N, Towner J, Purohit VS, Dowty ME, Wolk R, Vourvahis M, King-Ahmad A, Mathialagan S, West MA, Lazzaro S, Ryu S, Rodrigues AD. Utilization of Rosuvastatin and Endogenous Biomarkers in Evaluating the Impact of Ritlecitinib on BCRP, OATP1B1, and OAT3 Transporter Activity. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2639-2651. [PMID: 37561322 PMCID: PMC10733197 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ritlecitinib, an inhibitor of Janus kinase 3 and tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma family kinases, is in development for inflammatory diseases. This study assessed the impact of ritlecitinib on drug transporters using a probe drug and endogenous biomarkers. METHODS In vitro transporter-mediated substrate uptake and inhibition by ritlecitinib and its major metabolite were evaluated. Subsequently, a clinical drug interaction study was conducted in 12 healthy adult participants to assess the effect of ritlecitinib on pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin, a substrate of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), and organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3). Plasma concentrations of coproporphyrin I (CP-I) and pyridoxic acid (PDA) were assessed as endogenous biomarkers for OATP1B1 and OAT1/3 function, respectively. RESULTS In vitro studies suggested that ritlecitinib can potentially inhibit BCRP, OATP1B1 and OAT1/3 based on regulatory cutoffs. In the subsequent clinical study, coadministration of ritlecitinib decreased rosuvastatin plasma exposure area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUCinf) by ~ 13% and maximum concentration (Cmax) by ~ 27% relative to rosuvastatin administered alone. Renal clearance was comparable in the absence and presence of ritlecitinib coadministration. PK parameters of AUCinf and Cmax for CP-I and PDA were also similar regardless of ritlecitinib coadministration. CONCLUSION Ritlecitinib does not inhibit BCRP, OATP1B1, and OAT3 and is unlikely to cause a clinically relevant interaction through these transporters. Furthermore, our findings add to the body of evidence supporting the utility of CP-I and PDA as endogenous biomarkers for assessment of OATP1B1 and OAT1/3 transporter activity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pak YA, Posada MM, Bacon J, Long A, Annes W, Witcher J, Mitchell M, Tirona RG, Hall SD, Hillgren KM. Prediction of the Renal Organic Anion Transporter 1 (OAT1)- Mediated Drug Interactions for LY404039, the Active Metabolite of Pomaglumetad Methionil. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2499-2511. [PMID: 36635486 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this work was to demonstrate that clinical OAT1-mediated DDIs can be predicted using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. METHODS LY404039 is a metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 agonist and the active moiety of the prodrug pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023). After oral administration, pomaglumetad methionil is rapidly taken up by enterocytes via PEPT1 and once absorbed, converted to LY404039 via membrane dehydropeptidase 1 (DPEP1). LY404039 is renally excreted by both glomerular filtration and active secretion and in vitro studies showed that the active secretion of LY404039 was mediated by the organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1). Both clinical and in vitro data were used to build a PBPK model to predict OAT1-mediated DDIs. RESULTS In vitro inhibitory potencies (IC50) of the known OAT inhibitors, probenecid and ibuprofen, were determined to be 4.00 and 2.63 µM, respectively. Subsequently, clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) study showed probenecid reduced the renal clearance of LY404039 by 30 to 40%. The PBPK bottom-up model, predicted a renal clearance that was approximately 20% lower than the observed one. The middle-out model, using an OAT1 relative activity factor (RAF) of 3, accurately reproduced the renal clearance of LY404039 and pharmacokinetic (PK) changes of LY404039 in the presence of probenecid. CONCLUSIONS OAT1- mediated DDIs can be predicted using in vitro measured IC50 and PBPK modeling. The effect of ibuprofen was predicted to be minimal (AUC ratio of 1.15) and not clinically relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Anne Pak
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Maria M Posada
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - James Bacon
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | | - William Annes
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Jennifer Witcher
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Malcolm Mitchell
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Rommel G Tirona
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D Hall
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bernardi A, Bennett WFD, He S, Jones D, Kirshner D, Bennion BJ, Carpenter TS. Advances in Computational Approaches for Estimating Passive Permeability in Drug Discovery. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:851. [PMID: 37999336 PMCID: PMC10673305 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Passive permeation of cellular membranes is a key feature of many therapeutics. The relevance of passive permeability spans all biological systems as they all employ biomembranes for compartmentalization. A variety of computational techniques are currently utilized and under active development to facilitate the characterization of passive permeability. These methods include lipophilicity relations, molecular dynamics simulations, and machine learning, which vary in accuracy, complexity, and computational cost. This review briefly introduces the underlying theories, such as the prominent inhomogeneous solubility diffusion model, and covers a number of recent applications. Various machine-learning applications, which have demonstrated good potential for high-volume, data-driven permeability predictions, are also discussed. Due to the confluence of novel computational methods and next-generation exascale computers, we anticipate an exciting future for computationally driven permeability predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Timothy S. Carpenter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (A.B.); (W.F.D.B.); (S.H.); (D.J.); (D.K.); (B.J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Parvez MM, Sadighi A, Ahn Y, Keller SF, Enoru JO. Uptake Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier and Their Role in Brain Drug Disposition. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2473. [PMID: 37896233 PMCID: PMC10610385 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uptake drug transporters play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic of drugs within the brain, facilitating their entry into the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding brain drug disposition is always challenging, especially with respect to preclinical to clinical translation. These transporters are members of the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily, which includes organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), and amino acid transporters. In this systematic review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of uptake drug transporters in the brain and their contribution to drug disposition. Here, we also assemble currently available proteomics-based expression levels of uptake transporters in the human brain and their application in translational drug development. Proteomics data suggest that in association with efflux transporters, uptake drug transporters present at the BBB play a significant role in brain drug disposition. It is noteworthy that a significant level of species differences in uptake drug transporters activity exists, and this may contribute toward a disconnect in inter-species scaling. Taken together, uptake drug transporters at the BBB could play a significant role in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Continuous research is crucial for advancing our understanding of active uptake across the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Armin Sadighi
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Yeseul Ahn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S Coulter St., Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Steve F. Keller
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| | - Julius O. Enoru
- Department of Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences (QTAS), AbbVie Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (M.M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Noorlander A, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM, van Ravenzwaay B. Predicting acute paraquat toxicity using physiologically based kinetic modelling incorporating in vitro active renal excretion via the OCT2 transporter. Toxicol Lett 2023; 388:30-39. [PMID: 37806368 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Including active renal excretion in physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models can improve their use in quantitative in vitro- in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) as a new approach methodology (NAM) for predicting the acute toxicity of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) substrates like paraquat (PQ). To realise this NAM, kinetic parameters Vmax and Km for in vitro OCT2 transport of PQ were obtained from the literature. Appropriate scaling factors were applied to translate the in vitro Vmax to an in vivo Vmax. in vitro cytotoxicity data were defined in the rat RLE-6TN and L2 cell lines and the human A549 cell line. The developed PQ PBK model was used to apply reverse dosimetry for QIVIVE translating the in vitro cytotoxicity concentration-response curves to predicted in vivo toxicity dose-response curves after which the lower and upper bound benchmark dose (BMD) for 50% lethality (BMDL50 and BMDU50) were derived by applying BMD analysis. Comparing the predictions to the in vivo reported LD50 values resulted in a conservative prediction for rat and a comparable prediction for human showing proof of principle on the inclusion of active renal excretion and prediction of PQ acute toxicity for the developed NAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Noorlander
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Keuper-Navis M, Walles M, Poller B, Myszczyszyn A, van der Made TK, Donkers J, Eslami Amirabadi H, Wilmer MJ, Aan S, Spee B, Masereeuw R, van de Steeg E. The application of organ-on-chip models for the prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles during drug development. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106853. [PMID: 37473876 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology has led to in vitro models with many new possibilities compared to conventional in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, the potential of OoC models to improve the prediction of human oral bioavailability and intrinsic clearance is discussed, with a focus on the functionality of the models and the application in current drug development practice. Multi-OoC models demonstrating the application for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies are summarized and existing challenges are identified. Physiological parameters for a minimal viable platform of a multi-OoC model to study PK are provided, together with PK specific read-outs and recommendations for relevant reference compounds to validate the model. Finally, the translation to in vivo PK profiles is discussed, which will be required to routinely apply OoC models during drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit Keuper-Navis
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Walles
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birk Poller
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adam Myszczyszyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht (RMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas K van der Made
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joanne Donkers
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Saskia Aan
- Stichting Proefdiervrij, Den Haag, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht (RMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Frost KL, Jilek JL, Toth EL, Goedken MJ, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Representative Rodent Models for Renal Transporter Alterations in Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:970-981. [PMID: 37137719 PMCID: PMC10353148 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in renal elimination processes of glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion by renal transporters can result in adverse drug reactions. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) alters hepatic transporter expression and xenobiotic elimination, but until recently, renal transporter alterations in NASH were unknown. This study investigates renal transporter changes in rodent models of NASH to identify a model that recapitulates human alterations. Quantitative protein expression by surrogate peptide liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on renal biopsies from NASH patients was used for concordance analysis with rodent models, including methionine/choline deficient (MCD), atherogenic (Athero), or control rats and Leprdb/db MCD (db/db), C57BL/6J fast-food thioacetamide (FFDTH), American lifestyle-induced obesity syndrome (ALIOS), or control mice. Demonstrating clinical similarity to NASH patients, db/db, FFDTH, and ALIOS showed decreases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by 76%, 28%, and 24%. Organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) showed an upward trend in all models except the FFDTH (from 3.20 to 2.39 pmol/mg protein), making the latter the only model to represent human OAT3 changes. OAT5, a functional ortholog of human OAT4, significantly decreased in db/db, FFDTH, and ALIOS (from 4.59 to 0.45, 1.59, and 2.83 pmol/mg protein, respectively) but significantly increased for MCD (1.67 to 4.17 pmol/mg protein), suggesting that the mouse models are comparable to human for these specific transport processes. These data suggest that variations in rodent renal transporter expression are elicited by NASH, and the concordance analysis enables appropriate model selection for future pharmacokinetic studies based on transporter specificity. These models provide a valuable resource to extrapolate the consequences of human variability in renal drug elimination. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Rodent models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis that recapitulate human renal transporter alterations are identified for future transporter-specific pharmacokinetic studies to facilitate the prevention of adverse drug reactions due to human variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L Frost
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (K.L.F., J.L.J., E.L.T., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Joseph L Jilek
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (K.L.F., J.L.J., E.L.T., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Erica L Toth
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (K.L.F., J.L.J., E.L.T., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Michael J Goedken
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (K.L.F., J.L.J., E.L.T., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Stephen H Wright
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (K.L.F., J.L.J., E.L.T., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology (K.L.F., J.L.J., E.L.T., N.J.C.) and College of Medicine, Department of Physiology (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey (M.J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rafique A, Muhammad S, Iqbal J, Al-Sehemi AG, Alshahrani MY, Ayub K, Gilani MA. Exploring the inhibitory potential of novel piperidine-derivatives against main protease (M pro) of SARS-CoV-2: A hybrid approach consisting of molecular docking, MD simulations and MMPBSA analysis. J Mol Liq 2023; 382:121904. [PMID: 37151376 PMCID: PMC10131809 DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, a hybrid computational approach consisting of different computational methods to explore the molecular electronic structures, bioactivity and therapeutic potential of piperidine compounds against SARS-CoV-2. The quantum chemical methods are used to study electronic structures of designed derivatives, molecular docking methods are used to see the most potential docking interactions for main protease (MPro) of SARS-CoV-2 while molecular dynamic and MMPBSA analyses are performed in bulk water solvation process to mimic real protein like aqueous environment and effectiveness of docked complexes. We designed and optimized piperidine derivatives from experimentally known precursor using quantum chemical methods. The UV-Visible, IR, molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic plots, and global chemical reactivity descriptors are carried out which illustrate that the designed compounds are kinetically stable and reactive. The results of MD simulations and binding free energy revealed that all the complex systems possess adequate dynamic stability, and flexibility based on their RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, and hydrogen bond analysis. The computed net binding free energy ( Δ G b i n d ) as calculated by MMPBSA method for the complexes showed the values of -4.29 kcal.mol-1 for P1, -5.52 kcal.mol-1 for P2, -6.12 kcal.mol-1 for P3, -6.35 kcal.mol-1 for P4, -5.19 kcal.mol-1 for P5, 3.09 kcal.mol-1 for P6, -6.78 kcal.mol-1 for P7, and -6.29 kcal.mol-1 for P8.The ADMET analysis further confirmed that none of among the designed ligands violates the Lipinski rule of five (RO5). The current comprehensive investigation predicts that all our designed compounds are recommended as prospective therapeutic drugs against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 and it provokes the scientific community to further perform their in-vitro analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Rafique
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 9088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK 22060, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Buaben AO, Pelis RM. Incubation Time Influences Organic Anion Transporter 1 Kinetics and Renal Clearance Predictions. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:205-217. [PMID: 37218810 DOI: 10.3390/jox13020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate predictions of drug uptake transporter involvement in renal excretion of xenobiotics require determination of in vitro transport kinetic parameters under initial-rate conditions. The purpose of the present study was to determine how changing the incubation time from initial rate to steady state influences ligand interactions with the renal organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), and the impact of the different experimental conditions on pharmacokinetic predictions. Transport studies were performed with Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing OAT1 (CHO-OAT1) and the Simcyp Simulator was used for physiological-based pharmacokinetic predictions. Maximal transport rate and intrinsic uptake clearance (CLint) for PAH decreased with increasing incubation time. The CLint values ranged 11-fold with incubation times spanning from 15 s (CLint,15s, initial rate) to 45 min (CLint,45min, steady state). The Michaelis constant (Km) was also influenced by the incubation time with an apparent increase in the Km value at longer incubation times. Inhibition potency of five drugs against PAH transport was tested using incubation times of either 15 s or 10 min. There was no effect of time on inhibition potency for omeprazole or furosemide, whereas indomethacin was less potent, and probenecid (~2-fold) and telmisartan (~7-fold) more potent with the longer incubation time. Notably, the inhibitory effect of telmisartan was reversible, albeit slowly. A pharmacokinetic model was developed for PAH using the CLint,15s value. The simulated plasma concentration-time profile, renal clearance, and cumulative urinary excretion-time profile of PAH agreed well with reported clinical data, and the PK parameters were sensitive to the time-associated CLint value used in the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron O Buaben
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ryan M Pelis
- Drug Disposition, Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Z, Leow EYQ, Moy HY, Chan ECY. Advances in urinary biomarker research of synthetic cannabinoids. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 115:1-32. [PMID: 37673518 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are chemical compounds designed to mimic the action of existing illicit recreational drugs. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a subclass of NPS which bind to the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and mimic the action of cannabis. SCs have dominated recent NPS seizure reports worldwide. While urine is the most common matrix for drug-of-abuse testing, SCs undergo extensive Phase I and Phase II metabolism, resulting in almost undetectable parent compounds in urine samples. Therefore, the major urinary metabolites of SCs are usually investigated as surrogate biomarkers to identify their consumption. Since seized urine samples after consuming novel SCs may be unavailable in a timely manner, human hepatocytes, human liver microsomes and human transporter overexpressed cell lines are physiologically-relevant in vitro systems for performing metabolite identification, metabolic stability, reaction phenotyping and transporter experiments to establish the disposition of SC and its metabolites. Coupling these in vitro experiments with in vivo verification using limited authentic urine samples, such a two-pronged approach has proven to be effective in establishing urinary metabolites as biomarkers for rapidly emerging SCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Yu Quan Leow
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hooi Yan Moy
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Frost KL, Jilek JL, Sinari S, Klein RR, Billheimer D, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Renal Transporter Alterations in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis, Alcohol-Associated, Viral Hepatitis, and Alcohol-Viral Combination. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:155-164. [PMID: 36328481 PMCID: PMC9900843 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in hepatic transporters have been identified in precirrhotic chronic liver diseases (CLDs) that result in pharmacokinetic variations causing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, the effect of CLD on the expression of renal transporters is unknown despite the overwhelming evidence of kidney injury in CLD patients. This study determines the transcriptomic and proteomic expression profiles of renal drug transporters in patients with defined CLD etiology. Renal biopsies were obtained from patients with a history of CLD etiologies, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), viral hepatitis C (HCV), and combination ALD/HCV. A significant decrease in organic anion transporter (OAT)-3 was identified in NASH, ALD, HCV, and ALD/HCV (1.56 ± 1.10; 1.01 ± 0.46; 1.03 ± 0.43; 0.86 ± 0.57 pmol/mg protein) relative to control (2.77 ± 1.39 pmol/mg protein). Additionally, a decrease was shown for OAT4 in NASH (24.9 ± 5.69 pmol/mg protein) relative to control (43.8 ± 19.9 pmol/mg protein) and in urate transporter 1 (URAT1) for ALD and HCV (1.56 ± 0.15 and 1.65 ± 0.69 pmol/mg protein) relative to control (4.69 ± 4.59 pmol/mg protein). These decreases in organic anion transporter expression could result in increased and prolonged systemic exposure to drugs and possible toxicity. Renal transporter changes, in addition to hepatic transporter alterations, should be considered in dose adjustments for CLD patients for a more accurate disposition profile. It is important to consider a multiorgan approach to altered pharmacokinetics of drugs prescribed to CLD patients to prevent ADRs and improve patient outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chronic liver diseases are known to elicit alterations in hepatic transporters that result in a disrupted pharmacokinetic profile for various drugs. However, it is unknown if there are alterations in renal transporters during chronic liver disease, despite strong indications of renal dysfunction associated with chronic liver disease. Identifying renal transporter expression changes in patients with chronic liver disease facilitates essential investigations on the multifaceted relationship between liver dysfunction and kidney physiology to offer dose adjustments and prevent adverse drug reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L Frost
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joseph L Jilek
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shripad Sinari
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Robert R Klein
- Department of Pathology, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Dean Billheimer
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fagerholm U, Hellberg S, Alvarsson J, Spjuth O. In Silico Prediction of Human Clinical Pharmacokinetics with ANDROMEDA by Prosilico: Predictions for an Established Benchmarking Data Set, a Modern Small Drug Data Set, and a Comparison with Laboratory Methods. Altern Lab Anim 2023; 51:39-54. [PMID: 36572567 DOI: 10.1177/02611929221148447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing aim to replace animal and in vitro laboratory models with in silico methods. Such replacement requires the successful validation and comparably good performance of the alternative methods. We have developed an in silico prediction system for human clinical pharmacokinetics, based on machine learning, conformal prediction and a new physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model, i.e. ANDROMEDA. The objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate how well ANDROMEDA predicts the human clinical pharmacokinetics of a previously proposed benchmarking data set comprising 24 physicochemically diverse drugs and 28 small drug molecules new to the market in 2021; b) to compare its predictive performance with that of laboratory methods; and c) to investigate and describe the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the modern drugs. Median and maximum prediction errors for the selected major parameters were ca 1.2 to 2.5-fold and 16-fold for both data sets, respectively. Prediction accuracy was on par with, or better than, the best laboratory-based prediction methods (superior performance for a vast majority of the comparisons), and the prediction range was considerably broader. The modern drugs have higher average molecular weight than those in the benchmarking set from 15 years earlier (ca 200 g/mol higher), and were predicted to (generally) have relatively complex pharmacokinetics, including permeability and dissolution limitations and significant renal, biliary and/or gut-wall elimination. In conclusion, the results were overall better than those obtained with laboratory methods, and thus serve to further validate the ANDROMEDA in silico system for the prediction of human clinical pharmacokinetics of modern and physicochemically diverse drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Alvarsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Spjuth
- Prosilico AB, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hong S, Li S, Meng X, Li P, Wang X, Su M, Liu X, Liu L. Bile duct ligation differently regulates protein expressions of organic cation transporters in intestine, liver and kidney of rats through activation of farnesoid X receptor by cholate and bilirubin. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:227-245. [PMID: 36815051 PMCID: PMC9939304 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Body is equipped with organic cation transporters (OCTs). These OCTs mediate drug transport and are also involved in some disease process. We aimed to investigate whether liver failure alters intestinal, hepatic and renal Oct expressions using bile duct ligation (BDL) rats. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrates that BDL decreases plasma metformin exposure, associated with decreased intestinal absorption and increased urinary excretion. Western blot shows that BDL significantly downregulates intestinal Oct2 and hepatic Oct1 but upregulates renal and hepatic Oct2. In vitro cell experiments show that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), bilirubin and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist GW4064 increase OCT2/Oct2 but decrease OCT1/Oct1, which are remarkably attenuated by glycine-β-muricholic acid and silencing FXR. Significantly lowered intestinal CDCA and increased plasma bilirubin levels contribute to different Octs regulation by BDL, which are confirmed using CDCA-treated and bilirubin-treated rats. A disease-based physiologically based pharmacokinetic model characterizing intestinal, hepatic and renal Octs was successfully developed to predict metformin pharmacokinetics in rats. In conclusion, BDL remarkably downregulates expressions of intestinal Oct2 and hepatic Oct1 protein while upregulates expressions of renal and hepatic Oct2 protein in rats, finally, decreasing plasma exposure and impairing hypoglycemic effects of metformin. BDL differently regulates Oct expressions via Fxr activation by CDCA and bilirubin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Hong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaoyan Meng
- Tianjin Institutes of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300301, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Mengxiang Su
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China,Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271060.
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210098, China,Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 83271060.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nature-Derived Compounds as Potential Bioactive Leads against CDK9-Induced Cancer: Computational and Network Pharmacology Approaches. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the maintenance of cell development, gene transcription, and other essential biological operations, CDK blockers have been generated to manage a variety of disorders resulting from CDK irregularities. Furthermore, CDK9 has a crucial role in transcription by regulating short-lived anti-apoptotic genes necessary for cancer cell persistence. Addressing CDK9 with blockers has consequently emerged as a promising treatment for cancer. This study scrutinizes the effectiveness of nature-derived compounds (geniposidic acid, quercetin, geniposide, curcumin, and withanolide C) against CDK9 through computational approaches. A molecular docking study was performed after preparing the protein and the ligands. The selected blockers of the CDK9 exerted reliable binding affinities (−8.114 kcal/mol to −13.908 kcal/mol) against the selected protein, resulting in promising candidates compared to the co-crystallized ligand (LCI). The binding affinity of geniposidic acid (−13.908 kcal/mol) to CDK9 is higher than quercetin (−10.775 kcal/mol), geniposide (−9.969 kcal/mol), curcumin (−9.898 kcal/mol), withanolide C (−8.114 kcal/mol), and the co-crystallized ligand LCI (−11.425 kcal/mol). Therefore, geniposidic acid is a promising inhibitor of CDK9. Moreover, the molecular dynamics studies assessed the structure–function relationships and protein–ligand interactions. The network pharmacology study for the selected ligands demonstrated the auspicious compound–target–pathway signaling pathways vital in developing tumor, tumor cell growth, differentiation, and promoting tumor cell progression. Moreover, this study concluded by analyzing the computational approaches the natural-derived compounds that have potential interacting activities against CDK9 and, therefore, can be considered promising candidates for CKD9-induced cancer. To substantiate this study’s outcomes, in vivo research is recommended.
Collapse
|
25
|
Vijaywargi G, Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Chachad S. Predicting transporter mediated drug-drug interactions via static and dynamic physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: A comprehensive insight on where we are now and the way forward. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022. [PMID: 36413625 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The greater utilization and acceptance of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to evaluate the potential metabolic drug-drug interactions is evident by the plethora of literature, guidance's, and regulatory dossiers available in the literature. In contrast, it is not widely used to predict transporter-mediated DDI (tDDI). This is attributed to the unavailability of accurate transporter tissue expression levels, the absence of accurate in vitro to in vivo extrapolations (IVIVE), enzyme-transporter interplay, and a lack of specific probe substrates. Additionally, poor understanding of the inhibition/induction mechanisms coupled with the inability to determine unbound concentrations at the interaction site made tDDI assessment challenging. Despite these challenges, continuous improvements in IVIVE approaches enabled accurate tDDI predictions. Furthermore, the necessity of extrapolating tDDI's to special (pediatrics, pregnant, geriatrics) and diseased (renal, hepatic impaired) populations is gaining impetus and is encouraged by regulatory authorities. This review aims to visit the current state-of-the-art and summarizes contemporary knowledge on tDDI predictions. The current understanding and ability of static and dynamic PBPK models to predict tDDI are portrayed in detail. Peer-reviewed transporter abundance data in special and diseased populations from recent publications were compiled, enabling direct input into modeling tools for accurate tDDI predictions. A compilation of regulatory guidance's for tDDI's assessment and success stories from regulatory submissions are presented. Future perspectives and challenges of predicting tDDI in terms of in vitro system considerations, endogenous biomarkers, the use of empirical scaling factors, enzyme-transporter interplay, and acceptance criteria for model validation to meet the regulatory expectations were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Vijaywargi
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Siddharth Chachad
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ryu S, Woody N, Chang G, Mathialagan S, Varma MVS. Identification of Organic Anion Transporter 2 Inhibitors: Screening, Structure-Based Analysis, and Clinical Drug Interaction Risk Assessment. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14578-14588. [PMID: 36270005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2 or SLC22A7) plays an important role in the hepatic uptake and renal secretion of several endogenous compounds and drugs. The goal of this work is to understand the structure activity of OAT2 inhibition and assess clinical drug interaction risk. A single-point inhibition assay using OAT2-transfected HEK293 cells was employed to screen about 150 compounds; and concentration-dependent inhibition potency (IC50) was measured for the identified "inhibitors". Acids represented about 65% of all inhibitors, and the frequency of bases-plus-zwitterions approximately doubled for "non-inhibitors". Interestingly, 9 of 10 most potent inhibitors (low IC50) are acids (pKa ∼ 3-5). Additionally, inhibitors are significantly larger and lipophilic than non-inhibitors. In silico (binary) models were developed to identify inhibitors and non-inhibitors. Finally, in vivo risk assessed via static drug-drug interaction models identified several inhibitors with potential for renal and hepatic OAT2 inhibition at clinical doses. This is the first study assessing the global pattern of OAT2-ligand interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ryu
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nathaniel Woody
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - George Chang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The next frontier in ADME science: Predicting transporter-based drug disposition, tissue concentrations and drug-drug interactions in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
28
|
Iskandar S, Bowers AA. mRNA Display Reaches for the Clinic with New PCSK9 Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1379-1383. [PMID: 36105330 PMCID: PMC9465826 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Merck & Co. recently reported one of the first mRNA display-derived clinical candidates in a bioavailable inhibitor of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Herein, we discuss the chemical and pharmacological challenges surmounted in bringing this compound to trials and the current outlook for mRNA display-based therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina
E. Iskandar
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Albert A. Bowers
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger
Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University
of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rodrigues AD. Reimagining the Framework Supporting the Static Analysis of Transporter Drug Interaction Risk; Integrated Use of Biomarkers to Generate
Pan‐Transporter
Inhibition Signatures. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 113:986-1002. [PMID: 35869864 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters present as the loci of important drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Therefore, sponsors generate in vitro half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) data and apply regulatory agency-guided "static" methods to assess DDI risk and the need for a formal clinical DDI study. Because such methods are conservative and high false-positive rates are likely (e.g., DDI study triggered when liver SLC R value ≥ 1.04 and renal SLC maximal unbound plasma (Cmax,u )/IC50 ratio ≥ 0.02), investigators have attempted to deploy plasma- and urine-based SLC biomarkers in phase I studies to de-risk DDI and obviate the need for drug probe-based studies. In this regard, it was possible to generate in-house in vitro SLC IC50 data for various clinically (biomarker)-qualified perpetrator drugs, under standard assay conditions, and then estimate "% inhibition" for each SLC and relate it empirically to published clinical biomarker data (area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) ratio (AUCR, AUCinhibitor /AUCreference ) and % decrease in renal clearance (ΔCLrenal )). After such a "calibration" exercise, it was determined that only compounds with high R values (> 1.5) and Cmax,u /IC50 ratios (> 0.5) are likely to significantly modulate liver (AUCR > 1.25) and renal (ΔCLrenal > 25%) biomarkers and evoke DDI risk. The % inhibition approach supports integration of liver and renal SLC data and allows one to generate pan-SLC inhibition signatures for different test perpetrators (e.g., SLC % inhibition ranking). In turn, such signatures can guide the selection of the most appropriate individual (or combinations of) biomarkers for testing in phase I studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc Groton CT USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang M, Xu X. Important roles of transporters in the pharmacokinetics of anti-viral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:483-505. [PMID: 35975669 PMCID: PMC9506706 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2112175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleoside analogs are an important class of antiviral agents. Due to the high hydrophilicity and limited membrane permeability of antiviral nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (AVNAs), transporters play critical roles in AVNA pharmacokinetics. Understanding the properties of these transporters is important to accelerate translational research for AVNAs. AREAS COVERED The roles of key transporters in the pharmacokinetics of 25 approved AVNAs were reviewed. Clinically relevant information that can be explained by the modulation of transporter functions is also highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Although the roles of transporters in the intestinal absorption and renal excretion of AVNAs have been well identified, more research is warranted to understand their roles in the distribution of AVNAs, especially to immune privileged compartments where treatment of viral infection is challenging. P-gp, MRP4, BCRP, and nucleoside transporters have shown extensive impacts in the disposition of AVNAs. It is highly recommended that the role of transporters should be investigated during the development of novel AVNAs. Clinically, co-administered inhibitors and genetic polymorphism of transporters are the two most frequently reported factors altering AVNA pharmacokinetics. Physiopathology conditions also regulate transporter activities, while their effects on pharmacokinetics need further exploration. Pharmacokinetic models could be useful for elucidating these complicated factors in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengbi Yang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Division of Preclinical Innovation (DPI), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lai Y, Chu X, Di L, Gao W, Guo Y, Liu X, Lu C, Mao J, Shen H, Tang H, Xia CQ, Zhang L, Ding X. Recent advances in the translation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics science for drug discovery and development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2751-2777. [PMID: 35755285 PMCID: PMC9214059 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK (pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems. Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade, not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME, target organ exposure, and toxicity, but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction (DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions. The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety, as well as the interplay with metabolic processes, has been increasingly recognized. Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and antibody-drug conjugates, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties. In this review, we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade, and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yingying Guo
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chuang Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Accent Therapeutics, Inc. Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Huaping Tang
- Bioanalysis and Biomarkers, Glaxo Smith Kline, King of the Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Cindy Q. Xia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Application of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Cefazolin and Cefuroxime Disposition in Obese Pregnant Women Undergoing Caesarean Section. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061162. [PMID: 35745736 PMCID: PMC9229966 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous (IV) cefuroxime and cefazolin are used prophylactically in caesarean sections (CS). Currently, there are concerns regarding sub-optimal dosing in obese pregnant women compared to lean pregnant women prior to CS. The current study used a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approach to predict cefazolin and cefuroxime pharmacokinetics in obese pregnant women at the time of CS as well as the duration that these drug concentrations remain above a target concentration (2, 4 or 8 µg/mL or µg/g) in plasma or adipose tissue. Cefazolin and cefuroxime PBPK models were first built using clinical data in lean and in obese non–pregnant populations. Models were then used to predict cefazolin and cefuroxime pharmacokinetics data in lean and obese pregnant populations. Both cefazolin and cefuroxime models sufficiently described their total and free levels in the plasma and in the adipose interstitial fluid (ISF) in non–pregnant and pregnant populations. The obese pregnant cefazolin model predicted adipose exposure adequately at different reference time points and indicated that an IV dose of 2000 mg can maintain unbound plasma and adipose ISF concentration above 8 µg/mL for 3.5 h post dose. Predictions indicated that an IV 1500 mg cefuroxime dose can achieve unbound plasma and unbound ISF cefuroxime concentration of ≥8 µg/mL up to 2 h post dose in obese pregnant women. Re-dosing should be considered if CS was not completed within 2 h post cefuroxime administration for both lean or obese pregnant if cefuroxime concentrations of ≥8 µg/mL is required. A clinical study to measure cefuroxime adipose concentration in pregnant and obese pregnant women is warranted.
Collapse
|
33
|
Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Sangha V, Shen H, Feng B, Wittwer MB, Varma MVS, Liang X, Sugiyama Y, Zhang L, Bendayan R. Transporters in drug development: International transporter consortium update on emerging transporters of clinical importance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:485-500. [PMID: 35561119 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During its 4th transporter workshop in 2021, the International Transporter Consortium (ITC) provided updates on emerging clinically relevant transporters for drug development. Previously highlighted and new transporters were considered based on up-to-date clinical evidence of their importance in drug-drug interactions and potential for altered drug efficacy and safety, including drug-nutrient interactions leading to nutrient deficiencies. For the first time, folate transport pathways (PCFT, RFC, and FRα) were examined in-depth as a potential mechanism of drug-induced folate deficiency and related toxicities (e.g., neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia). However, routine toxicology studies conducted in support of drug development appear sufficient to flag such folate deficiency toxicities, while prospective prediction from in vitro folate metabolism and transport inhibition is not well enough established to inform drug development. Previous suggestion of retrospective study of intestinal OATP2B1 inhibition to explain unexpected decreases in drug exposure were updated. Furthermore, when the absorption of a new molecular entity is more rapid and extensive than can be explained by passive permeability, evaluation of OATP2B1 transport may be considered. Emerging research on hepatic and renal OAT2 is summarized, but current understanding of the importance of OAT2 was deemed insufficient to justify specific consideration for drug development. Hepatic, renal, and intestinal MRPs (MRP2, MRP3, MRP4) were revisited. MRPs may be considered when they are suspected to be the major determinant of drug disposition (e.g., direct glucuronide conjugates); MRP2 inhibition as a mechanistic explanation for drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia remains justified. There were no major changes in recommendations from previous ITC whitepapers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishal Sangha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and PK, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Bo Feng
- Drug Metabolism and PK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- PK, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Quantitative System PK/Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, Josai International University, Kioicho Campus, Tokyo, 102-0093, Japan
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chaudhry AR, Alhujaily M, Muhammad S, Elbadri GA, Belali TM, Al-Sehemi AG. Insighting the optoelectronic, charge transfer and biological potential of benzo-thiadiazole and its derivatives. Z NATURFORSCH C 2022; 77:403-415. [PMID: 35438853 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation applies the dual approach containing quantum chemical and molecular docking techniques to explore the potential of benzothiadiazole (BTz) and its derivatives as efficient electronic and bioactive materials. The charge transport, electronic and optical properties of BTz derivatives are explored by quantum chemical techniques. The density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G** level of theory utilized to optimize BTz and newly designed ligands at the ground and first excited states, respectively. The heteroatoms substitution effects on different properties of 4,7-bis(4-methylthiophene-2yl) benzo[c] [1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTz2T) as initial compound are studied at molecular level. Additionally, we also study the possible inhibition potential of COVID-19 from benzothiadiazole (BTz) containing derivatives by implementing the grid based molecular docking methods. All the newly designed ligands docked with the main protease (MPRO:PDB ID 6LU7) protein of COVID-19 through molecular docking methods. The studied compounds showed strong binding affinities with the binding site of MPRO ranging from -6.9 to -7.4 kcal/mol. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic properties of the ligands are also studied. The analysis of these results indicates that the studied ligands might be promising drug candidates as well as suitable for photovoltaic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, P.O. Box 334, Saudi Arabia.,Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, P.O. Box 551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhanad Alhujaily
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Elbadri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, P.O. Box 334, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareg M Belali
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Toxicokinetics of β-Amanitin in Mice and In Vitro Drug-Drug Interaction Potential. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040774. [PMID: 35456608 PMCID: PMC9030691 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicokinetics of β-amanitin, a toxic bicyclic octapeptide present abundantly in Amanitaceae mushrooms, was evaluated in mice after intravenous (iv) and oral administration. The area under plasma concentration curves (AUC) following iv injection increased in proportion to doses of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/kg. β-amanitin disappeared rapidly from plasma with a half-life of 18.3−33.6 min, and 52.3% of the iv dose was recovered as a parent form. After oral administration, the AUC again increased in proportion with doses of 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg. Absolute bioavailability was 7.3−9.4%, which resulted in 72.4% of fecal recovery from orally administered β-amanitin. Tissue-to-plasma AUC ratios of orally administered β-amanitin were the highest in the intestine and stomach. It also readily distributed to kidney > spleen > lung > liver ≈ heart. Distribution to intestines, kidneys, and the liver is in agreement with previously reported target organs after acute amatoxin poisoning. In addition, β-amanitin weakly or negligibly inhibited major cytochrome P450 and 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase activities in human liver microsomes and suppressed drug transport functions in mammalian cells that overexpress transporters, suggesting the remote drug interaction potentials caused by β-amanitin exposure.
Collapse
|
36
|
Peng J, Yang G, Huang Z. Vitamin D Deficiency Impacts Exposure and Response of Pravastatin in Male Rats by Altering Hepatic OATPs. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:841954. [PMID: 35250587 PMCID: PMC8892078 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.841954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of vitamin D (VD) deficiency on the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin and clarify whether the effects are mediated by Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs). Experiments were conducted in rats to explore the effect of VD deficiency on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of pravastatin. In the pharmacodynamic study, rats were fed a VD-free or VD-supplement high-fat diet for 25–30 days, and plasma 25(OH)VD was dynamically monitored. The response of pravastatin (changes in blood lipids) on rats were then examined after 15 days of pravastatin treatment. In the pharmacokinetic study, rats were fed a VD-free or VD-supplement diet for 25–30 days. The pharmacokinetics of single oral dose pravastatin was then studied, and intestinal and hepatic Oatp1a1 and Oatp2b1 expression was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot. Furthermore, OATP1B1 and OATP2B1 expression in Huh7 cells with or without 1.25(OH)2D were assessed via qPCR and western blot. For the pharmacodynamic study, the decrease of total cholesterol and increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in VD-deficient rats were smaller than in VD-sufficient rats, indicating that VD deficiency reduced the response of pravastatin in rats. For the pharmacokinetic study, the plasma exposure slightly increased, and liver exposure decreased in VD-deficient rats, but not significantly. VD deficiency decreased the Oatp1a1 and Oatp2b1 expression in the liver, but not in the small intestine. Similarly, OATP1B1 and OATP2B1 protein levels in Huh7 cells were reduced when 1.25(OH)2D was absent. In conclusion, VD deficiency can decrease the response of pravastatin in rats by reducing the liver pravastatin exposure and expression of hepatic OATPs, consistent with the extended hepatic clearance model theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jinfu Peng, ; Zhijun Huang,
| | - Guoping Yang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jinfu Peng, ; Zhijun Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tat Tang LW, Huai Cheong TW, Yong Chan EC. Febuxostat and its Major Acyl Glucuronide Metabolite are Potent Inhibitors of Organic Anion Transporter 3: Implications for Drug-Drug Interactions with Rivaroxaban. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022; 43:57-65. [PMID: 35088420 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Febuxostat is a second-line xanthine oxidase inhibitor that undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism to yield its major acyl-β-D-glucuronide metabolite (febuxostat AG). It was recently reported that febuxostat inhibited organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3)-mediated uptake of enalaprilat. Here, we investigated the inhibition of febuxostat and febuxostat AG on organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Our transporter inhibition assays confirmed the potent noncompetitive and competitive inhibition of OAT3-mediated estrone-3-sulfate transport by febuxostat and febuxostat AG with corresponding apparent Ki values of 0.55 μM and 6.11 μM respectively. After accounting for probe substrate-dependency and protein binding effects, mechanistic static modelling with the direct factor Xa anticoagulant rivaroxaban estimated a 1.47-fold increase in its systemic exposure when co-administered with febuxostat based on OAT3 interaction which in turn exacerbates the bleeding risk from baseline for patients with atrial fibrillation by 1.51-fold. Taken together, our results suggested that the concomitant usage of febuxostat with rivaroxaban may potentially culminate in a clinically-significant drug-drug interaction and result in an increased risk of bleeding as a result of its OAT3 inhibition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tino Woon Huai Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abduljalil K, Ning J, Pansari A, Pan X, Jamei M. Prediction of Maternal and Fetoplacental Concentrations of Cefazolin, Cefuroxime and Amoxicillin during Pregnancy using bottom-up Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic Models. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:386-400. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
39
|
Scotcher D, Galetin A. PBPK Simulation-Based Evaluation of Ganciclovir Crystalluria Risk Factors: Effect of Renal Impairment, Old Age, and Low Fluid Intake. AAPS J 2021; 24:13. [PMID: 34907479 PMCID: PMC8816528 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosing guidance is often lacking for chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to exclusion of such patients from pivotal clinical trials. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling supports model-informed dosing when clinical data are lacking, but application of these approaches to patients with impaired renal function is not yet at full maturity. In the current study, a ganciclovir PBPK model was developed for patients with normal renal function and extended to CKD population. CKD-related changes in tubular secretion were explored in the mechanistic kidney model and implemented either as proportional or non-proportional decline relative to GFR. Crystalluria risk was evaluated in different clinical settings (old age, severe CKD and low fluid intake) by simulating ganciclovir medullary collecting duct (MCD) concentrations. The ganciclovir PBPK model captured observed changes in systemic pharmacokinetic endpoints in mild-to-severe CKD; these trends were evident irrespective of assumed pathophysiological mechanism of altered active tubular secretion in the model. Minimal difference in simulated ganciclovir MCD concentrations was noted between young adult and geriatric populations with normal renal function and urine flow (1 mL/min), with lower concentrations predicted for severe CKD patients. High crystalluria risk was identified at reduced urine flow (0.1 mL/min) as simulated ganciclovir MCD concentrations exceeded its solubility (2.6–6 mg/mL), irrespective of underlying renal function. The analysis highlighted the importance of appropriate distribution of virtual subjects’ systems data in CKD populations. The ganciclovir PBPK model illustrates the ability of this translational tool to explore individual and combined effects of age, urine flow, and renal impairment on local drug renal exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tarika JD, Dexlin XD, kumar AA, Jayanthi DD, Rathika A, Beaula TJ. Insights into Weak and Covalent Interactions, Reactivity sites and Pharmacokinetic Studies of 4-Dimethylaminopyridinium Salicylate Monohydrate using Quantum Chemical Computation method. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
41
|
Imaoka T, Huang W, Shum S, Hailey DW, Chang SY, Chapron A, Yeung CK, Himmelfarb J, Isoherranen N, Kelly EJ. Bridging the gap between in silico and in vivo by modeling opioid disposition in a kidney proximal tubule microphysiological system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21356. [PMID: 34725352 PMCID: PMC8560754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid overdose, dependence, and addiction are a major public health crisis. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of opioid overdose, therefore novel methods that provide accurate prediction of renal clearance (CLr) and systemic disposition of opioids in CKD patients can facilitate the optimization of therapeutic regimens. The present study aimed to predict renal clearance and systemic disposition of morphine and its active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) in CKD patients using a vascularized human proximal tubule microphysiological system (VPT-MPS) coupled with a parent-metabolite full body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. The VPT-MPS, populated with a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) channel and an adjacent human primary proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) channel, successfully demonstrated secretory transport of morphine and M6G from the HUVEC channel into the PTEC channel. The in vitro data generated by VPT-MPS were incorporated into a mechanistic kidney model and parent-metabolite full body PBPK model to predict CLr and systemic disposition of morphine and M6G, resulting in successful prediction of CLr and the plasma concentration–time profiles in both healthy subjects and CKD patients. A microphysiological system together with mathematical modeling successfully predicted renal clearance and systemic disposition of opioids in CKD patients and healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Imaoka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, HSB Room H272, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Weize Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, HSB Room H272, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, HSB Room H272, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Dale W Hailey
- Lynn and Mike Garvey Imaging Core, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shih-Yu Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alenka Chapron
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, HSB Room H272, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB Room H272, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB Room H272, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, HSB Room H272, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, HSB Room H272, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB Room H272, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tang J, Shen H, Zhao X, Holenarsipur VK, Mariappan TT, Zhang Y, Panfen E, Zheng J, Humphreys WG, Lai Y. Endogenous Plasma Kynurenic Acid in Human: A Newly Discovered Biomarker for Drug-Drug Interactions Involving Organic Anion Transporter 1 and 3 Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1063-1069. [PMID: 34599018 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an expansion investigation of drug-drug interaction (DDI) from previous clinical trials, additional plasma endogenous metabolites were quantitated in the same subjects to further identify the potential biomarkers of organic anion transporter (OAT) 1/3 inhibition. In the single dose, open label, three-phase with fixed order of treatments study, 14 healthy human volunteers orally received 1000 mg probenecid alone, or 40 mg furosemide alone, or 40 mg furosemide at 1 hour after receiving 1000 mg probenecid on days 1, 8, and 15, respectively. Endogenous metabolites including kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, indo-3-acetic acid, pantothenic acid, p-cresol sulfate, and bile acids in the plasma were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The Cmax of kynurenic acids was significantly increased about 3.3- and 3.7-fold over the baseline values at predose followed by the treatment of probenecid alone or in combination with furosemide respectively. In comparison with the furosemide-alone group, the Cmax and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) up to 12 hours of kynurenic acid were significantly increased about 2.4- and 2.5-fold by probenecid alone, and 2.7- and 2.9-fold by probenecid plus furosemide, respectively. The increases in Cmax and AUC of plasma kynurenic acid by probenecid are comparable to the increases of furosemide Cmax and AUC reported previously. Additionally, the plasma concentrations of xanthurenic acid, indo-3-acetic acid, pantothenic acid, and p-cresol sulfate, but not bile acids, were also significantly elevated by probenecid treatments. The magnitude of effect size analysis for known potential endogenous biomarkers demonstrated that kynurenic acid in the plasma offers promise as a superior addition for early DDI assessment involving OAT1/3 inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This article reports that probenecid, an organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3 inhibitor, significantly increased the plasma concentrations of kynurenic acid and several uremic acids in human subjects. Of those, the increases of plasma kynurenic acid exposure are comparable to the increases of furosemide by OAT1/3 inhibition. Effect size analysis for known potential endogenous biomarkers revealed that plasma kynurenic acid is a superior addition for early drug-drug interaction assessment involving OAT1/3 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - Vinay K Holenarsipur
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - T Thanga Mariappan
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - Erika Panfen
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - Jim Zheng
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - W Griffith Humphreys
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Science Inc., Foster City, California (J.T., X.Z., J.Z., Y.L.); Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S., Y.Z., E.P., W.G.H.); and Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Bangalore, India (V.K.H., T.T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Peng J, Ladumor MK, Unadkat JD. Prediction of Pregnancy-Induced Changes in Secretory and Total Renal Clearance of Drugs Transported by Organic Anion Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:929-937. [PMID: 34315779 PMCID: PMC8626639 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy can significantly change the pharmacokinetics of drugs, including those renally secreted by organic anion transporters (OATs). Quantifying these changes in pregnant women is logistically and ethically challenging. Hence, predicting the in vivo plasma renal secretory clearance (CLsec) and renal CL (CLrenal) of OAT drugs in pregnancy is important to design correct dosing regimens of OAT drugs. Here, we first quantified the fold-change in renal OAT activity in pregnant versus nonpregnant individual using available selective OAT probe drug CLrenal data (training dataset; OAT1: tenofovir, OAT2: acyclovir, OAT3: oseltamivir carboxylate). The fold-change in OAT1 activity during the 2nd and 3rd trimester was 2.9 and 1.0 compared with nonpregnant individual, respectively. OAT2 activity increased 3.1-fold during the 3rd trimester. OAT3 activity increased 2.2, 1.7 and 1.3-fold during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester, respectively. Based on these data, we predicted the CLsec, CLrenal and total clearance ((CLtotal) of drugs in pregnancy, which are secreted by multiple OATs (verification dataset; amoxicillin, pravastatin, cefazolin and ketorolac, R-ketorolac, S-ketorolac). Then, the predicted clearances (CLs) were compared with the observed values. The predicted/observed CLsec, CLrenal, and CLtotal of drugs in pregnancy of all verification drugs were within 0.80-1.25 fold except for CLsec of amoxicillin in the 3rd trimester (0.76-fold) and cefazolin in the 2nd trimester (1.27-fold). Overall, we successfully predicted the CLsec, CLrenal, and CLtotal of drugs in pregnancy that are renally secreted by multiple OATs. This approach could be used in the future to adjust dosing regimens of renally secreted OAT drugs which are administered to pregnant women. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report to successfully predict renal secretory clearance and renal clearance of multiple OAT substrate drugs during pregnancy. The data presented here could be used in the future to adjust dosing regimens of renally secreted OAT drugs in pregnancy. In addition, the mechanistic approach used here could be extended to drugs transported by other renal transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.P., M.K.L., J.D.U.); Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.P.)
| | - Mayur K Ladumor
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.P., M.K.L., J.D.U.); Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.P.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.P., M.K.L., J.D.U.); Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Costales C, Lin J, Kimoto E, Yamazaki S, Gosset JR, Rodrigues AD, Lazzaro S, West MA, West M, Varma MVS. Quantitative prediction of breast cancer resistant protein mediated drug-drug interactions using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:1018-1031. [PMID: 34164937 PMCID: PMC8452302 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) involving breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibition is challenged by overlapping substrate/inhibitor specificity. This study used physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to delineate the effects of inhibitor drugs on BCRP‐ and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B‐mediated disposition of rosuvastatin, which is a recommended BCRP clinical probe. Initial static model analysis using in vitro inhibition data suggested BCRP/OATP1B DDI risk while considering regulatory cutoff criteria for a majority of inhibitors assessed (25 of 27), which increased rosuvastatin plasma exposure to varying degree (~ 0–600%). However, rosuvastatin area under plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) was minimally impacted by BCRP inhibitors with calculated G‐value (= gut concentration/inhibition potency) below 100. A comprehensive PBPK model accounting for intestinal (OATP2B1 and BCRP), hepatic (OATP1B, BCRP, and MRP4), and renal (OAT3) transport mechanisms was developed for rosuvastatin. Adopting in vitro inhibition data, rosuvastatin plasma AUC changes were predicted within 25% error for 9 of 12 inhibitors evaluated via PBPK modeling. This study illustrates the adequacy and utility of a mechanistic model‐informed approach in quantitatively assessing BCRP‐mediated DDIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Shinji Yamazaki
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James R Gosset
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Lazzaro
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Mark A West
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Michael West
- Discovery Science, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
A Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Characterizing Interplay of OCTs and MATEs in Intestine, Liver and Kidney to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions of Metformin with Perpetrators. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050698. [PMID: 34064886 PMCID: PMC8151202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of metformin is highly controlled by transporters including organic cation transporters (OCTs), plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT), and multidrug/toxin extrusions (MATEs). Hepatic OCT1, intestinal OCT3, renal OCT2 on tubule basolateral membrane, and MATE1/2-K on tubule apical membrane coordinately work to control metformin disposition. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of metformin occur when co-administrated with perpetrators via inhibiting OCTs or MATEs. We aimed to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model characterizing interplay of OCTs and MATEs in the intestine, liver, and kidney to predict metformin DDIs with cimetidine, pyrimethamine, trimethoprim, ondansetron, rabeprazole, and verapamil. Simulations showed that co-administration of perpetrators increased plasma exposures to metformin, which were consistent with clinic observations. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that contributions of the tested factors to metformin DDI with cimetidine are gastrointestinal transit rate > inhibition of renal OCT2 ≈ inhibition of renal MATEs > inhibition of intestinal OCT3 > intestinal pH > inhibition of hepatic OCT1. Individual contributions of transporters to metformin disposition are renal OCT2 ≈ renal MATEs > intestinal OCT3 > hepatic OCT1 > intestinal PMAT. In conclusion, DDIs of metformin with perpetrators are attributed to integrated effects of inhibitions of these transporters.
Collapse
|
46
|
Cristea S, Krekels EHJ, Allegaert K, De Paepe P, de Jaeger A, De Cock P, Knibbe CAJ. Estimation of Ontogeny Functions for Renal Transporters Using a Combined Population Pharmacokinetic and Physiology-Based Pharmacokinetic Approach: Application to OAT1,3. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:65. [PMID: 33948771 PMCID: PMC8096729 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To date, information on the ontogeny of renal transporters is limited. Here, we propose to estimate the in vivo functional ontogeny of transporters using a combined population pharmacokinetic (popPK) and physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach called popPBPK. Clavulanic acid and amoxicillin were used as probes for glomerular filtration, combined glomerular filtration, and active secretion through OAT1,3, respectively. The predictive value of the estimated OAT1,3 ontogeny function was assessed by PBPK predictions of renal clearance (CLR) of other OAT1,3 substrates: cefazolin and piperacillin. Individual CLRpost-hoc values, obtained from a published popPK model on the concomitant use of clavulanic acid and amoxicillin in critically ill children between 1 month and 15 years, were used as dependent variables in the popPBPK analysis. CLR was re-parameterized according to PBPK principles, resulting in the estimation of OAT1,3-mediated intrinsic clearance (CLint,OAT1,3,invivo) and its ontogeny. CLint,OAT1,3,invivo ontogeny was described by a sigmoidal function, reaching half of adult level around 7 months of age, comparable to findings based on renal transporter-specific protein expression data. PBPK-based CLR predictions including this ontogeny function were reasonably accurate for piperacillin in a similar age range (2.5 months–15 years) as well as for cefazolin in neonates as compared to published data (%RMSPE of 21.2 and 22.8%, respectively and %PE within ±50%). Using this novel approach, we estimated an in vivo functional ontogeny profile for CLint,OAT1,3,invivo that yields accurate CLR predictions for different OAT1,3 substrates across different ages. This approach deserves further study on functional ontogeny of other transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sînziana Cristea
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elke H J Krekels
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter De Paepe
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick de Jaeger
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Cock
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherijne A J Knibbe
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ahmad A, Ogungbenro K, Kunze A, Jacobs F, Snoeys J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Galetin A. Population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to support qualification of pyridoxic acid as endogenous biomarker of OAT1/3 renal transporters. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:467-477. [PMID: 33704919 PMCID: PMC8129719 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal clearance of many drugs is mediated by renal organic anion transporters OAT1/3 and inhibition of these transporters may lead to drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). Pyridoxic acid (PDA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were indicated as potential biomarkers of OAT1/3. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for PDA and HVA to support biomarker qualification. Simultaneous fitting of biomarker plasma and urine data in the presence and absence of potent OAT1/3 inhibitor (probenecid, 500 mg every 6 h) was performed. The impact of study design (multiple vs. single dose of OAT1/3 inhibitor) and ability to detect interactions in the presence of weak/moderate OAT1/3 inhibitors was investigated, together with corresponding power calculations. The population models developed successfully described biomarker baseline and PDA/HVA OAT1/3‐mediated interaction data. No prominent effect of circadian rhythm on PDA and HVA individual baseline levels was evident. Renal elimination contributed greater than 80% to total clearance of both endogenous biomarkers investigated. Estimated probenecid unbound in vivo OAT inhibitory constant was up to 6.4‐fold lower than in vitro values obtained with PDA as a probe. The PDA model was successfully verified against independent literature reported datasets. No significant difference in power of DDI detection was found between multiple and single dose study design when using the same total daily dose of 2000 mg probenecid. Model‐based simulations and power calculations confirmed sensitivity and robustness of plasma PDA data to identify weak, moderate, and strong OAT1/3 inhibitors in an adequately powered clinical study to support optimal design of prospective clinical OAT1/3 interaction studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amais Ahmad
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kayode Ogungbenro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Annett Kunze
- DMPK, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frank Jacobs
- DMPK, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Snoeys
- DMPK, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Simcyp Limited (A Certara Company), Sheffield, UK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kumar AR, Prasad B, Bhatt DK, Mathialagan S, Varma MVS, Unadkat JD. In Vivo-to-In Vitro Extrapolation of Transporter-Mediated Renal Clearance: Relative Expression Factor Versus Relative Activity Factor Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:470-478. [PMID: 33824168 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
About 30% of approved drugs are cleared predominantly by renal clearance (CLr). Of these, many are secreted by transporters. For these drugs, in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation of transporter-mediated renal secretory clearance (CLsec,plasma) is important to prospectively predict their renal clearance and to assess the impact of drug-drug interactions and pharmacogenetics on their pharmacokinetics. Here we compared the ability of the relative expression factor (REF) and the relative activity factor (RAF) approaches to quantitatively predict the in vivo CLsec,plasma of 26 organic anion transporter (OAT) substrates assuming that OAT-mediated uptake is the rate-determining step in the CLsec,plasma of the drugs. The REF approach requires protein quantification of each transporter in the tissue (e.g., kidney) and transporter-expressing cells, whereas the RAF approach requires the use of a transporter-selective probe substrate (both in vitro and in vivo) for each transporter of interest. For the REF approach, 50% and 69% of the CLsec,plasma predictions were within 2- and 3-fold of the observed values, respectively; the corresponding values for the RAF approach were 65% and 81%. We found no significant difference between the two approaches in their predictive capability (as measured by accuracy and bias) of the CLsec,plasma or CLr of OAT drugs. We recommend that the REF and RAF approaches can be used interchangeably to predict OAT-mediated CLsec,plasma Further research is warranted to evaluate the ability of the REF or RAF approach to predict CLsec,plasma of drugs when uptake is not the rate-determining step. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first direct comparison of the relative expression factor (REF) and relative activity factor (RAF) approaches to predict transporter-mediated renal clearance (CLr). The RAF, but not REF, approach requires transporter-selective probes and that the basolateral uptake is the rate-determining step in the CLr of drugs. Given that there is no difference in predictive capability of the REF and RAF approach for organic anion transporter-mediated CLr, the REF approach should be explored further to assess its ability to predict CLr when basolateral uptake is not the sole rate-determining step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya R Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.R.K., B.P., D.K.B., J.D.U.); and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (S.M., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.R.K., B.P., D.K.B., J.D.U.); and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (S.M., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Deepak Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.R.K., B.P., D.K.B., J.D.U.); and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (S.M., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.R.K., B.P., D.K.B., J.D.U.); and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (S.M., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.R.K., B.P., D.K.B., J.D.U.); and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (S.M., M.V.S.V.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (A.R.K., B.P., D.K.B., J.D.U.); and Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (S.M., M.V.S.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sung JH. Multi-organ-on-a-chip for pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetic study of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:969-986. [PMID: 33764248 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1908996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicokinetics (TK) of drugs is imperative for successful development of new pharmaceutics. Although conventional in vitro methods for predicting the PK and TK of drugs are well established, limitations still exist and more advanced chip-based in vitro platforms combined with mathematical models can help researchers overcome the limitations. Areas covered: We will review recent progress in the development of multi-organ-on-a-chip platforms for predicting PK and TK of drugs, as well as mathematical approaches that can be combined with these platforms for experiment design, data analysis and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) for application to humans. Expert opinion: Although there remain some challenges to be addressed, the remarkable progress in the area of multi-organ-on-a-chip in recent years indicate that we will see tangible outcomes that can be utilized in the pharmaceutical industry in near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, sejong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yu X, Chu Z, Li J, He R, Wang Y, Cheng C. Pharmacokinetic Drug-drug Interaction of Antibiotics Used in Sepsis Care in China. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 22:5-23. [PMID: 32990533 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200929115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many antibiotics have a high potential for interactions with drugs, as a perpetrator and/or victim, in critically ill patients, and particularly in sepsis patients. METHODS The aim of this review is to summarize the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI) of 45 antibiotics commonly used in sepsis care in China. Literature search was conducted to obtain human pharmacokinetics/ dispositions of the antibiotics, their interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters, and their associated clinical drug interactions. Potential DDI is indicated by a DDI index ≥ 0.1 for inhibition or a treatedcell/ untreated-cell ratio of enzyme activity being ≥ 2 for induction. RESULTS The literature-mined information on human pharmacokinetics of the identified antibiotics and their potential drug interactions is summarized. CONCLUSION Antibiotic-perpetrated drug interactions, involving P450 enzyme inhibition, have been reported for four lipophilic antibacterials (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and three antifungals (fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole). In addition, seven hydrophilic antibacterials (ceftriaxone, cefamandole, piperacillin, penicillin G, amikacin, metronidazole, and linezolid) inhibit drug transporters in vitro. Despite no clinical PK drug interactions with the transporters, caution is advised in the use of these antibacterials. Eight hydrophilic antibiotics (all β-lactams; meropenem, cefotaxime, cefazolin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, penicillin G, ampicillin, and flucloxacillin), are potential victims of drug interactions due to transporter inhibition. Rifampin is reported to perpetrate drug interactions by inducing CYP3A or inhibiting OATP1B; it is also reported to be a victim of drug interactions, due to the dual inhibition of CYP3A4 and OATP1B by indinavir. In addition, three antifungals (caspofungin, itraconazole, and voriconazole) are reported to be victims of drug interactions because of P450 enzyme induction. Reports for other antibiotics acting as victims in drug interactions are scarce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zixuan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rongrong He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yaya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|