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Dinur E, Goldenberg H, Robinson E, Naggan L, Kozela E, Yirmiya R. A Novel Anti-Inflammatory Formulation Comprising Celecoxib and Cannabidiol Exerts Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:561-580. [PMID: 36520610 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ample research shows that anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly celecoxib, exert antidepressant effects, especially in patients with microglia activation. However, substantial cardiovascular adverse effects limit celecoxib's usefulness. Given that cannabidiol (CBD) exerts anti-inflammatory, microglia-suppressive, and antidepressant effects, we hypothesized that it may potentiate the therapeutic effects of celecoxib. Methods: The effects of celecoxib, CBD, and their combination were examined in murine models of antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like behavioral responsiveness, including the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), as well as in microglia cell cultures. Results: Acute administration of a combination of celecoxib plus CBD, at doses that had no effects by themselves (10 and 5 mg/kg, respectively), produced significant antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects in the FST and EPM, in male and female mice. In the LPS model, combinations of celecoxib (10 or 20 mg/kg) plus CBD (30 mg/kg) reversed the anxiety-like behavior in the open-field test (OFT) and anhedonia in the sucrose preference test (SPT), with minimal effects of celecoxib or CBD by themselves. In the CSDS paradigm, a combination of celecoxib plus CBD (each at 30 mg/kg) reversed the deficits in the OFT, EPM, social exploration, and SPT, whereas celecoxib or CBD by themselves had partial effects. In BV2 microglia cultures stimulated with LPS or α-synuclein, CBD markedly potentiated the suppressive effects of celecoxib over TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-α) and IL (interleukin)-1β secretion. Conclusions: Combinations of celecoxib plus CBD produce efficacious antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects, which may depend on their synergistic microglia-suppressive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Dinur
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Goldenberg
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elad Robinson
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lior Naggan
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ewa Kozela
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raz Yirmiya
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Böttcher M, Müller-Fielitz H, Sundaram SM, Gallet S, Neve V, Shionoya K, Zager A, Quan N, Liu X, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Haenold R, Wenzel J, Blomqvist A, Engblom D, Prevot V, Schwaninger M. NF-κB signaling in tanycytes mediates inflammation-induced anorexia. Mol Metab 2020; 39:101022. [PMID: 32446877 PMCID: PMC7292913 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infections, cancer, and systemic inflammation elicit anorexia. Despite the medical significance of this phenomenon, the question of how peripheral inflammatory mediators affect the central regulation of food intake is incompletely understood. Therefore, we have investigated the sickness behavior induced by the prototypical inflammatory mediator IL-1β. METHODS IL-1β was injected intravenously. To interfere with IL-1β signaling, we deleted the essential modulator of NF-κB signaling (Nemo) in astrocytes and tanycytes. RESULTS Systemic IL-1β increased the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB in tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). By activating NF-κB signaling, IL-1β induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and stimulated the release of the anorexigenic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from tanycytes. When we deleted Nemo in astrocytes and tanycytes, the IL-1β-induced anorexia was alleviated whereas the fever response and lethargy response were unchanged. Similar results were obtained after the selective deletion of Nemo exclusively in tanycytes. CONCLUSIONS Tanycytes form the brain barrier that mediates the anorexic effect of systemic inflammation in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Böttcher
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sivaraj M Sundaram
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Gallet
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Lille, France; University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, U1172, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Neve
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kiseko Shionoya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Adriano Zager
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ning Quan
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Ruth Schmidt-Ullrich
- Department of Signal Transduction in Tumor Cells, Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronny Haenold
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745, Jena, Germany; Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Lille, France; University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, U1172, Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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3
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Munshi S, Parrilli V, Rosenkranz JA. Peripheral anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 treatment mitigates interleukin-1β - induced anxiety and sickness behaviors in adult male rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112024. [PMID: 31195034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines produce manifestations of sickness during inflammation, such as malaise and lethargy. They also contribute to effects of inflammation on mood. Anti-inflammatory cytokines counteract damage caused by inflammatory processes and can limit the severity of inflammation. However, very little is known about the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in sickness and mood changes during immune activation. The purpose of this study was to determine if a prototypical anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), can offset sickness behavior and anxiety caused by a pro-inflammatory cytokine, and whether IL-10 itself modifies anxiety. Rodent models of sickness display suppression of behavioral activity that may reflect lethargy or malaise, while models of anxiety display reduced exploration in several tasks. The effects of peripheral single dose of cytokines on open field exploration, social interaction and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were measured at 30-50 min post-treatment. The prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (1 μg, i.p.) caused a decrease in locomotor activity indicative of sickness behavior, but disproportionately reduced central area exploration in the open field, open arm exploration in the EPM and lowered social interaction. IL-10 (1 μg, i.p.) had no effect on locomotor activity, but itself produced anxiety-like behavior in the open field and EPM. However, rats co-treated with both IL-10 and IL-1β showed locomotor activity, open field, social interaction and EPM behaviors very similar to control groups. This data demonstrate that IL-10 is capable of mitigating the sickness and anxiogenic effects caused by IL-1β, but that immune imbalance toward either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory state can produce anxiety. This has importance for understanding the scope of immune changes that produce psychiatric symptoms, and provides preliminary indication that anti-inflammatory cytokines may be potentially useful in treatment of anxiety induced by inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyabrata Munshi
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA; Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Division of Neuroscience, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Victoria Parrilli
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - J Amiel Rosenkranz
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA; Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Qasem H, Al-Ayadhi L, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, El-Ansary A. Impaired lipid metabolism markers to assess the risk of neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:1141-1153. [PMID: 29569150 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disorder caused by an interaction between environmental risk factors and a genetic background. It is characterized by impairment in communication, social interaction, repetitive behavior, and sensory processing. The etiology of ASD is still not fully understood, and the role of neuroinflammation in autism behaviors needs to be further investigated. The aim of the present study was to test the possible association between prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), prostaglandin PGE2 EP2 receptors and nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) and the severity of cognitive disorders, social impairment, and sensory dysfunction. PGE2, COX-2, mPGES-1, PGE2-EP2 receptors and NF-κB as biochemical parameters related to neuroinflammation were determined in the plasma of 47 Saudi male patients with ASD, categorized as mild to moderate and severe as indicated by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) or the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) or the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and compared to 46 neurotypical controls. The data indicated that ASD patients have remarkably higher levels of the measured parameters compared to neurotypical controls, except for EP2 receptors that showed an opposite trend. While the measured parameter did not correlate with the severity of social and cognitive dysfunction, PGE2, COX-2, and mPGES-1 were remarkably associated with the dysfunction in sensory processing. NF-κB was significantly increased in relation to age. Based on the discussed data, the positive correlation between PGE2, COX-2, and mPGES-1 confirm the role of PGE2 pathway and neuroinflammation in the etiology of ASD, and the possibility of using PGE2, COX-2 and mPGES-1 as biomarkers of autism severity. NF-κB as inflammatory inducer showed an elevated level in plasma of ASD individuals. Receiver operating characteristic analysis together with predictiveness diagrams proved that the measured parameters could be used as predictive biomarkers of biochemical correlates to ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Qasem
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Guiza, Egypt.
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Shepard AM, Bharwani A, Durisko Z, Andrews PW. Reverse Engineering the Febrile System. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2018; 91:419-57. [PMID: 29562118 DOI: 10.1086/689482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fever, the elevation of core body temperature by behavioral or physiological means, is one of the most salient aspects of human sickness, yet there is debate regarding its functional role. In this paper, we demonstrate that the febrile system is an evolved adaptation shaped by natural selection to coordinate the immune system to fight pathogens. First, we show that previous arguments in favor of fever being an adaptation are epistemologically inadequate, and we describe how an adaptationist strategy addresses this issue more effectively. Second, we argue that the mechanisms producing fever provide clear indications of adaptation. Third, we demonstrate that there are many beneficial immune system responses activated during fever and that these responses are not mere byproducts of heat on chemical reactions. Rather, we show that natural selection appears to have modified several immune system effects to be coordinated by fever. Fourth, we argue that there are some adaptations that coordinate the febrile system with other important fitness components, particularly growth and reproduction. Finally, we discuss evidence that the febrile system may also have evolved an antitumor function, providing suggestions for future research into this area. This research informs the debate on the functional value of fever and antipyretic use.
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Nilsson A, Wilhelms DB, Mirrasekhian E, Jaarola M, Blomqvist A, Engblom D. Inflammation-induced anorexia and fever are elicited by distinct prostaglandin dependent mechanisms, whereas conditioned taste aversion is prostaglandin independent. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:236-243. [PMID: 27940259 PMCID: PMC5325121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation evokes an array of brain-mediated responses including fever, anorexia and taste aversion. Both fever and anorexia are prostaglandin dependent but it has been unclear if the cell-type that synthesizes the critical prostaglandins is the same. Here we show that pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, but not of COX-1, attenuates inflammation-induced anorexia. Mice with deletions of COX-2 selectively in brain endothelial cells displayed attenuated fever, as demonstrated previously, but intact anorexia in response to peripherally injected lipopolysaccharide (10μg/kg). Whereas intracerebroventricular injection of a cyclooxygenase inhibitor markedly reduced anorexia, deletion of COX-2 selectively in neural cells, in myeloid cells or in both brain endothelial and neural cells had no effect on LPS-induced anorexia. In addition, COX-2 in myeloid and neural cells was dispensable for the fever response. Inflammation-induced conditioned taste aversion did not involve prostaglandin signaling at all. These findings collectively show that anorexia, fever and taste aversion are triggered by distinct routes of immune-to-brain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Daniel Björk Wilhelms
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden,Department of Emergency Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elahe Mirrasekhian
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Maarit Jaarola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Sweden.
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7
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Nilsson A, Elander L, Hallbeck M, Örtegren Kugelberg U, Engblom D, Blomqvist A. The involvement of prostaglandin E 2 in interleukin-1β evoked anorexia is strain dependent. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:27-31. [PMID: 27375005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
From experiments in mice in which the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesizing enzyme mPGES-1 was genetically deleted, as well as from experiments in which PGE2 was injected directly into the brain, PGE2 has been implicated as a mediator of inflammatory induced anorexia. Here we aimed at examining which PGE2 receptor (EP1-4) that was critical for the anorexic response to peripherally injected interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, deletion of neither EP receptor in mice, either globally (for EP1, EP2, and EP3) or selectively in the nervous system (EP4), had any effect on the IL-1β induced anorexia. Because these mice were all on a C57BL/6 background, whereas previous observations demonstrating a role for induced PGE2 in IL-1β evoked anorexia had been carried out on mice on a DBA/1 background, we examined the anorexic response to IL-1β in mice with deletion of mPGES-1 on a C57BL/6 background and a DBA/1 background, respectively. We confirmed previous findings that mPGES-1 knock-out mice on a DBA/1 background displayed attenuated anorexia to IL-1β; however, mice on a C57BL/6 background showed the same profound anorexia as wild type mice when carrying deletion of mPGES-1, while displaying almost normal food intake after pretreatment with a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. We conclude that the involvement of induced PGE2 in IL-1β evoked anorexia is strain dependent and we suggest that different routes that probably involve distinct prostanoids exist by which inflammatory stimuli may evoke an anorexic response and that these routes may be of different importance in different strains of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Louise Elander
- Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Hallbeck
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Unn Örtegren Kugelberg
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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Sickness: From the focus on cytokines, prostaglandins, and complement factors to the perspectives of neurons. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:30-45. [PMID: 26363665 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation leads to a variety of physiological (e.g. fever) and behavioral (e.g. anorexia, immobility, social withdrawal, depressed mood, disturbed sleep) responses that are collectively known as sickness. While these phenomena have been studied for the past few decades, the neurobiological mechanisms by which sickness occurs remain unclear. In this review, we first revisit how the body senses and responds to infections and injuries by eliciting systemic inflammation. Next, we focus on how peripheral inflammatory molecules such as cytokines, prostaglandins, and activated complement factors communicate with the brain to trigger neuroinflammation and sickness. Since depression also involves inflammation, we further elaborate on the interrelationship between sickness and depression. Finally, we discuss how immune activation can modulate neurons in the brain, and suggest future perspectives to help unravel how changes in neuronal functions relate to sickness responses.
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Cruickshanks N, Tavallai S, Webb T, Samuel P, Conley A, Binion B, Young HF, Poklepovic A, Spiegel S, Dent P. PDE5 inhibitors enhance celecoxib killing in multiple tumor types. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1115-27. [PMID: 25303541 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present studies determined whether clinically relevant phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors interacted with a clinically relevant NSAID, celecoxib, to kill tumor cells. Celecoxib and PDE5 inhibitors interacted in a greater than additive fashion to kill multiple tumor cell types. Celecoxib and sildenafil killed ex vivo primary human glioma cells as well as their associated activated microglia. Knock down of PDE5 recapitulated the effects of PDE5 inhibitor treatment; the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME suppressed drug combination toxicity. The effects of celecoxib were COX2 independent. Over-expression of c-FLIP-s or knock down of CD95/FADD significantly reduced killing by the drug combination. CD95 activation was dependent on nitric oxide and ceramide signaling. CD95 signaling activated the JNK pathway and inhibition of JNK suppressed cell killing. The drug combination inactivated mTOR and increased the levels of autophagy and knock down of Beclin1 or ATG5 strongly suppressed killing by the drug combination. The drug combination caused an ER stress response; knock down of IRE1α/XBP1 enhanced killing whereas knock down of eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP suppressed killing. Sildenafil and celecoxib treatment suppressed the growth of mammary tumors in vivo. Collectively our data demonstrate that clinically achievable concentrations of celecoxib and sildenafil have the potential to be a new therapeutic approach for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Ma Y, Li Y, Li X, Wu Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of 4-methylcyclopentadecanone on edema models in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:23980-92. [PMID: 24351869 PMCID: PMC3876089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141223980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of 4-methylcyclopentadecanone (4-MCPC) on edema models in mice and aimed to determine the safety of 4-MCPC after acute exposure. The acute toxicity of 4-MCPC was evaluated by oral administration to rats of single doses of 0, 5, 50, 500 and 5000 mg/kg. Toxic symptoms were observed for 14 days. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in xylene-induced mouse ear edema and carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema. The animals were treated with 4-MCPC once every day for seven consecutive days. Edema index, % inhibition, IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and MPO levels in paws were detected after the treatment with xylene or carrageenan. Our results indicated that the LD50 value of 4-MCPC in rats is greater than 5000 mg/kg. The ED50 of 4-MCPC in xylene-induced mouse ear edema model was 7.5 mg/kg. 4-MCPC (8 or 16 mg/kg) remarkably inhibited carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema. Further study revealed that 4-MCPC treatment also decreased IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and MPO levels in mice paws. Intragastric administration of 4-MCPC exhibited more significant anti-inflammatory activity than muscone at a dose of 16 mg/kg. Taken together, our results suggest that 4-MCPC has potent anti-inflammatory activity and the mechanisms might be related to the decreases of the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and MPO in inflamed paws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukui Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China; E-Mail:
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Drug, Shandong Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Xinluo Road 989, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangqiu People’s Hospital, Huiquan Road 1920, Zhangqiu 250200, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Shandong Hongjitang Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Hualong Road 360, Jinan 250100, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yingliang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-24-2398-6278
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Cunningham C, Maclullich AMJ. At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 28:1-13. [PMID: 22884900 PMCID: PMC4157329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Delirium is a common and severe neuropsychiatric syndrome characterised by acute deterioration and fluctuations in mental status. It is precipitated mainly by acute illness, trauma, surgery, or drugs. Delirium affects around one in eight hospital inpatients and is associated with multiple adverse consequences, including new institutionalisation, worsening of existing dementia, and death. Patients with delirium show attentional and other cognitive deficits, altered alertness (mostly reduced, but some patients develop agitation and hyperactivity), altered sleep-wake cycle and psychoses. The pathways from the various aetiologies to the heterogeneous clinical presentations are hardly studied and are poorly understood. One of the key questions, which research is only now beginning to address, is how the factors determining susceptibility interact with the stimuli that trigger delirium. Inflammatory signals arising during systemic infection evoke sickness behaviour, a coordinated set of adaptive changes initiated by the host to respond to, and to counteract, infection. It is now clear that the same systemic inflammatory signals can have severe deleterious effects on brain function when occuring in old age or in the presence of neurodegenerative disease. Multiple animal studies now show that even mild acute systemic inflammation can induce exaggerated sickness behaviour responses and cognitive dysfunction in aged animals or those with prior degenerative pathology when compared to young and/or healthy controls. These findings appear highly promising in understanding aspects of delirium. In this review our aim is to describe and assess the parallels between exaggerated sickness behaviour in vulnerable animals and delirium in older humans. We discuss inflammatory and stress-related triggers of delirium in the context of new animal models that allow us to dissect some aspects of the mechanisms underpinning these episodes. We discuss some differences between the sickness behaviour syndrome model and delirium in the context of the complexity in the latter due to other factors such as prior pathology, psychological stress and drug effects. We conclude that, with appropriate caveats, the study of sickness behaviour in the vulnerable brain offers a promising route to uncover the mechanisms of this common and serious unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Saper CB, Romanovsky AA, Scammell TE. Neural circuitry engaged by prostaglandins during the sickness syndrome. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1088-95. [PMID: 22837039 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During illnesses caused by infectious disease or other sources of inflammation, a suite of brain-mediated responses called the sickness syndrome occurs, which includes fever, anorexia, sleepiness, hyperalgesia and elevated corticosteroid secretion. Much of the sickness syndrome is mediated by prostaglandins acting on the brain and can be prevented by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, that block prostaglandin synthesis. By examining which prostaglandins are produced at which sites and how they interact with the nervous system, researchers have identified specific neural circuits that underlie the sickness syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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13
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The role of biomarkers in evaluating human health concerns from fungal contaminants in food. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 25:162-79. [PMID: 22651937 DOI: 10.1017/s095442241200008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites that globally contaminate an estimated 25 % of cereal crops and thus exposure is frequent in many populations. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol are amongst those mycotoxins of particular concern from a human health perspective. A number of risks to health are suggested including cancer, growth faltering, immune suppression and neural tube defects; though only the demonstrated role for aflatoxin in the aetiology of liver cancer is widely recognised. The heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in food restricts the usefulness of food sampling and intake estimates; instead biomarkers provide better tools for informing epidemiological investigations. Validated exposure biomarkers for aflatoxin (urinary aflatoxin M(1), aflatoxin-N7-guaunine, serum aflatoxin-albumin) were established almost 20 years ago and were critical in confirming aflatoxins as potent liver carcinogens. Validation has included demonstration of assay robustness, intake v. biomarker level, and stability of stored samples. More recently, aflatoxin exposure biomarkers are revealing concerns of growth faltering and immune suppression; importantly, they are being used to assess the effectiveness of intervention strategies. For fumonisins and deoxynivalenol these steps of development and validation have significantly advanced in recent years. Such biomarkers should better inform epidemiological studies and thus improve our understanding of their potential risk to human health.
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14
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Lamkin DM, Lutgendorf SK, Lubaroff D, Sood AK, Beltz TG, Johnson AK. Cancer induces inflammation and depressive-like behavior in the mouse: modulation by social housing. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:555-64. [PMID: 21182930 PMCID: PMC3039064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable data demonstrate a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in cancer patients. This study introduces an experimental model to examine the effect of tumor on depressive-like behavior. Female C57BL/6 mice were injected i.p. with syngeneic ID8 ovarian carcinoma. Experiment 1 measured sucrose intake before and after tumor incubation to assess the effect of tumor on anhedonic depressive-like behavior. Experiment 2 examined effects of tumor and social housing on anhedonia and a second depressive-like behavior, tail suspension test (TST) immobility. Systemic proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines were measured following each experiment. Additional behaviors assessed the specificity of tumor's effect on depressive-like behavior. Tumor caused a reduction in sucrose intake relative to baseline and control levels (P<.05). Moreover, individually-housed tumor-bearing mice exhibited a lower sucrose preference than group-housed tumor-bearing or control mice in either housing condition (P<.05). Although tumor-bearing mice exhibited less locomotion than controls (P<.001), there was no significant effect of tumor on TST immobility. Tumor caused higher levels of systemic proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines and smaller body weight (P<.05), but appetite and motor capacity were not significantly affected. Statistical mediation analysis showed that circulating interleukin-6 partially mediated the effect between tumor and home cage locomotion (P<.01) but not between tumor and sucrose intake. It is concluded that tumor elicits anhedonic depressive-like behavior in a murine model of ovarian cancer. This may have important implications for etiology of depression in the clinical cancer setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M. Lamkin
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behvaior, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Susan K. Lutgendorf
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Iowa, Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa
| | - David Lubaroff
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology and Cancer Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas
| | | | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Department of Health & Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa
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15
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Lisowski P, Juszczak GR, Goscik J, Wieczorek M, Zwierzchowski L, Swiergiel AH. Effect of chronic mild stress on hippocampal transcriptome in mice selected for high and low stress-induced analgesia and displaying different emotional behaviors. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:45-62. [PMID: 20961740 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that mood disorders may derive from the impact of environmental pressure on genetically susceptible individuals. Stress-induced hippocampal plasticity has been implicated in depression. We studied hippocampal transcriptomes in strains of mice that display high (HA) and low (LA) swim stress-induced analgesia and that differ in emotional behaviors and responses to different classes of antidepressants. Chronic mild stress (CMS) affected expression of a number of genes common for both strains. CMS also produced strain specific changes in expression suggesting that hippocampal responses to stress depend on genotype. Considerably larger number of genes, biological processes, molecular functions, biochemical pathways, and gene networks were affected by CMS in LA than in HA mice. The results suggest that potential drug targets against detrimental effects of stress include glutamate transporters, and cholinergic, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones receptors. Furthermore, some biological processes evoked by stress and different between the strains, such as apoptosis, neurogenesis and chromatin modifications, may be responsible for the long-term, irreversible effects of stress and suggest a role for epigenetic regulation of mood related stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Lisowski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
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16
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Liang QQ, Zhang M, Zhou Q, Shi Q, Wang YJ. Muscone protects vertebral end-plate degeneration by antiinflammatory property. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468:1600-10. [PMID: 19763723 PMCID: PMC2865594 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-1079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Most chronic neck pain is the result of degeneration of the cervical spine. IL-1beta may play an important role in intervertebral disc degeneration. This being the case, inhibiting IL-1beta could provide a therapeutic approach for reducing or preventing disc degeneration. Muscone reportedly relieves pain and suppresses inflammation. Therefore, we asked whether muscone, a potent antiinflammatory agent, could reduce proinflammatory cytokines in vitro (end-plate cartilage cultures) and end-plate degeneration in vivo (a rat model that induces intervertebral disc degeneration). In vitro, muscone reversed IL-1beta-induced upregulation of IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, cyclooxygenase 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase 13, aggrecanase 2, and nitric oxide and downregulation of Col2alpha1 and aggrecan. Pretreatment with muscone (6.25, 12.5, 25 mumol/L) inhibited the IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, muscone inhibited the expression of prostaglandin E2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and recovered the structural distortion of the degenerative disc. Our findings suggest muscone is a promising agent for treating intervertebral disc degeneration through its antiinflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Liang
- Institute of Spine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Spine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Institute of Spine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Qi Shi
- Institute of Spine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Institute of Spine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Brain cyclooxygenase-2 mediates interleukin-1-induced cellular activation in preoptic and arcuate hypothalamus, but not sickness symptoms. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:393-401. [PMID: 20470889 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta acts on the CNS to induce fever, neuroendocrine activation, and behavioral changes, but cannot passively cross the blood-brain barrier. According to a widely accepted hypothesis interleukin-1beta induces the synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 at the blood-brain interface, which produces prostaglandins that diffuse into brain parenchyma to activate neurons. We studied the role of brain cyclooxygenase-2 in interleukin-1beta-induced fever, neuroendocrine and behavioral responses and cellular activation by intracerebroventricular infusion of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398. Central cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition attenuated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 phosphorylation and c-Fos induction in the median preoptic area and arcuate hypothalamus, but not in other hypothalamic or brainstem structures, after intraperitoneal interleukin-1beta administration. However, the same treatment did not affect interleukin-1beta-induced fever, rises in corticosterone or anorexia. These findings moderate the prevailing view and indicate that brain cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin production is important to activation of the median preoptic and arcuate hypothalamus, but not necessarily involved in fever, rises in plasma corticosterone and anorexia after peripheral interleukin-1beta administration.
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18
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Asarian L, Langhans W. A new look on brain mechanisms of acute illness anorexia. Physiol Behav 2010; 100:464-71. [PMID: 20394763 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other microbial substances trigger the organism's acute phase response and cause acute illness anorexia. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are major endogenous mediators of acute illness anorexia, but how LPS or cytokines stimulate the brain to inhibit eating is not fully resolved. One emerging mechanism involves the activation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells and the subsequent release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Serotonin neurons in the midbrain raphe are targets of PGE2, and serotonergic projections from the midbrain raphe to the hypothalamus appear to be crucial for LPS anorexia. That is, raphe projections activate (1) the corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus which then elicit the stress response and (2) the pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus which then release alphaMSH and elicit anorexia. Here we review available data to support a role for this brain mechanism in acute illness anorexia by center staging PGE2 signaling pathways that converge on central neural circuits that control normal eating. In addition, we review interactions between gonadal hormones and immune function that lead to sex differences in acute illness anorexia. The paper represents an invited review by a symposium, award winner or keynote speaker at the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior [SSIB] Annual Meeting in Portland, July 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Asarian
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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19
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Teeling J, Cunningham C, Newman T, Perry V. The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on behavioural changes and cytokine production following systemic inflammation: Implications for a role of COX-1. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:409-19. [PMID: 19931610 PMCID: PMC3098384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation gives rise to metabolic and behavioural changes, largely mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin production (PGE(2)) at the blood-brain barrier. Despite numerous studies, the exact biological pathways that give rise to these changes remains elusive. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying immune-to-brain communication following systemic inflammation using various anti-inflammatory agents. Mice were pre-treated with selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors, thromboxane synthase inhibitors or dexamethasone, followed by intra-peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Changes in body temperature, open-field activity, and burrowing were assessed and mRNA and/or protein levels of inflammatory mediators measured in serum and brain. LPS-induced systemic inflammation resulted in behavioural changes and increased production of IL-6, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, as well as PGE(2) in serum and brain. Indomethacin and ibuprofen reversed the effect of LPS on behaviour without changing peripheral or central IL-6, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNA levels. In contrast, dexamethasone did not alter LPS-induced behavioural changes, despite complete inhibition of cytokine production. A selective COX-1 inhibitor, piroxicam, but not the selective COX-2 inhibitor, nimesulide, reversed the LPS-induced behavioural changes without affecting IL-6, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha protein expression levels in the periphery or mRNA levels in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that the acute LPS-induced changes in burrowing and open-field activity depend on COX-1. We further show that COX-1 is not responsible for the induction of brain IL-6, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha synthesis or LPS-induced hypothermia. Our results may have implications for novel therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent neurological diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Teeling
- CNS Inflammation Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East SO16 7PX, UK,Corresponding author. Fax: +44 2380 592701.
| | - C. Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - T.A. Newman
- CNS Inflammation Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East SO16 7PX, UK
| | - V.H. Perry
- CNS Inflammation Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East SO16 7PX, UK
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20
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Zager A, Andersen ML, Lima MMS, Reksidler AB, Machado RB, Tufik S. Modulation of sickness behavior by sleep: the role of neurochemical and neuroinflammatory pathways in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19:589-602. [PMID: 19394204 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the immune system elicits several behavioral changes that are collectively called sickness behavior and consists in a strategy to overcome infection. Sleep deprivation can increase susceptibility to pathogens and to behavioral alterations. Thus, the present study aimed to determine how paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) affects the behavioral and neurochemical responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, potent activator of the immune response). Adult inbred mice were paradoxical sleep deprived (72 h), whereas the control group was kept in their home cages. Both groups received either an injection of saline or LPS (5, 10 or 20 microg/animal ip) before behavioral tasks and tissue collection. During the recovery sleep period, LPS provoked a strong inhibition of sleep rebound due to a suppression of paradoxical sleep. PSD increased the susceptibility of mice to LPS-induced immobility in the open field, which was capable of affecting the anxiety-like behavior also. These altered behavioral responses to LPS were accompanied by reduction in dopamine turnover within the striatum and increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the cortex. The study provides some insights into how the sleep-wake cycle affects the expression of sickness behavior induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Zager
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Hein AM, O'Banion MK. Neuroinflammation and memory: the role of prostaglandins. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 40:15-32. [PMID: 19365736 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex response to brain injury involving the activation of glia, release of inflammatory mediators within the brain, and recruitment of peripheral immune cells. Interestingly, memory deficits have been observed following many inflammatory states including infection, traumatic brain injury (TBI), normal aging, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prostaglandins (PGs), a class of lipid mediators which can have inflammatory actions, are upregulated by these inflammatory challenges and can impair memory. In this paper, we critically review the success of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which prevent the formation of PGs, in preventing neuroinflammation-induced memory deficits following lipopolysaccharide injection, TBI, aging, and experimental models of AD in rodents and propose a mechanism by which PGs could disrupt memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Hein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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22
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Pecchi E, Dallaporta M, Jean A, Thirion S, Troadec JD. Prostaglandins and sickness behavior: old story, new insights. Physiol Behav 2009; 97:279-92. [PMID: 19275907 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence has shown that prostaglandins play a key role in the development of sickness behavior observed during inflammatory states. In particular, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is produced in the brain by a variety of inflammatory signals such as endotoxins or cytokines. Its injection has been also shown to induce symptoms of sickness behavior. The role of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX), the rate-limiting enzymes converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, in sickness behavior has been extensively studied, and it has been demonstrated that strategies aiming at inhibiting these enzymes limit anorexia, body weight loss and fever in animals with inflammatory diseases. However, inhibiting COX activity may lead to negative gastric or cardiovascular effects, since COX enzymes play a role in the synthesis of others prostanoids with various and sometimes contrasting properties. Recently, prostaglandin E synthases (PGES), which specifically catalyze the final step of PGE2 biosynthesis, were characterized. Among these enzymes, the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) was of a particular interest since it was shown to be up-regulated by inflammatory signals in a variety of cell types. Moreover, mPGES-1 was shown to be crucial for correct immune-to-brain communication and induction of fever and anorexia by pro-inflammatory agents. This review takes stock of previous knowledge and recent advances in understanding the role of prostaglandins and of their specific synthesizing enzymes in the molecular mechanisms underlying sickness behavior. The review concludes with a short summary of key questions that remain to be addressed and points out therapeutic developments in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pecchi
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, UMR 6231 CNRS, USC INRA 2027, Université Paul Cézanne et Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
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23
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Basso AM, Bratcher NA, Harris RR, Jarvis MF, Decker MW, Rueter LE. Behavioral profile of P2X7 receptor knockout mice in animal models of depression and anxiety: Relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders. Behav Brain Res 2009; 198:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Saito M, Watanabe S. Differential modulation of lipopolysaccharide- and zymosan-induced hypophagia by dexamethasone treatment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 90:428-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 beta act synergistically within the brain to induce sickness behavior and fever in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:838-49. [PMID: 18255258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 beta can act in the brain (centrally) to cause fever. Sickness behaviors which accompany fever also appear to involve the central action of IL-1 beta. We injected species-homologous rat IL-6 and IL-1 beta directly into the brains of conscious rats to examine the effect of these cytokines on fever, and two behaviors affected by sickness, voluntary wheel-running and food intake. Male Sprague-Dawley rats selected for their predisposition to spontaneously run on running wheels were used in the experiment. Each rat was anaesthetized and had a temperature-sensitive radiotransmitter implanted intra-abdominally, and a 23-gauge stainless steel guide cannula inserted stereotaxically over the lateral cerebral ventricle. Rats were randomly assigned to receive intracerebroventricular injections of three doses of either IL-1 beta or IL-6 (100 ng, 1 ng or 0.1 ng IL-1 beta and 200 ng, 20 ng or 2 ng IL-6), or one of three different combinations of IL-1 beta and IL-6. Rats receiving either IL-1 beta or IL-6 showed a dose-dependent increase in body temperature and decrease in wheel-running (ANOVA, p<0.0001). Only rats receiving the highest dose of IL-1 beta significantly decreased food intake and body mass compared to rats receiving vehicle (ANOVA, p<0.001). Doses of IL-1 beta and IL-6 which, when injected on their own were non-pyrogenic and did not affect food intake and body mass, induced fever and anorexia when they were co-injected centrally. These results show that species-homologous rat IL-6 and IL-1 beta can act directly within the brain to decrease voluntary activity and suggest they also can act synergistically to induce anorexia and fever.
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26
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Teeling JL, Perry VH. Systemic infection and inflammation in acute CNS injury and chronic neurodegeneration: underlying mechanisms. Neuroscience 2008; 158:1062-73. [PMID: 18706982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have all at some time experienced the non-specific symptoms that arise from being ill following a systemic infection. These symptoms, such as fever, malaise, lethargy and loss of appetite are often referred to as "sickness behavior" and are a consequence of systemically produced pro-inflammatory mediators. These inflammatory mediators signal to the brain, leading to activation of microglial cells, which in turn, signal to neurons to induce adaptive metabolic and behavioral changes. In normal healthy persons this response is a normal part of our defense, to protect us from infection, to maintain homeostasis and causes no damage to neurons. However, in animals and patients with chronic neurodegenerative disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke and even during normal aging, systemic inflammation leads to inflammatory responses in the brain, an exaggeration of clinical symptoms and increased neuronal death. These observations imply that, as the population ages and the number of individuals with CNS disorders increases, relatively common systemic infections and inflammation will become significant risk factors for disease onset or progression. In this review we discuss the underlying mechanisms responsible for sickness behavior induced by systemic inflammation in the healthy brain and how they might be different in individuals with CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Teeling
- CNS Inflammation Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK.
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27
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Hayashi T, Cottam HB, Chan M, Jin G, Tawatao RI, Crain B, Ronacher L, Messer K, Carson DA, Corr M. Mast cell-dependent anorexia and hypothermia induced by mucosal activation of Toll-like receptor 7. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R123-32. [PMID: 18480244 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00527.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic viral infections produce a highly regulated set of responses in sickness behavior, such as fever, anorexia, and adipsia. Toll-like receptor (TLR)7, activated by viral RNA during infection, potently stimulates the innate and adaptive immune responses that aid in viral clearance. However, the physiological consequences of TLR7 activation have not been thoroughly studied. In these experiments, we used a potent synthetic TLR7 ligand, 9-benzyl-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)adenine (SM360320; 1V136), to investigate the consequences of TLR7 activation in genetically defined strains of mice. Administration of the drug by the nasal, intragastric, or intraperitoneal routes caused transient hypophagia, hypodypsia, and hypothermia. Analyses of mutant mouse strains indicated that these effects were dependent on the expression of TLR7, its adaptor protein MyD88, and TNF-alpha, and independent of IL-1beta, IL-6 and cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX1). Partial roles were also implied for mast cells and COX2. Although plasma TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher after systemic drug delivery, the behavioral effects were maximal when the agent was administered to the mucosa. Tissue and mucosal mast cells are known to express high levels of TLR7 and to rapidly release TNF-alpha upon TLR7 ligation. Mice deficient in tissue mast cells, W/W(v), had significantly less anorexia after TLR7 activation, and this response was restored with mast cell reconstitution. Our results thus suggest that tissue mast cells may play a role in the anorexia induced by mucosal activation of TLR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hayashi
- Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California , CA, USA
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28
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Abstract
Recent studies have begun to clarify the pathogenesis of sickness behavior. Cytokines released by macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells act on the brain to trigger behavioral changes in infected animals. The major cytokines, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and others, all act on the hypothalamus to provoke alterations in the normal homeostatic condition. These include elevated body temperature, increased sleep, and loss of appetite as well as major alterations in lipid and protein metabolism leading to significant weight loss. Some of these changes are clearly directed towards enhancing the normal immune responses. The benefits of others such as appetite loss are unclear. It is also important to recognize that other animals may recognize sickness behavior as a sign of weakness and mark the victim out for targeting by predators. As a result, some prey species may work very hard to mask their sickness, a response that serves to complicate veterinary diagnosis.
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Free tryptophan/large neutral amino acids ratios in blood plasma do not predict cerebral spinal fluid tryptophan concentrations in interleukin-1-induced anorexia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 89:31-5. [PMID: 18045669 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral administration of interleukin-1 (IL-1) reduces food intake and affects brain serotonergic activity, suggesting a causal relationship. Furthermore, IL-1 increases the brain concentrations of the serotonin precursor, tryptophan (TRP), by unclear mechanism(s). We aimed at confirming the link between IL-1 administration, raised brain TRP concentrations and the development of anorexia, and at investigating the mechanisms of TRP entry into the brain. Thirty adult, overnight fasted Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to i.p. injections of 1 mug/kg BW of IL-1 alpha (n=10) or vehicle (n=10), or to pair-feeding with IL-1 animals (n=10). After 2 h, food intake, blood plasma concentrations of total TRP, free TRP, large neutral amino acids (LNAA; competing with TRP for brain entry) were measured. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) TRP concentrations were also measured. TRP brain availability was assessed by calculating the plasma ratio free TRP/LNAA. Following IL-1 injection, food intake significantly declined in IL-1 rats, which was paralleled by decreased plasma free TRP and increased plasma LNAA. Despite a decrease in the free TRP/LNAA ratios in plasma, IL-1 significantly increased concentrations of TRP in CSF. These data show that the acute peripheral administration of IL-1 induces anorexia and raises CSF TRP levels. Considering the possible role of the raised CSF TRP in influencing brain serotonin activity, it is postulated that increased serotonergic neurotransmission could be involved in IL-1 induced anorexia.
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Dallaporta M, Pecchi E, Jacques C, Berenbaum F, Jean A, Thirion S, Troadec JD. c-Fos immunoreactivity induced by intraperitoneal LPS administration is reduced in the brain of mice lacking the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:1109-21. [PMID: 17604949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the deletion of the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) gene on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuronal activation in central nervous structures. The mPGES-1 catalyses the conversion of COX-derived PGH(2) to PGE(2) and has been described as a regulated enzyme whose expression is stimulated by proinflammatory agents. Using the immediate-early gene c-fos as a marker of neuronal activation, we determined whether deletion of the mPGES-1 gene altered the neuronal activation induced by LPS in structures classically recognized as immunosensitive regions. No significant difference in the c-Fos immunostaining was observed in the brain of saline-treated mPGES-1+/+, mPGES-1+/- and mPGES-1-/- mice. However, we observed that LPS-induced neuronal activation was reduced in most of the centres known as immunosensitive nuclei in mPGES-1-/- mice compared with heterozygous and wild-type mice. The decrease in the number of c-Fos positive nuclei occurred particularly in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the medial, intermediate and central parts of the nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, ventromedial preoptic area, central amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and to a lesser extent in the ventrolateral part of the nucleus tractus solitarius and rostral ventrolateral medulla. These results suggest that the mPGES-1 enzyme is strongly needed to provide sufficient PGE(2) production required to stimulate immunosensitive brain regions and they are discussed with regard to the recent works reporting impaired sickness behavior in mPGES-1-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dallaporta
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurovégétative, UMR 6153 CNRS-1147 INRA, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
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Hollis JH, Evans AK, Bruce KPE, Lightman SL, Lowry CA. Lipopolysaccharide has indomethacin-sensitive actions on Fos expression in topographically organized subpopulations of serotonergic neurons. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:569-77. [PMID: 16554144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 01/29/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral immune activation results in physiological and behavioral responses including changes in the level of behavioral arousal. One mechanism through which immune activation can influence these responses is via actions on brainstem neuromodulatory systems, including serotonergic systems. To investigate the effects of peripheral immune activation on serotonergic systems and behavior, and the potential role of prostanoids in mediating these effects, we compared the effects of intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in the presence or absence of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, on total plasma L-tryptophan concentrations, Fos expression in subdivisions of the brainstem raphe complex, and home cage behaviors. Peripheral LPS administration had no effect on total plasma L-tryptophan concentrations but increased Fos expression in serotonergic neurons selectively within the interfascicular (DRI) and ventrolateral (DRVL) subdivisions of the dorsal raphe nucleus 4 h following treatment; pretreatment with indomethacin blocked the LPS-induced increases in Fos expression within the DRI and DRVL. Peripheral LPS administration decreased measures of behavioral arousal including locomotion, rearing, climbing, and self-grooming; LPS administration had no effect on these behaviors in mice pretreated with indomethacin. The indomethacin-sensitive effects of LPS on Fos expression in the DRI may be due to selective activation of Type II serotonergic neurons which are largely restricted to the DRI region and have unique afferent regulatory mechanisms and behavioral correlates. Further studies of the effects of peripheral immune activation on DRI serotonergic systems may lead to a better understanding of the relationships among immune function, serotonergic systems, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H Hollis
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
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Phillis JW, Horrocks LA, Farooqui AA. Cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and epoxygenases in CNS: Their role and involvement in neurological disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:201-43. [PMID: 16647138 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three enzyme systems, cyclooxygenases that generate prostaglandins, lipoxygenases that form hydroxy derivatives and leukotrienes, and epoxygenases that give rise to epoxyeicosatrienoic products, metabolize arachidonic acid after its release from neural membrane phospholipids by the action of phospholipase A(2). Lysophospholipids, the other products of phospholipase A(2) reactions, are either reacylated or metabolized to platelet-activating factor. Under normal conditions, these metabolites play important roles in synaptic function, cerebral blood flow regulation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and gene expression. Increased activities of cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and epoxygenases under pathological situations such as ischemia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease produce neuroinflammation involving vasodilation and vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, leukocyte chemotaxis and release of cytokines, and oxidative stress. These are closely associated with the neural cell injury which occurs in these neurological conditions. The metabolic products of docosahexaenoic acid, through these enzymes, generate a new class of lipid mediators, namely docosatrienes and resolvins. These metabolites antagonize the effect of metabolites derived from arachidonic acid. Recent studies provide insight into how these arachidonic acid metabolites interact with each other and other bioactive mediators such as platelet-activating factor, endocannabinoids, and docosatrienes under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we review present knowledge of the functions of cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and epoxygenases in brain and their association with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Phillis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Elander L, Engström L, Hallbeck M, Blomqvist A. IL-1beta and LPS induce anorexia by distinct mechanisms differentially dependent on microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 292:R258-67. [PMID: 16946079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00511.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent work demonstrated that the febrile response to peripheral immune stimulation with proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta or bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is mediated by induced synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) by the terminal enzyme microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). The present study examined whether a similar mechanism might also mediate the anorexia induced by these inflammatory agents. Transgenic mice with a deletion of the Ptges gene, which encodes mPGES-1, and wild-type controls were injected intraperitoneally with IL-1beta, LPS, or saline. Mice were free fed, and food intake was continuously monitored with an automated system for 12 h. Body weight was recorded every 24 h for 4 days. The IL-1beta induced anorexia in wild-type but not knock-out mice, and so it was almost completely dependent on mPGES-1. In contrast, LPS induced anorexia of the same magnitude in both phenotypes, and hence it was independent of mPGES-1. However, when the mice were prestarved for 22 h, LPS induced anorexia and concomitant body weight loss in the knock-out animals that was attenuated compared with the wild-type controls. These data suggest that IL-1beta and LPS induce anorexia by distinct immune-to-brain signaling pathways and that the anorexia induced by LPS is mediated by a mechanism different from the fever induced by LPS. However, nutritional state and/or motivational factors also seem to influence the pathways for immune signaling to the brain. Furthermore, both IL-1beta and LPS caused reduced meal size but not meal frequency, suggesting that both agents exerted an anhedonic effect during these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Elander
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-58185 Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
Administration of cytokines to animals can elicit many effects on the brain, particularly neuroendocrine and behavioral effects. Cytokine administration also alters neurotransmission, which may underlie these effects. The most well studied effect is the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, especially that by interleukin-1 (IL-1). Peripheral and central administration of IL-1 also induces norepinephrine (NE) release in the brain, most markedly in the hypothalamus. Small changes in brain dopamine (DA) are occasionally observed, but these effects are not regionally selective. IL-1 also increases brain concentrations of tryptophan, and the metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) throughout the brain in a regionally nonselective manner. Increases of tryptophan and 5-HT, but not NE, are also elicited by IL-6, which also activates the HPA axis, although it is much less potent in these respects than IL-1. IL-2 has modest effects on DA, NE and 5-HT. Like IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) activates the HPA axis, but affects NE and tryptophan only at high doses. The interferons (IFN's) induce fever and HPA axis activation in man, but such effects are weak or absent in rodents. The reported effects of IFN's on brain catecholamines and serotonin have been very varied. However, interferon-γ, and to a lesser extent, interferon-α, have profound effects on the catabolism of tryptophan, effectively reducing its concentration in plasma, and may thus limit brain 5-HT synthesis.Administration of endotoxin (LPS) elicits responses similar to those of IL-1. Bacterial and viral infections induce HPA activation, and also increase brain NE and 5-HT metabolism and brain tryptophan. Typically, there is also behavioral depression. These effects are strikingly similar to those of IL-1, suggesting that IL-1 secretion, which accompanies many infections, may mediate these responses. Studies with IL-1 antagonists, support this possibility, although in most cases the antagonism is incomplete, suggesting the existence of multiple mechanisms. Because LPS is known to stimulate the secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα, it seems likely that these cytokines mediate at least some of the responses, but studies with antagonists indicate that there are multiple mechanisms. The neurochemical responses to cytokines are likely to underlie the endocrine and behavioral responses. The NE response to IL-1 appears to be instrumental in the HPA activation, but other mechanisms exist. Neither the noradrenergic nor the serotonergic systems appear to be involved in the major behavioral responses. The significance of the serotonin response is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Dunn
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
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Pecchi E, Dallaporta M, Thirion S, Salvat C, Berenbaum F, Jean A, Troadec JD. Involvement of central microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in IL-1beta-induced anorexia. Physiol Genomics 2006; 25:485-92. [PMID: 16554545 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00306.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to infection or inflammation, individuals develop a set of symptoms referred to as sickness behavior, which includes a decrease in food intake. The characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying this hypophagia remains critical, because chronic anorexia may represent a significant health risk. Prostaglandins (PGs) constitute an important inflammatory mediator family whose levels increase in the brain during inflammatory states, and their involvement in inflammatory-induced anorexia has been proposed. The microsomal PGE synthase (mPGES)-1 enzyme is involved in the last step of PGE2 biosynthesis, and its expression is stimulated by proinflammatory agents. The present study attempted to determine whether an upregulation of mPGES-1 gene expression may account for the immune-induced anorexic behavior. We focused our study on mPGES-1 expression in the hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex, two structures strongly activated during peripheral inflammation and involved in the regulation of food intake. We showed that mPGES-1 gene expression was robustly upregulated in these structures after intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular injections of anorexigenic doses of IL-1beta. This increase was correlated with the onset of anorexia. The concomitant reduction in food intake and central mPGES-1 gene upregulation led us to test the feeding behavior of mice lacking mPGES-1 during inflammation. Interestingly, IL-1beta failed to decrease food intake in mPGES-1(-/-) mice, although these animals developed anorexia in response to a PGE2 injection. Taken together, our results demonstrate that mPGES-1, which is strongly upregulated during inflammation in central structures involved in feeding control, is essential for immune anorexic behavior and thus may constitute a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pecchi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurovégétative, UMR 6153 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-1147 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
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Dunn AJ, Swiergiel AH, Zhang H, Quan N. Reduced ingestion of sweetened milk induced by interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide is associated with induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in brain endothelia. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006; 13:96-104. [PMID: 17047394 PMCID: PMC2140001 DOI: 10.1159/000096291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have shown that interleukin-1 (IL-1) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to animals induces behavioral changes, including a reduction in feeding. These effects of IL-1 and LPS have been shown to be sensitive to inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX). OBJECTIVES To determine the relationships between induction of COX-2 in the brain with IL-1beta- and LPS-induced changes in body temperature, plasma corticosterone and feeding. METHODS Mice were injected with intraperitoneal doses of IL-1beta and LPS that decreased feeding. The induction of COX-2 was studied immunocytochemically in the brain, in parallel with core body temperature, the drinking of sweetened milk, and plasma concentrations of corticosterone. RESULTS COX-2 immunoreactivity (ir) was sparse in the brains of the untreated mice, but IL-1beta and LPS both increased its expression. This COX-2 induction appeared to be confined to blood vessels, and was not markedly region specific. Induction was evident 30 min after IL-1 or LPS, and was greater at 90 than at 30 min. COX-2-ir in the parenchyma did not change significantly. Thus induction of COX-2 occurred in brain endothelia in parallel with the reduction in feeding. This is consistent with the previously determined sensitivity of IL-1-induced changes in feeding to selective COX-2 inhibitors, and the responses to IL-1 in COX-2-deficient mice. The time courses of the IL-1- and LPS-induced increases in plasma corticosterone paralleled those in the reduction in milk drinking, however, the changes in body temperature appeared later. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial COX-2 may be involved in IL-1- and LPS-induced decreases in milk drinking, and possibly in the HPA axis activation. The decreased milk drinking may occur when IL-1 and LPS bind to receptors on brain endothelial cells subsequently inducing COX-2 and the production of prostanoids which elicit the reductions in milk drinking. Thus the behavioral effects of peripherally administered IL-1 and LPS appear to be mediated by multiple mechanisms, including endothelial COX-2, and vagal afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Dunn
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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Naoi K, Kogure S, Saito M, Hamazaki T, Watanabe S. Differential Effects of Selective Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 Inhibitors on Anorexic Response and Prostaglandin Generation in Various Tissues Induced by Zymosan. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1319-24. [PMID: 16819161 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that anorexic response is induced by intraperitoneal injection of zymosan in mice, although the role of prostaglandins in this response is relatively unknown as compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anorexic response. Indomethacin (0.5 and 2.0 mg/kg), a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, as well as meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, but not FR122047 (2.0 mg/kg), a selective COX-1 inhibitor, attenuated zymosan-induced anorexia. Zymosan injection elevated COX-2 expression in brain and liver but not in small intestine and colon. Meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg) and FR122047 treatment (2.0 mg/kg) similarly suppressed the generation of brain prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and peritoneal prostacyclin (PGI(2)) upon zymosan injection. PGE(2) generation in liver upon zymosan injection was suppressed by meloxicam (0.5 mg/kg) but not by FR122047 treatment (2.0 mg/kg). Our observations suggest that COX-2 plays an important role in zymosan-induced anorexia, which is a similar feature in LPS-induced anorexic response. However, non-selective inhibition by selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors of brain PGE(2) generation upon zymosan injection does not support the role of COX-2 expressed in brain in zymosan-induced anorexic response. PGE(2) generation in liver may account for peripheral role of COX-2 in zymosan-induced anorexic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Naoi
- Department of Clinical Application, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan
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Yin LL, Zhang WY, Li MH, Shen JK, Zhu XZ. CC 05, a novel anti-inflammatory compound, exerts its effect by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 520:172-8. [PMID: 16168408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the anti-inflammation of a novel compound, 4-[5-(3-amino-4-methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide (CC 05) in vitro and in vivo. In an in vitro cell-based assay, CC 05 inhibited cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis with an IC(50) value of 0.328+/-0.04 microM compared with an IC(50) value of 14.34+/-0.05 microM for the inhibition of COX-1-derived PGE(2) synthesis. In two in vivo rodent models, CC 05 (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.g.) is a moderate potential and selective inhibitor of COX-2. It can reduce carrageenan-induced paw edema and PGE(2) production in the inflamed pouch dose-dependently without affecting the PGE(2) production in stomachs. Furthermore, CC 05 had no effect on COX-2 mRNA and protein expression in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 human macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These results demonstrate that CC 05 is a novel COX-2 inhibitor and the anti-inflammatory action is not directed towards the transcription or translation of the COX-2 gene but only to the enzymatic activity of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Dunn AJ, Swiergiel AH. Effects of interleukin-1 and endotoxin in the forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 81:688-93. [PMID: 15982728 PMCID: PMC1975689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 04/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Male CD-1 mice were administered interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and subsequently tested in the tail suspension test (TST), the Porsolt forced swim test (FST), and in the open field. IL-1beta (100, 300 and 1000 ng/mouse) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) 90 min before the test induced a dose-dependent increase in the time spent immobile in the TST and the time spent floating in the FST. These responses were statistically significant only at the higher doses of IL-1beta (300 and 1000 ng). Nevertheless, all three doses of IL-1beta significantly decreased line crossings and rears in the open field and depressed food intake and body weight. Very similar effects were induced by LPS. Doses of 1 and 5 mug i.p. increased immobility time in the TST and floating time in the FST, but the same doses strongly depressed locomotor activity and body weight. These results indicate that both IL-1beta and LPS can induce depression-like effects in the TST and the FST. However, the doses necessary to induce these changes reduced feeding and activity in an open field, so that the effects observed in the FST and TST could be attributed to a general reduction in locomotor activity. Thus the results obtained in these two animal tests commonly used to test antidepressant properties do not provide strong support for an IL-1 hypothesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Dunn
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 33932, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
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Steiner AA, Rudaya AY, Robbins JR, Dragic AS, Langenbach R, Romanovsky AA. Expanding the febrigenic role of cyclooxygenase-2 to the previously overlooked responses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1253-7. [PMID: 16081878 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the role of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 in fever induced by intravenous LPS have failed to investigate the role of these isoenzymes in the earliest responses: monophasic fever (response to a low, near-threshold dose of LPS) and the first phase of polyphasic fever (response to higher doses). We studied these responses in 96 mice that were COX-1 or COX-2 deficient (-/-) or sufficient (+/+). Each mouse was implanted with a temperature telemetry probe into the peritoneal cavity and a jugular catheter. The study was conducted at a tightly controlled, neutral ambient temperature (31 degrees C). To avoid stress hyperthermia (which masks the onset of fever), all injections were performed through a catheter extension. The +/+ mice responded to intravenous saline with no change in deep body temperature. To a low dose of LPS (1 microg/kg iv), they responded with a monophasic fever. To a higher dose (56 microg/kg), they responded with a polyphasic fever. Neither monophasic fever nor the first phase of polyphasic fever was attenuated in the COX-1 -/- mice, but both responses were absent in the COX-2 -/- mice. The second and third phases of polyphasic fever were also missing in the COX-2 -/- mice. The present study identifies a new, critical role for COX-2 in the mediation of the earliest responses to intravenous LPS: monophasic fever and the first phase of polyphasic fever. It also suggests that no product of the COX-1 gene, including the splice variant COX-1b (COX-3), is essential for these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Steiner
- Systemic Inflammation Laboratory, Trauma Research, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
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De La Garza R, Asnis GM, Fabrizio KR, Pedrosa E. Acute diclofenac treatment attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations to basic reward behavior and HPA axis activation in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:356-65. [PMID: 15565429 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) counteract stress hormone and pro-inflammatory cytokine activation, and are being considered as therapeutics for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Previous data from our laboratory revealed that repeated treatment with the NSAID diclofenac attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alterations to reward behavior, implicating a role for NSAIDs in alleviating depressive-like behavior. OBJECTIVES To extend these findings, we sought to determine whether acute treatment with diclofenac would attenuate LPS-induced alterations to basic reward behavior, as well as neuroendocrine and neuroimmune function. METHODS Male, Wistar rats (n=8-9/grp) pressed a lever for sucrose pellet reward and after establishing a steady baseline were exposed to an injection of saline (1 ml/kg, SC) or diclofenac (2.5 mg/kg, SC) 30 min prior to a second injection of saline or LPS (20 microg/kg, IP). RESULTS In saline pre-treated rats, LPS significantly reduced rate of sucrose pellet self-administration and total reinforcers obtained, suggestive of an anhedonia response. In addition, LPS increased corticosterone release, increased plasma intereleukin (IL)-1beta release, increased IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA in hippocampus, increased corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA in pituitary, and decreased CRH-1 mRNA in pituitary. Importantly, the behavioral and neuroendocrine effects, but not neuroimmune effects, produced by LPS were significantly attenuated in rats pre-treated with diclofenac. CONCLUSIONS These new data provide a comprehensive assessment of the acute effects of diclofenac on LPS exposure in rats and confirm a role for NSAIDs in attenuating endotoxin-induced anhedonia. Of particular importance, the data reveal that the observed effects are mediated via the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis at the level of the pituitary or above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard De La Garza
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer Building, Room 111, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Takenaka M, Kanada S, Hamazaki T, Watanabe S. Dietary Supplementation with n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuates the Depression of Food-Motivated Behavior during Zymosan-Induced Peritonitis. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1291-3. [PMID: 15997116 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation is accompanied by neurobehavioral alterations such as depression of feeding, exploratory and sexual behaviors. Our previous investigation reported that dietary enrichment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) attenuated the depression of food-motivated behavior and social exploration, but not endocrinological and metabolic disturbances in the mice with systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We here demonstrate that dietary n-3 PUFA also attenuate the reduction of food-motivated behavior during zymosan-induced peritonitis in mice without influencing plasma leakage into peritoneum and writhing response. Our results suggest that the common mechanism is involved in the attenuation of behavioral depression during systemic and local inflammation by dietary n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Takenaka
- Division of Clinical Application, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Pålsson-McDermott EM, O'Neill LAJ. Signal transduction by the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll-like receptor-4. Immunology 2004; 113:153-62. [PMID: 15379975 PMCID: PMC1782563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal transduction is a key goal in the effort to provide a molecular basis for the lethal effect of LPS during septic shock and point the way to novel therapies. Rapid progress in this field during the last 6 years has resulted in the discovery of not only the receptor for LPS - Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) - but also in a better appreciation of the complexity of the signalling pathways activated by LPS. Soon after the discovery of TLR4, the formation of a receptor complex in response to LPS, consisting of dimerized TLR4 and MD-2, was described. Intracellular events following the formation of this receptor complex depend on different sets of adapters. An early response, which is dependent on MyD88 and MyD88-like adapter (Mal), leads to the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). A later response to LPS makes use of TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (TRIF) and TRIF-related adapter molecule (TRAM), and leads to the late activation of NF-kappaB and IRF3, and to the induction of cytokines, chemokines, and other transcription factors. As LPS signal transduction is an area of intense research and rapid progress, this review is intended to sum up our present understanding of the events following LPS binding to TLR4, and we also attempt to create a model of the signalling pathways activated by LPS.
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Watanabe S, Kanada S, Takenaka M, Hamazaki T. Dietary n-3 fatty acids selectively attenuate LPS-induced behavioral depression in mice. Physiol Behav 2004; 81:605-13. [PMID: 15178153 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2003] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a series of physiological and pathological alterations as well as behavioral depression in experimental animals. These alterations induced by LPS administration are known to be mediated by endogenous cytokines and arachidonate metabolites, which may be modulated by dietary n-3 fatty acids. Mice were fed a diet supplemented with n-3 or n-6 fatty acids for 4 weeks prior to LPS administration. Food-motivated behavior after intraperitoneal administration of LPS as compared with that before LPS administration was significantly depressed in the mice fed with the n-6 fatty-acid-rich diet (47% to 85% reduction; P<.05) but not significantly in the mice fed with the n-3 fatty-acid-rich diet. Depression of social exploration by intraperitoneal LPS administration in the n-3 fatty-acid-rich diet group (39% reduction vs. vehicle group) was significantly less in the n-6 fatty-acid-rich diet group (76% reduction vs. vehicle group; P<.05). The behavioral depressions induced by intracerebroventricular LPS injection were not significantly different between the two dietary groups (P=.60). The elevation of serum corticosterone and the hypoglycemic response following intraperitoneal LPS administration were not significantly different between the two dietary groups (P=.57 and P=.43, respectively). We demonstrate that dietary n-3 fatty acids attenuate behavioral depression in mice peripherally administered with LPS without affecting the increase in serum corticosterone and the decrease in serum glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Application, Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Cata JP, Weng HR, Dougherty PM. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and thalidomide ameliorate vincristine-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 54:391-7. [PMID: 15235822 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study ibuprofen (50.0 mg/kg, i.p.), rofecoxib (10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and thalidomide (50.0 mg/kg, oral) were shown to prevent vincristine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected every other day with vincristine (0.1 mg/kg) over 13 days. The animals were cotreated daily with vehicle (saline), ibuprofen, rofecoxib or thalidomide throughout the period of vincristine treatment. Mechanical withdrawal threshold to punctuate and radiant heat stimuli were determined prior to and then on alternate days throughout the treatment period. Vincristine vehicle-treated animals developed marked mechanical hyperalgesia from day 5 of chemotherapy and this lasted until the end of the experiment. Thermal thresholds were not altered by the administration of vincristine vehicle. Animals in the vincristine vehicle group neither gained nor lost weight during the treatment period. All three active drugs showed an antihyperalgesic effect on the responses to mechanical stimulation of the hind paw that was significant from day 5 for ibuprofen and thalidomide and from day 7 for rofecoxib. Thermal thresholds increased after the administration of both the NSAIDs and thalidomide. Rofecoxib was the only drug to show any beneficial effect in protecting the animals from failure to gain body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cata
- Department of Symptom Research, The Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, PO Box 42, Houston 77030, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Dunn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA
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