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Cordeiro MM, Ribeiro RA, Bubna PB, Almeida AC, Laginski TRF, Franco GCN, Scomparin DX. Physical exercise attenuates obesity development in Western‐diet fed obese rats, independently of vitamin D supplementation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:633-642. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Mikuska Cordeiro
- General Biology Department, Biologic Science and Health Sector State University of Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Rosane Aparecida Ribeiro
- General Biology Department, Biologic Science and Health Sector State University of Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Patrícia Biscaia Bubna
- General Biology Department, Biologic Science and Health Sector State University of Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Any Caroline Almeida
- General Biology Department, Biologic Science and Health Sector State University of Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Puerto Rico Brazil
| | | | - Gilson César Nobre Franco
- General Biology Department, Biologic Science and Health Sector State University of Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Puerto Rico Brazil
| | - Dionízia Xavier Scomparin
- General Biology Department, Biologic Science and Health Sector State University of Ponta Grossa Ponta Grossa Puerto Rico Brazil
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Cordeiro MM, Biscaia PB, Brunoski J, Ribeiro RA, Franco GCN, Scomparin DX. Vitamin D supplementation decreases visceral adiposity and normalizes leptinemia and circulating TNF-α levels in western diet-fed obese rats. Life Sci 2021; 278:119550. [PMID: 33932442 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vitamin (Vit) D regulates various organic processes, including adipose tissue morphofunction and lipid metabolism. Studies indicate that Vit D bioavailability is reduced in obesity, which could contribute to obesity development; however, the effects of Vit D supplementation on increased adiposity in western diet (WD)-obese rats (an experimental model that better resembles the obesogenic human obesity condition) have not been studied, to date. Thus, we hypothesized that Vit D supplementation following the induction of obesity in WD rats might reduce their body weight (BW) and adiposity. MAIN METHODS Male Wistar rats were fed on a standard chow [control (CTL) group] or a WD to induce obesity (WD group), from 21 to 59 days of age. Subsequently, from 60 to 90-days, half of the CTL and of the WD rats were randomly submitted, or not, to oral Vit D supplementation (CTL-VD and WD-VD groups, respectively). KEY FINDINGS At 91 days of age, WD rats were obese, displaying higher abdominal circumference and white fat stores, dyslipidemia, hyperleptinemia and greater plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Vit D supplementation decreased BW gain, abdominal fat deposition and ameliorated the plasma lipid profile in WD-VD rats. These effects were accompanied by reductions in leptinemia and in circulating TNF-α levels in these rodents. SIGNIFICANCE Vit D supplementation, following the induction of obesity, may represent a good strategy to attenuate BW gain and abdominal adiposity, and ameliorate the plasma lipid profile in WD rats. These effects may be mediated, at least in part, by reductions in circulating levels of leptin and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Mikuska Cordeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bubna Biscaia
- Departamento de Farmácia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Janaini Brunoski
- Departamento de Enfermagem e Saúde Pública, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosane Aparecida Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Gilson César Nobre Franco
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Dionizia Xavier Scomparin
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
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Espitia-Bautista E, Escobar C. Fat rather than sugar diet leads to binge-type eating, anticipation, effort behavior and activation of the corticolimbic system. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 24:508-519. [PMID: 31419190 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1651104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: One factor contributing to the development of obesity is overeating palatable food. The palatability of food is driven by specific energy yielding combinations and flavor profiles that may contribute to its overconsumption. In rodents, restricted access to palatable food (PF) is a strong stimulus to trigger binge-type eating behavior (BTE), food anticipatory activity (FAA), effort behaviors and withdrawal symptoms. This is accompanied by plastic changes in corticolimbic areas associated with motivation and reward responses. Palatable food contains mainly a mixture of fat and sugar, thus, the contribution of each macronutrient for the behavioral and neuronal changes is unclear.Methods: In this study, Wistar rats were exposed to restricted access to 50% fat rich diet (FRD) or 50% sugar rich diet (SRD) in order to compare the intensity of BTE, FAA, effort behaviors and withdrawal responses.Results: In corticolimbic areas, c-Fos activation and ΔFosB accumulation were evaluated. After an acute exposition, rats ate more SRD than FRD, but FDR stimulated higher c-Fos. After chronic administration, the FDR group exhibited higher levels of BTE and FAA; this was associated with higher c-Fos and accumulation of ΔFosB in the corticolimbic system. Similar effects in the FRD group were observed after one week of withdrawal.Discussion: Present data indicate that the fat rich diet is a stronger stimulus than the sugar rich diet for the development of wanting behavior for reward and the underlying plastic changes in the corticolimbic system. The differential effects may be due to the differing caloric density of the diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
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Hristov M, Landzhov B, Yakimova K. Cafeteria diet-induced obesity reduces leptin-stimulated NADPH-diaphorase reactivity in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of rats. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151616. [PMID: 33066838 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine that plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The failure of endogenous and exogenous leptin to mediate its effects (for example, at suppressing appetite and decreasing body weight) has been termed leptin resistance. Hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance can be well demonstrated in animals in which obesity is induced by consumption of a palatable, high-calorie diet (e.g., cafeteria diet-induced obesity). Since leptin receptor signaling is known to be impaired in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) of obese rodents, we investigated the effect of leptin on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) reactivity in the ARC of male Wistar rats with cafeteria diet-induced obesity. Our results have shown that after intraperitoneal administration of leptin, the number of NADPH-d positive neurons in the ARC was significantly lower in obese rats compared with that observed in normal weight rats. Additionally, we have found that leptin-induced NADPH-d staining in ARC neurons and the adjacent ependyma was decreased in obese rats. The results presented here suggest that the ability of leptin to activate nitric oxide synthase in neurons within the ARC as well as tanycytes and ependymal cells of the third ventricle is reduced in rats made obese by a cafeteria diet. We speculate that impairment in leptin-induced NO production presents a potential mechanism, involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-related disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milen Hristov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 2 "Zdrave" St., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Boycho Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 2 "Zdrave" St., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimira Yakimova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 2 "Zdrave" St., 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Ardid-Ruiz A, Harazin A, Barna L, Walter FR, Bladé C, Suárez M, Deli MA, Aragonès G. The effects of Vitis vinifera L. phenolic compounds on a blood-brain barrier culture model: Expression of leptin receptors and protection against cytokine-induced damage. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 247:112253. [PMID: 31562952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The medicinal properties of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are well known since ancient times. Ethnobotanical grape preparations, like the Ayurvedic Darakchasava are used as cardiotonic and for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Dried grape products are also applied in Iranian traditional medicine for memory problems, which are linked to the pathology of brain microvessels, a special part of the cardiovascular system. The anti-inflammatory and protective effects of these traditional preparations on the cardiovascular system are related to their bioactive phenolic compounds. AIM OF THE STUDY The blood-brain barrier (BBB), formed by brain capillaries, is not only involved in inflammatory and other diseases of the central nervous system, but also in many systemic diseases with an inflammatory component. Dietary obesity is a systemic chronic inflammatory condition in which the peripheral and central vascular system is affected. Among the cerebrovascular changes in obesity defective leptin transport across the BBB related to central leptin resistance is observed. Our aim was to study the protective effects of grape phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), gallic acid (GA) and resveratrol (RSV) and grape-seed proanthocyanidin-rich extract (GSPE) on a cytokine-induced vascular endothelial inflammation model. Using a culture model of the BBB we investigated cytokine-induced endothelial damage and changes in the expression of leptin receptors and leptin transfer. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the BBB model, primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells, glial cells and pericytes were used in co-culture. Cells were treated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) (10 ng/ml each) to induce damage. Cell toxicity was evaluated by the measurement of impedance. The expression of leptin receptors was assessed by RT-qPCR and western blot. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected by fluorescent probes. RESULTS GSPE (10 μg/ml), EC (10 μM), GA (1 μM) or RSV (10 μM) did not change the viability of brain endothelial cells. The gene expression of the short leptin receptor isoform, Ob-Ra, was up-regulated by GSPE, EC and RSV, while the mRNA levels of Lrp2 and clusterin, clu/ApoJ were not affected. The tested compounds did not change the expression of the long leptin receptor isoform, Ob-Rb. RSV protected against the cytokine-induced increase in albumin permeability of the BBB model. GSPE and EC exerted an antioxidant effect and GSPE increased NO both alone and in the presence of cytokines. The cytokine-induced nuclear translocation of transcription factor NF-κB was blocked by GSPE, GA and RSV. Cytokines increased the mRNA expression of Lrp2 which was inhibited by EC. RSV increased Ob-Ra and Clu in the presence of cytokines. Cytokines elevated leptin transfer across the BBB model, which was not modified by GSPE or RSV. CONCLUSION Our results obtained on cell culture models confirm that natural grape compounds protect vascular endothelial cells against inflammatory damage in accordance with the ethnopharmacological use of grape preparations in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, grape compounds and GSPE, by exerting a beneficial effect on the BBB, may also be considered in the treatment of obesity after validation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ardid-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - András Harazin
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Barna
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Maria A Deli
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nutrigenomics Research Group, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Ardid-Ruiz A, Ibars M, Mena P, Del Rio D, Muguerza B, Arola L, Aragonès G, Suárez M. Resveratrol Treatment Enhances the Cellular Response to Leptin by Increasing OBRb Content in Palmitate-Induced Steatotic HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246282. [PMID: 31842467 PMCID: PMC6941089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of leptin with its hepatic longest receptor (OBRb) promotes the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), protecting the liver from lipid accumulation. However, leptin signalling is disrupted in hepatic steatosis, causing leptin resistance. One promising strategy to combat this problem is the use of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. Since resveratrol (RSV) is a modulator of lipid homeostasis in the liver, we investigated whether treatment with different doses of RSV restores appropriate leptin action and fat accumulation in palmitate-induced steatotic human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Both RSV metabolism and the expression of molecules implicated in leptin signalling were analysed. RSV at a 10 μM concentration was entirely metabolized to resveratrol-3-sulfate after 24 and counteracted leptin resistance by increasing the protein levels of OBRb. In addition, RSV downregulated the expression of lipogenic genes including fatty acid synthase (Fas) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1) without any significant change in Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) enzymatic activity. These results demonstrate that RSV restored leptin sensitivity in a cellular model of hepatic steatosis in a SIRT1-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ardid-Ruiz
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Ibars
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
- School of Advanced Studies on Food and Nutrition, University of Parma, 43215 Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Lluís Arola
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Biotechnological Area, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Gerard Aragonès
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-558-188
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Lazzarino GP, Acutain MF, Canesini G, Andreoli MF, Ramos JG. Cafeteria diet induces progressive changes in hypothalamic mechanisms involved in food intake control at different feeding periods in female rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110542. [PMID: 31430504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of cafeteria diet (CAF) intake from weaning on mRNA levels and DNA methylation state of feeding-related neuropeptides and hormone receptors in individual hypothalamic nuclei at different feeding periods. Four weeks of CAF (short-term) increased energy intake and adiposity, without affecting neuropeptides' expression. Eleven weeks of CAF (medium-term) increased energy intake, adiposity, leptinemia, and body weight, with an orexigenic response of the lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei, given by upregulation of Orexins, AgRP, and NPY opposed by an anorectic signal of the arcuate nucleus, which displayed a higher POMC expression. The changes in neuropeptidic mRNA levels were related to epigenetic modifications in their promoter regions. Metabolic and molecular changes were intensified after 20 weeks of diet (long-term). The alterations in these hypothalamic brain nuclei could add information about their differential role in food intake control, and how their action is disrupted during the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Paola Lazzarino
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, S3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María Florencia Acutain
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, S3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Guillermina Canesini
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, S3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral (UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, S3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María Florencia Andreoli
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, S3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Jorge Guillermo Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, S3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente Del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional Del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N, S3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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El-Wakf AM, El-Habibi ESM, Ali DA, Abd El-Ghany E, Elmougy R. Marjoram and sage oils protect against testicular apoptosis, suppressed Ki-67 expression and cell cycle arrest as a therapy for male infertility in the obese rats. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13080. [PMID: 31612531 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in testicular apoptosis, cell cycle progression and proliferation rate in dietary-induced obese male rats and role of oral administration of marjoram (0.16 ml/kg BW) and sage (0.05 ml/kg BW) oils were evaluated. Results showed increased body weight, serum leptin, testicular lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and nitric oxide, with reduction in serum testosterone, sperm count and endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in testis of the obese rats. Flow cytometry results revealed increased number of annexin-V (+ve) cells with activation of apoptotic proteins (Bax, caspase-3) and reduction of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Cell cycle arrest at phases S and G2/M with decline in expression of Bcl-2 and germ cell proliferation marker ki-67 was also validated, indicating lowered spermatogenesis in the obese rats. Supplementation of marjoram or sage oils displayed normalized body weight, sperm count, germ cells apoptosis and proliferation, suggesting the two oils as a new therapeutic approach against obesity promoted male infertility. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Obese men have a greater chance of fertility problems compared to those with normal weight. Obesity-associated oxidative stress and free radicals production have shown to adversely affect sperm quality with activation of pro-apoptotic pathways, allowing germ cell death. Marjoram and sage essential oils are now being widely studied due to their antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. Our findings indicated effectiveness of the two oils for combating body weight gain, testicular oxidative stress, and apoptosis, which seemed to aid in increasing sperm count. The outcomes of this study may help scientists to formulate novel medications for improving fertility problems in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M El-Wakf
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Doaa A Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eman Abd El-Ghany
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rehab Elmougy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Buonfiglio D, Tchio C, Furigo I, Donato J, Baba K, Cipolla-Neto J, Tosini G. Removing melatonin receptor type 1 signaling leads to selective leptin resistance in the arcuate nucleus. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12580. [PMID: 30968433 PMCID: PMC6687516 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of melatonin in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this study, we report that mice lacking melatonin receptor 1 (MT1 KO) gained more weight, had a higher cumulative food intake, and were more hyperphagic after fasting compared to controls (WT). In response to a leptin injection, MT1 KO mice showed a diminished reduction in body weight and food intake. To evaluate hypothalamic leptin signaling, we tested leptin-induced phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Leptin failed to induce STAT3 phosphorylation in MT1 KO mice beyond levels observed in mice injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Furthermore, STAT3 phosphorylation within the arcuate nucleus (ARH) was decreased in MT1 KO mice. Leptin receptor mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of MT1 KO were significantly reduced (about 50%) compared to WT. This study shows that: (a) MT1 deficiency causes weight gain and increased food intake; (b) a lack of MT1 signaling induces leptin resistance; (c) leptin resistance is ARH region-specific; and (d) leptin resistance is likely due to down-regulation of the leptin receptor. Our data demonstrate that MT1 signaling is an important modulator of leptin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Buonfiglio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia Tchio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Isadora Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kenkichi Baba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-I, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gianluca Tosini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Potential Involvement of Peripheral Leptin/STAT3 Signaling in the Effects of Resveratrol and Its Metabolites on Reducing Body Fat Accumulation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111757. [PMID: 30441779 PMCID: PMC6265754 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols have increased in importance in recent years, and among them, resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) has generated great interest as an anti-obesity agent. Recent investigations have highlighted the importance of leptin signaling in lipid metabolism in peripheral organs. The aims of this study were (1) to investigate whether resveratrol can reduce fat accumulation in peripheral tissues by increasing their leptin sensitivity and (2) to identify which resveratrol-derived circulating metabolites are potentially involved in these metabolic effects. Serum leptin levels and the leptin signaling pathway were assessed in diet-induced obese rats. Moreover, serum metabolites of resveratrol were studied by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MSn). The daily consumption of 200 mg/kg of resveratrol, but not doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, reduced body weight and fat accumulation in obese rats and restored leptin sensitivity in the periphery. These effects were due to increases in sirtuin 1 activity in the liver, leptin receptors in muscle and protection against endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress in adipose tissue. In general, the resveratrol metabolites associated with these beneficial effects were derived from both phase II and microbiota metabolism, although only those derived from microbiota increased proportionally with the administered dose of resveratrol. In conclusion, resveratrol reversed leptin resistance caused by diet-induced obesity in peripheral organs using tissue-specific mechanisms.
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11
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Proanthocyanidins potentiate hypothalamic leptin/STAT3 signalling and Pomc gene expression in rats with diet-induced obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 41:129-136. [PMID: 27677620 PMCID: PMC5220160 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Dietary obesity is usually linked with hypothalamic leptin resistance, in which the primary impact is an interference in the homeostatic control of body weight and appetite. Notably, proanthocyanidins (PACs), which are the most abundant phenolic compounds present in human diet, modulate adiposity and food intake. The aim of this study was to assess whether PACs could re-establish appropriate leptin signalling in both the hypothalamus and peripheral tissues. Design: Male Wistar rats were fed either a standard chow diet (STD group, n=7) or a cafeteria diet (CD) for 13 weeks. The CD-fed rats were treated with either grape-seed PAC extract (GSPE) at 25 mg per kg of body weight per day (CD+GSPE group, n=7) or with the vehicle (CD group, n=7) for the last 21 days of the study period. Specific markers for intracellular leptin signalling, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the hypothalamus, liver, mesenteric white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle were analysed using immunoblotting and quantitative PCR. Results: GSPE treatment significantly reduced the food intake but did not reverse the hyperleptinemia and body wt gain assessed. However, the animals treated with GSPE exhibited greater hypothalamic activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, which was associated with a rise in the Pomc mRNA levels compared with the CD group. In addition, this restoration of leptin responsiveness was accompanied by lower local inflammation and increased Sirt1 gene expression. The effects of the GSPE treatment in the peripheral tissues were not as evident as those in the hypothalamus, although the GSPE treatment significantly restored the mRNA levels of Socs3 and Ptp1b in the skeletal muscle. Conclusions: The use of GSPE reduces hyperphagia and improves the central and peripheral leptin resistance associated with diet-induced obesity. Our results suggest that GSPE could exert these effects partially by increasing Sirt1 expression and preventing hypothalamic inflammation.
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Gumbs MC, van den Heuvel JK, la Fleur SE. The effect of obesogenic diets on brain Neuropeptide Y. Physiol Behav 2016; 162:161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sudhakara G, Mallaiah P, Sreenivasulu N, Sasi Bhusana Rao B, Rajendran R, Saralakumari D. Beneficial effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Caralluma fimbriata against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress in Wistar male rats. J Physiol Biochem 2014; 70:311-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Muntzel MS, Al-Naimi OAS, Barclay A, Ajasin D. Cafeteria diet increases fat mass and chronically elevates lumbar sympathetic nerve activity in rats. Hypertension 2012; 60:1498-502. [PMID: 23090774 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.194886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesity causes sympathetic activation that promotes atherosclerosis, end-organ damage, and hypertension. Because high-fat induced weight gain in rats elevates plasma leptin at 1 to 3 days after the onset of calorie-dense diets, we hypothesized that diet-induced overfeeding will increase sympathetic activity within 1 week after the onset of the regimen. To test this, we continuously measured sympathetic activity and blood pressure before and during the onset of diet-induced obesity using a high-calorie, cafeteria-style diet. Female Wistar rats, in which radiotelemeters had been implanted for continuous monitoring of lumbar sympathetic activity, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate, were randomly assigned to groups that received regular chow (control) or a cafeteria diet for a period of 15 days. This short-term, cafeteria-feeding regimen caused modest but nonsignificant increases in body weight (P=0.07) and a doubling of brown and white adipose tissue (P<0.01). The increases in fat mass were accompanied by elevations in plasma leptin (P<0.001) but no change in glucose. Overall heart rates and blood pressure were higher in cafeteria rats compared with controls (P<0.05). Cafeteria diet-induced weight gain caused increases in lumbar sympathetic nerve activity that became significant by the 12th day of the diet (P<0.001). These data show, for the first time, that the high-fat, cafeteria-style diet stimulates sustained increases in lumbar sympathetic neural drive in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Muntzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, 250 Bedford Park Blvd W, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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Pandit R, Mercer JG, Overduin J, la Fleur SE, Adan RAH. Dietary factors affect food reward and motivation to eat. Obes Facts 2012; 5:221-42. [PMID: 22647304 DOI: 10.1159/000338073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity to indulge in unhealthy eating and overconsumption of palatable food is a crucial determinant in the rising prevalence of obesity in today's society. The tendency to consume palatable foods in quantities that exceed energy requirements has been linked to an addiction-like process. Although the existence of 'food addiction' has not been conclusively proven, evidence points to alterations in the brain reward circuitry induced by overconsumption of palatable foods that are similar to those seen in drug addiction. The diet-induced obesity paradigm is a common procedure to replicate features of human obesity in rodents. Here we review data on the effect of various obesogenic diets (high-fat, Ensure™, cafeteria type, sucrose) on the extent of leptin resistance, hypothalamic-neuropeptidergic adaptations and changes in feeding behavior. We also discuss to what extent such diets and properties such as macronutrient composition, physical structure, sensory stimuli, and post-ingestive effects influence the brain-reward pathways. Understanding the interaction between individual components of diets, feeding patterns, and brain reward pathways could facilitate the design of diets that limit overconsumption and prevent weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pandit
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Antiobesogenic and Antiatherosclerotic Properties of Caralluma fimbriata Extract. J Nutr Metab 2011. [PMID: 21234320 DOI: 10.1155/2010/285301(2010)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that the principles present in the widely consumed Indian food plant C. fimbriata extract (CFE) suppress appetite, and provide antiobesogenic and metabolic benefits. The Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) rat model was used to investigate CFE's anorexigenic effects. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: (i) untreated control (C), (ii) control for cafeteria diet (CA), and (iii) cafeteria diet fed + CFE treated. Rats in the test group received cafeteria diet and CFE from day one onwards. CFE was administered by gavage at three doses (25, 50, 100 mg/Kg BW per day) for 90 days. The antiobesogenic effects of CFE were evaluated by monitoring changes in feed intake, body weight, serum lipid and hormonal (leptin) profiles, fat pads, and liver weight. Antiatherosclerotic effects were measured by histology. CFE induced significant and dose-dependent inhibition of food intake, with dose-related prevention of gains in body weight, liver weight, and fat pad mass. Alterations in serum lipid profiles associated with weight gain were similarly inhibited, as were the typical increases in serum leptin levels. These data substantiate CFE's reported anorexigenic effects. CFE treatment also conferred protection against atherogenesis. We conclude that CFE possesses antiobesogenic and antiatherosclerotic properties.
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Antiobesogenic and Antiatherosclerotic Properties of Caralluma fimbriata Extract. J Nutr Metab 2010; 2010:285301. [PMID: 21234320 PMCID: PMC3018644 DOI: 10.1155/2010/285301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that the principles present in the widely consumed Indian food plant C. fimbriata extract (CFE) suppress appetite, and provide antiobesogenic and metabolic benefits. The Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO) rat model was used to investigate CFE's anorexigenic effects. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: (i) untreated control (C), (ii) control for cafeteria diet (CA), and (iii) cafeteria diet fed + CFE treated. Rats in the test group received cafeteria diet and CFE from day one onwards. CFE was administered by gavage at three doses (25, 50, 100 mg/Kg BW per day) for 90 days. The antiobesogenic effects of CFE were evaluated by monitoring changes in feed intake, body weight, serum lipid and hormonal (leptin) profiles, fat pads, and liver weight. Antiatherosclerotic effects were measured by histology. CFE induced significant and dose-dependent inhibition of food intake, with dose-related prevention of gains in body weight, liver weight, and fat pad mass. Alterations in serum lipid profiles associated with weight gain were similarly inhibited, as were the typical increases in serum leptin levels. These data substantiate CFE's reported anorexigenic effects. CFE treatment also conferred protection against atherogenesis. We conclude that CFE possesses antiobesogenic and antiatherosclerotic properties.
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Palou M, Priego T, Sánchez J, Palou A, Picó C. Sexual dimorphism in the lasting effects of moderate caloric restriction during gestation on energy homeostasis in rats is related with fetal programming of insulin and leptin resistance. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:69. [PMID: 20796266 PMCID: PMC2939651 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We aimed to characterize the lasting effect of moderate caloric restriction during early pregnancy on offspring energy homeostasis, by focusing on the effects on food intake and body weight as well as on the insulin and leptin systems. Methods Male and female offspring of 20% caloric restricted dams (from 1 to 12 days of pregnancy) (CR) and from control dams were studied. These animals were fed after weaning with a normal-fat (NF) diet until the age of 4 months, and then moved to a high-fat (HF) diet. Blood parameters were measured under fed and 14-h fasting conditions at different ages (2, 4 and 5 months). Food preferences were also assessed in adult animals. Results Accumulated caloric intake from weaning to the age of 5 months was higher in CR animals compared with their controls, and this resulted in higher body weight in adulthood in males, but not in females. Both male and female CR animals already showed higher insulin levels at the age of 2 months, under fed conditions, and higher HOMA-IR from the age of 4 months, compared with their controls. CR male animals, but not females, displayed higher preference for fat-rich food than their controls in adulthood and higher circulating leptin levels when they were under HF diet. Conclusion It is suggested that hyperinsulinemia may play a role in the etiology of hyperphagia in the offspring of caloric restricted animals during gestation, with different outcomes on body weight depending on the gender, which could be associated with different programming effects on later leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Boukouvalas G, Gerozissis K, Kitraki E. Adult consequences of post-weaning high fat feeding on the limbic-HPA axis of female rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:521-30. [PMID: 19902349 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The peripubertal period is critical for the final maturation of circuits controlling energy homeostasis and stress response. However, the consequence of juvenile fat consumption on adult physiology is not clear. This study analyzed the adult consequences of post-weaning fat feeding on limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis components and on metabolic regulators of female rats. Wistar rats were fed either a high fat (HF) diet or the normal chow from weaning to puberty or to 3 months of age. Additional groups crossed their diets at puberty onset. Plasma leptin, insulin, and corticosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay and their brain receptors by western blot analysis. Adult HF-fed animals though not overweight, had higher corticosterone and reduced glucocorticoid receptor levels in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, compared to the controls. The alterations in HPA axis emerged already at puberty onset. Leptin receptor levels in the hypothalamus were reduced only by continuous fat feeding from weaning to adulthood. The pre-pubertal period appeared more vulnerable to diet-induced alterations in adulthood than the post-pubertal one. Switching from fat diet to normal chow at puberty onset restored most of the diet-induced alterations in the HPA axis. The corticosteroid circuit rather than the leptin or insulin system appears as the principal target for the peripubertal fat diet-induced effects in adult female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Boukouvalas
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Turek VF, Trevaskis JL, Levin BE, Dunn-Meynell AA, Irani B, Gu G, Wittmer C, Griffin PS, Vu C, Parkes DG, Roth JD. Mechanisms of amylin/leptin synergy in rodent models. Endocrinology 2010; 151:143-52. [PMID: 19875640 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present studies aimed to identify mechanisms contributing to amylin/leptin synergy in reducing body weight and adiposity. We reasoned that if amylin/leptin harnessed complementary neuronal pathways, then in the leptin-sensitive state, amylin should augment leptin signaling/binding and that in the absence of endogenous amylin, leptin signaling should be diminished. Amylin (50 microg/kg, ip) amplified low-dose leptin-stimulated (15 microg/kg, ip) phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signaling within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in lean rats. Amylin (50 microg/kg x d) or leptin (125 microg/kg x d) infusion to lean rats decreased 28-d food intake (14 and 10%, respectively), body weight (amylin by 4.3%, leptin by 4.9%), and epididymal fat (amylin by 19%, leptin by 37%). Amylin/leptin co-infusion additively decreased food intake (by 26%) and reduced body weight (by 15%) and epididymal fat (by 78%; all P < 0.05 vs. all groups) in a greater than mathematically additive manner, consistent with synergy. Amylin increased leptin binding within the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMN) by 35% and dorsomedial hypothalamus by 47% (both P < 0.05 vs. vehicle). Amylin/leptin similarly increased leptin binding in the VMN by 40% and ARC by 70% (P < 0.05 vs. vehicle). In amylin-deficient mice, hypothalamic leptin receptor mRNA expression was reduced by 50%, leptin-stimulated phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 within ARC and VMN was reduced by 40%, and responsiveness to leptin's (1 mg/kg x d for 28 d) weight-reducing effects was attenuated (all P < 0.05 vs. wild-type controls). We suggest that amylin/leptin's marked weight- and fat-reducing effects are due to activation of intrinsic synergistic neuronal signaling pathways and further point to the integrated neurohormonal therapeutic potential of amylin/leptin agonism in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Turek
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Page KC, Malik RE, Ripple JA, Anday EK. Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1049-57. [PMID: 19657097 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90585.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data and results from animal studies indicate that imbalances in maternal nutrition impact the expression of metabolic disorders in the offspring. We tested the hypothesis that consumption of excess saturated fats during pregnancy and lactation contributes to adult metabolic dysfunction and that these disturbances can be further influenced by the postweaning diet. Adult male offspring from chow-fed dams were compared with males from dams fed a diet high in saturated fat (45 kcal/100 kcal) before mating, pregnancy, and lactation. Offspring were weaned to a standard chow diet or high fat diet. Animals were killed at 120 days after a 24-h fast. Body weight, energy intake, fat deposition, serum leptin, and insulin were significantly higher in offspring from control or high-fat dams if fed a high-fat diet from weaning to adulthood. Only fat-fed offspring from fat-fed dams were hyperglycemic. Leptin receptor, proopiomelanocortin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were also significantly increased in offspring exposed to excess saturated fat during gestation and into adulthood, whereas NPY(1) receptor was downregulated. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 mRNA level was significantly higher in offspring from high-fat-fed dams compared with controls; however, no change was detected in cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript or suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. An increase in agouti-related protein expression did not reach significance. A significant reduction in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit (p85alpha) coupled to an upregulation of protein kinase B was observed in offspring from high-fat-fed dams transitioned to chow food, whereas p85alpha expression was significantly increased in high-fat offspring weaned to the high-fat diet. These data support the hypothesis that early life exposure to excess fat is associated with changes in hypothalamic regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis and that postweaning diet influences development of metabolic dysfunction and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Page
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, USA.
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Sellayah D, Sek K, Anthony FW, Watkins AJ, Osmond C, Fleming TP, Hanson MA, Cagampang FR. Appetite regulatory mechanisms and food intake in mice are sensitive to mismatch in diets between pregnancy and postnatal periods. Brain Res 2008; 1237:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Koros C, Boukouvalas G, Gerozissis K, Kitraki E. Fat diet affects leptin receptor levels in the rat cerebellum. Nutrition 2008; 25:85-7. [PMID: 18755573 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of leptin receptors (Ob-Rs) within the hypothalamus in the control of energy expenditure has well been established. However, their role and regulation in other brain areas, including the cerebellum, is largely unexplored. In the present study we examined whether Ob-R levels in the rat cerebellum are influenced by a high-fat diet and if these changes are sexually divergent during adolescence. METHODS The fat diet (45% energy from fat) was applied from weaning to puberty (postnatal days [P] 22-42), from weaning to adulthood (P22-90), and from puberty to adulthood (P42-90) in female and male Wistar rats. Ob-R levels were detected by western blotting and the data from pubertal and adult rats were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance for the effects of diet and sex. RESULTS The fat diet affected Ob-R long isoform levels in a sexually dimorphic manner. In the cerebellum of all fat-fed male groups, Ob-R levels were reduced compared with their chow-fed counterparts (P < 0.05). In contrast, in female rat Ob-R levels were reduced only in the adult P22-90 group. CONCLUSION Our data show for the first time that Ob-R levels in the rat cerebellum are subject to diet-induced alterations and that these changes are sexually dimorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Koros
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Shafat A, Murray B, Rumsey D. Energy density in cafeteria diet induced hyperphagia in the rat. Appetite 2008; 52:34-8. [PMID: 18680774 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rats that are fed cafeteria diet (CD) are a widely used model of obesity. Presenting a varied and energy-dense diet often leads to hyperphagia and weight gain. However, the exact macronutrient composition of ingested food remains difficult to measure accurately. The current investigation aims to improve the accuracy of food intake calculations using a novel compensation for water evaporation, and to examine the role of energy density in CD-induced hyperphagia. Seven rats were presented daily with four foods, on rotation from a list of 36 different items, for a period of 43 days and compared to chow-fed controls (n=6). Correcting for evaporation corrected an overestimation by 8% of energy intake in rats fed CD. Rats consumed 25% more food by weight when fed CD as compared to controls. Similar to human studies, exposure to CD resulted in a 58% increase in energy intake. Energy density was positively correlated with energy intake in rats fed CD. Body weight gain was significantly elevated from day 20 onwards, suggesting the onset of obesity. This study removes evaporation bias from measurements of food intake in CD and supports the conclusion that a varied, energetically dense diet induces hyperphagia and obesity in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shafat
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Le D, Marks D, Lyle E, Corless CL, Diggs BS, Jobe BA, Kay T, Deveney CW, Wolfe BM, Roberts CT, O'Rourke RW. Serum leptin levels, hepatic leptin receptor transcription, and clinical predictors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese bariatric surgery patients. Surg Endosc 2007; 21:1593-9. [PMID: 17294310 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-006-9185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a major cause of liver disease in morbidly obese patients. Clinical predictors of NASH remain elusive, as do molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. METHODS A series of 35 morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery had a liver biopsy performed for standard histologic analysis. In addition, RNA was obtained from liver tissue and analyzed for leptin receptor gene expression. Regression analysis was used to correlate clinical variables, including serum leptin levels and hepatic leptin receptor gene expression, with the presence of histologically confirmed NASH. RESULTS Of the 35 subjects enrolled, 29% had steatosis only, 60% had NASH, and 11% had normal liver histology. Among the clinical variables studied, only diabetes mellitus was an independent predictor of NASH. There was a trend toward lower levels of mRNA encoding the long form of the leptin receptor in hepatic tissue from patients with NASH compared to those with steatosis only. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of NASH in obese patients. Downregulation of hepatic leptin receptor may play a role in the pathogenesis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Le
- Department of Surgery-L223A, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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O'Rourke RW, Kay T, Lyle EA, Traxler SA, Deveney CW, Jobe BA, Roberts CT, Marks D, Rosenbaum JT. Alterations in peripheral blood lymphocyte cytokine expression in obesity. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 146:39-46. [PMID: 16968396 PMCID: PMC1809726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by alterations in immune and inflammatory function. In order to evaluate the potential role of cytokine expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in obesity-associated inflammation, we studied serum protein levels and mRNA levels in PBMC of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-1Ra in nine lean and 10 obese subjects. Serum IL-1beta was undetectable, IL-1Ra serum levels were elevated, serum levels of TNF-alpha were decreased and serum levels of IL-6 were similar in obese subjects compared to lean subjects, while transcript levels of IL-6, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, but not IL-1Ra, were decreased in PBMC from obese subjects. PBMC from obese subjects did, however, up-regulate cytokine expression in response to leptin. Thus, obesity-associated changes in IL-1Ra serum levels and IL-6 mRNA levels were not correlated with changes in cognate mRNA and serum levels, respectively, while TNF-alpha serum levels and PBMC mRNA levels were both decreased in obese patients. While immune alterations in obesity are manifest in peripheral blood lymphocytes, the general lack of correlation between altered serum levels and altered PBMC gene expression suggests that PBMC may not be the source of aberrant serum cytokine levels in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Abstract
The adipose-derived hormone leptin was first described as a satiety factor, but recent studies have demonstrated that leptin acts on various physiologic processes and plays an important role in obesity and the associated hypertension. In this article, we review recent data on leptin signaling as it relates to nutrition. Plasma leptin levels are positively correlated to body fat and adipocyte size and, therefore, levels are higher during obesity. The hyperphagia in the presence of hyperleptinemia in obesity is a paradoxical effect. Leptin signaling primarily depends on the leptin receptor (Ob-R). The suppressor of cytokine-signaling (SOCS) protein, in particular SOCS-3, was shown as a leptin-regulated inhibitor of proximal leptin signaling, although its role during obesity remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ribiere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medecine Paris-Ile deFrance, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
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Abstract
Abstract
Leptin resistance in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice is characterized by elevated serum leptin and a decreased response to exogenous leptin and is caused by unknown defects in the central nervous system. Leptin normally acts on several brain nuclei, but a detailed description of leptin resistance within individual brain regions has not been reported. We first mapped leptin-responsive cells in brains from DIO mice using phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription (P-STAT3) immunohistochemistry. After 16 wk of high-fat-diet feeding, leptin-activated P-STAT3 staining within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was dramatically decreased. In contrast, other hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei remained leptin sensitive. Reduced leptin-induced P-STAT3 in the ARC could also be detected after 4 wk and as early as 6 d of a high-fat diet. To examine potential mechanisms for leptin-resistant STAT3 activation in the ARC of DIO mice, we measured mRNA levels of candidate signaling molecules in the leptin receptor-STAT3 pathway. We found that the level of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3), an inhibitor of leptin signaling, is specifically increased in the ARC of DIO mice. The study suggests that the ARC is selectively leptin resistant in DIO mice and that this may be caused by elevated suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in this hypothalamic nucleus. Defects in leptin action in the ARC may play a role in the pathogenesis of leptin-resistant obesity.
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Münzberg H, Flier JS, Bjørbaek C. Region-specific leptin resistance within the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology 2004; 145:4880-9. [PMID: 15271881 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin resistance in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice is characterized by elevated serum leptin and a decreased response to exogenous leptin and is caused by unknown defects in the central nervous system. Leptin normally acts on several brain nuclei, but a detailed description of leptin resistance within individual brain regions has not been reported. We first mapped leptin-responsive cells in brains from DIO mice using phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription (P-STAT3) immunohistochemistry. After 16 wk of high-fat-diet feeding, leptin-activated P-STAT3 staining within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was dramatically decreased. In contrast, other hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei remained leptin sensitive. Reduced leptin-induced P-STAT3 in the ARC could also be detected after 4 wk and as early as 6 d of a high-fat diet. To examine potential mechanisms for leptin-resistant STAT3 activation in the ARC of DIO mice, we measured mRNA levels of candidate signaling molecules in the leptin receptor-STAT3 pathway. We found that the level of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3), an inhibitor of leptin signaling, is specifically increased in the ARC of DIO mice. The study suggests that the ARC is selectively leptin resistant in DIO mice and that this may be caused by elevated suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in this hypothalamic nucleus. Defects in leptin action in the ARC may play a role in the pathogenesis of leptin-resistant obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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