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Xue L, Wang L, Xu Y, Shen Y, Shi Z, Li X, Feng H, Xie X, Xie L, Wang G, Liang Y. The regulation of GSH/GPX4-mediated lipid accumulation confirms that schisandra polysaccharides should be valued equally as lignans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118483. [PMID: 38914150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acetaminophen (APAP) induced liver injury (AILI) is a common cause of clinical hepatic damage and even acute liver failure. Our previous research has shown that Schisandra chinensis lignan extract (SLE) can exert a hepatoprotective effect by regulating lipid metabolism. Although polysaccharides from Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis), like lignans, are important components of S. chinensis, their pharmacological activity and target effects on AILI have not yet been explored. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to quantitatively reveal the role of SCP in the pharmacological activity of S. chinensis, and further explore the pharmacological components, potential action targets and mechanisms of S. chinensis in treating AILI. MATERIALS AND METHODS The therapeutic effect of SCP on AILI was systematically determined via comparing the efficacy of SCP and SLE on in vitro and in vivo models. Network pharmacology, molecular docking and multi-omics techniques were then used to screen and verify the action targets of S. chinensis against AILI. RESULTS SCP intervention could significantly improve AILI, and the therapeutic effect was comparable to that of SLE. Notably, the combination of SCP and SLE did not produce mutual antagonistic effects. Subsequently, we found that both SCP and SLE could significantly reverse the down-regulation of GPX4 caused by the APAP modeling, and then further improving lipid metabolism abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Hepatoprotective effects of SCP and SLE is most correlated with their regulation of GSH/GPX4-mediated lipid accumulation. This is the first exploration of the hepatoprotective effect and potential mechanism of SCP in treating AILI, which is crucial for fully utilizing S. chinensis and developing promising AILI therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xue
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Leyi Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yexin Xu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yun Shen
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Zechang Shi
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Xiaorun Li
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Haoyang Feng
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Xinrui Xie
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Lin Xie
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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Khaksar G, Myint SLL, Hasriadi, Towiwat P, Sirikantaramas S, Rodsiri R. Durian fruit pulp extract enhances intracellular glutathione levels, mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation for neuroprotection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15153. [PMID: 38956206 PMCID: PMC11220076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) fruit pulp is a rich source of γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-EC), a direct precursor to the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). This study elucidated the in vitro neuroprotective potential of unripe durian fruit pulp extract (UDE) against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells. Treatments with γ-EC, GSH standards, or UDE exhibited no cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and BV-2 cells, except at high concentrations. A 4-h pretreatment with 100 µM γ-EC or UDE containing 100 µM γ-EC significantly increased SH-SY5Y cell viability post H2O2 induction. Moreover, a similar pretreatment reduced LPS-stimulated production of proinflammatory cytokines in BV-2 cells. The neuroprotective effect of UDE is primarily attributed to γ-EC provision and the promotion of GSH synthesis, which in turn elevates intracellular GSH levels and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. This study identifies γ-EC in UDE as a potential neuroprotective biomarker boosting intracellular GSH levels, providing insights into UDE's therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Khaksar
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Su Lwin Lwin Myint
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hasriadi
- Animal Models of Chronic Inflammation-Associated Diseases for Drug Discovery Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasarapa Towiwat
- Animal Models of Chronic Inflammation-Associated Diseases for Drug Discovery Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Ratchanee Rodsiri
- Preclinical Toxicity and Efficacy Assessment of Medicines and Chemicals Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Stanisavljević S, Stegnjaić G, Jevtić B, Dimitrijević M, Miljković Đ, Lavrnja I, Nikolovski N. NRF2 Plays a Crucial Role in the Tolerogenic Effect of Ethyl Pyruvate on Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6195. [PMID: 38892383 PMCID: PMC11173132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a redox-active compound that has been previously shown to be effective in restraining immune hyperactivity in animal models of various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, EP has also been proven to have a potent tolerogenic effect on dendritic cells (DCs). Here, the influence of EP on the signaling pathways in DCs relevant for their tolerogenicity, including anti-inflammatory NRF2 and pro-inflammatory NF-κB, was explored. Specifically, the effects of EP on DCs obtained by GM-CSF-directed differentiation of murine bone marrow precursor cells and matured under the influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined via immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. EP counteracted LPS-imposed morphological changes and down-regulated the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in DCs. While it reduced the activation of NF-κB, EP potentiated NRF2 and downstream antioxidative molecules, thus implying the regulation of NRF2 signaling pathways as the major reason for the tolerizing effects of EP on DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Stanisavljević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.S.); (B.J.); (M.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Goran Stegnjaić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.S.); (B.J.); (M.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Bojan Jevtić
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.S.); (B.J.); (M.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.S.); (B.J.); (M.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Đorđe Miljković
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.S.); (B.J.); (M.D.); (N.N.)
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Neda Nikolovski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.S.); (G.S.); (B.J.); (M.D.); (N.N.)
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Manríquez-Núñez J, Mora O, Villarroya F, Reynoso-Camacho R, Pérez-Ramírez IF, Ramos-Gómez M. Macrophage Activity under Hyperglycemia: A Study of the Effect of Resveratrol and 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione on Potential Polarization. Molecules 2023; 28:5998. [PMID: 37630249 PMCID: PMC10458500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, research is focused on bioactive compounds with the potential to promote macrophage polarization with the aim of reducing the development of inflammatory-related diseases. However, the effect of bioactive compounds under oxidative-stress-induced hyperglycemia on macrophage polarization has been scarcely investigated. RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated under standard (SG) or high glucose (HG) conditions and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10, 60 and 100 ng/mL) to monitor macrophage polarization after resveratrol (RSV) or 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) supplementation (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µM). Under SG and HG conditions without LPS stimulation, RSV significantly decreased macrophage viability at the highest concentration (20 µM), whereas D3T had no or low effect. LPS stimulation at 60 and 100 ng/mL, under SG and HG conditions, increased significantly macrophage viability. Both RSV and D3T significantly decreased NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages under HG condition, whereas only D3T increased GSH levels at 100 ng/mL and normalized MDA values at 60 ng/mL of LPS under HG condition. Under 60 ng/mL LPS stimulation and HG, mRNA IL-1 and IL-6 were higher. Interestingly, RSV decreased pro-inflammatory interleukins; meanwhile, D3T increased Arg1 and IL-10 relative expression. Overall, our results indicate that hyperglycemia plays a fundamental role in the modulation of macrophage-induced inflammation in response to bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Manríquez-Núñez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Mora
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalía Reynoso-Camacho
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Iza Fernanda Pérez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Minerva Ramos-Gómez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado de Alimentos, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario S/N, Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
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Zhou J, Yan X, Bi X, Lu S, Liu X, Yang C, Shi Y, Luo L, Yin Z. γ-Glutamylcysteine rescues mice from TNBS-driven inflammatory bowel disease through regulating macrophages polarization. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:603-621. [PMID: 36690783 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the molecular mechanism of γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) in response to inflammation in vivo and in vitro on regulating the polarization of macrophages. METHODS The expressions of gene or protein were assessed by qPCR and Western blot assays, respectively. Cell viability was investigated by CCK-8 assay. Eight-week-old male BALB/c mice were established to examine the therapeutic effects of γ-GC in vivo. The release of TNF-α and IL-4 was determined by ELISA assay. Macrophages polarization was identified by flow cytometry assay. RESULTS Our data showed that γ-GC treatment significantly improved the survival, weight loss, and colon tissue damage of IBD mice. Furthermore, we established M1- and M2-polarized macrophages, respectively, and our findings provided evidence that γ-GC switched M1/M2-polarized macrophages through activating AMPK/SIRT1 axis and inhibiting inflammation-related signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Collectively, both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggested that γ-GC has the potential to become a promising novel therapeutic dipeptide for the treatment of IBD, which provide new ideas for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Bi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianli Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China.
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Vakilzadeh H, Varshosaz J, Dinari M, Mirian M, Hajhashemi V, Shamaeizadeh N, Sadeghi HMM. Smart redox-sensitive micelles based on chitosan for dasatinib delivery in suppressing inflammatory diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:696-712. [PMID: 36529222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dasatinib (DAS) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by retrieving the balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by macrophages. The aim of this study was the development of redox-responsive micelles with the potential of passive targeting and on-demand drug release for DAS delivery to macrophages. For this purpose, two molecular weights of chitosan (CHIT) were conjugated to DAS at different molar ratios using 3,3'-dithiodipropionic anhydride (DTDPA) as disulfide bond containing linker to synthesize a series of CHIT-S-S-DAS amphiphilic conjugates. Micelles obtained by the sonication method had particle sizes of 129.3-172.2 nm, zeta potentials of +17.5 to +20.9 mV, drug contents of 0.90-7.20 %, CMC values of 35.3-96.6 μg/ml, and exhibited redox-responsive in vitro drug release. Optimized micelles were non-toxic and dramatically more efficient than non-redox responsive micelles in reducing TNF-α and IL-6 and increasing IL-10 secretion from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the redox-responsive micelles were able to reduce the mice paw edema, reduce the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase plasma level of IL-10, considerably more than free DAS and non-redox responsive micelles in carrageenan-induced mice paw edema model of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Vakilzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Dinari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Valiollah Hajhashemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nahal Shamaeizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Mir-Mohammad Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Liu J, Lu S, Zhang X, Zhou J, Yan X, Liu H, Liang J, Luo L, Zhou D, Yin Z. γ-Glutamylcysteine alleviates ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity via suppressing oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14318. [PMID: 35822930 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a major cause of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and can result in fibrosis and cirrhosis. γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC) is a precursor of glutathione (GSH) with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Our research aimed to explore the protective impact of γ-GC on ALD and its potential mechanisms of efficiency in vitro and in vivo. L02 cells were pretreated with γ-GC (20, 40, and 80 μM) for 2 h and exposed to ethanol for 24 h. Cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory levels were measured. The expression of protein cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP and flow cytometry results indicated that γ-GC decreases apoptosis on L02 cells after ethanol treatment. Moreover, γ-GC also attenuated oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in hepatocytes caused by ethanol via increasing cellular GSH, SOD activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential. In vivo experiments, γ-GC effectively reduced the AST, ALT, and TG levels in mice. The inflammation of ALD was alleviated by γ-GC both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, histopathological examination demonstrated that γ-GC treatment lessened lipid droplet formation and inflammatory damage. In conclusion, these results showed that γ-GC has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects on ALD because it could help hepatocytes maintain sufficient GSH levels to combat the excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during ethanol metabolism. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Alcohol intake is the fifth highest risk factor for premature death and disability among all risk variables. However, few medicines are both safe and effective for the treatment of ALD. As a direct precursor of GSH, γ-GC has a broad variety of potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications for the treatment of numerous medical conditions. In conclusion, these results showed that γ-GC could protect cells from ALD via suppressing oxidative stress, alleviating inflammation, and preventing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyi Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xintong Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanjuan Liang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Ethyl pyruvate, a versatile protector in inflammation and autoimmunity. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:169-182. [PMID: 34999919 PMCID: PMC8742706 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has potent influence on redox processes, cellular metabolism, and inflammation. It has been intensively studied in numerous animal models of systemic and organ-specific disorders whose pathogenesis involves a strong immune component. Here, basic chemical and biological properties of EP are discussed, with an emphasis on its redox and metabolic activity. Further, its influence on myeloid and T cells is considered, as well as on intracellular signaling beyond its effect on immune cells. Also, the effects of EP on animal models of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders are presented. Finally, a possibility to apply EP as a treatment for such diseases in humans is discussed. Scientific papers cited in this review were identified using the PubMed search engine that relies on the MEDLINE database. The reference list covers the most important findings in the field in the past twenty years.
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Xu Y, Zhu BW, Li X, Li YF, Ye XM, Hu JN. Glycogen-based pH and redox sensitive nanoparticles with ginsenoside Rh 2 for effective treatment of ulcerative colitis. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121077. [PMID: 34890974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to construct a pH and redox sensitive nanoparticle to effectively deliver ginsenoside Rh2 for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Herein, glycogen was modified by urocanic acid and α-lipoic acid (α-LA) to obtain an amphiphilic polymer (LA-UaGly). Such polymer LA-UaGly could self-assemble to form nanoparticles (Blank NPs) in water with excellent stability, which could also successfully encapsulated ginsenoside Rh2 to form Rh2 nanoparticles (Rh2 NPs) with encapsulation efficiency of 74.36 ± 0.34%. DLS analysis indicated Rh2 NPs were spherical with a particle size of 128.9 ± 0.3 nm. As expected, Rh2 NPs exhibited typical pH and redox dual response release behaviour as well as the excellent in vivo safety. In vitro tests showed that Rh2 NPs could effectively internalize and release Rh2 into RAW264.7 cells, and protect cells from apoptosis (p < 0.05). More interestingly, Rh2 NPs exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity via significantly inhibiting the overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) (p < 0.05). In vivo experiments suggested that Rh2 NPs significantly ameliorated the weight loss, colon length, disease activity index (DAI) score, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in mice caused by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, pathological analysis proved that Rh2 NPs could significantly reduce histological damage and inflammatory infiltration in mice. Rh2 NPs could also effectively regulate the intestinal flora of mice by improving the species uniformity and abundance of the intestinal flora of mice and restoring the species diversity of the intestinal flora. In addition, both in vivo and in vitro experiments proved that Rh2 NPs had stronger anti-inflammatory activity than Rh2. This study provides a promising strategy for the effective treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China
| | - Bei-Wei Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China
| | - Yan-Fei Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China
| | - Xi-Mei Ye
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China
| | - Jiang-Ning Hu
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, PR China.
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10
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Eghtedari Y, Oh LJ, Girolamo ND, Watson SL. The role of topical N-acetylcysteine in ocular therapeutics. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:608-622. [PMID: 34339721 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was first discovered as a mucolytic agent in 1960. We investigate the role of topical NAC in ocular therapeutics, including its mechanism of action, current applications, and adverse effects. A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles identified 106 references including in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on the use of NAC in the treatment of ocular diseases. NAC can be synthetically manufactured, and its mechanisms of action include mucolysis, scavenging hydroxyl radicals, and modulation of inflammatory cascades. These unique properties contribute to the diverse applications of NAC, including its steroid-sparing potential. NAC has been used topically in the treatment of corneal wounds, chemical injuries, keratitis, dry eye disease and meibomian gland dysfunction. The clinical benefits of NAC are evident over a wide range of concentrations, the most common being 5-10% topical NAC applied four times daily. Adverse effects such as corneal necrosis are rare, but have been reported with higher doses. NAC also has potential applications in laser epithelial keratomileusis, diabetic eye disease, retinitis pigmentosa, senile nuclear cataracts, macular degeneration, and cigarette smoke-induced corneal damage. Recently, chitosan-NAC has been used as a nanocarrier for the topical administration of medications to the ocular surface. Owing to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and mucolytic properties, topical NAC has had extensive use in the treatment of ocular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yas Eghtedari
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lawrence J Oh
- Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Watson
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Ghezzi P. Redox regulation of immunity and the role of small molecular weight thiols. Redox Biol 2021; 44:102001. [PMID: 33994345 PMCID: PMC8212150 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is thought that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be a causal component in many diseases, some of which have an inflammatory component. This led to an oversimplification whereby ROS are seen as inflammatory and antioxidants anti-inflammatory. This paper aims at reviewing some of the literature on thiols in host defense. The review will first summarize the mechanisms by which we survive infections by pathogens. Then we will consider how the redox field evolved from the concept of oxidative stress to that of redox regulation and how it intersects the field of innate immunity. A third section will analyze how an oversimplified oxidative stress theory of disease led to a hypothesis on the role of ROS and glutathione (GSH) in immunity, respectively as pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Finally, we will discuss some recent research and how to think out of the box of that oversimplification and link the role of thiols in redox regulation to the mechanisms by which we survive an infection outlined in the first section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ghezzi
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, Great Britain, BN1 9RY, UK.
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12
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Liu Q, Wu J, Zhang X, Wu X, Zhao Y, Ren J. Iron homeostasis and disorders revisited in the sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:1-13. [PMID: 33486088 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated host-response to inflammation, although it currently lacks a fully elucidated pathobiology. Iron is a crucial trace element that is essential for fundamental processes in both humans and bacteria. During sepsis, iron metabolism is altered, including increased iron transport and uptake into cells and decreased iron export. The intracellular sequestration of iron limits its availability to circulating pathogens, which serves as a conservative strategy against the pathogens. Although iron retention has been showed to have protective protect effects, an increase in labile iron may cause oxidative injury and cell death (e.g., pyroptosis, ferroptosis) as the condition progresses. Moreover, iron disorders are substantial and correlate with the severity of sepsis. This also suggests that iron may be useful as a diagnostic marker for evaluating the severity and predicting the outcome of the disease. Further knowledge about these disorders could help in evaluating how drugs targeting iron homeostasis can be optimally applied to improve the treatment of patients with sepsis. Here, we present a comprehensive review of recent advances in the understanding of iron metabolism, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms and iron-mediated injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjie Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Xufei Zhang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China; Department of General Surgery, BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China; Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210002, PR China.
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13
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Wan MLY, Turner PC, Co VA, Wang MF, Amiri KMA, El-Nezami H. Schisandrin A protects intestinal epithelial cells from deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative damage and inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19173. [PMID: 31844123 PMCID: PMC6915730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has revealed the association of continued oxidative stress with chronic inflammation, which could subsequently affect many different chronic diseases. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) frequently contaminates cereals crops worldwide, and are a public health concern since DON ingestion may result in persistent intestinal inflammation. There has also been considerable attention over the potential of DON to provoke oxidative stress. In this study, the cytoprotective effect of Schisandrin A (Sch A), one of the most abundant active dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans in the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill (also known as Chinese magnolia-vine), was investigated in HT-29 cells against DON-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation. Sch A appeared to protect against DON-induced cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells, and significantly lessened the DON-stimulated intracellular reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxidative species production. Furthermore, Sch A lowered DON-induced catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activities but maintains glutathione S transferase activity and glutathione levels. Mechanistic studies suggest that Sch A reduced DON-induced oxidative stress by down-regulating heme oxygenase-1 expression via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 signalling pathway. In addition, Sch A decreased the DON-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 8 expression and secretion. This may be mediated by preventing DON-induced translocation of nuclear factor-κB, as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. In the light of these findings, we concluded that Sch A exerted a cytoprotective role in DON-induced toxicity in vitro, and it would be valuable to examine in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murphy L Y Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Paul C Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Vanessa A Co
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - M F Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Khaled M A Amiri
- College of Science, Biology Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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14
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Lee HK, Park JY, Lee H, Kim ID, Kim SW, Yoon SH, Lee JK. Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects of DIPOPA (N,N-Diisopropyl-2-Oxopropanamide), an Ethyl Pyruvate Bioisoster, in the Postischemic Brain. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:523-537. [PMID: 30680637 PMCID: PMC6554410 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00711-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a simple aliphatic ester of pyruvic acid and has been shown to have protective properties, which have been attributed to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic functions. In an effort to develop better derivatives of EP, we previously synthesized DEOPA (N,N-diethyl-2-oxopropanamide, a novel isoster of EP) which has greater neuroprotective effects than EP, probably due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxic effects. In the present study, we synthesized 3 DEOPA derivatives, in which its diethylamino group was substituted with diisopropylamino, dipropylamino, or diisobutylamino groups. Among them, DIPOPA (N,N-diisopropyl-2-oxopropanamide) containing diisopropylamino group had a greater neuroprotective effect than DEOPA or EP when administered intravenously to a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model at 9 h after MCAO. Furthermore, DIPOPA had a wider therapeutic window than DEOPA and a marked reduction of infarct volume was accompanied by greater neurological and behavioral improvements. In particular, DIPOPA exerted robust anti-inflammatory effects, as evidenced by marked suppressions of microglia activation and neutrophil infiltration in the MCAO model, in microglial cells, and in neutrophil-endothelial cocultures at lower concentration, and did so more effectively than DEOPA. In particular, DIPOPA remarkably suppressed neutrophil infiltration into brain parenchyma, and this effect was attributed to the expressional inhibitions of cell adhesion molecules in neutrophils of brain parenchyma and in circulating neutrophils via NF-κB inhibition. Together, these results indicate the robust neuroprotective effects of DIPOPA are attributable to its anti-inflammatory effects and suggest that DIPOPA offers a potential therapeutic means of ameliorating cerebral ischemic injury and other inflammation-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Michuhol-gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22202, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Michuhol-gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22202, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahnbie Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Michuhol-gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22202, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Michuhol-gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22202, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Michuhol-gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22202, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Michuhol-gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22202, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Michuhol-gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22202, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Michuhol-gu Inharo 100, Inchon, 22202, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Yao L, Cheng C, Yang X, Han C, Du D, Liu T, Chvanov M, Windsor J, Sutton R, Huang W, Xia Q. Ethyl pyruvate and analogs as potential treatments for acute pancreatitis: A review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Pancreatology 2019; 19:209-216. [PMID: 30611702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has been shown to improve outcomes from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in experimental animal models of critical illness. This review aimed to summarise in vitro and in vivo effects of EP analogs on acute pancreatitis (AP) with the objective of proposing medicinal chemistry modifications of EP for future research. In vitro studies showed that both sodium pyruvate and EP significantly reduced pancreatic acinar necrotic cell death pathway activation induced by multiple pancreatic toxins. In vivo studies using different murine AP models showed that EP (usually at a dose of 40 mg/kg every 6 h) consistently reduced pain, markers of pancreatic injury, systemic inflammation and MODS. There was also a significant increase in survival rate, even when EP was administered 12 h after disease induction (compared with untreated groups or those treated with Ringer's lactate solution). Experimental studies suggest that EP and analogs are promising drug candidates for treating AP. EP or analogs can undergo medicinal chemistry modifications to improve its stability and deliverability. EP or analogs could be evaluated as a supplement to intravenous fluid therapy in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunru Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Pharmaceutical Engineering Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institute of Higher Education, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xinmin Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chenxia Han
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Du
- West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Michael Chvanov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - John Windsor
- Centre for Surgical and Translational Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 92019, New Zealand
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Study Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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16
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Kortesoja M, Karhu E, Olafsdottir ES, Freysdottir J, Hanski L. Impact of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis on the redox status and activation of human innate immune system cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:309-317. [PMID: 30578916 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling has been established as an essential component of inflammatory responses, and redox active compounds are of interest as potential immunomodulatory agents. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans isolated from Schisandra chinensis, a medicinal plant with widespread use in oriental medicine, have been implicated to possess immunomodulatory properties but their effects on the human innate immune system cells have not been described. In this contribution, data are presented on the impact of schisandrin, schisandrin B and schisandrin C on human monocytic cell redox status, as well as their impact on dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation capacity and cytokine production. In THP-1 cells, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elevated after 1 h exposure to schisandrin. Schisandrin B and schisandrin C decreased cellular glutathione pools, which is a phenotype previously reported to promote anti-inflammatory functions. Treatment of human primary monocytes with the lignans during their maturation to dendritic cells did not have any effect on the appearance of surface markers HLA-DR and CD86 but schisandrin B and schisandrin C suppressed the secretion of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-12 by the mature dendritic cells. Dendritic cells maturated in presence of schisandrin C were further cocultured with naïve CD4+ T cells, resulting in reduced IL-12 production. In THP-1 cells, schisandrin B and schisandrin C reduced the IL-6 and IL-12 production triggered by E. coli lipopolysaccharide and IL-12 production induced by an infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. In conclusion, the studied lignans act as immunomodulatory agents by altering the cytokine secretion, but do not interfere with dendritic cell maturation. And the observed effects may be associated with the ability of the lignans to alter cellular redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Kortesoja
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Karhu
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elin Soffia Olafsdottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jona Freysdottir
- Department of Immunology and Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Leena Hanski
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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17
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Yang Y, Li L, Hang Q, Fang Y, Dong X, Cao P, Yin Z, Luo L. γ-glutamylcysteine exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by increasing cellular glutathione level. Redox Biol 2018; 20:157-166. [PMID: 30326393 PMCID: PMC6197438 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection and characterized by redox imbalance and severe oxidative stress. Glutathione (GSH) serves several vital functions, including scavenging free radicals and maintaining intracellular redox balance. Extracellular GSH is unable to be taken into the majority of human cells, and the GSH prodrug N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) does not exhibit promising clinical effects. γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GC), an intermediate dipeptide of the GSH-synthesis pathway and harboring anti-inflammatory properties, represents a relatively unexplored option for sepsis treatment. The anti-inflammatory efficiency of γ-GC and the associated molecular mechanism need to be explored. In vivo investigation showed that γ-GC reduced sepsis lethality and attenuated systemic inflammatory responses in mice, as well as inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that γ-GC exhibited better therapeutic effects against inflammation compared with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and GSH. Mechanistically, γ-GC suppressed LPS-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and GSH depletion. Inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS treatment, upregulated the expression of glutathione synthetase via activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, thereby promoting synthesis of GSH from γ-GC. These findings suggested that γ-GC might represent a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis treatment. γ-GC reduces sepsis lethality and attenuates inflammatory responses in BALB/c mice. γ-GC suppresses LPS-induced inflammation, ROS accumulation, and GSH depletion. Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways are essential for upregulating GSS level to promote GSH synthesis from γ-GC. γ-GC is more effective in attenuation inflammation than NAC and GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiyun Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Tan J, Deng Z, Liu G, Hu J, Liu S. Anti-inflammatory polymersomes of redox-responsive polyprodrug amphiphiles with inflammation-triggered indomethacin release characteristics. Biomaterials 2018; 178:608-619. [PMID: 29605185 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation serves as a natural defense mechanism to protect living organisms from infectious diseases. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help relieve inflammatory reactions and are clinically used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation, whereas long-term use of NSAIDs may lead to severe side effects including gastrointestinal damage and cardiovascular toxicity. Therefore, it is of increasing importance to configure new dosing strategies and alleviate the side effects of NSAIDs. Towards this goal, glutathione (GSH)-responsive disulfide bonds and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-reactive phenylboronic ester linkages were utilized as triggering moieties in this work to design redox-responsive prodrug monomers and polyprodrug amphiphiles based on indomethacin (IND) drug. Note that IND is a widely prescribed NSAID in the clinic. Starting from three types of redox-reactive IND prodrug monomers, redox-responsive polyprodrug amphiphiles were synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of prodrug monomers using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based macroRAFT agent. The resultant polyprodrug amphiphiles with high IND loading contents (>33 wt%) could self-assemble into polymersomes with PEO shielding coronas and redox-responsive bilayer membranes composed of IND prodrugs. Upon incubation with GSH or H2O2, controlled release of intact IND in the active form from polyprodrug polymersomes was actuated by GSH-mediated disulfide cleavage reaction and H2O2-mediated oxidation of phenylboronic ester moieties, respectively, followed by self-immolative degradation events. Furthermore, in vitro studies at the cellular level revealed that redox-responsive polymersomes could efficiently relieve inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guhuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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19
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Nagatome M, Kondo Y, Kadowaki D, Saishyo Y, Irikura M, Irie T, Ishitsuka Y. Ethyl pyruvate attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury and prevents cellular injury induced by N-acetyl- p-benzoquinone imine. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00521. [PMID: 29560444 PMCID: PMC5857623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen, a common analgesic/antipyretic, is a frequent cause of acute liver failure in Western countries. The development of an effective cure against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is crucial. Ethyl pyruvate, an ethyl ester derivative of pyruvic acid, has been identified as a possible candidate against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in animal experiments. However, the mode of the hepatoprotective action of ethyl pyruvate remains unclear. We examined the hepatoprotective effect of ethyl pyruvate against hepatocyte injury and oxidative stress in a mouse model of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. In addition, to examine whether ethyl pyruvate has direct hepatocellular protection against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity to counteract the influence of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, we examined the effects of ethyl pyruvate on cellular injury induced by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, a toxic metabolite of acetaminophen, in a human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2 cells. Treatment with ethyl pyruvate significantly prevented increases in serum transaminase levels and hepatic centrilobular necrosis induced with an acetaminophen overdose in mice in a dose-dependent manner. Although hepatic DNA fragmentation induced by acetaminophen was also attenuated with ethyl pyruvate, nitrotyrosine formation was not inhibited. Ehyl pyruvate significantly attenuated mitochondria dehydrogenase inactivity induced by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine in HepG2 cells. The attenuating effect was also observed in a rat hepatocyte cell line. Increases in annexin V and propidium iodide-stained cells induced by N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine were prevented with ethyl pyruvate in HepG2 cells. Pyruvic acid, a parent compound of ethyl pyruvate, tended to attenuate these changes. The results indicate that ethyl pyruvate has direct hepatocellular protection against N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine induced injury observed in acetaminophen overdose. The in vivo and in vitro results suggest that ethyl pyruvate attenuates acetaminophen-induced liver injury via, at least in part, its cellular protective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Nagatome
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kadowaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saishyo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Irikura
- Laboratory of Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daiichi University, 22-1 Tamagawa-Cho, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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Urgancioglu B, Bilgihan K, Engin D, Cirak MY, Hondur A, Hasanreisoglu B. Topical N-acetylcysteine Reduces Interleukin-1-alpha in Tear Fluid after Laser Subepithelial Keratectomy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 19:554-9. [DOI: 10.1177/112067210901900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effect of topical N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1α) levels in tear fluid after myopic laser subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) and its possible role in modulating corneal wound healing. Methods Twenty-six eyes of 13 patients who underwent myopic LASEK were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n=10 eyes) was used as a control group. All patients received topical lomefloxacin and dexamethasone postoperatively. Additionally, patients in Group 2 received topical NAC for 1 month postoperatively. Tear fluid samples were collected with microcapillary tubes preoperatively, on the first and on the fifth postoperative day, and the release of IL-1α in tear fluid was calculated. Haze grading and confocal microscopic examination were performed at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. Results The mean IL-1-α release values were 0.285±0.159 pg/min in Group 1 and 0.235±0.142 pg/min in Group 2 preoperatively. In Group 1, the values were 0.243±0.155 pg/min on day 1 and 0.164±0.125 pg/min on day 5. In Group 2, the mean IL-1α release values were 0.220±0.200 pg/min on day 1 and 0.080±0.079 pg/min on day 5. The difference between the groups was significant only for day 5 (p<0.05). Mean corneal haze score and grey scale value in confocal microscopy were significantly higher (p<0.05) in Group 1 at 1 month. However, at 3 months there was no difference between groups (p>0.05). Conclusions NAC seems to have an additive effect to steroids in suppressing IL-1α levels in tear fluid and may be clinically advantageous in modulating corneal wound healing during the early postoperative period after LASEK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamil Bilgihan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gazi University Medical School, Ankara
| | - Doruk Engin
- Department of Microbiology, Gazi University Medical School, Ankara
| | | | - Ahmet Hondur
- Dinar State Hospital, Dinar, Afyonkarahisar - Turkey
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Kayiran O, Cuzdan SS, Uysal A, Kocer U. Ethyl pyruvate improves skin flap survival after ischaemia reperfusion injury. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:369-374. [PMID: 29355144 PMCID: PMC5793472 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1428_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Reperfusion after ischaemia is detrimental to the tissues. The oxidative stress created and cytokines released are mostly responsible in this process. In this study, ethyl pyruvate, a known agent for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, was used to investigate the effects on ischaemia/reperfusion injury on skin island flaps in rats. METHODS Sixty rats were randomly distributed in three groups (non-ischaemic, ischaemic and medication groups). Ethyl pyruvate was administered in the medication group with a dose of 50 mg/kg. After 24 h and one week, the animals were sacrificed, and the flaps were analyzed macroscopically, histopathologically, biochemically (total nitrite, malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase). RESULTS Biochemical markers indicating oxidative stress, were found elevated in ischaemic group, whereas medication with ethyl pyruvate significantly reduced these values. There was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the levels of these markers between ischaemic and medication groups. Ethyl pyruvate improved all the parameters significantly. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Ethyl pyruvate showed strong scavenger activity against reactive oxygen species. It could be a potential candidate to improve the flap viability in reconstructive microsurgery, especially in free tissue transfers. However, more studies are warranted in experimental models to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kayiran
- Department Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Izmir University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Afsin Uysal
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, TOBB ETU Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ugur Kocer
- Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Ankara Training & Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Jung SM, Lee J, Baek SY, Lee J, Jang SG, Hong SM, Park JS, Cho ML, Park SH, Kwok SK. Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates inflammatory arthritis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:333-341. [PMID: 28987932 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is the ethyl ester of pyruvate and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of EP in inflammatory arthritis and to identify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were treated with the vehicle control or EP at 20mg/kg, and clinical and histological analyses were performed on the animals. The differentiation of murine CD4+ T cells into T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the presence of EP was investigated in vitro. The effects of EP on osteoclastogenesis were determined by staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and measuring the mRNA levels of osteoclastogenesis-related genes. The expression of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was evaluated after EP therapy using immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS EP significantly improved the clinical and histological features of arthritis in CIA mice. EP suppressed the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells, and inhibited the expression of RORγt. The generation of osteoclasts and osteoclastogenic markers from murine and human monocytes was significantly reduced in the presence of EP. The expression of HMGB1 in the synovium was significantly lower in CIA mice treated with EP, compared to control CIA mice. During osteoclastogenesis, HMGB1 release from monocytes was inhibited in the presence of EP. CONCLUSIONS EP attenuated synovial inflammation and bone destruction in the experimental arthritis model through suppression of IL-17 and HMGB-1. The data suggests that EP could be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseon Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ye Baek
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Gwang Jang
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Hong
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Park
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Institutes of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Dominiak A, Wilkaniec A, Jęśko H, Czapski GA, Lenkiewicz AM, Kurek E, Wroczyński P, Adamczyk A. Selol, an organic selenium donor, prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in the rat brain. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Lee HK, Kim ID, Kim SW, Lee H, Park JY, Yoon SH, Lee JK. Anti-inflammatory and anti-excitoxic effects of diethyl oxopropanamide, an ethyl pyruvate bioisoster, exert robust neuroprotective effects in the postischemic brain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42891. [PMID: 28220827 PMCID: PMC5318887 DOI: 10.1038/srep42891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP) is a simple aliphatic ester of pyruvic acid and has been shown to have robust neuroprotective effects via its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic functions. In an effort to develop novel EP derivatives with greater protective potencies than EP, we generated four EP isosteres, among them the neuroprotective potency of N,N-diethyl-2-oxopropanamide (DEOPA), in which the ethoxy group of EP was replaced with diethylamine, was far greater than that of EP. When DEOPA was administered intravenously (5 mg/kg) to rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model at 6 hrs post-surgery, it suppressed infarct formation, ameliorated neurological and sensory/motor deficits, and inhibited microglial activation and neutrophil infiltrations in the postischemic brain more effectively than EP. In particular, DEOPA markedly suppressed LPS-induced nitrite production and cytokine/chemokine inductions in microglia, neutrophils, and endothelial cells and these effects are attributable to inhibition of the activity of NF-κB by suppressing IκB-α degradation and p65 to DNA binding. In addition, DEOPA suppressed NMDA-induced neuronal cell death in primary cortical neuron cultures by NAD replenishment and suppression of NF-κB activity. Together, these results indicate DEOPA has multi-modal protective effects against ischemic brain damage targeting numerous cell types in the brain and also against other inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahnbie Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon, Republic of Korea
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25
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Bolling AK, Solhaug A, Morisbak E, Holme JA, Samuelsen JT. The dental monomer hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) counteracts lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β release-Possible role of glutathione. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:25-33. [PMID: 28188892 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methacrylate monomers, like 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), are common components of resin based dental materials. Leakage of unpolymerized monomers after placement and curing leads to human exposure. HEMA is known to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine release. In this study we explore a possible role of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in this effect. In the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line, HEMA (<2mM) did not induce cell death, but reduced cellular GSH levels, increased cellular ROS and decreased the IL-1β release from LPS-stimulated cells. Moreover, the IL-1β mRNA levels were reduced after 3-6h exposure, suggesting transcriptional effects of HEMA. The GSH modulators butylsulfoximine (BSO; inhibitor of GSH synthesis) and 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTC; Cysteine precursor) caused a decrease and increase in the LPS-induced IL-1β release, respectively, suggesting a role for GSH in negative regulation of LPS-induced IL-1β release. However, the magnitude and dynamics of the effects of HEMA and BSO on LPS-induced IL-1β release and GSH depletion differed considerably. Thus, GSH depletion alone could not explain the strong attenuation of LPS-induced IL-1β release caused by HEMA. Formation of HEMA-protein conjugates due to the thiol reactivity of HEMA emerges as a likely candidate for the molecular mechanism accounting for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Kocbach Bolling
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anita Solhaug
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Morisbak
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 4404, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Tore Samuelsen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, Sognsveien 70A, N-0855 Oslo, Norway
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N-acetyl-l-cysteine Prevents Bile Duct Ligation Induced Renal Injury by Modulating Oxidative Stress. Indian J Clin Biochem 2016; 32:411-419. [PMID: 29062172 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) on bile duct ligation (BDL) induced oxidative stress in kidneys. Male Wistar rats were randomly segregated into four groups; sham control (SC), SC + NAC, BDL and BDL + NAC group. Liver damage was induced following BDL and renal injury was assessed by kidney function tests along with lipid peroxidation, nitrite levels, thiols and antioxidant enzymes. Three weeks after BDL, rats developed renal dysfunction in terms of elevated serum creatinine levels. BDL animals exhibited an increase in lipid peroxidation, reduction in thiols and redox ratio in liver and kidney tissue along with altered antioxidant enzymes in kidneys. BDL animals that were orally administered NAC at a daily dose 100 mg/kg for duration of two weeks, showed significant reduction in serum creatinine levels. NAC was effective in lowering lipid peroxidation and was able to restore thiol levels along with GSH/GSSG ratio in both liver and kidneys along with the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the kidneys of BDL animals. The results clearly demonstrate the efficacy of NAC in attenuating oxidative stress in kidneys, suggesting a therapeutic role for NAC in individuals with renal dysfunction following BDL.
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27
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Guo Q, Cai X, Xu C, Luo Z, Sheng Y, Bao J, Chen X, Xu J. Effects of dietary supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine on antioxidant capacities and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in weaned piglets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1222244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Suzuki H, Hisamatsu T, Chiba S, Mori K, Kitazume MT, Shimamura K, Nakamoto N, Matsuoka K, Ebinuma H, Naganuma M, Kanai T. Glycolytic pathway affects differentiation of human monocytes to regulatory macrophages. Immunol Lett 2016; 176:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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29
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Najafi G, Atashfaraz E, Farokhi F. Attenuation of Methotrexate-Induced Embryotoxicity and Oxidative Stress by Ethyl Pyruvate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2016; 10:232-8. [PMID: 27441057 PMCID: PMC4948076 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2016.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Methotrexate (MTX), as an anti-folate agent, is widely used in the
treatment of rheumatic disorders and malignant tumors, however it damages reproductive sys-
tem in mice. The aim of this research was to study the effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) on embryo
development and oxidative stress changes in the testis of mice treated with MTX.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, thirty-two adult male Naval
Medical Research Institute mice, with average weight of 26 ± 2 g, were divided into
four groups. The first group (control) received distilled water (0.1 ml/mice/day), while
the second group was intraperitoneally (IP) treated with 20 mg/kg MTX once per
week. The third group was IP treated with 40 mg/kg/day EP, and the fourth group was
IP treated with both 20 mg/kg MTX and 40 mg/kg/day EP for 30 days. At the end of
treatment fertilization rate and embryonic development were evaluated. Differences
between these groups were assessed by ANOVA using the SPSS software package for
Windows with a Tukey-Kramer multiple post-hoc comparison test. Results MTX treatment caused significant (P<0.05) increase in malondialdehyde
(MDA) and reduced catalase (CAT), as well as leading to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and
embryonic development. The improved effects of EP on the IVF were determined by the
reduced level of MDA (index of oxidative stress) and significant increased level of CAT
(a key antioxidant). We observed significant increase in fertilization rate and embryonic
development in the treated group with both MTX and EP. Conclusion It is suggested that EP can be useful in ameliorating testicular
damages and embryotoxicity induced by MTX. These effects could be attributed to its
antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Najafi
- Department of Basic Sciences (Anatomy and Embryology), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elham Atashfaraz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farah Farokhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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30
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Leong PK, Wong HS, Chen J, Chan WM, Leung HY, Ko KM. Differential Action between Schisandrin A and Schisandrin B in Eliciting an Anti-Inflammatory Action: The Depletion of Reduced Glutathione and the Induction of an Antioxidant Response. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155879. [PMID: 27195753 PMCID: PMC4873034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Schisandrin A (Sch A) and schisandrin B (Sch B) are active components of Schisandrae Fructus. We compared the biochemical mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory action of Sch A and Sch B, using cultured lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and concanavalin (ConA)-stimulated mouse splenocytes. Pre-incubation with Sch A or Sch B produced an anti-inflammatory action in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, as evidenced by the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory c-Jun N-terminal kinases/p38 kinase/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway as well as the suppression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and effectors, with the extent of inhibition by Sch A being more pronounced. The greater activity of Sch A in anti-inflammatory response was associated with a greater decrease in cellular reduced glutathione (GSH) level and a greater increase in glutathione S-transferase activity than corresponding changes produced by Sch B. However, upon incubation, only Sch B resulted in the activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like factor 2 and the induction of a significant increase in the expression of thioredoxin (TRX) in RAW264.7 cells. The Sch B-induced increase in TRX expression was associated with the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and effectors in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Studies in a mouse model of inflammation (carrageenan-induced paw edema) indicated that while long-term treatment with either Sch A or Sch B suppressed the extent of paw edema, only acute treatment with Sch A produced a significant degree of inhibition on the inflammatory response. Although only Sch A decreased the cellular GSH level and suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell proliferation in ConA-simulated splenocytes in vitro, both Sch A and Sch B treatments, while not altering cellular GSH levels, suppressed ConA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation ex vivo. These results suggest that Sch A and Sch B may act differentially on activating GST/ depleting cellular GSH and inducing an antioxidant response involved in their anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pou Kuan Leong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Shan Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jihang Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Man Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Yan Leung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kam Ming Ko
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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Elshaghabee FMF, Bockelmann W, Meske D, de Vrese M, Walte HG, Schrezenmeir J, Heller KJ. Ethanol Production by Selected Intestinal Microorganisms and Lactic Acid Bacteria Growing under Different Nutritional Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:47. [PMID: 26858714 PMCID: PMC4732544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain some specific insight into the roles microorganisms might play in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), some intestinal and lactic acid bacteria and one yeast (Anaerostipes caccae, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium longum, Enterococcus fecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Weissella confusa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography for production of ethanol when grown on different carbohydrates: hexoses (glucose and fructose), pentoses (arabinose and ribose), disaccharides (lactose and lactulose), and inulin. Highest amounts of ethanol were produced by S. cerevisiae, L. fermentum, and W. confusa on glucose and by S. cerevisiae and W. confusa on fructose. Due to mannitol-dehydrogenase expressed in L. fermentum, ethanol production on fructose was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. Pyruvate and citrate, two potential electron acceptors for regeneration of NAD(+)/NADP(+), drastically reduced ethanol production with acetate produced instead in L. fermentum grown on glucose and W. confusa grown on glucose and fructose, respectively. In fecal slurries prepared from feces of four overweight volunteers, ethanol was found to be produced upon addition of fructose. Addition of A. caccae, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, as well as citrate and pyruvate, respectively, abolished ethanol production. However, addition of W. confusa resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) increased production of ethanol. These results indicate that microorganisms like W. confusa, a hetero-fermentative, mannitol-dehydrogenase negative lactic acid bacterium, may promote NAFLD through ethanol produced from sugar fermentation, while other intestinal bacteria and homo- and hetero-fermentative but mannitol-dehydrogenase positive lactic acid bacteria may not promote NAFLD. Also, our studies indicate that dietary factors interfering with gastrointestinal microbiota and microbial metabolism may be important in preventing or promoting NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad M F Elshaghabee
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut (Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food)Kiel, Germany; Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo UniversityGiza, Egypt
| | - Wilhelm Bockelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut (Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food) Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Meske
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut (Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food) Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael de Vrese
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut (Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food) Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Walte
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut (Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food) Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Knut J Heller
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut (Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food) Kiel, Germany
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Chen S, Wang Y, Gong G, Chen J, Niu Y, Kong W. Ethyl pyruvate attenuates murine allergic rhinitis partly by decreasing high mobility group box 1 release. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1490-9. [PMID: 25681468 PMCID: PMC4935307 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214566563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, a pro-inflammatory DNA-binding protein, meditates inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptor-4 signals and amplifies allergic inflammation by interacting with the receptor for advanced glycation end products. Previous studies have shown that HMGB1 is elevated in the nasal lavage fluids (NLF) of children suffering from allergic rhinitis (AR) and is associated with the severity of this disease. Furthermore, HMGB1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of lower airway allergic diseases, such as asthma. Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has proven to be an effective anti-inflammatory agent for numerous airway diseases. Moreover, EP can inhibit the secretion of HMGB1. However, few studies have examined the effect of EP on AR. We hypothesized that HMGB1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AR and studied it using an AR mouse model. Forty BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: the control group, AR group, 50 mg/kg EP group, and 100 mg/kg EP group. The mice in the AR and EP administration groups received ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge, whereas those in the control group were given sterile saline instead of OVA. The mice in the EP administration group were given an intraperitoneal injection of EP 30 min before each OVA treatment. The number of nasal rubbings and sneezes of each mouse was counted after final treatment. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, AB-PAS staining, interleukin-4 and 13 in NLF, IgE, and the protein expression of HMGB1 were measured. Various features of the allergic inflammation after OVA exposure, including airway eosinophilia, Th-2 cytokine production, total IgE, and goblet cell hyperplasia were significantly inhibited by treatment with EP and the expression and release of HMGB1 were reduced after EP administration in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that HMGB1 is a potential therapeutic target of AR and that EP attenuates AR by decreasing HMGB1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guoqing Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yongzhi Niu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weijia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Park BS, Jo HW, Park C, Huh Y, Jung J, Jeong NY. A novel effect of ethyl pyruvate in Schwann cell de-differentiation and proliferation during Wallerian degeneration. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2015.1053520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Shin JH, Kim ID, Kim SW, Lee HK, Jin Y, Park JH, Kim TK, Suh CK, Kwak J, Lee KH, Han PL, Lee JK. Ethyl pyruvate inhibits HMGB1 phosphorylation and release by chelating calcium. Mol Med 2015; 20:649-57. [PMID: 25333921 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP), a simple aliphatic ester of pyruvic acid, has been shown to have antiinflammatory effects and to confer protective effects in various pathological conditions. Recently, a number of studies have reported EP inhibits high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) secretion and suggest this might contribute to its antiinflammatory effect. Since EP is used in a calcium-containing balanced salt solution (Ringer solution), we wondered if EP directly chelates Ca(2+) and if it is related to the EP-mediated suppression of HMGB1 release. Calcium imaging assays revealed that EP significantly and dose-dependently suppressed high K(+)-induced transient [Ca(2+)]i surges in primary cortical neurons and, similarly, fluorometric assays showed that EP directly scavenges Ca(2+) as the peak of fluorescence emission intensities of Mag-Fura-2 (a low-affinity Ca(2+) indicator) was shifted in the presence of EP at concentrations of ≥7 mmol/L. Furthermore, EP markedly suppressed the A23187-induced intracellular Ca(2+) surge in BV2 cells and, under this condition, A23187-induced activations of Ca(2+)-mediated kinases (protein kinase Cα and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV), HMGB1 phosphorylation and subsequent secretion of HMGB1 also were suppressed. (A23187 is a calcium ionophore and BV2 cells are a microglia cell line.) Moreover, the above-mentioned EP-mediated effects were obtained independent of cell death or survival, which suggests that they are direct effects of EP. Together, these results indicate that EP directly chelates Ca(2+), and that it is, at least in part, responsible for the suppression of HMGB1 release by EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinchuan Jin
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kook Suh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kwak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hyeung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal toxicity through anti-neuronal cell death and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:151-65. [PMID: 24576481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential neuroprotective value of ethyl pyruvate (EP) for the treatment of the striatal toxicity is largely unknown. We investigated whether EP promotes the survival of striatal neurons in a 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). EP (5, 10, 20, and 40mg/kg/day, i.p.) was daily injected from 30min before 3-NP intoxication (pretreatment) and from onset/progression/peak point of neurological impairment by 3-NP intoxication. EP produced a neuroprotective effect in dose- and time-dependant manners. EP pretreatment of 40mg/kg/day produced the best neuroprotective effect among other conditions. Pretreatment of EP significantly attenuated neurological impairment and lethality and prevented formation of lesion area and neuronal loss in the striatum after 3-NP intoxication. This neuroprotection afforded by EP was associated with the suppression of succinate dehydrogenase activity, apoptosis, and microglial activation. The suppressive effect of EP corresponded to the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathways, and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the striatum after 3-NP intoxication. Interestingly, the intrathecal introduction of inhibitors MAPKs and NF-κB into control mice decreased the lethality after 3-NP intoxication. Our findings indicate that EP may effectively alleviate 3-NP-induced striatal toxicity by inhibition of the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways in the striatum, and that EP has a wide therapeutic window, suggesting that EP may have therapeutic value in the treatment of aspects of HD's disease related to inflammation.
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Kim SW, Lee HK, Shin JH, Lee JK. Up-down regulation of HO-1 and iNOS gene expressions by ethyl pyruvate via recruiting p300 to Nrf2 and depriving It from p65. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:468-476. [PMID: 23891677 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate (EP), a simple ester of pyruvic acid, has been shown to exert robust neuroprotection in various neuropathological conditions, such as, cerebral ischemia and KA-induced seizure animal models. The neuroprotective effect of EP is attributable to the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic effects. In the present study, we investigated convergence of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative functions of EP and present a novel molecular mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory effects of EP, which is conveyed by p300, a transcriptional co-activator for both Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and p65. In BV2 cells, a microglia cell line, EP induced translocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to the nucleus and enhanced the expression of hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1) in a dose-dependent manner and 1h incubation with 10mM EP increased HO-1 to 4.9-fold. Nrf2 was found to translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus beginning 30 min after EP-treatment and binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) located on HO-1 promoter. Interestingly, LPS-induced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction was substantially suppressed in EP-pre-treated BV2 cells and it was reverted by Nrf2 knockdown. We found that EP-induced Nrf2 accumulation in the nucleus recruits p300, a transcriptional co-activator of both Nrf2 and p65, inhibiting p65-p300 interaction. Competition between Nrf2 and p65 for p300 binding was confirmed by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull down assay and reporter gene analysis. These results demonstrate that EP induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 which binds to ARE along with p300 and hampers iNOS expression via depleting p300 from p65. This is a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism conveyed by EP, which enhances protective effect by converging anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects and might be applicable to various Nrf2-activating agents, such as phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Advanced Medical Education (BK21 project), Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Advanced Medical Education (BK21 project), Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Advanced Medical Education (BK21 project), Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Advanced Medical Education (BK21 project), Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on enterocyte apoptosis and intracellular signalling pathways' response to oxidative stress in weaned piglets. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1938-47. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) has been widely used for preventing reactive oxygen species-induced damage. However, little is known as to whether dietary NAC supplementation would alleviate intestinal injury in weaned piglets. The present study evaluated the effect of NAC on enterocyte apoptosis and intracellular signalling pathways' response to weaning stress. The control piglets were normally suckling, and piglets in the weaning and NAC groups were fed the basal diet and basal+NAC diet from 14 to 25 d of age, respectively. Compared with the control piglets, weaning increased cortisol concentrations (P< 0·05), decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities (P< 0·05), increased malondialdehyde content (P< 0·05) in serum and enhanced enterocyte apoptosis index (AI) and concentrations of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 (P< 0·05). Gene expression analyses indicated that weaning induced apoptosis via Fas signalling and mitochondrial pathways in weaned piglets. Dietary NAC supplementation decreased (P< 0·05) cortisol concentrations and the AI, increased (P< 0·05) antioxidant status in serum and alleviated histopathological changes in the intestine. It also inhibited Fas, caspase-3, caspase-8 and integrin αvβ6 (αvβ6) gene expressions in the NAC-treated piglets. However, no significant decrease (P>0·10) in caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 concentrations was observed in the NAC group compared with the weaning group. In conclusion, weaning may induce enterocyte apoptosis via the activation of Fas-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Although NAC had no effect on caspase concentrations, it was clearly beneficial for preserving morphological integrity in weaned piglets via the regulation of cell apoptosis and the inhibition of Fas-dependent apoptosis and αvβ6 expression.
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Ji YL, Wang H, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Chen YH, Xu DX. N-acetylcysteine protects against cadmium-induced germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in testes. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:290-6. [PMID: 23353715 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a reproductive toxicant that induces germ cell apoptosis in the testes. Previous studies have demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in Cd-induced germ cell apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, on Cd-induced ER stress and germ cell apoptosis in the testes. Male CD-1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with CdCl2 (2.0 mg kg(-1)). As expected, acute Cd exposure induced germ cell apoptosis in the testes, as determined by terminal dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL). However, the administration of NAC alleviated Cd-induced germ cell apoptosis in the testes. Further analysis showed that NAC attenuated the Cd-induced upregulation of testicular glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), an important ER molecular chaperone. Moreover, NAC inhibited the Cd-induced phosphorylation of testicular eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), a downstream target of the double-stranded RNA-activated kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway. In addition, NAC blocked the Cd-induced activation of testicular X binding protein (XBP)-1, indicating that NAC attenuates the Cd-induced ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Interestingly, NAC almost completely prevented the Cd-induced elevation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), two components of the ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, NAC protects against Cd-induced germ cell apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Ji
- Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Amitani H, Asakawa A, Cheng K, Amitani M, Kaimoto K, Nakano M, Ushikai M, Li Y, Tsai M, Li JB, Terashi M, Chaolu H, Kamimura R, Inui A. Hydrogen improves glycemic control in type1 diabetic animal model by promoting glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53913. [PMID: 23326534 PMCID: PMC3542317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) acts as a therapeutic antioxidant. However, there are few reports on H2 function in other capacities in diabetes mellitus (DM). Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of H2 in glucose transport by studying cultured mouse C2C12 cells and human hepatoma Hep-G2 cells in vitro, in addition to three types of diabetic mice [Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic mice, high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice, and genetically diabetic db/db mice] in vivo. The results show that H2 promoted 2-[14C]-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) uptake into C2C12 cells via the translocation of glucose transporter Glut4 through activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C (PKC), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), although it did not stimulate the translocation of Glut2 in Hep G2 cells. H2 significantly increased skeletal muscle membrane Glut4 expression and markedly improved glycemic control in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice after chronic intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.) administration. However, long-term p.o. administration of H2 had least effect on the obese and non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mouse models. Our study demonstrates that H2 exerts metabolic effects similar to those of insulin and may be a novel therapeutic alternative to insulin in type 1 diabetes mellitus that can be administered orally.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Cricetinae
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Transporter Type 4/metabolism
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Hydrogen/administration & dosage
- Mice
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kaichun Cheng
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Marie Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kaori Kaimoto
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masako Nakano
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Miharu Ushikai
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yingxiao Li
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Minglun Tsai
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jiang-Bo Li
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Terashi
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Huhe Chaolu
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryozo Kamimura
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Wang Y, Yin P, Huang S, Wang J, Sun R. Ethyl pyruvate protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced white matter injury in the developing rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 31:181-8. [PMID: 23280059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of ethyl pyruvate (EP) have been proved in several brain injury models, yet very little is known about its action on neonatal white matter injury. To investigate the effect of EP on white matte damage, a stereotactic intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1mg/kg) was performed on postnatal day 5 Sprague-Dawley rat pups, and EP was administrated intraperitoneally at a dose of 40mg/kg immediately, 1h and 12h after LPS exposure. Significantly, treatment with EP reduced LPS-induced ventricle dilation, loss of O4+ and O1+ oligodendrocytes, apoptosis of oligodendrocytes, and hypomyelination. The protective effect of EP was associated with suppressed inflammatory responses, indicated by the inhibition of activation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as the decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) in rat brains. Also, EP prevented the elevation of cleaved caspase-3 in periventricular white matter tissue after LPS insult. Taken together, these results suggest that EP confers potent protection against LPS-induced white matter injury via its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyan Wang
- Pediatric Department of Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Yimin, Tao H, Kohanawa M, Zhao S, Kuge Y, Tamaki N. Ferrous ferric chloride downregulates the inflammatory response to Rhodococcus aurantiacus infection in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:2214-23. [PMID: 23006611 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The healthy drink Pairogen is mainly composed of ferrous ferric chloride water that reportedly changes the status of intracellular water from oxidative to antioxidative. Here, we investigated whether Pairogen affects host immune function in a murine model of granulomatous inflammation in response to Rhodococcus aurantiacus (R. aurantiacus) infection. Longitudinal ingestion of Pairogen markedly improved the survival of infected mice in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared to mice received water, mice that ingested 10-fold-diluted Pairogen displayed rapid bacterial elimination, decreased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, and high levels of IL-10 in organs during the initial phase of infection. Moreover, histological studies showed significant reduction in the number and size of granulomas as well as amelioration of oxidative stress in the livers of mice ingested 10-fold-diluted Pairogen at 14 d post-infection. These characteristics were further pronounced in first-generation (F1) mice that also ingested 10-fold-diluted Pairogen. Following stimulation with heat-killed R. aurantiacus, the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by macrophages from F1 mice was similar to that detected in vivo, while their gene expression levels in these cells were significantly lower than the levels in macrophages from mice received water. Heat-killed R. aurantiacus also induced the expression of heme oxygenase-1 mRNA in the cells from F1 mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Pairogen contributes to the negative regulation of the immuno-inflammatory response to R. aurantiacus infection in mice by modulating the cellular redox state. Longitudinal ingestion of Pairogen further enhances the defense function in mouse progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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Jang HJ, Kim YM, Tsoyi K, Park EJ, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Joe Y, Chung HT, Chang KC. Ethyl pyruvate induces heme oxygenase-1 through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by depletion of glutathione in RAW 264.7 cells and improves survival in septic animals. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:878-89. [PMID: 22369644 PMCID: PMC3392619 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the molecular mechanism by which ethyl pyruvate (EP) induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in RAW 264.7 cells and its effect on survival rate in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced wild-type (WT) and HO-1 knockout (HO-1(-/-)) septic mice. RESULTS EP induced HO-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was mediated through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling cascade in RAW 264.7 cells. EP significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release in RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory effect of EP on LPS-stimulated iNOS expression and HMGB1 release was reversed by transfection with siHO-1RNA in RAW 264.7 cells, but EP failed to reduce them in HO-1(-/-) peritoneal macrophages treated with LPS. Moreover, treatment of cells with glutathione ethyl ester (GSH-Et), SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), siHO-1, or p38-siRNA transfection inhibited anti-inflammatory effect of EP. Interestingly, both HO-1 induction and phosphorylation of p38 by EP were reversed by GSH-Et, and antioxidant redox element-luciferase activity by EP was reversed by SB203580 in LPS-activated cells. EP increased survival and decreased serum HMGB1 in CLP-WT mice, whereas it did not increase survival or decrease circulating HMGB1 in HO-1(-/-) CLP-mice. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Our work provides new insights into the understanding the molecular mechanism by showing that EP induces HO-1 through a p38 MAPK- and NRF2-dependent pathway by decreasing GSH cellular levels. We conclude that EP inhibits proinflammatory response to LPS in macrophages and increases survival in CLP-induced septic mice by upregulation of HO-1 level, in which p38 MAPK and Nrf2 play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
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Yuan Y, Su Z, Pu Y, Liu X, Chen J, Zhu F, Zhu Y, Zhang H, He C. Ethyl pyruvate promotes spinal cord repair by ameliorating the glial microenvironment. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:749-63. [PMID: 22142175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a series of endogenous processes, including neuroinflammation and reactive astrogliosis, which may contribute to the failure of neural regeneration and functional recovery. In the present study, the effect of ethyl pyruvate on spinal cord repair was explored. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Functional assessment and histological analyses of astrogliosis, neuroinflammation, neuronal survival and axonal regeneration were performed to investigate the effects of ethyl pyruvate (0.086, 0.215, 0.431 or 0.646 mmol·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ) on spinal cord repair in a rat model of SCI. The effect of ethyl pyruvate (5, 10 or 15 mM) on astrocytic activation was also evaluated in an in vitro'scratch-wound' model. KEY RESULTS Functional assessment showed evident improvement of behavioural functions in the ethyl pyruvate-treated rats. Reactive astrogliosis was significantly inhibited in vivo, after injection of ethyl pyruvate (0.431 mmol·kg(-1) day(-1) ), and in vitro'scratch-wound' model in the presence of 10 or 15 mM ethyl pyruvate. The difference between effective concentration in vitro and in vivo suggests that the inhibitory effect of ethyl pyruvate on astrogliosis in damaged spinal cord is indirect. In addition, ethyl pyruvate (0.431 mmol·kg(-1) day(-1) ) attenuated SCI-induced neuroinflammation; it decreased the Iba-1-, ED-1- and CD11b-positive cells at the lesion site. Importantly, histological analyses showed a significantly greater number of surviving neurons and regenerative axons in the ethyl pyruvate-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Ethyl pyruvate was shown to inhibit astrogliosis and neuroinflammation, promote neuron survival and neural regeneration, and improve the functional recovery of spinal cord, indicating a potential neuroprotective effect of ethyl pyruvate against SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience and MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Shin JH, Kim SW, Jin Y, Kim ID, Lee JK. Ethyl pyruvate-mediated Nrf2 activation and hemeoxygenase 1 induction in astrocytes confer protective effects via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Therapeutic treatment with ethyl pyruvate attenuates the severity of liver injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2012; 41:729-37. [PMID: 22699144 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31823cd3ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP) in ameliorating liver injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and its possible mechanism. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into control group, SAP group, and EP-treated group. Then, the tissue specimens were harvested for morphological studies, immunohistochemistry examination, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. The DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor κB was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The concentrations of serum amylase, alanine aminotransferase, and pancreatic tissue malondialdehyde and the activity of myeloperoxidase in the liver were determined. RESULTS Treatment with EP after SAP was associated with a reduction in the severity of SAP and liver injury. Treatment with EP significantly decreased the hepatic mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β and ameliorated the activity of myeloperoxidase in the liver in SAP rats. Compared with the SAP group, treatment with EP significantly decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and markedly inhibited hepatic nuclear factor κB DNA binding; EP therapy dramatically inhibited high-mobility group box 1 expression from inflamed hepatic tissue. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that EP might play a therapeutic role in liver inflammation in this SAP model, and these beneficial effects of EP are because of the modulation of high-mobility group box 1 and other inflammatory cytokine responses.
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Aggarwal S, Dimitropoulou C, Lu Q, Black SM, Sharma S. Glutathione supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in a mouse model of acute lung injury. Front Physiol 2012; 3:161. [PMID: 22654772 PMCID: PMC3361071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life threatening condition associated with hypoxemia, diffuse alveolar damage, inflammation, and loss of lung function. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is a major virulence factor involved in the development of ALI. The depletion of glutathione (GSH), an essential intra- and extra-cellular protective antioxidant, by LPS is an important event that contributes to the elevation in reactive oxygen species. Whether restoring GSH homeostasis can effectively ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular apoptosis in ALI is unknown and therefore, was the focus of this study. In peripheral lung tissue of LPS-treated mice, hydrogen peroxide and protein nitration levels were significantly increased. Pre-treatment with GSH-ethyl ester (GSH-EE) prevented this increase in oxidative stress. LPS also increased the lactate/pyruvate ratio, attenuated SOD2 protein levels, and decreased ATP levels in the mouse lung indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Again, GSH-EE treatment preserved the mitochondrial function. Finally, our studies showed that LPS induced an increase in the mitochondrial translocation of Bax, caspase 3 activation, and nuclear DNA fragmentation and these parameters were all prevented with GSH-EE. Thus, this study suggests that GSH-EE supplementation may reduce the mitochondrial dysfunction associated with ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Aggarwal
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University Augusta, GA, USA
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Lee MJ, Jang M, Jung HS, Kim SH, Cho IH. Ethyl pyruvate attenuates formalin-induced inflammatory nociception by inhibiting neuronal ERK phosphorylation. Mol Pain 2012; 8:40. [PMID: 22640699 PMCID: PMC3472237 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethyl pyruvate (EP) possesses anti-inflammatory activity. However, the potential anti-nociceptive value of EP for the treatment of the inflammatory nociception is largely unknown. We investigated whether EP could have any anti-nociceptive effect on inflammatory pain, after systemic administration of EP (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), 1 hour before formalin (5%, 50 μl) injection into the plantar surface of the hind paws of rats. Results EP significantly decreased formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during phase II, the magnitude of paw edema, and the activation of c-Fos in L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn. EP also attenuated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the neurons of L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn after formalin injection. Interestingly, the i.t. administration of PD98059, an ERK upstream kinase (MEK) inhibitor, completely blocked the formalin-induced inflammatory nociceptive responses. Conclusions These results demonstrate that EP may effectively inhibit formalin-induced inflammatory nociception via the inhibition of neuronal ERK phosphorylation in the spinal dorsal horn, indicating its therapeutic potential in suppressing acute inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine, and Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Smith BC, Fernhoff NB, Marletta MA. Mechanism and kinetics of inducible nitric oxide synthase auto-S-nitrosation and inactivation. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1028-40. [PMID: 22242685 DOI: 10.1021/bi201818c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), the product of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) reaction, was previously shown to result in S-nitrosation of the NOS Zn(2+)-tetrathiolate and inactivation of the enzyme. To probe the potential physiological significance of NOS S-nitrosation, we determined the inactivation time scale of the inducible NOS isoform (iNOS) and found it directly correlates with an increase in the level of iNOS S-nitrosation. A kinetic model of NOS inactivation in which arginine is treated as a suicide substrate was developed. In this model, NO synthesized at the heme cofactor is partitioned between release into solution (NO release pathway) and NOS S-nitrosation followed by NOS inactivation (inactivation pathway). Experimentally determined progress curves of NO formation were fit to the model. The NO release pathway was perturbed through addition of the NO traps oxymyoglobin (MbO(2)) and β2 H-NOX, which yielded partition ratios between NO release and inactivation of ~100 at 4 μM MbO(2) and ~22000 at saturating trap concentrations. The results suggest that a portion of the NO synthesized at the heme cofactor reacts with the Zn(2+)-tetrathiolate without being released into solution. Perturbation of the inactivation pathway through addition of the reducing agent GSH or TCEP resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in the level of iNOS S-nitrosation that directly correlated with protection from iNOS inactivation. iNOS inactivation was most responsive to physiological concentrations of GSH with an apparent K(m) value of 13 mM. NOS turnover that leads to NOS S-nitrosation might be a mechanism for controlling NOS activity, and NOS S-nitrosation could play a role in the physiological generation of nitrosothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Smith
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3220, United States
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Ahmed AF, El-Maraghy NN, Ghaney RHA, Elshazly SM. Therapeutic effect of captopril, pentoxifylline, and cordyceps sinensis in pre-hepatic portal hypertensive rats. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:182-7. [PMID: 22626797 PMCID: PMC3371420 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.96451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Portal hypertension is an important and potentially fatal complication of liver disease whereby cellular and fibrotic alterations manifest to increase portal venous pressure. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of captopril, pentoxifylline (PTX), and cordyceps sinensis in pre-hepatic portal hypertensive rats. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Wistar male rats were divided at random into 3 main groups: the first group: control rats. The second group: sham-operated rats and the third group: prehepatic portal hypertensive rats (PHPHT) induced by regulated pre-hepatic portal vein ligation. After 14 days, Group 3 was subdivided into 5 subgroups. Subgroup (1): portal vein-ligated (PVL) was killed at once; Subgroup (2): received distilled water for 30 days (untreated PVL group); subgroups 3-5 were treated with captopril (60 mg/kg, orally); PTX (100 mg/kg, orally); and C. sinensis (200 mg/kg, orally), respectively, as a single daily dose for 30 days. PATIENTS AND METHODS Portal pressure, nitric oxide (NO), antioxidant enzymes, Liver enzymes, and creatinine levels were measured to evaluate the status of the liver state. RESULTS Portal vein ligation produced significant increments in liver enzymes, NO, creatinine and portal pressure concomitant with significant decrements in glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity. Treatment with captopril, PTX, and C. sinensis resulted in a significant reduction in liver enzymes, NO, creatinine and portal pressure and observable increase in antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSIONS captopril, PTX, and C. sinensis have promising effect in controlling PHPHT and reducing hyperdynamic circulatory state through reduction of portal pressure and NO level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nabila N. El-Maraghy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa M. Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt,Address for correspondence: Dr. Shimaa Mustafa Elshazly, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagizag University, Zagizag, Egypt. E-mail:
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Ju KD, Shin EK, Cho EJ, Yoon HB, Kim HS, Kim H, Yang J, Hwang YH, Ahn C, Oh KH. Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates albuminuria and glomerular injury in the animal model of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F606-13. [PMID: 22129969 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00415.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate is an endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substance. The present study was implemented to investigate the protective effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP) against the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in an in vivo and in vitro model. Diabetic rats were prepared by injecting streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Those that developed diabetes after 72 h were treated with EP (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats without pyruvate treatment and nondiabetic rats were used for control. As an in vitro experiment, rat mesangial cells cultured primarily from Sprague-Dawley rats were treated in high-glucose (HG; 50 mM) or normal-glucose (NG; 5 mM) conditions and with or without pyruvate. Pyruvate-treated diabetic rats exhibited decreased albuminuria and attenuated NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species generation. Immunohistochemistry showed reduced laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin deposition in the glomeruli compared with nontreated diabetic rats. Parallel changes were shown in tissue mRNA and protein expression levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, transforming growth factor-β1, laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen in the kidney. Concordantly, protective effects were also exhibited in the mesangial cell culture system. These findings suggest that pyruvate protects against kidney injury via NADPH oxidase inhibition. The present study established that activation of NADPH oxidase plays a crucial role in diabetes-induced oxidative stress, glomerular hypertrophy, and ECM molecule expression. Pyruvate exhibited a renoprotective effect in the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy. Future research is warranted to investigate the protective mechanism of pyruvate more specifically in relation to NADPH oxidase in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Don Ju
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Seoul National Univ. Hospital, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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