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Dotsenko V, Tewes B, Hils M, Pasternack R, Isola J, Taavela J, Popp A, Sarin J, Huhtala H, Hiltunen P, Zimmermann T, Mohrbacher R, Greinwald R, Lundin KEA, Schuppan D, Mäki M, Viiri K. Transcriptomic analysis of intestine following administration of a transglutaminase 2 inhibitor to prevent gluten-induced intestinal damage in celiac disease. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1218-1230. [PMID: 38914866 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CeD) by deamidating dietary gluten peptides, which facilitates antigenic presentation and a strong anti-gluten T cell response. Here, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the TG2 inhibitor ZED1227 by performing transcriptional analysis of duodenal biopsies from individuals with CeD on a long-term gluten-free diet before and after a 6-week gluten challenge combined with 100 mg per day ZED1227 or placebo. At the transcriptome level, orally administered ZED1227 effectively prevented gluten-induced intestinal damage and inflammation, providing molecular-level evidence that TG2 inhibition is an effective strategy for treating CeD. ZED1227 treatment preserved transcriptome signatures associated with mucosal morphology, inflammation, cell differentiation and nutrient absorption to the level of the gluten-free diet group. Nearly half of the gluten-induced gene expression changes in CeD were associated with the epithelial interferon-γ response. Moreover, data suggest that deamidated gluten-induced adaptive immunity is a sufficient step to set the stage for CeD pathogenesis. Our results, with the limited sample size, also suggest that individuals with CeD might benefit from an HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8 stratification based on gene doses to maximally eliminate the interferon-γ-induced mucosal damage triggered by gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Dotsenko
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Jorma Isola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Jilab Inc, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Taavela
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alina Popp
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila' and National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Heini Huhtala
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauliina Hiltunen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Knut E A Lundin
- Norwegian Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Celiac Center, Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markku Mäki
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Beneficial Role of Microbial Transglutaminase in the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Coeliac Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022; 74:728-733. [PMID: 35442226 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is caused by immunological intolerance to wheat gluten and related proteins of rye and barley. Consequently, gluten-free (GF) products have been developed but technological implementation is required to improve their intrinsic rheological properties. One alternative for increasing the functional properties of GF foodstuff is the incorporation of microbial transglutaminase (mTG), which allows for the cross-linking of proteins that can substitute for the gluten network in the bakery industry. mTG has been, however, suggested to mimic tissue transglutaminase and to be immunogenic in CD patients. Recently, both mTG and gliadin were found to be transported to the endoplasmic reticulum of enterocytes, suggesting cross-presentation and potential interaction with immune cells in CD. Although pathogenetic activity of mTG has not been found to date, these data naturally raise concerns among clinicians and patients about the use of mTG as a food additive. On the contrary, different studies have shown that treatment with mTG was effective in reducing the inflammatory immune response of gluten in CD. In this article, we take advantage of recent advances in gut physiology and CD pathogenesis to revise the literature data on mTG. An updated and unbiased overview of the role of mTG in this pathology allowed us to definitively highlight the beneficial use of this food additive by CD patients.
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Callebaut A, Bruggeman Y, Zamit C, Sodré FMC, Irla M, Mathieu C, Buitinga M, Overbergh L. Aberrant expression of transglutaminase 2 in pancreas and thymus of NOD mice underscores the importance of deamidation in neoantigen generation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:908248. [PMID: 35966081 PMCID: PMC9367685 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.908248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications can lead to a break in immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Deamidation, the conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid by transglutaminase (TGM) enzymes, is a post-translational modification of interest, with deamidated peptides being reported as autoantigens in T1D. However, little is known about how Tgm2, the most ubiquitously expressed Tgm isoform, is regulated and how tolerance against deamidated peptides is lost. Here, we report on the aberrant expression and regulation of Tgm2 in the pancreas and thymus of NOD mice. We demonstrate that Tgm2 expression is induced by the inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IFNγ in a synergistic manner and that murine pancreatic islets of NOD mice have higher Tgm2 levels, while Tgm2 levels in medullary thymic epithelial cells are reduced. We thus provide the first direct evidence to our knowledge that central tolerance establishment against deamidated peptides might be impaired due to lower Tgm2 expression in NOD medullary thymic epithelial cells, which together with the aberrantly high levels of deamidated peptides in NOD β-cells underscores the role of deamidation in amplifying T-cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aїsha Callebaut
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ylke Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cloé Zamit
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Fernanda Marques Câmara Sodré
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magali Irla
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lut Overbergh,
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Voisine J, Abadie V. Interplay Between Gluten, HLA, Innate and Adaptive Immunity Orchestrates the Development of Coeliac Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674313. [PMID: 34149709 PMCID: PMC8206552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several environmental, genetic, and immune factors create a "perfect storm" for the development of coeliac disease: the antigen gluten, the strong association of coeliac disease with HLA, the deamidation of gluten peptides by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) generating peptides that bind strongly to the predisposing HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, and the ensuing unrestrained T cell response. T cell immunity is at the center of the disease contributing to the inflammatory process through the loss of tolerance to gluten and the differentiation of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8-restricted anti-gluten inflammatory CD4+ T cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and to the killing of intestinal epithelial cells by cytotoxic intraepithelial CD8+ lymphocytes. However, recent studies emphasize that the individual contribution of each of these cell subsets is not sufficient and that interactions between these different populations of T cells and the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in distinct gut compartments are required to promote disease immunopathology. In this review, we will discuss how tissue destruction in the context of coeliac disease results from the complex interactions between gluten, HLA molecules, TG2, and multiple innate and adaptive immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Voisine
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Coles ME, Forga AJ, Señas-Cuesta R, Graham BD, Selby CM, Uribe ÁJ, Martínez BC, Angel-Isaza JA, Vuong CN, Hernandez-Velasco X, Hargis BM, Tellez-Isaias G. Assessment of Lippia origanoides Essential Oils in a Salmonella typhimurium, Eimeria maxima, and Clostridium perfringens Challenge Model to Induce Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1111. [PMID: 33924404 PMCID: PMC8069271 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present research was to evaluate dietary supplementation of essential oils from Lippia origanoides (LEO) on necrotic enteritis (NE). Chickens were randomly assigned to three groups. Group 1: negative control; Group 2: positive control challenged with Salmonella typhimurium (day 1), Eimeria maxima (day 18), and C. perfringens (CP, days 22-23); Group 3: dietary supplementation LEO and challenged. On d 25 of age, serum samples were collected to evaluate fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d), superoxide dismutase (SOD), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Group 3 showed a significant reduction of the harmful effects of induced infection/dysbiosis and a significant reduction in NE lesion scores, morbidity and mortality compared with the positive challenge control group (p < 0.05) compared with Group 2. Digested feed supernatant, supplemented with LEO and inoculated with CP, reduced CP burden (p < 0.05). Group 3 also exhibited a significant reduction in FITC-d, IFN-γ and IgA compared with Group 2. However, a significant increase SOD was observed in Group 3 compared with both control groups. Further investigation to compare the effect of LEO and the standard treatment of clostridial NE is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenly E. Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Aaron J. Forga
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Roberto Señas-Cuesta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Brittany D. Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Callie M. Selby
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Álvaro J. Uribe
- Promitec S.A., Bucaramanga, Santander 680001, Colombia; (Á.J.U.); (B.C.M.); (J.A.A.-I.)
| | - Blanca C. Martínez
- Promitec S.A., Bucaramanga, Santander 680001, Colombia; (Á.J.U.); (B.C.M.); (J.A.A.-I.)
| | - Jaime A. Angel-Isaza
- Promitec S.A., Bucaramanga, Santander 680001, Colombia; (Á.J.U.); (B.C.M.); (J.A.A.-I.)
| | - Christine N. Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, FMVZ, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 4510, Mexico;
| | - Billy M. Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Guillermo Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (M.E.C.); (A.J.F.); (R.S.-C.); (B.D.G.); (C.M.S.); (C.N.V.); (B.M.H.)
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Dietary Gluten and Neurodegeneration: A Case for Preclinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155407. [PMID: 32751379 PMCID: PMC7432597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that primarily involves the intestinal tract, mounting evidence suggests that a sizeable number of patients exhibit neurological deficits. About 40% of the celiac patients with neurological manifestations have circulating antibodies against neural tissue transglutaminase-6 (tTG6). While early diagnosis and strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) have been recommended to prevent neurological dysfunction, better therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the overall quality of life. Dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, presence of anti-tTG6 antibodies, and epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis. It is also possible that circulating or gut-derived extracellular structures and including biomolecular condensates and extracellular vesicles contribute to disease pathogenesis. There are several avenues for shaping the dysregulated gut homeostasis in individuals with CD, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and/or neurodegeneration. In addition to GFD and probiotics, nutraceuticals, such as phyto and synthetic cannabinoids, represent a new approach that could shape the host microbiome towards better prognostic outcomes. Finally, we provide a data-driven rationale for potential future pre-clinical research involving non-human primates (NHPs) to investigate the effect of nutraceuticals, such as phyto and synthetic cannabinoids, either alone or in combination with GFD to prevent/mitigate dietary gluten-induced neurodegeneration.
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Jiang HY, Zhang X, Zhou YY, Jiang CM, Shi YD. Infection, antibiotic exposure, and risk of celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35:557-566. [PMID: 31733109 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There is evidence of a relationship between infection (and the associated antibiotic exposure) and the risk of celiac disease (CD). This study performed a meta-analysis to investigate this relationship. METHODS To identify relevant studies, we conducted systematic searches of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for articles published up to April 2019. Random effects models were used to determine overall pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The meta-analysis included 19 observational studies (15 on infection and six on antibiotic exposure). Our results showed that any infection was associated with an increased risk of CD later in life (odds ratio, 1.37; 95% CI: 1.2-1.56; P < 0.001). The I2 was 94% (high heterogeneity among studies). Subgroup analyses suggested that the risk of CD is not affected by the type of infectious agent, timing of exposure, and site of infection. Exposure to antibiotics was also associated with new-onset CD (odds ratio, 1.2; 95% CI: 1.04-1.39; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Exposure to early infection or antibiotic appears to increase the odds of developing CD, suggesting that intestinal immune or microbiota dysbiosis may play a role in the pathogenesis of CD. These findings may influence clinical management and primary prevention of CD. However, noncausal explanations for these positive associations cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Zhou
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Min Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Dan Shi
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
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Kim GE, Park HH. Structures of Human Transglutaminase 2: Finding Clues for Interference in Cross-linking Mediated Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062225. [PMID: 32210142 PMCID: PMC7139744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) has various functions, including roles in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, development, differentiation, wound healing, and angiogenesis, and is linked to many diseases such as cancer. Although TGase2 has been considered an optimized drug target for the treatment of cancer, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative disorders, it has been difficult to generate TGase2-targeted drugs for clinical use because of the relatively flat and broad active site on TGase2. To design more specific and powerful inhibitors, detailed structural information about TGase2 complexed with various effector and inhibitor molecules is required. In this review, we summarized the current structural studies on TGase2, which will aid in designing drugs that can overcome the aforementioned limitations.
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Lipid profile, atherogenic indices, and their relationship with epicardial fat thickness and carotid intima-media thickness in celiac disease. North Clin Istanb 2019; 6:242-247. [PMID: 31650110 PMCID: PMC6790920 DOI: 10.14744/nci.2019.54936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis by measuring epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT), evaluate low-level inflammation with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and evaluate whether there is a relationship among lipid profile, atherogenic indices, and hsCRP with these subclinical atherosclerosis markers in patients with celiac disease (CD). METHODS: After exclusion and inclusion criteria were applied, 31 patients with CD (24 female, mean age: 39.4±12.3 years) and 32 healthy controls (21 female, mean age: 39.5±4.4 years), totally 63 cases, were recruited. Subclinical atherosclerosis was evaluated with EFT by transthoracic echocardiography and cIMT by ultrasonography. Inflammatory markers including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hsCRP, and lipid profile were recorded. Also, atherogenic indices were calculated: Castelli risk index I and II (TG/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c, respectively), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP; logarithm TG/HDL-c), non-HDL-c (TG-HDL-c), and atherogenic coefficient (AC; non-HDL-c/HDL-c). RESULTS: EFT was significantly higher in the CD group (0.49±0.10 vs. 0.49±0.09; p-value: 0.02). Although cIMT was higher in the patient group, it did not reach statistical significance (0.51±0.08, 0.47±0.08; p-value: 0.10). HDL cholesterol level was found to be significantly lower (42.0±8.8 vs. 50.0±13.7; p-value: 0.01), and the plasma atherogenic index was found to be significantly higher in the patient group (0.98±0.50 vs. 0.62±0.64; p-value: 0.02). hsCRP (3.51±3.18 vs. 1.92±1.40; p-value: 0.02) and ESR (17.2±12.8 with 9.7±3.1; p-value: 0.01) were found to be significantly higher in the CD group. Although there was a significant positive correlation between EFT and hsCRP (r: 0.453; p-value: 0.01), there was a significant negative correlation between cIMT and HDL-cholesterol (−0.339; p-value: 0.05), and a significant positive correlation with the other components of the atherogenic index was found. CONCLUSION: The risk of atherosclerosis has been increased in patients with CD. Chronic inflammation may be responsible for this increase along with atherogenic indices.
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Rogerson C, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Protein kinases involved in epidermal barrier formation: The AKT family and other animals. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:892-900. [PMID: 29845670 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of a stratified epidermis is required for the performance of the essential functions of the skin; to act as an outside-in barrier against the access of microorganisms and other external factors, to prevent loss of water and solutes via inside-out barrier functions and to withstand mechanical stresses. Epidermal barrier function is initiated during embryonic development and is then maintained throughout life and restored after injury. A variety of interrelated processes are required for the formation of a stratified epidermis, and how these processes are both temporally and spatially regulated has long been an aspect of dermatological research. In this review, we describe the roles of multiple protein kinases in the regulation of processes required for epidermal barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rogerson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multi-functional protein that has both protein cross-linking and guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis activities. The activities of this protein are controlled by many cellular factors, including calcium (Ca2+) and GTP, and have been implicated in several physiological activities, including apoptosis, angiogenesis, wound healing, cellular differentiation, neuronal regeneration, and bone development. TG2 is linked to many human diseases such as inflammatory disease, celiac disease, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, tissue fibrosis, and various cancers and is one of the most dynamic enzymes in terms of its functions, structures, and regulatory mechanisms. The aim of this review was to summarize the functional, structural, and regulatory diversity of TG2, with a particular focus on the structure of TG2.
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12
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Shinde AV, Su Y, Palanski BA, Fujikura K, Garcia MJ, Frangogiannis NG. Pharmacologic inhibition of the enzymatic effects of tissue transglutaminase reduces cardiac fibrosis and attenuates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy following pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 117:36-48. [PMID: 29481819 PMCID: PMC5892840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a multifunctional protein with a wide range of enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. We have recently demonstrated that tTG expression is upregulated in the pressure-overloaded myocardium and exerts fibrogenic actions promoting diastolic dysfunction, while preventing chamber dilation. Our current investigation dissects the in vivo and in vitro roles of the enzymatic effects of tTG on fibrotic remodeling in pressure-overloaded myocardium. Using a mouse model of transverse aortic constriction, we demonstrated perivascular and interstitial tTG activation in the remodeling pressure-overloaded heart. tTG inhibition through administration of the selective small molecule tTG inhibitor ERW1041E attenuated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis in the pressure-overloaded heart, without affecting chamber dimensions and ejection fraction. In vivo, tTG inhibition markedly reduced myocardial collagen mRNA and protein levels and attenuated transcription of fibrosis-associated genes. In contrast, addition of exogenous recombinant tTG to fibroblast-populated collagen pads had no significant effects on collagen transcription, and instead increased synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)1 through transamidase-independent actions. However, enzymatic effects of matrix-bound tTG increased the thickness of pericellular collagen in fibroblast-populated pads. tTG exerts distinct enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions in the remodeling pressure-overloaded heart. The enzymatic effects of tTG are fibrogenic and promote diastolic dysfunction, but do not directly modulate the pro-fibrotic transcriptional program of fibroblasts. Targeting transamidase-dependent actions of tTG may be a promising therapeutic strategy in patients with heart failure and fibrosis-associated diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti V Shinde
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ya Su
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Brad A Palanski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kana Fujikura
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mario J Garcia
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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Jabri B, Sollid LM. T Cells in Celiac Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3005-3014. [PMID: 28373482 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a human T cell-mediated autoimmune-like disorder caused by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. This review will discuss how CD4 T cell responses directed against an exogenous Ag can cause an autoreactive B cell response and participate in the licensing of intraepithelial lymphocytes to kill intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, this review will examine the mechanisms by which intraepithelial cytotoxic T cells mediate tissue destruction in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
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14
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Abstract
Celiac disease is a lifelong immune disorder of the small intestine where inflammation is triggered by dietary gluten. There is an urgent need for the development of nondietary therapies for this widespread but overlooked disease. More fundamentally, a molecular understanding of gluten-induced pathogenesis in celiac disease has the potential to provide new insights into mucosal immunology. Over the past two decades, three pathogenically critical molecules-gluten, TG2, and HLA-DQ2-have served as focal points for collaborative efforts between biologists, chemists, engineers, and clinicians with an interest in celiac disease. This perspective summarizes a few examples of such multidisciplinary research directions with an emphasis on groundbreaking clinical studies that have profoundly informed the trajectory of subsequent molecular investigations. Examples of future challenges in fundamental and translational celiac disease research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitan Khosla
- Stanford ChEM-H & Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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Celiac disease and atherosclerosis: An immunologic puzzle to be solved? Immunol Lett 2016; 180:75-76. [PMID: 27743857 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Expression of Transglutaminase in Foreskin of Children with Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091551. [PMID: 27649154 PMCID: PMC5037824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder of unclear etiology. The etiology and the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the disease are still unknown. The human transglutaminase (TG) family consists of several proteins with catalytic activity essential for biological processes. In the present research we investigated the transcript levels of three TGs in patients operated on for congenital phimosis without or with histologically confirmed BXO; Thirty children with acquired phimosis were enrolled. The removed foreskins were sent both for histological diagnosis and for quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate the transcript levels of keratinocyte (TG1), tissue (TG2), and epidermal (TG3) transglutaminase; We observed a decrease in TG1 and TG3 transcripts by about 70% (p < 0.001) in foreskins from patients with BXO (n = 15) in comparison with patients without BXO (n = 15) and an increase in TG2 mRNA levels by 2.9 folds (p < 0.001); Reduced expression of both TG1 and TG3 was associated with the altered structure of the foreskin in BXO and can be a consequence of damage to keratinocytes. Increased expression of TG2 can be the result of chronic inflammation. TG2 overexpression can play a pivotal role in triggering and maintaining the inflammatory response in BXO patients.
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Stein J, Schuppan D. Coeliac Disease - New Pathophysiological Findings and Their Implications for Therapy. VISZERALMEDIZIN 2015; 30:156-65. [PMID: 26288589 PMCID: PMC4513807 DOI: 10.1159/000365099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is one of the most common diseases worldwide, resulting from a combination of environmental (gluten) and genetic (human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes) factors. Depending on the geographical location, the prevalence of CD has been estimated to approximate 0.5-1%. The only treatment currently available for CD is a gluten-free diet (GFD) excluding gluten-containing cereals such as wheat, rye, and barley, and other foodstuffs with natural or added gluten. However, adherence rates and patient acceptance are often poor. Moreover, even in fully adherent patients, the diet may fail to induce clinical or histological improvement. Hence, it is unsurprising that studies show CD patients to be highly interested in non-dietary alternatives. The following review focuses on current pathophysiological concepts of CD, spotlighting those pathways which may serve as new possible, non-dietary therapeutic targets in the treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Stein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Sachsenhausen Hospital, Teaching Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany ; Interdisciplinary Crohn Colitis Centre Rhein-Main, Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Hospital Mainz, Germany ; Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Mounayar M, Kefaloyianni E, Smith B, Solhjou Z, Maarouf OH, Azzi J, Chabtini L, Fiorina P, Kraus M, Briddell R, Fodor W, Herrlich A, Abdi R. PI3kα and STAT1 Interplay Regulates Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Immune Polarization. Stem Cells 2015; 33:1892-901. [PMID: 25753288 PMCID: PMC4976699 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is critical for their use in therapeutic applications. MSC response to specific inflammatory cues allows them to switch between a proinflammatory (MSC1) or anti-inflammatory (MSC2) phenotype. Regulatory mechanisms controlling this switch remain to be defined. One characteristic feature of MSC2 is their ability to respond to IFNγ with induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), representing the key immunoregulatory molecule released by human MSC. Here, we show that STAT1 and PI3Kα pathways interplay regulates IFNγ-induced IDO production in MSC. Chemical phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pan-inhibition, PI3Kα-specific inhibition or shRNA knockdown diminished IFNγ-induced IDO production. This effect involved PI3Kα-mediated upregulation of STAT1 protein levels and phosphorylation at Ser727. Overexpression of STAT1 or of a constitutively active PI3Kα mutant failed to induce basal IDO production, but shifted MSC into an MSC2-like phenotype by strongly enhancing IDO production in response to IFNγ as compared to controls. STAT1 overexpression strongly enhanced MSC-mediated T-cell suppression. The same effect could be induced using short-term pretreatment of MSC with a chemical inhibitor of the counter player of PI3K, phosphatase and tensin homolog. Finally, downregulation of STAT1 abrogated the immunosuppressive capacity of MSC. Our results for the first time identify critical upstream signals for the induced production of IDO in MSCs that could be manipulated therapeutically to enhance their immunosuppressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Mounayar
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eirini Kefaloyianni
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian Smith
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhabiz Solhjou
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Omar H. Maarouf
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lola Chabtini
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Morey Kraus
- Viacord LLC, A PerkinElmer Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert Briddell
- ViaCord Processing Lab, ViaCord LLC, A PerkinElmer Company, Hebron, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Andreas Herrlich
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Yi MC, Palanski BA, Quintero SA, Plugis NM, Khosla C. An unprecedented dual antagonist and agonist of human Transglutaminase 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4922-4926. [PMID: 26004580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed, Ca(2+)-activated extracellular enzyme in mammals that is maintained in a catalytically dormant state by multiple mechanisms. Although its precise physiological role in the extracellular matrix remains unclear, aberrantly up-regulated TG2 activity is a hallmark of several maladies, including celiac disease. Previously, we reported the discovery of a class of acylideneoxoindoles as potent, reversible inhibitors of human TG2. Detailed analysis of one of those inhibitors (CK-IV-55) led to an unprecedented and striking observation. Whereas this compound was a non-competitive inhibitor (3.3±0.9 μM) of human TG2 at saturating Ca(2+) concentrations, it activated TG2 in the presence of sub-saturating but physiologically relevant Ca(2+) concentrations (0.5-0.7 mM). This finding was validated in a cellular model of TG2 activation and inhibition. Mutant TG2 analysis suggested that CK-IV-55 and its analogs bound to a low-affinity Ca(2+) binding site on the catalytic core of TG2. A mechanistic model for the dual agonistic/antagonistic action of CK-IV-55 on TG2 is presented, and the pathophysiological implications of basal activation of intestinal TG2 by small molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brad A Palanski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven A Quintero
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas M Plugis
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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20
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The effects of reduced gluten barley diet on humoral and cell-mediated systemic immune responses of gluten-sensitive rhesus macaques. Nutrients 2015; 7:1657-71. [PMID: 25756783 PMCID: PMC4377872 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) affects approximately 1% of the general population while an estimated additional 6% suffers from a recently characterized, rapidly emerging, similar disease, referred to as non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). The only effective treatment of CD and NCGS requires removal of gluten sources from the diet. Since required adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) is difficult to accomplish, efforts to develop alternative treatments have been intensifying in recent years. In this study, the non-human primate model of CD/NCGS, e.g., gluten-sensitive rhesus macaque, was utilized with the objective to evaluate the treatment potential of reduced gluten cereals using a reduced gluten (RG; 1% of normal gluten) barley mutant as a model. Conventional and RG barleys were used for the formulation of experimental chows and fed to gluten-sensitive (GS) and control macaques to determine if RG barley causes a remission of dietary gluten-induced clinical and immune responses in GS macaques. The impacts of the RG barley diet were compared with the impacts of the conventional barley-containing chow and the GFD. Although remission of the anti-gliadin antibody (AGA) serum responses and an improvement of clinical diarrhea were noted after switching the conventional to the RG barley diet, production of inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by peripheral CD4+ T helper lymphocytes, persisted during the RG chow treatment and were partially abolished only upon re-administration of the GFD. It was concluded that the RG barley diet might be used for the partial improvement of gluten-induced disease but its therapeutic value still requires upgrading—by co-administration of additional treatments.
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21
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Abadie V, Jabri B. Immunopathology of Celiac Disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Yang S, Yu M, Sun L, Xiao W, Yang X, Sun L, Zhang C, Ma Y, Yang H, Liu Y, Lu D, Teitelbaum DH, Yang H. Interferon-γ-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:195-203. [PMID: 24237301 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays an important role in intestinal barrier dysfunction. However, the mechanisms are not fully understood. As hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a critical determinant response to hypoxia and inflammation, which has been shown to be deleterious to intestinal barrier function, we hypothesized that IFN-γ induces loss of barrier function through the regulation of HIF-1α activation and function. In this study, we detected the expressions of HIF-1α and tight junction proteins in IFN-γ-treated T84 intestinal epithelial cell line. IFN-γ led to an increase of HIF-1α expression in time- and dose-dependent manners but did not change the expression of HIF-1β. The IFN-γ-induced increase in HIF-1α was associated with an activation of NF-κB. Treatment with the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC), significantly suppressed the activation of NF-κB and the expression of HIF-1α. In addition, IFN-γ also increased intestinal epithelial permeability and depletion of tight junction proteins; inhibition of NF-κB or HIF-1α prevented the increase in intestinal permeability and alteration in tight junction protein expressions. Interestingly, we demonstrated that a significant portion of IFN-γ activation NF-kB and modulation tight junction expression is mediated through HIF-1α. Taken together, this study suggested that IFN-γ induced the loss of epithelial barrier function and disruption of tight junction proteins, by upregulation of HIF-1α expression through NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Yang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
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23
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Antonella Nadalutti C, Korponay-Szabo IR, Kaukinen K, Wang Z, Griffin M, Mäki M, Lindfors K. Thioredoxin is involved in endothelial cell extracellular transglutaminase 2 activation mediated by celiac disease patient IgA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77277. [PMID: 24130874 PMCID: PMC3793942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of thioredoxin (TRX), a novel regulator of extracellular transglutaminase 2 (TG2), in celiac patients IgA (CD IgA) mediated TG2 enzymatic activation. Methods TG2 enzymatic activity was evaluated in endothelial cells (HUVECs) under different experimental conditions by ELISA and Western blotting. Extracellular TG2 expression was studied by ELISA and immunofluorescence. TRX was analysed by Western blotting and ELISA. Serum immunoglobulins class A from healthy subjects (H IgA) were used as controls. Extracellular TG2 enzymatic activity was inhibited by R281. PX12, a TRX inhibitor, was also employed in the present study. Results We have found that in HUVECs CD IgA is able to induce the activation of extracellular TG2 in a dose-dependent manner. Particularly, we noted that the extracellular modulation of TG2 activity mediated by CD IgA occurred only under reducing conditions, also needed to maintain antibody binding. Furthermore, CD IgA-treated HUVECs were characterized by a slightly augmented TG2 surface expression which was independent from extracellular TG2 activation. We also observed that HUVECs cultured in the presence of CD IgA evinced decreased TRX surface expression, coupled with increased secretion of the protein into the culture medium. Intriguingly, inhibition of TRX after CD IgA treatment was able to overcome most of the CD IgA-mediated effects including the TG2 extracellular transamidase activity. Conclusions Altogether our findings suggest that in endothelial cells CD IgA mediate the constitutive activation of extracellular TG2 by a mechanism involving the redox sensor protein TRX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antonella Nadalutti
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilma Rita Korponay-Szabo
- Celiac Disease Center, Heim Palm Children’s Hospital, Budapest and Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katri Kaukinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Department of GastroenterologyandAlimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Finland
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Markku Mäki
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Katri Lindfors
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Naydenov NG, Baranwal S, Khan S, Feygin A, Gupta P, Ivanov AI. Novel mechanism of cytokine-induced disruption of epithelial barriers: Janus kinase and protein kinase D-dependent downregulation of junction protein expression. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e25231. [PMID: 24665409 PMCID: PMC3783224 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.25231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ductal epithelium plays a key role in physiological secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the digestive system. Loss of barrier properties of the pancreatic duct may contribute to the development of pancreatitis and metastatic dissemination of pancreatic tumors. Proinflammatory cytokines are essential mediators of pancreatic inflammation and tumor progression; however, their effects on the integrity and barrier properties of the ductal epithelium have not been previously addressed. In the present study, we investigate mechanisms of cytokine-induced disassembly of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) in a model pancreatic epithelium. Exposure of HPAF-II human pancreatic epithelial cell monolayers to interferon (IFN)γ disrupted integrity and function of apical junctions as manifested by increased epithelial permeability and cytosolic translocation of AJ and TJ proteins. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α potentiated the effects of IFNγ on pancreatic epithelial junctions. The cytokine-induced increase in epithelial permeability and AJ/TJ disassembly was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) and protein kinase D (PKD). Loss of apical junctions in IFNγ/TNFα-treated HPAF-II cells was accompanied by JAK and PKD dependent decrease in expression of AJ (E-cadherin, p120 catenin) and TJ (occludin, ZO-1) proteins. Depletion of E-cadherin or p120 catenin recapitulated the effects of cytokines on HPAF-II cell permeability and junctions. Our data suggests that proinflammatory cytokines disrupt pancreatic epithelial barrier via expressional downregulation of key structural components of AJs and TJs. This mechanism is likely to be important for pancreatic inflammatory injury and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Somesh Baranwal
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Shadab Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Alex Feygin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Pooja Gupta
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA USA; ; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA ; VCU Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA
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25
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Xu H, Feely SL, Wang X, Liu DX, Borda JT, Dufour J, Li W, Aye PP, Doxiadis GG, Khosla C, Veazey RS, Sestak K. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy coincides with decreased capability of intestinal T cells to secrete IL-17 and IL-22 in a macaque model for celiac disease. Clin Immunol 2013; 147:40-49. [PMID: 23518597 PMCID: PMC3732447 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder caused by intolerance to dietary gluten. The interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 function as innate regulators of mucosal integrity. Impaired but not well-understood kinetics of the IL-17/22 secretion was described in celiac patients. Here, the IL-17 and IL-22-producing intestinal cells were studied upon their in vitro stimulation with mitogens in class II major histocompatibility complex-defined, gluten-sensitive rhesus macaques. Pediatric biopsies were collected from distal duodenum during the stages of disease remission and relapse. Regardless of dietary gluten content, IL-17 and IL-22-producing cells consisted of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes as well as of lineage-negative (Lin-) cells. Upon introduction of dietary gluten, capability of intestinal T cells to secrete IL-17/22 started to decline (p<0.05), which was paralleled with gradual disruption of epithelial integrity. These data indicate that IL-17/22-producing cells play an important role in maintenance of intestinal mucosa in gluten-sensitive primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Stephanie L Feely
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - David X Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Juan T Borda
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jason Dufour
- Division of Veterinary Resources, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pyone P Aye
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA; Division of Veterinary Resources, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Gaby G Doxiadis
- Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Karol Sestak
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
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26
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DiRaimondo TR, Plugis NM, Jin X, Khosla C. Selective inhibition of extracellular thioredoxin by asymmetric disulfides. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1301-10. [PMID: 23327656 PMCID: PMC3574193 DOI: 10.1021/jm301775s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Whereas the role of mammalian thioredoxin (Trx) as an intracellular protein cofactor is widely appreciated, its function in the extracellular environment is not well-understood. Only few extracellular targets of Trx-mediated thiol-disulfide exchange are known. For example, Trx activates extracellular transglutaminase 2 (TG2) via reduction of an intramolecular disulfide bond. Because hyperactive TG2 is thought to play a role in various diseases, understanding the biological role of extracellular Trx may provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of these disorders. Starting from a clinical-stage asymmetric disulfide lead, we have identified analogs with >100-fold specificity for Trx. Structure-activity relationship and computational docking model analyses have provided insights into the features important for enhancing potency and specificity. The most active compound identified had an IC(50) below 0.1 μM in cell culture and may be appropriate for in vivo use to interrogate the role of extracellular Trx in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Chaitan Khosla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305
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27
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Klöck C, Diraimondo TR, Khosla C. Role of transglutaminase 2 in celiac disease pathogenesis. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:513-22. [PMID: 22437759 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of lines of evidence suggest that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) may be one of the earliest disease-relevant proteins to encounter immunotoxic gluten in the celiac gut. These and other investigations also suggest that the reaction catalyzed by TG2 on dietary gluten peptides is essential for the pathogenesis of celiac disease. If so, several questions are of critical significance. How is TG2 activated in the celiac gut? What are the disease-specific and general consequences of activating TG2? Can local inhibition of TG2 in the celiac intestine suppress gluten induced pathogenesis in a dose-responsive manner? And what are the long-term consequences of suppressing TG2 activity in the small intestinal mucosa? Answers to these questions will depend upon the development of judicious models and chemical tools. They also have the potential of yielding powerful next-generation drug candidates for treating this widespread but overlooked chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Klöck
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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