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Wołowiec Ł, Banach J, Budzyński J, Wołowiec A, Kozakiewicz M, Bieliński M, Jaśniak A, Olejarczyk A, Grześk G. Prognostic Value of Plasma Catestatin Concentration in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in Two-Year Follow-Up. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4208. [PMID: 37445245 PMCID: PMC10342751 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of measuring plasma catestatin (CST) concentration in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) as a predictor of unplanned hospitalization and all-cause death independently and as a composite endpoint at 2-year follow-up. The study group includes 122 hospitalized Caucasian patients in NYHA classes II to IV. Patients who died during the 24-month follow-up period (n = 44; 36%) were significantly older on the day of enrollment, were more likely to be in a higher NYHA class, had lower TAPSE, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and platelet count, higher concentrations of CST, NT-proBNP, troponin T, creatinine, and glucose, and higher red cell distribution width value and leukocyte and neutrocyte count than patients who survived the follow-up period. Plasma catestatin concentration increased with NYHA class (R = 0.58; p <0.001) and correlated significantly with blood NT-proBNP concentration (R = 0.44; p <0.001). We showed that higher plasma catestatin concentration increased the risk of all-cause death by more than five times. Plasma CST concentration is a valuable prognostic parameter in predicting death from all causes and unplanned hospitalization in patients with HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wołowiec
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland (A.J.); (G.G.)
| | - Joanna Banach
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland (A.J.); (G.G.)
| | - Jacek Budzyński
- Department of Vascular and Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (J.B.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Wołowiec
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Biochemistry and Biogerontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Department of Geriatrics, Division of Biochemistry and Biogerontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Maciej Bieliński
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Albert Jaśniak
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland (A.J.); (G.G.)
| | - Agata Olejarczyk
- Department of Vascular and Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (J.B.); (A.O.)
| | - Grzegorz Grześk
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland (A.J.); (G.G.)
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Serum Catestatin Levels Correlate with Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Indices of Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Primary Hypertension. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091204. [PMID: 36139043 PMCID: PMC9496451 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data suggests that catestatin, an eclectic neuroendocrine peptide, is involved in the pathophysiology of primary hypertension (PH). Nevertheless, clinical studies concerning its role in PH are still scarce. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to explore an association between serum catestatin levels, ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness in patients with PH and healthy controls. In this single-center study, 72 patients aged 40−70 diagnosed with PH, and 72 healthy controls were included. In patients with PH, serum catestatin concentrations were significantly higher in comparison to the healthy controls (29.70 (19.33−49.48) ng/mL vs. 5.83 (4.21−8.29) ng/mL, p < 0.001). Untreated patients had significantly higher serum catestatin than patients treated with antihypertensive drugs (41.61 (22.85−63.83) ng/mL vs. 24.77 (16.41−40.21) ng/mL, p = 0.005). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum catestatin levels retained a significant association with mean arterial pressure (β ± standard error, 0.8123 ± 0.3037, p < 0.009) after model adjustments for age, sex and body mass index. Finally, catestatin levels positively correlated with pulse wave velocity (r = 0.496, p < 0.001) and central augmentation index (r = 0.441, p < 0.001), but not with peripheral resistance. In summary, increased serum catestatin concentration in PH, predominantly in the untreated subgroup, and its association with ambulatory BP and arterial stiffness address the role of this peptide in PH.
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Zalewska E, Kmieć P, Sworczak K. Role of Catestatin in the Cardiovascular System and Metabolic Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:909480. [PMID: 35665253 PMCID: PMC9160393 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.909480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Catestatin is a multifunctional peptide that is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular and immune systems as well as metabolic homeostatis. It mitigates detrimental, excessive activity of the sympathetic nervous system by inhibiting catecholamine secretion. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, catestatin was shown to reduce adipose tissue, inhibit inflammatory response, prevent macrophage-driven atherosclerosis, and regulate cytokine production and release. Clinical studies indicate that catestatin may influence the processes leading to hypertension, affect the course of coronary artery diseases and heart failure. This review presents up-to-date research on catestatin with a particular emphasis on cardiovascular diseases based on a literature search.
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Catestatin as a Biomarker of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Clinical Perspective. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121757. [PMID: 34944578 PMCID: PMC8698910 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accounting for almost one-third of the global mortality, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent a major global health issue. Emerging data suggest that most of the well-established mechanistic explanations regarding the cardiovascular pathophysiology are flawed, and cannot fully explain the progression and long-term effects of these diseases. On the other hand, dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has emerged as an important player in the pathophysiology of CVDs. Even though upregulated SNS activity is an essential compensatory response to various stress conditions, in the long term, it becomes a major contributor to both cardiac dysfunction and vascular damage. Despite the fact that the importance of SNS hyperactivity in the setting of CVDs has been well-appreciated, its exact quantification and clinical application in either diagnostics or therapy of CVDs is still out of reach. Nevertheless, in recent years a number of novel laboratory biomarkers implicated in the pathophysiology of SNS activation have been explored. Specifically, in this review, we aimed to discuss the role of catestatin, a potent physiological inhibitor of catecholamine spillover that offers cardioprotective effects. Limited data indicate that catestatin could also be a reliable indirect marker of SNS activity and it is likely that high CST levels reflect advanced CV disease burden. Consequently, large-scale studies are required to validate these observations in the upcoming future.
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Catestatin as a New Prognostic Marker in Stable Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction in Two-Year Follow-Up. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8847211. [PMID: 33082887 PMCID: PMC7556099 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8847211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose. The main goal of the study was to assess the usefulness of plasma concentrations of catestatin as a predictor of a composite endpoint (CE): unplanned hospitalization and death for all causes in patients with HFrEF in the midterm follow-up. Experimental Approach. The study group consisted of 52 Caucasian patients in NYHA classes II and III. The control group consisted of 24 healthy volunteers. The biomarkers, whose concentration was assessed before and after physical exertion as well as the variability of their concentration under the influence of the physical exertion, were NT-proBNP, troponin T, and catestatin. Key Results. During the 24-month follow-up period, 11 endpoints were recorded. The univariate analysis of the Cox proportional hazard model showed a statistically significant effect of all assessed CST concentrations on the occurrence of CE. In the 24-month follow-up, where the starting concentration of catestatin was compared with other recognized prognostic factors in HF, the initial concentration of catestatin showed statistical significance in CE prognosis as the only parameter tested. Conclusions. Plasma concentration of catestatin before and after physical exertion is a valuable prognostic parameter in predicting death from all causes and unplanned hospitalization in the group of patients with HFrEF in the 2-year follow-up.
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Mahata SK, Corti A. Chromogranin A and its fragments in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:34-58. [PMID: 31588572 PMCID: PMC6899468 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA)-the index member of the chromogranin/secretogranin secretory protein family-is ubiquitously distributed in endocrine, neuroendocrine, and immune cells. Elevated levels of CgA-related polypeptides, consisting of full-length molecules and fragments, are detected in the blood of patients suffering from neuroendocrine tumors, heart failure, renal failure, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Full-length CgA and various CgA-derived peptides, including vasostatin-1, pancreastatin, catestatin, and serpinin, are expressed at different relative levels in normal and pathological conditions and exert diverse, and sometime opposite, biological functions. For example, CgA is overexpressed in genetic hypertension, whereas catestatin is diminished. In rodents, the administration of catestatin decreases hypertension, cardiac contractility, obesity, atherosclerosis, and inflammation, and it improves insulin sensitivity. By contrast, pancreastatin is elevated in diabetic patients, and the administration of this peptide to obese mice decreases insulin sensitivity and increases inflammation. CgA and the N-terminal fragment of vasostatin-1 can enhance the endothelial barrier function, exert antiangiogenic effects, and inhibit tumor growth in animal models, whereas CgA fragments lacking the CgA C-terminal region promote angiogenesis and tumor growth. Overall, the CgA system, consisting of full-length CgA and its fragments, is emerging as an important and complex player in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Metabolic Physiology & Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Angelo Corti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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Sahu BS, Mahata S, Bandyopadhyay K, Mahata M, Avolio E, Pasqua T, Sahu C, Bandyopadhyay GK, Bartolomucci A, Webster NJG, Van Den Bogaart G, Fischer-Colbrie R, Corti A, Eiden LE, Mahata SK. Catestatin regulates vesicular quanta through modulation of cholinergic and peptidergic (PACAPergic) stimulation in PC12 cells. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 376:51-70. [PMID: 30467710 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide catestatin (CST: hCgA352-372) inhibits nicotine-induced secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and chromaffin cells. In the present study, we seek to determine whether CST regulates dense core (DC) vesicle (DCV) quanta (catecholamine and chromogranin/secretogranin proteins) during acute (0.5-h treatment) or chronic (24-h treatment) cholinergic (nicotine) or peptidergic (PACAP, pituitary adenylyl cyclase activating polypeptide) stimulation of PC12 cells. In acute experiments, we found that both nicotine (60 μM) and PACAP (0.1 μM) decreased intracellular norepinephrine (NE) content and increased 3H-NE secretion, with both effects markedly inhibited by co-treatment with CST (2 μM). In chronic experiments, we found that nicotine and PACAP both reduced DCV and DC diameters and that this effect was likewise prevented by CST. Nicotine or CST alone increased expression of CgA protein and together elicited an additional increase in CgA protein, implying that nicotine and CST utilize separate signaling pathways to activate CgA expression. In contrast, PACAP increased expression of CgB and SgII proteins, with a further potentiation by CST. CST augmented the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) but did not increase intracellular NE levels, presumably due to its inability to cause post-translational activation of TH through serine phosphorylation. Co-treatment of CST with nicotine or PACAP increased quantal size, plausibly due to increased synthesis of CgA, CgB and SgII by CST. We conclude that CST regulates DCV quanta by acutely inhibiting catecholamine secretion and chronically increasing expression of CgA after nicotinic stimulation and CgB and SgII after PACAPergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Shankar Sahu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA.
| | - Sumana Mahata
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Keya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA
| | | | | | - Chinmayi Sahu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gautam K Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Angelo Corti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, NIMH-IRP, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0732, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Di Giacinto P, Rota F, Rizza L, Campana D, Isidori A, Lania A, Lenzi A, Zuppi P, Baldelli R. Chromogranin A: From Laboratory to Clinical Aspects of Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:8126087. [PMID: 30057604 PMCID: PMC6051263 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8126087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are characterized by having behavior and prognosis that depend upon tumor histology, primary site, staging, and proliferative index. The symptoms associated with carcinoid syndrome and vasoactive intestinal peptide tumors are treated with octreotide acetate. The PROMID trial assesses the effect of octreotide LAR on the tumor growth in patients with well-differentiated metastatic midgut NETs. The CLARINET trial evaluates the effects of lanreotide in patients with nonfunctional, well-, or moderately differentiated metastatic enteropancreatic NETs. Everolimus has been approved for the treatment of advanced pancreatic NETs (pNETs) based on positive PFS effects, obtained in the treated group. Sunitinib is approved for the treatment of patients with progressive gastrointestinal stromal tumor or intolerance to imatinib, because a randomized study demonstrated that it improves PFS and overall survival in patients with advanced well-differentiated pNETs. In a phase II trial, pasireotide shows efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of patients with advanced NETs, whose symptoms of carcinoid syndrome were resistant to octreotide LAR. An open-label, phase II trial assesses the clinical activity of long-acting repeatable pasireotide in treatment-naive patients with metastatic grade 1 or 2 NETs. Even if the growth of the neoplasm was significantly inhibited, it is still unclear whether its antiproliferative action is greater than that of octreotide and lanreotide. Because new therapeutic options are needed to counter the natural behavior of neuroendocrine tumors, it would also be useful to have a biochemical marker that can be addressed better in the management of these patients. Chromogranin A is currently the most useful biomarker to establish diagnosis and has some utility in predicting disease recurrence, outcome, and efficacy of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Giacinto
- Endocrinological Oncology, Service of Endocrinology, A.O. San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rota
- Endocrinological Oncology, Service of Endocrinology, A.O. San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Rizza
- Endocrinological Oncology, Service of Endocrinology, A.O. San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Campana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lania
- Department of Endocrinology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Zuppi
- Endocrinological Oncology, Service of Endocrinology, A.O. San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Baldelli
- Endocrinological Oncology, Service of Endocrinology, A.O. San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
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D-Cateslytin: a new antifungal agent for the treatment of oral Candida albicans associated infections. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9235. [PMID: 29915284 PMCID: PMC6006364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive use of antifungal agents, compounded by the shortage of new drugs being introduced into the market, is causing the accumulation of multi-resistance phenotypes in many fungal strains. Consequently, new alternative molecules to conventional antifungal agents are urgently needed to prevent the emergence of fungal resistance. In this context, Cateslytin (Ctl), a natural peptide derived from the processing of Chromogranin A, has already been described as an effective antimicrobial agent against several pathogens including Candida albicans. In the present study, we compared the antimicrobial activity of two conformations of Ctl, L-Ctl and D-Ctl against Candida albicans. Our results show that both D-Ctl and L-Ctl were potent and safe antifungal agents. However, in contrast to L-Ctl, D-Ctl was not degraded by proteases secreted by Candida albicans and was also stable in saliva. Using video microscopy, we also demonstrated that D-Ctl can rapidly enter C. albicans, but is unable to spread within a yeast colony unless from a mother cell to a daughter cell during cellular division. Besides, we revealed that the antifungal activity of D-Ctl could be synergized by voriconazole, an antifungal of reference in the treatment of Candida albicans related infections. In conclusion, D-Ctl can be considered as an effective, safe and stable antifungal and could be used alone or in a combination therapy with voriconazole to treat Candida albicans related diseases including oral candidosis.
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Marotta V, Zatelli MC, Sciammarella C, Ambrosio MR, Bondanelli M, Colao A, Faggiano A. Chromogranin A as circulating marker for diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine neoplasms: more flaws than fame. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R11-R29. [PMID: 29066503 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the heterogeneity of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), the availability of reliable circulating markers is critical for improving diagnostics, prognostic stratification, follow-up and definition of treatment strategy. This review is focused on chromogranin A (CgA), a hydrophilic glycoprotein present in large dense core vesicles of neuroendocrine cells. Despite being long identified as the most useful NEN-related circulating marker, clinical application of CgA is controversial. CgA assays still lack standardization, thus hampering not only clinical management but also the comparison between different analyses. In the diagnostic setting, clinical utility of CgA is limited as hampered by (a) the variety of oncological and non-oncological conditions affecting marker levels, which impairs specificity; (b) the fact that 30-50% of NENs show normal CgA, which impairs sensitivity. Regarding the prognostic phase, there is prospective evidence which demonstrates that advanced NENs secreting CgA have poorer outcome, as compared with those showing non-elevated marker levels. Although the identification of cut-offs allowing a proper risk stratification of CgA-secreting patients has not been performed, this represents the most important clinical application of the marker. By contrast, based on prospective studies, the trend of elevated circulating CgA does not represent a valid indicator of morphological evolution and has therefore no utility for the follow-up phase. Ultimately, current knowledge about the role of the marker for the definition of treatment strategy is poor and is limited by the small number of available studies, their prevalent retrospective nature and the absence of control groups of untreated subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Marotta
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marta Bondanelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineDepartment of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryFederico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery UnitIstituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale' - IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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11
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Acetylcholine nicotinic receptor subtypes in chromaffin cells. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:13-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Troger J, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Pasqua T, Tota B, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Nowosielski Y, Mätzler R, Troger J, Gayen JR, Trudeau V, Corti A, Helle KB. Granin-derived peptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 154:37-61. [PMID: 28442394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The granin family comprises altogether 7 different proteins originating from the diffuse neuroendocrine system and elements of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The family is dominated by three uniquely acidic members, namely chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII). Since the late 1980s it has become evident that these proteins are proteolytically processed, intragranularly and/or extracellularly into a range of biologically active peptides; a number of them with regulatory properties of physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. The aim of this comprehensive overview is to provide an up-to-date insight into the distribution and properties of the well established granin-derived peptides and their putative roles in homeostatic regulations. Hence, focus is directed to peptides derived from the three main granins, e.g. to the chromogranin A derived vasostatins, betagranins, pancreastatin and catestatins, the chromogranin B-derived secretolytin and the secretogranin II-derived secretoneurin (SN). In addition, the distribution and properties of the chromogranin A-derived peptides prochromacin, chromofungin, WE14, parastatin, GE-25 and serpinins, the CgB-peptide PE-11 and the SgII-peptides EM66 and manserin will also be commented on. Finally, the opposing effects of the CgA-derived vasostatin-I and catestatin and the SgII-derived peptide SN on the integrity of the vasculature, myocardial contractility, angiogenesis in wound healing, inflammatory conditions and tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Markus Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Tota
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Yvonne Nowosielski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mätzler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jasmin Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Vance Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Corti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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13
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Catestatin, vasostatin, cortisol, and pain assessments in dogs suffering from traumatic bone fractures. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:129. [PMID: 28327184 PMCID: PMC5359833 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic bone fractures cause moderate to severe pain, which needs to be minimized for optimal recovery and animal welfare, illustrating the need for reliable objective pain biomarkers for use in a clinical setting. The objectives of this study were to investigate catestatin (CST) and vasostatin (VS) concentrations as two new potential biomarkers, and cortisol concentrations, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF), and visual analog scale (VAS) in dogs suffering from traumatic bone fractures before and after morphine administration in comparison with healthy dogs. Methods Fourteen dogs with hind limb or pelvic fractures and thirty healthy dogs were included. Dogs with fractures were divided into four groups according to analgesia received before participation. Physical examination, CMPS-SF, pain and stress behavior VAS scores were recorded in all dogs. Saliva and blood were collected once in healthy dogs and in dogs with fractures before and 35–70 min after morphine administration. Blood samples were analyzed for CST, VS, and cortisol. Saliva volumes, however, were insufficient for analysis. Results Catestatin and cortisol concentrations, and CMPS-SF, and VAS scores differed significantly between dogs with fractures prior to morphine administration and healthy dogs. After morphine administration, dogs with fractures had significantly decreased CMPS-SF and VAS scores and, compared to healthy dogs, CST concentrations, CMPS-SF, and VAS scores still differed significantly. However, CST concentrations remained largely within the normal range. Absolute delta values for CST significantly correlated with delta values for CMPS-SF. Catestatin and cortisol did not differ significantly before and after morphine administration. Vasostatin concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions Catestatin and cortisol concentrations, CMPS-SF, and VAS scores differed significantly in the dogs with traumatic bone fractures compared to the healthy dogs. Morphine treatment partially relieved pain and stress according to the subjective but not according to the objective assessments performed. However, because of the large degree of overlap with normal values, our results suggest that plasma CST concentrations have a limited potential as a clinically useful biomarker for pain-induced stress.
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14
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Srithunyarat T, Hagman R, Höglund OV, Olsson U, Stridsberg M, Jitpean S, Lagerstedt AS, Pettersson A. Catestatin and vasostatin concentrations in healthy dogs. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:1. [PMID: 28049540 PMCID: PMC5210291 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neuroendocrine glycoprotein chromogranin A is a useful biomarker in humans for neuroendocrine tumors and stress. Chromogranin A can be measured in both blood and saliva. The objective of this study was to investigate concentrations of and correlation between the chromogranin A epitopes catestatin and vasostatin in healthy dogs accustomed to the sample collection procedures. Blood and saliva samples were collected from 10 research Beagle dogs twice daily for 5 consecutive days, and from 33 privately-owned blood donor dogs in association with 50 different blood donation occasions. All dogs were familiar with sample collection procedures. During each sampling, stress behavior was scored by the same observer using a visual analog scale (VAS) and serum cortisol concentrations. Catestatin and vasostatin were analyzed using radioimmunoassays for dogs. Results The dogs showed minimal stress behavior during both saliva sampling and blood sampling as monitored by VAS scores and serum cortisol concentrations. Few and insufficient saliva volumes were obtained and therefore only catestatin could be analyzed. Catestatin concentrations differed significantly and did not correlate significantly with vasostatin concentrations (P < 0.0001). Age, gender, breed, and time of sample collection did not significantly affect concentrations of plasma catestatin, vasostatin, and saliva catestatin. Conclusions The normal ranges of plasma catestatin (0.53–0.98 nmol/l), vasostatin (0.11–1.30 nmol/l), and saliva catestatin (0.31–1.03 nmol/l) concentrations in healthy dogs accustomed to the sampling procedures were determined. Separate interpretation of the different chromogranin A epitopes from either saliva or plasma is recommended.
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15
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Bandyopadhyay GK, Mahata SK. Chromogranin A Regulation of Obesity and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:20. [PMID: 28228748 PMCID: PMC5296320 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a prohormone and granulogenic factor in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues, as well as in neurons, and has a regulated secretory pathway. The intracellular functions of CgA include the initiation and regulation of dense-core granule biogenesis and sequestration of hormones in neuroendocrine cells. This protein is co-stored and co-released with secreted hormones. The extracellular functions of CgA include the generation of bioactive peptides, such as pancreastatin (PST), vasostatin, WE14, catestatin (CST), and serpinin. CgA knockout mice (Chga-KO) display: (i) hypertension with increased plasma catecholamines, (ii) obesity, (iii) improved hepatic insulin sensitivity, and (iv) muscle insulin resistance. These findings suggest that individual CgA-derived peptides may regulate different physiological functions. Indeed, additional studies have revealed that the pro-inflammatory PST influences insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, whereas CST alleviates adiposity and hypertension. This review will focus on the different metabolic roles of PST and CST peptides in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant models, and their potential use as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Metabolic Physiology and Ultrastructural Biology Laboratory, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Sushil K. Mahata,
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16
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Srithunyarat T, Höglund OV, Hagman R, Olsson U, Stridsberg M, Lagerstedt AS, Pettersson A. Catestatin, vasostatin, cortisol, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale and visual analog scale for stress and pain behavior in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:381. [PMID: 27484122 PMCID: PMC4969733 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stress reaction induced by surgery and associated pain may be detrimental for patient recovery and should be minimized. The neuropeptide chromogranin A (CGA) has shown promise as a sensitive biomarker for stress in humans. Little is known about CGA and its derived peptides, catestatin (CST) and vasostatin (VS), in dogs undergoing surgery. The objectives of this study were to investigate and compare concentrations of CGA epitopes CST and VS, cortisol, body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, scores of the short form of the Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF) and visual analog scales (VAS) for stress and pain behavior in dogs before and after ovariohysterectomy. Methods Thirty healthy privately owned female dogs admitted for elective ovariohysterectomy were included. Physical examination, CMPS-SF, pain behavior VAS, and stress behavior VAS were recorded and saliva and blood samples were collected before surgery, 3 h after extubation, and once at recall 7–15 days after surgery. Dogs were premedicated with morphine and received carprofen as analgesia for 7 days during the postoperative period. Results At 3 h after extubation, CMPS-SF and pain behavior VAS scores had increased (p < 0.0001) and stress behavior VAS scores, temperature, respiratory rate (p < 0.0001), plasma CST concentrations (p = 0.002) had decreased significantly compared to before surgery. No significant differences were observed in the subjective and physiological parameters between before surgery and at recall, but plasma CST (p = 0.04) and serum cortisol (p = 0.009) were significantly lower at recall. Plasma VS, saliva CST, and heart rate did not differ significantly at any observed time. Conclusion Study parameters for evaluating surgery-induced stress and pain changed in dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy. To further evaluate CST and VS usefulness as pain biomarkers, studies on dogs in acute painful situations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanikul Srithunyarat
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Odd V Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Unit of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Stridsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sofie Lagerstedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ann Pettersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Catestatin (CST) was first named in 1997 for its catecholamine-inhibitory activity. It was discovered as a potent inhibitor of catecholamine secretion and as a regulator of histamine release. Accumulating evidence shows that CST is involved with cardiovascular diseases; however, whether CST is a protective factor for these conditions and the mechanisms by which such actions may be mediated are not well understood. In this article, we review recent basic research and clinical trials in the study of CST and summarize the association of CST with cardiovascular diseases. We review data obtained from MedLine via PubMed and from our own investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhao
- The Departments of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology & Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health & Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
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18
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Analysis and validation of traits associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism Gly364Ser in catestatin using humanized chromogranin A mouse models. J Hypertens 2016; 34:68-78. [PMID: 26556564 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human prohormone chromogranin A (CHGA), an index member of the granin family is processed to generate catestatin, a peptide that is hypotensive in action and modulates catecholamine release within the sympathoadrenal system. Hypertensive patients with excess sympathetic activity have diminished catestatin. Often the study of physiological consequences of human genetic variation is confounded by elements such as other variations in obligatory linkage disequilibrium with the variant being studied. Also the phenotype of the variant may be influenced by genetic background that varies amongst individuals. This study addresses the effects of a human catestatin polymorphism (rs9658667) using humanized CHGA mouse models. METHODS We created pertinent humanized mouse models wherein the mouse Chga gene locus was replaced by the human ortholog wild-type and the variant versions. This allowed for probing of the effects of catestatin variation in vivo with controls for other variations and global genetic background. RESULTS Both the wild-type and variant human catestatin expressing mouse models were normotensive. The variant catestatin mouse model recapitulated physiological influence of the polymorphism on autonomic traits. These mice had diminished catecholamine, attenuated stress response and increased baroreceptor slopes that would suggest reduced risk of developing hypertension. Elevated plasma glucose, a trait observed in humans was not observed in mice expressing the variant catestatin. CONCLUSION This functional genomics approach of creating humanized mouse models to study rs9658667 polymorphism recapitulated and validated many of the human trait associations. This approach can also be applied in the study of other human gene polymorphisms.
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Wang D, Liu T, Shi S, Li R, Shan Y, Huang Y, Hu D, Huang C. Chronic Administration of Catestatin Improves Autonomic Function and Exerts Cardioprotective Effects in Myocardial Infarction Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:526-535. [PMID: 26821570 DOI: 10.1177/1074248416628676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), which is emerging as a novel cardiac modulator, can protect the heart against excessive sympathetic drive in hypertensive cardiomyopathy. The aim of this study is to investigate whether exogenous CST decreases excessive cardiac sympathetic drive and improves autonomic function and exerts cardioprotective effects in myocardial infarction (MI) rats. Rats were divided into a sham group, MI group, and MI plus CST (MI + CST) group. Four weeks later, the autonomic function of the animals was assessed by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) and measuring plasma catecholamine. Cardiac function was evaluated via echocardiography. Electrophysiological characteristics were assessed in Langendorff-perfused hearts. Compared to the MI group, the chronic administration of CST significantly increased the standard deviation of normal–normal intervals ( P < .01) and low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) HRV and decreased the ratio of LF–HF HRV ( P < .01 for all). Additionally, the level of plasma catecholamine was reduced in the MI + CST group compared to the MI group ( P < .01). Treatment with CST significantly increased ejection fraction (EF) and fraction shorting (FS) and significantly decreased the left ventricular end-systolic diameter and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter at 28 days postmyocardial infraction ( P < .05 for all). After MI, the ventricular repolarization duration, such as QTc intervals and action potential duration (APD) at 90% repolarization, was prolonged, and this prolongation could be decreased by CST ( P < .05 for all). The CST also increased the threshold of ADP alternans ( P < .01). Moreover, ventricular arrhythmias were induced in 83% of the MI group but only 33% of the MI + CST group ( P < .05). These results suggested that the chronic administration of CST plays a role in cardioprotection in MI rats, which may function by decreasing the cardiac sympathetic drive and improving autonomic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingguang Shan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA
| | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovacular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Kiranmayi M, Chirasani VR, Allu PKR, Subramanian L, Martelli EE, Sahu BS, Vishnuprabu D, Kumaragurubaran R, Sharma S, Bodhini D, Dixit M, Munirajan AK, Khullar M, Radha V, Mohan V, Mullasari AS, Naga Prasad SV, Senapati S, Mahapatra NR. Catestatin Gly364Ser Variant Alters Systemic Blood Pressure and the Risk for Hypertension in Human Populations via Endothelial Nitric Oxide Pathway. Hypertension 2016; 68:334-47. [PMID: 27324226 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.06568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), an endogenous antihypertensive/antiadrenergic peptide, is a novel regulator of cardiovascular physiology. Here, we report case-control studies in 2 geographically/ethnically distinct Indian populations (n≈4000) that showed association of the naturally-occurring human CST-Gly364Ser variant with increased risk for hypertension (age-adjusted odds ratios: 1.483; P=0.009 and 2.951; P=0.005). Consistently, 364Ser allele carriers displayed elevated systolic (up to ≈8 mm Hg; P=0.004) and diastolic (up to ≈6 mm Hg; P=0.001) blood pressure. The variant allele was also found to be in linkage disequilibrium with other functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CHGA promoter and nearby coding region. Functional characterization of the Gly364Ser variant was performed using cellular/molecular biological experiments (viz peptide-receptor binding assays, nitric oxide [NO], phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase, and phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase estimations) and computational approaches (molecular dynamics simulations for structural analysis of wild-type [CST-WT] and variant [CST-364Ser] peptides and docking of peptide/ligand with β-adrenergic receptors [ADRB1/2]). CST-WT and CST-364Ser peptides differed profoundly in their secondary structures and showed differential interactions with ADRB2; although CST-WT displaced the ligand bound to ADRB2, CST-364Ser failed to do the same. Furthermore, CST-WT significantly inhibited ADRB2-stimulated extracellular regulated kinase activation, suggesting an antagonistic role towards ADRB2 unlike CST-364Ser. Consequently, CST-WT was more potent in NO production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells as compared with CST-364Ser. This NO-producing ability of CST-WT was abrogated by ADRB2 antagonist ICI 118551. In conclusion, CST-364Ser allele enhanced the risk for hypertension in human populations, possibly via diminished endothelial NO production because of altered interactions of CST-364Ser peptide with ADRB2 as compared with CST-WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malapaka Kiranmayi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Prasanna K R Allu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Lakshmi Subramanian
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Elizabeth E Martelli
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Bhavani S Sahu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Durairajpandian Vishnuprabu
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Rathnakumar Kumaragurubaran
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Dhanasekaran Bodhini
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Arasambattu K Munirajan
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Madhu Khullar
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Venkatesan Radha
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Ajit S Mullasari
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Sathyamangla V Naga Prasad
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.)
| | - Nitish R Mahapatra
- From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
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Rieg JAD, Chirasani VR, Koepsell H, Senapati S, Mahata SK, Rieg T. Regulation of intestinal SGLT1 by catestatin in hyperleptinemic type 2 diabetic mice. J Transl Med 2016; 96:98-111. [PMID: 26552046 PMCID: PMC4695279 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is the major site for nutrient absorption that is critical in maintenance of euglycemia. Leptin, a key hormone involved in energy homeostasis, directly affects nutrient transport across the intestinal epithelium. Catestatin (CST), a 21-amino acid peptide derived from proprotein chromogranin A, has been shown to modulate leptin signaling. Therefore, we reasoned that leptin and CST could modulate intestinal Na(+)-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) expression in the context of obesity and diabetes. We found that hyperleptinemic db/db mice exhibit increased mucosal mass, associated with an enhanced proliferative response and decreased apoptosis in intestinal crypts, a finding absent in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Intestinal SGLT1 abundance was significantly decreased in hyperleptinemic but not leptin-deficient mice, indicating leptin regulation of SGLT1 expression. Phlorizin, a SGLT1/2 inhibitor, was without effect in an oral glucose tolerance test in db/db mice. The alterations in architecture and SGLT1 abundance were not accompanied by changes in the localization of intestinal alkaline phosphatase, indicating intact differentiation. Treatment of db/db mice with CST restored intestinal SGLT1 abundance and intestinal turnover, suggesting a cross-talk between leptin and CST, without affecting plasma leptin levels. Consistent with this hypothesis, we identified structural homology between CST and the AB-loop of leptin and protein-protein docking revealed binding of CST and leptin with the Ig-like binding site-III of the leptin receptor. In summary, downregulation of SGLT1 in an obese type 2 diabetic mouse model with hyperleptinemia is presumably mediated via the short form of the leptin receptor and reduces overt hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Dominguez Rieg
- Department of Basic Sciences, Bastyr University California, San Diego, CA, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA
| | | | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA,Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timo Rieg
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; CA, USA,Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Catestatin attenuates endoplasmic reticulum induced cell apoptosis by activation type 2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16590. [PMID: 26567709 PMCID: PMC4645123 DOI: 10.1038/srep16590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Catestatin (CST) is a catecholamine secretion inhibiting peptide as non-competitive inhibitor of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. CST play a protective role in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Cardiomyocytes endogenously produced CST and its expression was reduced after I/R. CST pretreatment decreased apoptosis especially endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response during I/R. The protection of CST was confirmed in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts under Anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R). In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CST exaggerated ER stress induced apoptosis. The protective effects of CST were blocked by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor PD90895 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K) inhibitor wortmannin. CST also increased ERK1/2 and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation and which was blocked by atropine and selective type 2 muscarinic acetylcholine (M2) receptor, but not type 1 muscarinic acetylcholine (M1) receptor antagonist. Receptor binding assay revealed that CST competitively bound to the M2 receptor with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 25.7 nM. Accordingly, CST inhibited cellular cAMP stimulated by isoproterenol or forskolin, and which was blocked by selective M2 receptor antagonist. Our findings revealed that CST binds to M2 receptor, then activates ERK1/2 and PI3 K/Akt pathway to inhibit ER stress-induced cell apoptosis resulting in attenuation cardiac I/R injury.
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Choi Y, Miura M, Nakata Y, Sugasawa T, Nissato S, Otsuki T, Sugawara J, Iemitsu M, Kawakami Y, Shimano H, Iijima Y, Tanaka K, Kuno S, Allu PKR, Mahapatra NR, Maeda S, Takekoshi K. A common genetic variant of the chromogranin A-derived peptide catestatin is associated with atherogenesis and hypertension in a Japanese population. Endocr J 2015. [PMID: 26211667 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA) is a major protein in the secretory granules of chromaffin cells. CHGA also gives rise to cardiovascular/metabolism regulatory peptides, such as catestatin (CST) and pancreastatin (PST). While CST is a potent inhibitor of catecholamine secretion, PST is a potent physiological inhibitor of glucose-induced insulin secretion. Recently, several SNPs were identified in the CST and PST domains of CHGA locus in different populations. Among the discovered SNPs, CST variant allele Ser-364 was associated with blood pressure alteration and PST variant allele Ser-297 was associated with significantly higher plasma glucose level. In this study, we examined whether these CST and PST variant alleles exist and influence cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes in Japanese population. Our study comprised of 343 Japanese subjects aged 45-85 years (143 men and 200 women, mean age 66 ± 8 years). We determined the genotypes of CST and PST by PCR-direct sequencing method and carried out genotype-phenotype association analysis. In 343 participants, the minor allele frequency of CST variant Ser-364 was 6.10%. On the other hand, we did not detect the PST variant Ser-297 in this entire study population. The presence of Ser-364 allele was associated with increased in baPWV (an index of systemic arterial stiffness) that suggests an initiation and/or progression atherogenesis and hypertension. The Ser-364 allele was also associated with elevated systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, consistent with increased baPWV. In conclusion, the CST Ser-364 allele may increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases in Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngju Choi
- Division of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
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Abstract
Catestatin (CST) was first discovered as a potent non-competitive and reversible inhibitor of catecholamine secretion. Recent reports on plasma CST level in heart diseases suggested a cardioprotective role for this peptide. Given that cardiac remodeling is the dominant pathologic process in cardiac dysfunction, we propose that CST participates in the regulation of concern pathways and contributes to the inhibition of cardiac remodeling. In this minireview, the potential mechanism of cardiac remodeling involving CST will be discussed from three aspects: hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Ministry of Education , Beijing , China
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Durakoğlugil ME, Ayaz T, Kocaman SA, Kırbaş A, Durakoğlugil T, Erdoğan T, Çetin M, Şahin OZ, Çiçek Y. The relationship of plasma catestatin concentrations with metabolic and vascular parameters in untreated hypertensive patients: Influence on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Anatol J Cardiol 2014; 15:577-85. [PMID: 25538000 PMCID: PMC5337039 DOI: 10.5152/akd.2014.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Catestatin has several cardiovascular actions, in addition to diminished sympatho-adrenal flow. Decreased plasma catestatin levels may reflect a predisposition for the development of hypertension and metabolic disorders. We planned to investigate the possible roles of catestatin in untreated hypertensive patients. As a secondary objective, we compared catestatin concentrations of healthy subjects with those of hypertensive patients in order to understand whether catestatin is increased reactively or diminished at onset. METHODS Our study was cross-sectional and observational. The patient group, comprising 109 consecutive untreated hypertensive patients without additional systemic or coronary heart disease, underwent evaluations of plasma catestatin, waist circumference, lipid parameters, left ventricular mass, carotid intima-media thickness, and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Additionally, we measured catestatin concentrations of 38 apparently healthy subjects without any disease using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS We documented increased catestatin concentrations in previously untreated hypertensive patients compared to healthy controls (2.27±0.83 vs. 1.92±0.49 ng/mL, p=0.004). However, this association became insignificant after adjustments for age, gender, height, and weight. Within the patient group, catestatin levels were significantly higher in females. Among all study parameters, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) correlated positively to plasma catestatin, whereas triglycerides, hemoglobin, and left ventricular mass correlated negatively to plasma catestatin. We could not detect an association between vascular parameters and catestatin. Catestatin levels were significantly elevated with increasing HDL-C (1.91±0.37, 2.26±0.79, and 3.1±1.23 ng/mL in patients with HDL-C <40, 40-60, and >60 mg/dL, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed age (beta: 0.201, p=0.041) and HDL-C (beta: 0.390, p<0.001) as independent correlates of plasma catestatin concentration. Additionally, male gender (beta:-0.330, p=0.001) and plasma catestatin (beta: 0.299, p=0.002) were significantly associated with HDL-C concentrations. CONCLUSION We documented that plasma catestatin is an independent predictor of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition to antihypertensive effects, catestatin appears to be related to improved lipid and metabolic profiles. Coexistence of low catestatin levels with low HDL-C may provide a probable mechanism for the predictive value of low HDL-C for increased hypertension and cardiovascular events.
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Cynis H, Funkelstein L, Toneff T, Mosier C, Ziegler M, Koch B, Demuth HU, Hook V. Pyroglutamate-amyloid-β and glutaminyl cyclase are colocalized with amyloid-β in secretory vesicles and undergo activity-dependent, regulated secretion. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014; 14:85-97. [PMID: 24943989 DOI: 10.1159/000358430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS N-truncated pyroglutamate (pGlu)-amyloid-β [Aβ(3-40/42)] peptides are key components that promote Aβ peptide accumulation, leading to neurodegeneration and memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Because Aβ deposition in the brain occurs in an activity-dependent manner, it is important to define the subcellular organelle for pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42) production by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) and their colocalization with full-length Aβ(1-40/42) peptides for activity-dependent, regulated secretion. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that pGlu-Aβ and QC are colocalized with Aβ in dense-core secretory vesicles (DCSV) for activity-dependent secretion with neurotransmitters. METHODS Purified DCSV were assessed for pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42), Aβ(1-40/42), QC, and neurotransmitter secretion. Neuron-like chromaffin cells were analyzed for cosecretion of pGlu-Aβ, QC, Aβ, and neuropeptides. The cells were treated with a QC inhibitor, and pGlu-Aβ production was measured. Human neuroblastoma cells were also examined for pGlu-Aβ and QC secretion. RESULTS Isolated DCSV contain pGlu-Aβ(3-40/42), QC, and Aβ(1-40/42) with neuropeptide and catecholamine neurotransmitters. Cellular pGlu-Aβ and QC undergo activity-dependent cosecretion with Aβ and enkephalin and galanin neurotransmitters. The QC inhibitor decreased the level of secreted pGlu-Aβ. The human neuroblastoma cells displayed regulated secretion of pGlu-Aβ that was colocalized with QC. CONCLUSIONS pGlu-Aβ and QC are present with Aβ in DCSV and undergo activity-dependent, regulated cosecretion with neurotransmitters.
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Toneff T, Funkelstein L, Mosier C, Abagyan A, Ziegler M, Hook V. Beta-amyloid peptides undergo regulated co-secretion with neuropeptide and catecholamine neurotransmitters. Peptides 2013; 46:126-35. [PMID: 23747840 PMCID: PMC3842158 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides are secreted from neurons, resulting in extracellular accumulation of Aβ and neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease. Because neuronal secretion is fundamental for the release of neurotransmitters, this study assessed the hypothesis that Aβ undergoes co-release with neurotransmitters. Model neuronal-like chromaffin cells were investigated, and results illustrate regulated, co-secretion of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) with peptide neurotransmitters (galanin, enkephalin, and NPY) and catecholamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine). Regulated secretion from chromaffin cells was stimulated by KCl depolarization and nicotine. Forskolin, stimulating cAMP, also induced co-secretion of Aβ peptides with peptide and catecholamine neurotransmitters. These data suggested the co-localization of Aβ with neurotransmitters in dense core secretory vesicles (DCSV) that store and secrete such chemical messengers. Indeed, Aβ was demonstrated to be present in DCSV with neuropeptide and catecholamine transmitters. Furthermore, the DCSV organelle contains APP and its processing proteases, β- and γ-secretases, that are necessary for production of Aβ. Thus, Aβ can be generated in neurotransmitter-containing DCSV. Human IMR32 neuroblastoma cells also displayed regulated secretion of Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-42) with the galanin neurotransmitter. These findings illustrate that Aβ peptides are present in neurotransmitter-containing DCSV, and undergo co-secretion with neuropeptide and catecholamine neurotransmitters that regulate brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Toneff
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Lydiane Funkelstein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Charles Mosier
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Armen Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Michael Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department and Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Corresponding author at: Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0744, La Jolla, CA 92093-0744, United States. Tel.: +1 858 822 6682; fax: +1 858 822 6681. (V. Hook)
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Tsigelny IF, Kouznetsova VL, Biswas N, Mahata SK, O'Connor DT. Development of a pharmacophore model for the catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin: virtual screening and functional testing identify novel small molecule therapeutics of hypertension. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5855-69. [PMID: 23916146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (CST) regulates events leading to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Earlier we studied the structure of CST by NMR, molecular modeling, and amino acid scanning mutagenesis. That structure has now been exploited for elucidation of interface pharmacophores that mediate binding of CST to its target, with consequent secretory inhibition. Designed pharmacophore models allowed screening of 3D structural domains. Selected compounds were tested on both cultured catecholaminergic cells and an in vivo model of hypertension; in each case, the candidates showed substantial mimicry of native CST actions, with preserved or enhanced potency and specificity. The approach and compounds have thus enabled rational design of novel drug candidates for treatment of hypertension or autonomic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor F Tsigelny
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, United States.
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Friese RS, Altshuler AE, Zhang K, Miramontes-Gonzalez JP, Hightower CM, Jirout ML, Salem RM, Gayen JR, Mahapatra NR, Biswas N, Cale M, Vaingankar SM, Kim HS, Courel M, Taupenot L, Ziegler MG, Schork NJ, Pravenec M, Mahata SK, Schmid-Schönbein GW, O'Connor DT. MicroRNA-22 and promoter motif polymorphisms at the Chga locus in genetic hypertension: functional and therapeutic implications for gene expression and the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3624-40. [PMID: 23674521 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a common hereditary syndrome with unclear pathogenesis. Chromogranin A (Chga), which catalyzes formation and cargo storage of regulated secretory granules in neuroendocrine cells, contributes to blood pressure homeostasis centrally and peripherally. Elevated Chga occurs in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) adrenal glands and plasma, but central expression is unexplored. In this report, we measured SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rat (control) Chga expression in central and peripheral nervous systems, and found Chga protein to be decreased in the SHR brainstem, yet increased in the adrenal and the plasma. By re-sequencing, we systematically identified five promoter, two coding and one 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) polymorphism at the SHR (versus WKY or BN) Chga locus. Using HXB/BXH recombinant inbred (RI) strain linkage and correlations, we demonstrated genetic determination of Chga expression in SHR, including a cis-quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (i.e. at the Chga locus), and such expression influenced biochemical determinants of blood pressure, including a cascade of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, catecholamines themselves and steroids. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that the 3'-UTR polymorphism (which disrupts a microRNA miR-22 motif) and promoter polymorphisms altered gene expression consistent with the decline in SHR central Chga expression. Coding region polymorphisms did not account for changes in Chga expression or function. Thus, we hypothesized that the 3'-UTR and promoter mutations lead to dysregulation (diminution) of Chga in brainstem cardiovascular control nuclei, ultimately contributing to the pathogenesis of hypertension in SHR. Accordingly, we demonstrated that in vivo administration of miR-22 antagomir to SHR causes substantial (∼18 mmHg) reductions in blood pressure, opening a novel therapeutic avenue for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Friese
- Department of Bioengineering, VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Sahu BS, Obbineni JM, Sahu G, Allu PKR, Subramanian L, Sonawane PJ, Singh PK, Sasi BK, Senapati S, Maji SK, Bera AK, Gomathi BS, Mullasari AS, Mahapatra NR. Functional genetic variants of the catecholamine-release-inhibitory peptide catestatin in an Indian population: allele-specific effects on metabolic traits. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43840-52. [PMID: 23105094 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), a chromogranin A (CHGA)-derived peptide, is a potent inhibitor of catecholamine release from adrenal chromaffin cells and postganglionic sympathetic axons. We re-sequenced the CST region of CHGA in an Indian population (n = 1010) and detected two amino acid substitution variants: G364S and G367V. Synthesized CST variant peptides (viz. CST-Ser-364 and CST-Val-367) were significantly less potent than the wild type peptide (CST-WT) to inhibit nicotine-stimulated catecholamine secretion from PC12 cells. Consistently, the rank-order of blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-stimulated inward current and intracellular Ca(2+) rise by these peptides in PC12 cells was: CST-WT > CST-Ser-364 > CST-Val-367. Structural analysis by CD spectroscopy coupled with molecular dynamics simulations revealed the following order of α-helical content: CST-WT > CST-Ser-364 > CST-Val-367; docking of CST peptides onto a major human nAChR subtype and molecular dynamics simulations also predicted the above rank order for their binding affinity with nAChR and the extent of occlusion of the receptor pore, providing a mechanistic basis for differential potencies. The G364S polymorphism was in strong linkage disequilibrium with several common CHGA genetic variations. Interestingly, the Ser-364 allele (detected in ∼15% subjects) was strongly associated with profound reduction (up to ∼2.1-fold) in plasma norepinephrine/epinephrine levels consistent with the diminished nAChR desensitization-blocking effect of CST-Ser-364 as compared with CST-WT. Additionally, the Ser-364 allele showed strong associations with elevated levels of plasma triglyceride and glucose levels. In conclusion, a common CHGA variant in an Indian population influences several biochemical parameters relevant to cardiovascular/metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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31
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Bandyopadhyay GK, Vu CU, Gentile S, Lee H, Biswas N, Chi NW, O'Connor DT, Mahata SK. Catestatin (chromogranin A(352-372)) and novel effects on mobilization of fat from adipose tissue through regulation of adrenergic and leptin signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23141-51. [PMID: 22535963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A knock-out (Chga-KO) mice display increased adiposity despite high levels of circulating catecholamines and leptin. Consistent with diet-induced obese mice, desensitization of leptin receptors caused by hyperleptinemia is believed to contribute to the obese phenotype of these KO mice. In contrast, obesity in ob/ob mice is caused by leptin deficiency. To characterize the metabolic phenotype, Chga-KO mice were treated with the CHGA-derived peptide catestatin (CST) that is deficient in these mice. CST treatment reduced fat depot size and increased lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. In liver, CST enhanced oxidation of fatty acids as well as their assimilation into lipids, effects that are attributable to the up-regulation of genes promoting fatty acid oxidation (Cpt1α, Pparα, Acox, and Ucp2) and incorporation into lipids (Gpat and CD36). CST did not affect basal or isoproterenol-stimulated cAMP production in adipocytes but inhibited phospholipase C activation by the α-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist phenylephrine, suggesting inhibition of α-AR signaling by CST. Indeed, CST mimicked the lipolytic effect of the α-AR blocker phentolamine on adipocytes. Moreover, CST reversed the hyperleptinemia of Chga-KO mice and improved leptin signaling as determined by phosphorylation of AMPK and Stat3. CST also improved peripheral leptin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. In ob/ob mice, CST enhanced leptin-induced signaling in adipose tissue. In conclusion, our results implicate CST in a novel pathway that promotes lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation by blocking α-AR signaling as well as by enhancing leptin receptor signaling.
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Yoo SH, Hur YS. Enrichment of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+ channels in secretory granules and essential roles of chromogranins. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sahu BS, Mohan J, Obbineni JM, Sahu G, Singh PK, Sonawane PJ, Sasi BK, Allu PKR, Maji SK, Bera AK, Senapati S, Mahapatra NR. Molecular interactions of the physiological anti-hypertensive peptide catestatin with the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2323-37. [PMID: 22357947 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.103176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), a chromogranin-A-derived peptide, is a potent endogenous inhibitor of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). It exerts an anti-hypertensive effect by acting as a 'physiological brake' on transmitter release into the circulation. However, the mechanism of interaction of CST with nAChR is only partially understood. To unravel molecular interactions of the wild-type human CST (CST-WT) as well as its naturally occurring variants (CST-364S and CST-370L, which have Gly→Ser and Pro→Leu substitutions, respectively) with the human α3β4 nAChR, we generated a homology-modeled human α3β4 nAChR structure and solution structures of CST peptides. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations showed that ~90% of interacting residues were within 15 N-terminal residues of CST peptides. The rank order of binding affinity of these peptides with nAChR was: CST-370L>CST-WT>CST-364S; the extent of occlusion of the receptor pore by these peptides was also in the same order. In corroboration with computational predictions, circular dichroism analysis revealed significant differences in global structures of CST peptides (e.g. the order of α-helical content was: CST-370L>CST-WT>CST-364S). Consistently, CST peptides blocked various stages of nAChR signal transduction, such as nicotine- or acetylcholine-evoked inward current, rise in intracellular Ca(2+) and catecholamine secretion in or from neuron-differentiated PC12 cells, in the same rank order. Taken together, this study shows molecular interactions between human CST peptides and human α3β4 nAChR, and demonstrates that alterations in the CST secondary structure lead to the gain of potency for CST-370L and loss of potency for CST-364S. These findings have implications for understanding the nicotinic cholinergic signaling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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35
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Gaede AH, Pilowsky PM. Catestatin, a chromogranin A-derived peptide, is sympathoinhibitory and attenuates sympathetic barosensitivity and the chemoreflex in rat CVLM. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R365-72. [PMID: 22129620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00409.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity. The neuropeptide catestatin [human chromogranin A-(352-372)] is a peptide product of the vesicular protein chromogranin A. Studies in the periphery and in vitro studies show that catestatin blocks nicotine-stimulated catecholamine release and interacts with β-adrenoceptors and histamine receptors. Catestatin immunoreactivity is present in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a key site for blood pressure control in the brain stem. Recently, we reported that microinjection of catestatin into the RVLM is sympathoexcitatory and increases barosensitivity. Here, we report the effects of microinjection of catestatin (1 mM, 50 nl) into the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) in urethane-anesthetized, bilaterally vagotomized, artificially ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8). We recorded resting arterial pressure, splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, phrenic nerve activity, heart rate, and measured cardiovascular homeostatic reflexes. Homeostatic reflexes were evaluated by measuring cardiovascular responses to carotid baroreceptor and peripheral chemoreceptor activation. Catestatin decreased basal levels of arterial pressure (-23 ± 4 mmHg), sympathetic nerve activity (-26.6 ± 5.7%), heart rate (-19 ± 5 bpm), and phrenic nerve amplitude (-16.8 ± 3.3%). Catestatin caused a 15% decrease in phrenic inspiratory period (T(i)) and a 16% increase in phrenic expiratory period (T(e)) but had no net effect on the phrenic interburst interval (T(tot)). Catestatin decreased sympathetic barosensitivity by 63.6% and attenuated the peripheral chemoreflex (sympathetic nerve response to brief hypoxia; range decreased 39.9%; slope decreased 30.1%). The results suggest that catestatin plays an important role in central cardiorespiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Gaede
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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36
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Hoq MI, Niyonsaba F, Ushio H, Aung G, Okumura K, Ogawa H. Human catestatin enhances migration and proliferation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bassino E, Fornero S, Gallo MP, Ramella R, Mahata SK, Tota B, Levi R, Alloatti G. A novel catestatin-induced antiadrenergic mechanism triggered by the endothelial PI3K-eNOS pathway in the myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:617-24. [PMID: 21543385 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Catestatin (CST) is a chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide (hCgA352-372) with three identified human variants (G364S/P370L/R374Q-CST) that show differential potencies towards the inhibition of catecholamine release. Although CST affects several cardiovascular parameters, the mechanisms underlying CST action in the heart have remained elusive. Therefore, we sought to determine the mechanism of action of CST and its variants on ventricular myocardium and endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Contractile force and Ca(2+) transients were measured, respectively, on rat papillary muscles and isolated cardiomyocytes (CC) under basal conditions and after β-adrenergic stimulation. Nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation (P(Ser1179)eNOS) were studied in bovine aortic endothelial (BAE-1) cells. Under basal conditions, wild-type CST (WT-CST, 10-50 nM) transiently enhanced myocardial contractility. CST variants (G364S and P370L) exerted a comparable positive inotropic effect. The H(1) histamine receptor antagonist mepyramine abolished the increase of contractile force induced by WT-CST. Moreover, WT-CST dose-dependently (5-50 nM) reduced the effect of β-adrenergic stimulation. This anti-adrenergic effect was not mediated by a direct action on CC, but involved a PI3K-dependent NO release from endocardial endothelial cells. Indeed, CST induced a wortmannin-sensitive, Ca(2+)-independent increase in NO production and eNOS phosphorylation on BAE-1 cells. While the anti-adrenergic and NO release effects of P370L-CST were comparable with those of WT-CST, the G364S variant was ineffective on the same parameters. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the anti-adrenergic action of CST depends on the endothelial PI3K-Akt-eNOS pathway and that its structural alterations entail functional features that correlate with the different anti-hypertensive potential described in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bassino
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
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Willis M, Leitner I, Jellinger KA, Marksteiner J. Chromogranin peptides in brain diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:727-35. [PMID: 21533607 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic disturbances may play a key role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. In this article, we review immunohistological findings of chromogranin peptides in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, with particular emphasis on Alzheimer's disease, the disorder chromogranins have been studied most extensively. Data was collected from existing and new experimental data and medline research. This review focuses on synaptic changes elicited by chromogranin peptides immunoreactivity in Alzheimer's disease, as well in schizophrenia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). An imbalanced availability of chromogranin peptides may be responsible for impaired neurotransmission and a reduced functioning of dense core vesicles. Since chromogranin A was postulated as a potent proinflammatory agent, we focused on chromogranin A in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and ALS. Further understanding of role and function of chromogranin peptides in neuropathological conditions is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Willis
- Department of General Psychiatry, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Imbrogno S, Garofalo F, Cerra MC, Mahata SK, Tota B. The catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (chromogranin A344-363) modulates myocardial function in fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 213:3636-43. [PMID: 20952611 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.045567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catestatin (CST), the 21-amino acid, cationic and hydrophobic peptide proteolytically derived from the ubiquitous chromogranin A (CgA), is an endogenous inhibitor of catecholamine release, a potent vasodilator in vivo and an anti-hypertensive agent in mammals, including humans. Recently, we discovered that CST also functions as an important negative modulator of heart performance in frog and rat. To gain an evolutionary perspective on CST cardiotropism in fish, we analysed the influence of bovine CST (CgA₃₄₄₋₃₆₄) on the eel heart, as well as the eventual species-specific mechanisms of its myocardial action. Experiments were carried out on fresh-water eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) using an electrically paced isolated working heart preparation. Stroke volume and stroke work were used as measures of ventricular performance. Under basal conditions, CST (from 11 nmol l⁻¹ to 165 nmol l⁻¹) caused a concentration-dependent negative inotropism, which was abolished by inhibitors of either β₁/β₂ (propranolol) or β₃ (SR₅₉₂₃₀) adrenergic receptors, or by G(i/o) protein (PTx) or nitric oxide synthase (L-NMMA), or guanylate cyclase (ODQ) blockers. This suggests a β-adrenergic receptor-G(i/o) protein-NO-cGMP-dependent mechanism. By contrast, the CST-induced cardio-suppression was not influenced by atropine, unspecific muscarinic antagonist, thus excluding cholinergic receptor involvement. CST also counteracted the adrenergic (isoproterenol)-mediated positive inotropism. Under increased preload (i.e. Frank-Starling response) conditions, CST induced a significant increase of the Frank-Starling response, which was blocked by L-NMMA and thapsigargin, but independent from guanylate cyclase. In conclusion, this is the first report in fish that CST modulates myocardial performance under basal, as well as under increased preload, conditions and counteracts the adrenergic-mediated positive inotropism, which strikingly supports the evolutionary significance and establishes the cardioactive role of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Imbrogno
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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40
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Aung G, Niyonsaba F, Ushio H, Kajiwara N, Saito H, Ikeda S, Ogawa H, Okumura K. Catestatin, a neuroendocrine antimicrobial peptide, induces human mast cell migration, degranulation and production of cytokines and chemokines. Immunology 2011; 132:527-39. [PMID: 21214543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Catestatin, a neuroendocrine peptide with effects on human autonomic function, has recently been found to be a cutaneous antimicrobial peptide. Human catestatin exhibits three single nucleotide polymorphisms: Gly364Ser, Pro370Leu and Arg374Gln. Given reports indicating that antimicrobial peptides and neuropeptides induce mast cell activation, we postulated that catestatin might stimulate numerous functions of human mast cells, thereby participating in the regulation of skin inflammatory responses. Catestatin and its naturally occurring variants caused the human mast cell line LAD2 and peripheral blood-derived mast cells to migrate, degranulate and release leukotriene C(4) and prostaglandins D(2) and E(2). Moreover, catestatins increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in mast cells, and induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, monocyte chemotactic protein-1/CCL2, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α/CCL3 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β/CCL4. Our evaluation of possible cellular mechanisms suggested that G-proteins, phospholipase C and the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are involved in catestatin-induced mast cell activation as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of pertussis toxin (G-protein inhibitor), U-73122 (phospholipase C inhibitor) and U0126 (ERK inhibitor), respectively. We also found that human mast cells express the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at both the mRNA and protein levels. Given that silencing the α7 receptor mRNA and an α7-specific inhibitor did not affect catestatin-mediated activation of mast cells, however, we concluded that this receptor is not likely to be functional in human mast cell stimulation by catestatins. Our finding that the neuroendocrine antimicrobial peptide catestatin activates human mast cells suggests that this peptide might have immunomodulatory functions, and provides a new link between neuroendocrine and cutaneous immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyi Aung
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Centre, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Mahata SK, Mahata M, Fung MM, O'Connor DT. Reprint of: Catestatin: a multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2010; 165:52-62. [PMID: 20965217 PMCID: PMC10838673 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1997, we identified a novel peptide, catestatin (CST: bovine chromogranin A [CHGA]₃₄₄₋₃₆₄: RSMRLSFRARGYGFRGPGLQL; human CHGA₃₅₂₋₃₇₂: SSMKLSFRARGYGFRGPGPQL), which is a potent inhibitor of nicotinic-cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine secretion. CST shows characteristic inhibitory effects on nicotinic cationic (Na+, Ca²+) signal transduction, which are specific to the neuronal nicotinic receptor. Utilizing systematic polymorphism discovery at the human CHGA locus we discovered three human variants of CST: G³⁶⁴S, P³⁷⁰L, and R³⁷⁴Q that showed differential potencies towards the inhibition of catecholamine secretion. In humans, CHGA is elevated and its processing to CST is diminished in hypertension. Diminished CST is observed not only in hypertensive individuals but also in the early-normotensive offspring of patients with hypertension, suggesting that an early deficiency of CST might play a pathogenic role in the subsequent development of the disease. Consistent with human findings, prevention of endogenous CST expression by targeted ablation (knockout) of the mouse Chga locus (Chga-KO) resulted in severe hypertension that can be "rescued" specifically by replacement of the CST peptide. CST acts directly on the heart to inhibit the inotropic and lusitropic properties of the rodent heart and also acts as a potent vasodilator in rats and humans. While the G³⁶⁴S CST variant caused profound changes in human autonomic activity and seemed to reduce the risk of developing hypertension, CST replacement rescued Chga-KO mice from dampened baroreflex sensitivity. In addition, CST has been shown to induce chemotaxis and acts as an antimicrobial as well as an antimalarial peptide. The present review summarizes these multiple actions of CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine (0838), University of California at San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA.
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Tota B, Cerra MC, Gattuso A. Catecholamines, cardiac natriuretic peptides and chromogranin A: evolution and physiopathology of a 'whip-brake' system of the endocrine heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:3081-103. [PMID: 20802109 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.027391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, extensive evidence has shown the ability of vertebrate cardiac non-neuronal cells to synthesize and release catecholamines (CA). This formed the mindset behind the search for the intrinsic endocrine heart properties, culminating in 1981 with the discovery of the natriuretic peptides (NP). CA and NP, co-existing in the endocrine secretion granules and acting as major cardiovascular regulators in health and disease, have become of great biomedical relevance for their potent diagnostic and therapeutic use. The concept of the endocrine heart was later enriched by the identification of a growing number of cardiac hormonal substances involved in organ modulation under normal and stress-induced conditions. Recently, chromogranin A (CgA), a major constituent of the secretory granules, and its derived cardio-suppressive and antiadrenergic peptides, vasostatin-1 and catestatin, were shown as new players in this framework, functioning as cardiac counter-regulators in 'zero steady-state error' homeostasis, particularly under intense excitatory stimuli, e.g. CA-induced myocardial stress. Here, we present evidence for the hypothesis that is gaining support, particularly among human cardiologists. The actions of CA, NP and CgA, we argue, may be viewed as a hallmark of the cardiac capacity to organize 'whip-brake' connection-integration processes in spatio-temporal networks. The involvement of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system in this configuration is discussed. The use of fish and amphibian paradigms will illustrate the ways that incipient endocrine-humoral agents have evolved as components of cardiac molecular loops and important intermediates during evolutionary transitions, or in a distinct phylogenetic lineage, or under stress challenges. This may help to grasp the old evolutionary roots of these intracardiac endocrine/paracrine networks and how they have evolved from relatively less complicated designs. The latter can also be used as an intellectual tool to disentangle the experimental complexity of the mammalian and human endocrine hearts, suggesting future investigational avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tota
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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Catestatin improves post-ischemic left ventricular function and decreases ischemia/reperfusion injury in heart. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:1171-9. [PMID: 21104119 PMCID: PMC3008938 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Chromogranin A (CgA)-derived anti-hypertensive peptide catestatin (CST) antagonizes catecholamine secretion, and is a negative myocardial inotrope acting via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. It is not known whether CST contributes to ischemia/reperfusion injury or is a component of a cardioprotective response to limit injury. Here, we tested whether CST by virtue of its negative inotropic activity improves post-ischemic cardiac function and cardiomyocyte survival. Three groups of isolated perfused hearts from adult Wistar rats underwent 30-min ischemia and 120-min reperfusion (I/R, Group 1), or were post-conditioned by brief ischemic episodes (PostC, 5-cycles of 10-s I/R at the beginning of 120-min reperfusion, Group 2), or with exogenous CST (75 nM for 20 min, CST-Post, Group-3) at the onset of reperfusion. Perfusion pressure and left ventricular pressure (LVP) were monitored. Infarct size was evaluated with nitroblue-tetrazolium staining. The CST (5 nM) effects were also tested in simulated ischemia/reperfusion experiments on cardiomyocytes isolated from young-adult rats, evaluating cell survival with propidium iodide labeling. Infarct size was 61 ± 6% of risk area in hearts subjected to I/R only. PostC reduced infarct size to 34 ± 5%. Infarct size in CST-Post was 36 ± 3% of risk area (P < 0.05 respect to I/R). CST-Post reduced post-ischemic rise of diastolic LVP, an index of contracture, and significantly improved post-ischemic recovery of developed LVP. In isolated cardiomyocytes, CST increased the cell viability rate by about 65% after simulated ischemia/reperfusion. These results suggest a novel cardioprotective role for CST, which appears mainly due to a direct reduction of post-ischemic myocardial damages and dysfunction, rather than to an involvement of adrenergic terminals and/or endothelium.
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Gaede AH, Pilowsky PM. Catestatin in rat RVLM is sympathoexcitatory, increases barosensitivity, and attenuates chemosensitivity and the somatosympathetic reflex. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1538-45. [PMID: 20926765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00335.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The fundamental role and corollary effects of neuropeptides that govern cardiorespiratory control in the brain stem are poorly understood. One such regulatory peptide, catestatin [Cts, human chromogranin A-(352-372)], noncompetitively inhibits nicotinic-cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine release. Previously, we demonstrated the presence of chromogranin A mRNA in brain stem neurons that are important for the maintenance of arterial pressure. In the present study, using immunofluorescence histochemistry, we show that Cts immunoreactivity is colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase in C1 neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM, n = 3). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of Cts on resting blood pressure, splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity, phrenic nerve activity, heart rate, and adaptive reflexes. Cts (1 mM in 50 nl or 100 μM in 50-100 nl) was microinjected into the RVLM in urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized, ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 19). Cardiovascular responses to stimulation of carotid baroreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, and the sciatic nerve (somatosympathetic reflex) were analyzed. Cts (1 mM in 50 nl) increased resting arterial pressure (28 ± 3 mmHg at 2 min postinjection), sympathetic nerve activity (15 ± 3% at 2 min postinjection), and phrenic discharge amplitude (31 ± 4% at 10 min postinjection). Cts increased sympathetic barosensitivity 40% (slope increased from -0.05 ± 0.01 before Cts to -0.07 ± 0.01 after Cts) and attenuated the somatosympathetic reflex [1st peak: 36% (from 132 ± 32.1 to 84.0 ± 17.0 μV); 2nd peak: 44% (from 65.1 ± 21.4 to 36.6 ± 14.1 μV)] and chemoreflex (blood pressure response to anoxia decreased 55%, sympathetic response decreased 46%). The results suggest that Cts activates sympathoexcitatory bulbospinal neurons in the RVLM and plays an important regulatory role in adaptive reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Gaede
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie Univ., NSW 2109, Australia
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Brar BK, Helgeland E, Mahata SK, Zhang K, O'Connor DT, Helle KB, Jonassen AK. Human catestatin peptides differentially regulate infarct size in the ischemic-reperfused rat heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:63-70. [PMID: 20655339 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In acute myocardial infarction increased plasma levels of chromogranin A are correlated with decreased survival. At the human chromogranin A gene locus there are two naturally occurring amino acid substitution variants within the catestatin region, i.e. Gly³⁶⁴Ser and Pro³⁷⁰Leu, displaying differential potencies towards inhibition of nicotinic cholinergic agonist-evoked catecholamine secretion from sympathochromaffin cells and different degrees of processing from the prohormone. Here, we examine whether two of the variants and the wild type catestatin may affect the development of infarct size during ischemic reperfusion in the Langendorff rat heart model. The hearts were subjected to regional ischemia followed by reperfusion in the presence or absence of synthetic variants of human catestatin. Compared to the Gly³⁶⁴Ser variant both the wild type and Pro³⁷⁰Leu variants increased infarct size while decreasing the cardiac levels of phosphorylated Akt and two of its downstream targets, FoxO1 and BAD. In conclusion, these findings suggest that, in contrast to the Gly³⁶⁴Ser variant, wild type catestatin and the Pro³⁷⁰Leu variant (allele frequency ~0.3%) increased myocardial infarct size via a mechanism involving dephosphorylation of Akt and the two downstream targets during ischemic reperfusion in the isolated rat heart.
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Dev NB, Gayen JR, O'Connor DT, Mahata SK. Chromogranin a and the autonomic system: decomposition of heart rate variability and rescue by its catestatin fragment. Endocrinology 2010; 151:2760-8. [PMID: 20410203 PMCID: PMC2875835 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA/Chga) has been implicated in the genesis of systemic hypertension and consequent cardiac abnormalities. Catestatin (CST) (human CHGA(352-372)) replacement reduces blood pressure elevation and increases baroreflex sensitivity in Chga knockout (KO) mice. Because of the dampened baroreflex sensitivity, we reasoned that KO mice would display altered heart rate variability (HRV). Thus, we evaluated beat-to-beat measurements in HRV in wild-type (WT) and KO mice, before and after CST replacement. HR dynamics were evaluated by bipolar Einthoven electrocardiogram, with deconvolution into time and frequency domains, as well as Lorenz nonlinear return analyses. At baseline, HR was higher [444 +/- 24 beats per minute (bpm)] in KO compared with WT (330 +/- 18 bpm) mice. The total power in the HRV spectra was substantially diminished in KO animals. CST increased total power but only in KO mice. Each time-domain parameter was substantially lower in KO compared with WT mice, and the CST in the KO group could reverse the differences. Lorenz analysis revealed reductions in S1 (short axis perpendicular to the line of identity in the ellipse) and S2 (long axis along the line of identity in the ellipse) in KO animals, indicating that regulation of HRV is diminished in the parasympathetic and sympathetic domains. CST replacement caused restoration of both S1 and S2, in the KO group. These data suggest that Chga has a profound effect on autonomic tone to the heart and that its CST fragment is responsible for such actions. The results suggest future strategies for intervention in cardiovascular disorders accompanied by adverse HRV profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendu B Dev
- Department of Medicine (0838), University of California, San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0838, USA
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Mahata SK, Mahata M, Fung MM, O'Connor DT. Catestatin: a multifunctional peptide from chromogranin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 162:33-43. [PMID: 20116404 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, we identified a novel peptide, catestatin (CST: bovine chromogranin A [CHGA](344-364): RSMRLSFRARGYGFRGPGLQL; human CHGA(352-372): SSMKLSFRARGYGFRGPGPQL), which is a potent inhibitor of nicotinic-cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine secretion. CST shows characteristic inhibitory effects on nicotinic cationic (Na(+), Ca(2+)) signal transduction, which are specific to the neuronal nicotinic receptor. Utilizing systematic polymorphism discovery at the human CHGA locus we discovered three human variants of CST: G(364)S, P(370)L, and R(374)Q that showed differential potencies towards the inhibition of catecholamine secretion. In humans, CHGA is elevated and its processing to CST is diminished in hypertension. Diminished CST is observed not only in hypertensive individuals but also in the early-normotensive offspring of patients with hypertension, suggesting that an early deficiency of CST might play a pathogenic role in the subsequent development of the disease. Consistent with human findings, prevention of endogenous CST expression by targeted ablation (knockout) of the mouse Chga locus (Chga-KO) resulted in severe hypertension that can be "rescued" specifically by replacement of the CST peptide. CST acts directly on the heart to inhibit the inotropic and lusitropic properties of the rodent heart and also acts as a potent vasodilator in rats and humans. While the G(364)S CST variant caused profound changes in human autonomic activity and seemed to reduce the risk of developing hypertension, CST replacement rescued Chga-KO mice from dampened baroreflex sensitivity. In addition, CST has been shown to induce chemotaxis and acts as an antimicrobial as well as an antimalarial peptide. The present review summarizes these multiple actions of CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Mahata
- Department of Medicine (0838), University of California at San Diego, and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA.
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Friese RS, Gayen JR, Mahapatra NR, Schmid-Schönbein GW, O'Connor DT, Mahata SK. Global metabolic consequences of the chromogranin A-null model of hypertension: transcriptomic detection, pathway identification, and experimental verification. Physiol Genomics 2009; 40:195-207. [PMID: 19952279 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00164.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA) has a crucial role in formation of regulated secretory granules in neuroendocrine tissues and is also a prohormone that is proteolytically processed into peptides with diverse and complex actions. CHGA and several of its peptide products, including catestatin and pancreastatin, are implicated in pathogenesis of essential hypertension, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. The Chga knockout mouse (Chga KO) displays severe hypertension coupled with reduction in size, number, and density of regulated secretory granules. We performed genome-wide transcriptome profiling in Chga KO adrenal gland and liver for insight into biochemical and physiological systems altered in this monogenic mouse model of hypertension. Adrenal gene expression pathway prediction of enhanced insulin sensitivity (P = 0.03) in Chga KO was confirmed with glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) measurements: blood glucose was normal in Chga KO, blood insulin was reduced 4.5-fold (P < 0.0001), and HOMA-IR was decreased 3.8-fold (P < 0.002). Remarkably, such observations conclusively dissociate fundamental features of the metabolic syndrome in this monogenic hypertension model. Exogenous pancreastatin treatment restored insulin sensitivity in the Chga KO to near-normal levels. Gene expression predictions of decreased adrenal cholesterol biosynthesis (P < 0.001) and increased hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis (P < 0.001) were verified with tissue total cholesterol assays: Chga KO adrenal cholesterol decreased 1.8-fold (P = 0.039) and hepatic cholesterol increased 1.8-fold (P = 0.018). Transcriptional regulatory network prediction identified sets of transcription factors that may provide insight into the unclear mechanistic links among CHGA, cholesterol, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolic syndrome. These experiments demonstrate, for the first time, that genetic variation at the CHGA locus impacts insulin sensitivity and tissue cholesterol levels in an intact, living organism. The Chga KO may constitute a unique model for studying the relationship between the CHGA locus and disease phenotypes of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Friese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838, USA
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Gayen JR, Gu Y, O'Connor DT, Mahata SK. Global disturbances in autonomic function yield cardiovascular instability and hypertension in the chromogranin a null mouse. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5027-35. [PMID: 19819970 PMCID: PMC2775982 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that chromogranin A (Chga) knockout (KO) mice are hypertensive and hyperadrenergic. Here we sought to determine the basis of such alterations by probing physiological, biochemical, and pharmacological responses to perturbations of the autonomic nervous system. In the conscious state, KO mice had substantially elevated basal high blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR); immobilization stress caused increments in systolic BP and HR in both wild-type (WT) and KO mice, with higher maxima but blunted increments in the KO state. Catestatin (CST; CHGA(352-372)) selectively diminished stress-induced increments in BP and HR in KO mice, implicating CST as an antihypertensive peptide, even in stressful conditions. Heightened plasma catecholamines in KO mice returned to WT level after CST. Stress caused further increments in catecholamines in WT mice but no change in KO mice. KO mice displayed diminished baroreflex sensitivity in response to either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside, accounting for exaggerated pressor and depressor responses to these compounds; baroreceptor function was normalized by CST. To probe the relative roles of endogenous/basal sympathetic vs. parasympathetic tone in control of BP and HR, we used the muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist atropine or the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol; HR and BP responses to each antagonist were exaggerated in KO animals. We conclude that ablation of Chga expression results in global disturbances in autonomic function, both sympathetic and parasympathetic, that can be abrogated (or rescued), at least in part, by replacement of CST. The results point to mechanisms whereby CHGA and its CST fragment act to control cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaur R Gayen
- Department of Medicine (0838), University of California, San Diego, San Diego, School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0838, USA
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Zhao E, Zhang D, Basak A, Trudeau VL. New insights into granin-derived peptides: evolution and endocrine roles. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009; 164:161-74. [PMID: 19523383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The granin protein family is composed of two chromogranin and five secretogranin members that are acidic, heat-stable proteins in secretory granules in cells of the nervous and endocrine systems. We report that there is little evidence for evolutionary relationships among the granins except for the chromogranin group. The main granin members, including chromogranin A and B, and secretogranin II are moderately conserved in the vertebrates. Several small bioactive peptides can be generated by proteolysis from those homologous domains existing within the granin precursors, reflecting the conservation of biological activities in different vertebrates. In this context, we focus on reviewing the distribution and function of the major granin-derived peptides, including vasostatin, bovine CgB(1-41) and secretoneurin in vertebrate endocrine systems, especially those associated with growth, glucose metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhao
- Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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