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Hakon J, Quattromani MJ, Sjölund C, Talhada D, Kim B, Moyanova S, Mastroiacovo F, Di Menna L, Olsson R, Englund E, Nicoletti F, Ruscher K, Bauer AQ, Wieloch T. Inhibiting metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 after stroke restores brain function and connectivity. Brain 2024; 147:186-200. [PMID: 37656990 PMCID: PMC10766240 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke results in local neural disconnection and brain-wide neuronal network dysfunction leading to neurological deficits. Beyond the hyper-acute phase of ischaemic stroke, there is no clinically-approved pharmacological treatment that alleviates sensorimotor impairments. Functional recovery after stroke involves the formation of new or alternative neuronal circuits including existing neural connections. The type-5 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR5) has been shown to modulate brain plasticity and function and is a therapeutic target in neurological diseases outside of stroke. We investigated whether mGluR5 influences functional recovery and network reorganization rodent models of focal ischaemia. Using multiple behavioural tests, we observed that treatment with negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of mGluR5 (MTEP, fenobam and AFQ056) for 12 days, starting 2 or 10 days after stroke, restored lost sensorimotor functions, without diminishing infarct size. Recovery was evident within hours after initiation of treatment and progressed over the subsequent 12 days. Recovery was prevented by activation of mGluR5 with the positive allosteric modulator VU0360172 and accelerated in mGluR5 knock-out mice compared with wild-type mice. After stroke, multisensory stimulation by enriched environments enhanced recovery, a result prevented by VU0360172, implying a role of mGluR5 in enriched environment-mediated recovery. Additionally, MTEP treatment in conjunction with enriched environment housing provided an additive recovery enhancement compared to either MTEP or enriched environment alone. Using optical intrinsic signal imaging, we observed brain-wide disruptions in resting-state functional connectivity after stroke that were prevented by mGluR5 inhibition in distinct areas of contralesional sensorimotor and bilateral visual cortices. The levels of mGluR5 protein in mice and in tissue samples of stroke patients were unchanged after stroke. We conclude that neuronal circuitry subserving sensorimotor function after stroke is depressed by a mGluR5-dependent maladaptive plasticity mechanism that can be restored by mGluR5 inhibition. Post-acute stroke treatment with mGluR5 NAMs combined with rehabilitative training may represent a novel post-acute stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hakon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Miriana J Quattromani
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Carin Sjölund
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Daniela Talhada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Byungchan Kim
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Slavianka Moyanova
- Department of Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Di Menna
- Department of Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Roger Olsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Division of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Adam Q Bauer
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tadeusz Wieloch
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
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Lei X, Hofmann CS, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM. Differential Activity of Orthosteric Agonists and Allosteric Modulators at Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 7. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:17-27. [PMID: 37105671 PMCID: PMC10289241 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGlu7) is a G protein coupled receptor that has demonstrated promise as a therapeutic target across a number of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. Compounds that modulate the activity of mGlu7, such as positive and negative allosteric modulators, may represent new therapeutic strategies to modulate receptor activity. The endogenous neurotransmitter associated with the mGlu receptor family, glutamate, exhibits low efficacy and potency in activating mGlu7, and surrogate agonists, such as the compound L-(+)-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4), are often used for receptor activation and compound profiling. To understand the implications of the use of such agonists in the development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), we performed a systematic evaluation of receptor activation using a system in which mutations can be made in either protomer of the mGlu7 dimer; we employed mutations that prevent interaction with the orthosteric site as well as the G-protein coupling site of the receptor. We then measured increases in calcium levels downstream of a promiscuous G protein to assess the effects of mutations in one of the two protomers in the presence of two different agonists and three positive allosteric modulators. Our results reveal that distinct PAMs, for example N-[3-Chloro-4-[(5-chloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]phenyl]-2-pyridinecarboxamide (VU0422288) and 3-(2,3-Difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (VU6005649), do exhibit different maximal levels of potentiation with L-AP4 versus glutamate, but there appear to be common stable receptor conformations that are shared among all of the compounds examined here. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This manuscript describes the systematic evaluation of the mGlu7 agonists glutamate and L-(+)-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) in the presence and absence of three distinct potentiators examining possible mechanistic differences. These findings demonstrate that mGlu7 potentiators display subtle variances in response to glutamate versus L-AP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lei
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., C.S.H., A.L.R., C.M.N.), Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (X.L., A.L.R., C.M.N.), Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.M.N.), and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesee (C.M.N.); and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N.)
| | - Christopher S Hofmann
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., C.S.H., A.L.R., C.M.N.), Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (X.L., A.L.R., C.M.N.), Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.M.N.), and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesee (C.M.N.); and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N.)
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., C.S.H., A.L.R., C.M.N.), Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (X.L., A.L.R., C.M.N.), Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.M.N.), and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesee (C.M.N.); and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N.)
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology (X.L., C.S.H., A.L.R., C.M.N.), Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery (X.L., A.L.R., C.M.N.), Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology (C.M.N.), and Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennesee (C.M.N.); and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (C.M.N.)
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3
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Di Menna L, Orlando R, D'Errico G, Ginerete RP, Machaczka A, Bonaccorso CM, Arena A, Spatuzza M, Celli R, Alborghetti M, Ciocca E, Zuena AR, Scioli MR, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F, Catania MV. Blunted type-5 metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in two mouse models of monogenic autism. Neuropharmacology 2023:109642. [PMID: 37392820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of the mGlu5 receptors in the pathophysiology of several forms of monogenic autism has been supported by numerous studies following the seminal observation that mGlu5 receptor-dependent long-term depression was enhanced in the hippocampus of mice modeling the fragile-X syndrome (FXS). Surprisingly, there are no studies examining the canonical signal transduction pathway activated by mGlu5 receptors (i.e. polyphosphoinositide - PI - hydrolysis) in mouse models of autism. We have developed a method for in vivo assessment of PI hydrolysis based on systemic injection of lithium chloride followed by treatment with the selective mGlu5 receptor PAM, VU0360172, and measurement of endogenous inositolmonophosphate (InsP) in brain tissue. Here, we report that mGlu5 receptor-mediated PI hydrolysis was blunted in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and corpus striatum of Ube3am-/p+ mice modeling Angelman syndrome (AS), and in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of fmr1 knockout mice modeling FXS. In vivo mGlu5 receptor-mediated stimulation of Akt on threonine 308 was also blunted in the hippocampus of FXS mice. These changes were associated with a significant increase in cortical and striatal Homer1 levels and striatal mGlu5 receptor and Gαq levels in AS mice, and with a reduction in cortical mGlu5 receptor and hippocampal Gαq levels, and an increase in cortical phospholipase-Cβ and hippocampal Homer1 levels in FXS mice. This is the first evidence that the canonical transduction pathway activated by mGlu5 receptors is down-regulated in brain regions of mice modeling monogenic autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Agata Machaczka
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Marika Alborghetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ciocca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bruno
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Catania
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, The National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), Catania, Italy.
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Bender AM, Valentine MS, Bauer JA, Days E, Lindsley CW, Merryman WD. Identification of Potent, Selective, and Peripherally Restricted Serotonin Receptor 2B Antagonists from a High-Throughput Screen. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2023; 21:89-96. [PMID: 36930852 PMCID: PMC10122230 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of the serotonin receptor 2B (5-HT2B) have shown great promise as therapeutics for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease, and related cardiopathies. Herein, we describe a high-throughput screen campaign that led to the identification of highly potent and selective 5-HT2B antagonists. Furthermore, selected compounds were profiled for their predicted ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Two exemplary compounds, VU0530244 and VU0631019, were predicted to have very limited potential for brain penetration in human subjects, a critical profile for the development of 5-HT2B antagonists devoid of centrally-mediated adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Bender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Franklin, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael S. Valentine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua A. Bauer
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Emily Days
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Franklin, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - W. David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Brown J, Grayson B, Neill JC, Harte M, Wall MJ, Ngomba RT. Oscillatory Deficits in the Sub-Chronic PCP Rat Model for Schizophrenia Are Reversed by mGlu5 Receptor-Positive Allosteric Modulators VU0409551 and VU0360172. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060919. [PMID: 36980260 PMCID: PMC10047164 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive deficits of schizophrenia are linked to imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), disrupting gamma oscillations. We previously demonstrated that two mGlu5 receptor-positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), VU0409551 and VU0360172, restore cognitive deficits in the sub-chronic PCP (scPCP) rodent model for schizophrenia via distinct changes in PFC intracellular signalling molecules. Here, we have assessed ex vivo gamma oscillatory activity in PFC slices from scPCP rats and investigated the effects of VU0409551 and VU0360172 upon oscillatory power. mGlu5 receptor, protein kinase C (PKC), and phospholipase C (PLC) inhibition were also used to examine ‘modulation bias’ in PAM activity. The amplitude and area power of gamma oscillations were significantly diminished in the scPCP model. Slice incubation with either VU0409551 or VU0360172 rescued scPCP-induced oscillatory deficits in a concentration-dependent manner. MTEP blocked the PAM-induced restoration of oscillatory power, confirming the requirement of mGlu5 receptor modulation. Whilst PLC inhibition prevented the power increase mediated by both PAMs, PKC inhibition diminished the effects of VU0360172 but not VU0409551. This aligns with previous reports that VU0409551 exhibits preferential activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signalling pathway over the PKC cascade. Restoration of the excitatory/inhibitory signalling balance and gamma oscillations may therefore underlie the mGluR5 PAM-mediated correction of scPCP-induced cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brown
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ben Grayson
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Joanna C. Neill
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michael Harte
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.J.W.); (R.T.N.); Tel.: +44-(0)161-2752328 (M.H.); +44-(0)247-6573772 (M.J.W.); +44-(0)152-2837392 (R.T.N.)
| | - Mark J. Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.J.W.); (R.T.N.); Tel.: +44-(0)161-2752328 (M.H.); +44-(0)247-6573772 (M.J.W.); +44-(0)152-2837392 (R.T.N.)
| | - Richard T. Ngomba
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (M.J.W.); (R.T.N.); Tel.: +44-(0)161-2752328 (M.H.); +44-(0)247-6573772 (M.J.W.); +44-(0)152-2837392 (R.T.N.)
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Celli R, Striano P, Citraro R, Di Menna L, Cannella M, Imbriglio T, Koko M, Consortium EEC, De Sarro G, Monn JA, Battaglia G, van Luijtelaar G, Nicoletti F, Russo E, Leo A. mGlu3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as a Target for the Treatment of Absence Epilepsy: Preclinical and Human Genetics Data. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:105-118. [PMID: 35579153 PMCID: PMC10193767 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220509160511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that different metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtypes are potential drug targets for treating absence epilepsy. However, no information is available on mGlu3 receptors. OBJECTIVE To examine whether (i) changes of mGlu3 receptor expression/signaling are found in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus of WAG/Rij rats developing spontaneous absence seizures; (ii) selective activation of mGlu3 receptors with LY2794193 affects the number and duration of spikewave discharges (SWDs) in WAG/Rij rats; and (iii) a genetic variant of GRM3 (encoding the mGlu3 receptor) is associated with absence epilepsy. METHODS Animals: immunoblot analysis of mGlu3 receptors, GAT-1, GLAST, and GLT-1; realtime PCR analysis of mGlu3 mRNA levels; assessment of mGlu3 receptor signaling; EEG analysis of SWDs; assessment of depressive-like behavior. Humans: search for GRM3 and GRM5 missense variants in 196 patients with absence epilepsy or other Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (IGE)/ Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE) and 125,748 controls. RESULTS mGlu3 protein levels and mGlu3-mediated inhibition of cAMP formation were reduced in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex of pre-symptomatic (25-27 days old) and symptomatic (6-7 months old) WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched controls. Treatment with LY2794193 (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced absence seizures and depressive-like behavior in WAG/Rij rats. LY2794193 also enhanced GAT1, GLAST, and GLT-1 protein levels in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. GRM3 and GRM5 gene variants did not differ between epileptic patients and controls. CONCLUSION We suggest that mGlu3 receptors modulate the activity of the cortico-thalamo-cortical circuit underlying SWDs and that selective mGlu3 receptor agonists are promising candidate drugs for absence epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- I.R.C.C.S. “G. Gaslini” Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, FAS@UMG Research Center, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mahmoud Koko
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, FAS@UMG Research Center, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, FAS@UMG Research Center, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, FAS@UMG Research Center, Catanzaro, Italy
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Xiang G, Acosta-Ruiz A, Radoux-Mergault A, Kristt M, Kim J, Moon JD, Broichhagen J, Inoue A, Lee FS, Stoeber M, Dittman JS, Levitz J. Control of Gα q signaling dynamics and GPCR cross-talk by GRKs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq3363. [PMID: 36427324 PMCID: PMC9699688 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Numerous processes contribute to the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), but relatively little is known about rapid mechanisms that control signaling on the seconds time scale or regulate cross-talk between receptors. Here, we reveal that the ability of some GPCR kinases (GRKs) to bind Gαq both drives acute signaling desensitization and regulates functional interactions between GPCRs. GRK2/3-mediated acute desensitization occurs within seconds, is rapidly reversible, and can occur upon local, subcellular activation. This rapid desensitization is kinase independent, insensitive to pharmacological inhibition, and generalizable across receptor families and effectors. We also find that the ability of GRK2 to bind G proteins also enables it to regulate the extent and timing of Gαq-dependent signaling cross-talk between GPCRs. Last, we find that G protein/GRK2 interactions enable a novel form of GPCR trafficking cross-talk. Together, this work reveals potent forms of Gαq-dependent GPCR regulation with wide-ranging pharmacological and physiological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Melanie Kristt
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jared D. Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Francis S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Stoeber
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy S. Dittman
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Levitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Spurrier J, Nicholson L, Fang XT, Stoner AJ, Toyonaga T, Holden D, Siegert TR, Laird W, Allnutt MA, Chiasseu M, Brody AH, Takahashi H, Nies SH, Pérez-Cañamás A, Sadasivam P, Lee S, Li S, Zhang L, Huang YH, Carson RE, Cai Z, Strittmatter SM. Reversal of synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models by targeting mGluR5 to prevent synaptic tagging by C1Q. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi8593. [PMID: 35648810 PMCID: PMC9554345 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi8593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated synaptic loss contributes to the development of cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the basis for this immune-mediated attack on synapses remains to be elucidated. Treatment with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) silent allosteric modulator (SAM), BMS-984923, prevents β-amyloid oligomer-induced aberrant synaptic signaling while preserving physiological glutamate response. Here, we show that oral BMS-984923 effectively occupies brain mGluR5 sites visualized by [18F]FPEB positron emission tomography (PET) at doses shown to be safe in rodents and nonhuman primates. In aged mouse models of AD (APPswe/PS1ΔE9 overexpressing transgenic and AppNL-G-F/hMapt double knock-in), SAM treatment fully restored synaptic density as measured by [18F]SynVesT-1 PET for SV2A and by histology, and the therapeutic benefit persisted after drug washout. Phospho-TAU accumulation in double knock-in mice was also reduced by SAM treatment. Single-nuclei transcriptomics demonstrated that SAM treatment in both models normalized expression patterns to a far greater extent in neurons than glia. Last, treatment prevented synaptic localization of the complement component C1Q and synaptic engulfment in AD mice. Thus, selective modulation of mGluR5 reversed neuronal gene expression changes to protect synapses from damage by microglial mediators in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Spurrier
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - LaShae Nicholson
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xiaotian T Fang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Austin J Stoner
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Takuya Toyonaga
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Daniel Holden
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - William Laird
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mary Alice Allnutt
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marius Chiasseu
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - A Harrison Brody
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sarah Helena Nies
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72074, Germany
| | - Azucena Pérez-Cañamás
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Pragalath Sadasivam
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Supum Lee
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Songye Li
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yiyun H Huang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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9
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Dogra S, Conn PJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as emerging targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:275-285. [PMID: 35246479 PMCID: PMC9092465 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence of glutamatergic abnormalities in the brains of schizophrenia patients has led to efforts to target various components of glutamatergic signaling as potential new approaches for schizophrenia. Exciting research suggests that metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors could provide a fundamentally new approach for better symptomatic relief in schizophrenia patients. In preclinical studies, the mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have efficacy in animal models relevant for all symptom domains in schizophrenia. Interestingly, biased pure mGlu5 receptor PAMs that do not potentiate coupling of mGlu5 receptors to NMDA receptors lack neurotoxic effects associated with mGlu5 PAMs that enhance coupling to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or have allosteric agonist activity (ago-PAMs). This provides a better therapeutic profile for treating schizophrenia-like symptoms. Additionally, the mGlu1 receptor PAMs modulate dopamine release in the striatum, which may contribute to their antipsychotic-like effects. Besides group I mGlu (mGlu1 and mGlu5) receptors, agonists of mGlu2/3 receptor also induce robust antipsychotic-like and pro-cognitive effects in rodents and may be effective in treating symptoms of schizophrenia in a selective group of patients. Additionally, mGlu2/4 receptor heterodimers modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex at selective synapses activated in schizophrenia and, therefore, hold potential as novel antipsychotics. Excitingly, the mGlu3 receptor activation can enhance cognition in rodents suggesting that mGlu3 receptor agonist/PAM could provide a novel approach for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Collectively, the development of mGlu receptor-specific ligands may provide an alternative approach to meet the clinical need for safer and efficacious therapeutics for schizophrenia. Significance Statement The currently available antipsychotic medications do not show significant efficacy for treating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Emerging preclinical and clinical literature suggests that pharmacological targeting of metabotropic glutamate receptors could potentially provide an alternative approach for designing safer and efficacious therapeutics for treating schizophrenia.
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10
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Biotechnological Innovations from Ocean: Transpiring Role of Marine Drugs in Management of Chronic Disorders. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051539. [PMID: 35268639 PMCID: PMC8911953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine drugs are abundant in number, comprise of a diverse range of structures with corresponding mechanisms of action, and hold promise for the discovery of new and better treatment approaches for the management of several chronic diseases. There are huge reserves of natural marine biological compounds, as 70 percent of the Earth is covered with oceans, indicating a diversity of chemical entities on the planet. The marine ecosystems are a rich source of bioactive products and have been explored for lead drug molecules that have proven to be novel therapeutic targets. Over the last 70 years, many structurally diverse drug products and their secondary metabolites have been isolated from marine sources. The drugs obtained from marine sources have displayed an exceptional potential in the management of a wide array of diseases, ranging from acute to chronic conditions. A beneficial role of marine drugs in human health has been recently proposed. The current review highlights various marine drugs and their compounds and role in the management of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disorders, which has led to the development of new drug treatment approaches.
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11
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Brown J, Iacovelli L, Di Cicco G, Grayson B, Rimmer L, Fletcher J, Neill JC, Wall MJ, Ngomba RT, Harte M. The comparative effects of mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulators VU0409551 and VU0360172 on cognitive deficits and signalling in the sub-chronic PCP rat model for schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Wu H, Niu C, Qu Y, Sun X, Wang K. Selective activation of TRPA1 ion channels by nitrobenzene skin sensitizers DNFB and DNCB. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101555. [PMID: 34973335 PMCID: PMC8800105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) are well known as skin sensitizers that can cause dermatitis. DNFB has shown to more potently sensitize skin; however, how DNFB and DNCB cause skin inflammation at a molecular level and why this difference in their sensitization ability is observed remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify the molecular targets and mechanisms on which DNFB and DNCB act. We used a fluorescent calcium imaging plate reader in an initial screening assay before patch-clamp recordings for validation. Molecular docking in combination with site-directed mutagenesis was then carried out to investigate DNFB and DNCB binding sites in the TRPA1 ion channel that may be selectively activated by these tow sensitizers. We found that DNFB and DNCB selectively activated TRPA1 channel with EC50 values of 2.3 ± 0.7 μM μM and 42.4 ± 20.9 μM, respectively. Single-channel recordings revealed that DNFB and DNCB increase the probability of channel opening and acts on three residues (C621, E625 and Y658) critical for TRPA1 activation. Our findings may not only help explain the molecular mechanism underlying the dermatitis and pruritus caused by chemicals like DNFB and DNCB, but also provide a molecular tool 7.5-fold more potent than the current TRPA1 activator allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) used for investigating TRPA1 channel pharmacology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, #1 Ningde Road, Qingdao 266073
| | - Canyang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, #1 Ningde Road, Qingdao 266073
| | - Yaxuan Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, #1 Ningde Road, Qingdao 266073
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, #1 Ningde Road, Qingdao 266073; Institue of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - KeWei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, #1 Ningde Road, Qingdao 266073; Institue of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
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13
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Stankiewicz A, Kaczorowska K, Bugno R, Kozioł A, Paluchowska MH, Burnat G, Chruścicka B, Chorobik P, Brański P, Wierońska JM, Duszyńska B, Pilc A, Bojarski AJ. New 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with positive mGlu 4 receptor modulation activity and antipsychotic-like properties. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:211-225. [PMID: 34894953 PMCID: PMC8667925 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1998022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the allosteric regulation of mGlu receptors for potential therapeutic applications, we developed a group of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives that displayed mGlu4 receptor positive allosteric modulatory activity (EC50 = 282–656 nM). Selectivity screening revealed that they were devoid of activity at mGlu1, mGlu2 and mGlu5 receptors, but modulated mGlu7 and mGlu8 receptors, thus were classified as group III-preferring mGlu receptor agents. None of the compounds was active towards hERG channels or in the mini-AMES test. The most potent in vitro mGlu4 PAM derivative 52 (N-(3-chloro-4-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl)picolinamide) was readily absorbed after i.p. administration (male Albino Swiss mice) and reached a maximum brain concentration of 949.76 ng/mL. Five modulators (34, 37, 52, 60 and 62) demonstrated significant anxiolytic- and antipsychotic-like properties in the SIH and DOI-induced head twitch test, respectively. Promising data were obtained, especially for N-(4-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-methylphenyl)picolinamide (62), whose effects in the DOI-induced head twitch test were comparable to those of clozapine and better than those reported for the selective mGlu4 PAM ADX88178.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stankiewicz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kaczorowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Bugno
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Kozioł
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria H Paluchowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Burnat
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Chruścicka
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Chorobik
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Brański
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Duszyńska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pilc
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Gregory KJ, Goudet C. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXI. Pharmacology, Signaling, and Physiology of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 73:521-569. [PMID: 33361406 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.019133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors respond to glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, mediating a modulatory role that is critical for higher-order brain functions such as learning and memory. Since the first mGlu receptor was cloned in 1992, eight subtypes have been identified along with many isoforms and splice variants. The mGlu receptors are transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the class C G protein-coupled receptor family and represent attractive targets for a multitude of central nervous system disorders. Concerted drug discovery efforts over the past three decades have yielded a wealth of pharmacological tools including subtype-selective agents that competitively block or mimic the actions of glutamate or act allosterically via distinct sites to enhance or inhibit receptor activity. Herein, we review the physiologic and pathophysiological roles for individual mGlu receptor subtypes including the pleiotropic nature of intracellular signal transduction arising from each. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of prototypical and commercially available orthosteric agonists and antagonists as well as allosteric modulators, including ligands that have entered clinical trials. Finally, we highlight emerging areas of research that hold promise to facilitate rational design of highly selective mGlu receptor-targeting therapeutics in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The metabotropic glutamate receptors are attractive therapeutic targets for a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Over the past three decades, intense discovery efforts have yielded diverse pharmacological tools acting either competitively or allosterically, which have enabled dissection of fundamental biological process modulated by metabotropic glutamate receptors and established proof of concept for many therapeutic indications. We review metabotropic glutamate receptor molecular pharmacology and highlight emerging areas that are offering new avenues to selectively modulate neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
| | - Cyril Goudet
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (K.J.G.) and Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France (C.G.)
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15
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Ricart-Ortega M, Berizzi AE, Pereira V, Malhaire F, Catena J, Font J, Gómez-Santacana X, Muñoz L, Zussy C, Serra C, Rovira X, Goudet C, Llebaria A. Mechanistic Insights into Light-Driven Allosteric Control of GPCR Biological Activity. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:883-895. [PMID: 33073188 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), including the metabotrobic glutamate 5 receptor (mGlu5), are important therapeutic targets and the development of allosteric ligands for targeting GPCRs has become a desirable approach toward modulating receptor activity. Traditional pharmacological approaches toward modulating GPCR activity are still limited since precise spatiotemporal control of a ligand is lost as soon as it is administered. Photopharmacology proposes the use of photoswitchable ligands to overcome this limitation, since their activity can be reversibly controlled by light with high precision. As this is still a growing field, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the light-induced changes of different photoswitchable ligand pharmacology is suboptimal. For this reason, we have studied the mechanisms of action of alloswitch-1 and MCS0331; two freely diffusible, mGlu5 phenylazopyridine photoswitchable negative allosteric modulators. We combined photochemical, cell-based, and in vivo photopharmacological approaches to investigate the effects of trans-cis azobenzene photoisomerization on the functional activity and binding ability of these ligands to the mGlu5 allosteric pocket. From these results, we conclude that photoisomerization can take place inside and outside the ligand binding pocket, and this leads to a reversible loss in affinity, in part, due to changes in dissociation rates from the receptor. Ligand activity for both photoswitchable ligands deviates from high-affinity mGlu5 negative allosteric modulation (in the trans configuration) to reduced affinity for the mGlu5 in their cis configuration. Importantly, this mechanism translates to dynamic and reversible control over pain following local injection and illumination of negative allosteric modulators into a brain region implicated in pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ricart-Ortega
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Synthesis, Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.,IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Alice E Berizzi
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Vanessa Pereira
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Fanny Malhaire
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Juanlo Catena
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Synthesis, Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Joan Font
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lourdes Muñoz
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Synthesis, Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.,SIMchem, Service of Synthesis of High Added Value Molecules, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Charleine Zussy
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Carmen Serra
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Synthesis, Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.,SIMchem, Service of Synthesis of High Added Value Molecules, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Xavier Rovira
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Synthesis, Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cyril Goudet
- IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, F-34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- MCS, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Synthesis, Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.,SIMchem, Service of Synthesis of High Added Value Molecules, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
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16
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Celli R, Wall MJ, Santolini I, Vergassola M, Di Menna L, Mascio G, Cannella M, van Luijtelaar G, Pittaluga A, Ciruela F, Bruno V, Nicoletti F, Ngomba RT. Pharmacological activation of mGlu5 receptors with the positive allosteric modulator VU0360172, modulates thalamic GABAergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108240. [PMID: 32768418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that injection of the mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0360172 into either the thalamus or somatosensory cortex markedly reduces the frequency of spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in the WAG/Rij model of absence epilepsy. Here we have investigated the effects of VU0360172 on GABA transport in the thalamus and somatosensory cortex, as possible modes of action underlying the suppression of SWDs. Systemic VU0360172 injections increase GABA uptake in thalamic synaptosomes from epileptic WAG/Rij rats. Consistent with this observation, VU0360172 could also enhance thalamic GAT-1 protein expression, depending on the dosing regimen. This increase in GAT-1 expression was also observed in the thalamus from non-epileptic rats (presymptomatic WAG/Rij and Wistar) and appeared to occur selectively in neurons. The tonic GABAA receptor current present in ventrobasal thalamocortical neurons was significantly reduced by VU0360172 consistent with changes in GAT-1 and GABA uptake. The in vivo effects of VU0360172 (reduction in tonic GABA current and increase in GAT-1 expression) could be reproduced in vitro by treating thalamic slices with VU0360172 for at least 1 h and appeared to be dependent on the activation of PLC. Thus, the effects of VU0360172 do not require an intact thalamocortical circuit. In the somatosensory cortex, VU0360172 reduced GABA uptake but did not cause significant changes in GAT-1 protein levels. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of regulation mediated by mGlu5 receptors, which could underlie the powerful anti-absence effect of mGlu5 receptor enhancers in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Ciruela
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Bruno
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Structure-based discovery and development of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 negative allosteric modulators. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 88:35-58. [PMID: 32416871 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are a family of eight class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which modulate cell signaling and synaptic transmission to the major excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamate (l-glutamic acid). Due to their role in modulating glutamate response, their widespread distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) and some evidence of dysregulation in disease, the mGlu receptors have become attractive pharmacological targets. As the orthosteric (glutamate) binding site is highly conserved across the eight mGlu receptors, it is difficult not only to generate ligands with subtype selectivity but, due to the nature of the binding site, with suitable drug-like properties to allow oral bioavailability and CNS penetration. Selective pharmacological targeting of a single receptor subtype can be achieved by targeting alternative (allosteric) binding sites. The nature of the allosteric binding pockets allows ligands to be developed that have good physical chemical properties as evidenced by several allosteric modulators of mGlu receptors entering clinical trials. The first negative allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor were discovered from high throughput screening activities. An alternative approach to drug discovery is to use structural knowledge to enable structure-based drug design (SBDD), which allows the design of molecules in a more rational, rather than empirical, fashion. Here we will describe the process of SBDD in the discovery of the mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator HTL0014242 and describe how knowledge of receptor structure can also be used to gain insights into the receptor activation mechanisms.
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18
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Bhat SA, Henry RJ, Blanchard AC, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Enhanced Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators in microglia and following traumatic brain injury in male mice. J Neurochem 2020; 156:225-248. [PMID: 31926033 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that treatment with a mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) is neuroprotective after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), limiting post-traumatic neuroinflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation and promoting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective responses. However, the specific molecular mechanisms governing this anti-inflammatory shift in microglia remain unknown. Here we show that the mGluR5 PAM, VU0360172 (VuPAM), regulates microglial inflammatory responses through activation of Akt, resulting in the inhibition of GSK-3β. GSK-3β regulates the phosphorylation of CREB, thereby controlling the expression of inflammation-related genes and microglial plasticity. The anti-inflammatory action of VuPAM in microglia is reversed by inhibiting Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling. Using a well-characterized TBI model and CX3CR1gfp/+ mice to visualize microglia in vivo, we demonstrate that VuPAM enhances Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling in the injured cortex, as well as anti-inflammatory microglial markers. Furthermore, in situ analysis revealed that GFP + microglia in the cortex of VuPAM-treated TBI mice co-express pCREB and the anti-inflammatory microglial phenotype marker YM1. Taken together, our data show that VuPAM decreases pro-inflammatory microglial activation by modulating Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling. These findings serve to clarify the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of mGluR5 PAM treatment after TBI, and suggest novel therapeutic targets for post-traumatic neuroinflammation. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexa C Blanchard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Gregory KJ, Bridges TM, Gogliotti RG, Stauffer SR, Noetzel MJ, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Niswender CM. In Vitro to in Vivo Translation of Allosteric Modulator Concentration-Effect Relationships: Implications for Drug Discovery. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:442-452. [PMID: 32259076 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs represents an increasingly explored approach in drug development. Due to complex pharmacology, however, the relationship(s) between modulator properties determined in vitro with in vivo concentration-effect phenomena is frequently unclear. We investigated key pharmacological properties of a set of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and their relevance to in vivo concentration-response relationships. These studies identified a significant relationship between in vitro PAM cooperativity (αβ), as well as the maximal response obtained from a simple in vitro PAM concentration-response experiment, with in vivo efficacy for reversal of amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. This correlation did not exist with PAM potency or affinity. Data across PAMs were then converged to calculate an in vivo concentration of glutamate putatively relevant to the mGlu5 PAM mechanism of action. This work demonstrates the ability to merge in vitro pharmacology profiles with relevant behavioral outcomes and also provides a novel method to estimate neurotransmitter concentrations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rocco G Gogliotti
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Meredith J Noetzel
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology and Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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20
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Orgován Z, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Fragment-Based Approaches for Allosteric Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (mGluR) Modulators. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1768-1781. [PMID: 31393248 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190808150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are members of the class C G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR-s) and have eight subtypes. These receptors are responsible for a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems and their modulation has therapeutic utility in neurological and psychiatric disorders. It was previously established that selective orthosteric modulation of these receptors is challenging, and this stimulated the search for allosteric modulators. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery (FBDD) is a viable approach to find ligands binding at allosteric sites owing to their limited size and interactions. However, it was also observed that the structure-activity relationship of allosteric modulators is often sharp and inconsistent. This can be attributed to the characteristics of the allosteric binding site of mGluRs that is a water channel where ligand binding is accompanied with induced fit and interference with the water network, both playing a role in receptor activation. In this review, we summarize fragment-based drug discovery programs on mGluR allosteric modulators and their contribution identifying of new mGluR ligands with better activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Orgován
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar Tudosok Korutja, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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21
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Hellyer SD, Albold S, Sengmany K, Singh J, Leach K, Gregory KJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu 5 )-positive allosteric modulators differentially induce or potentiate desensitization of mGlu 5 signaling in recombinant cells and neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 151:301-315. [PMID: 31376155 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5 ) are a promising therapeutic strategy for a number of neurological disorders. Multiple mGlu5 -positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotypes have been discovered that act as either pure PAMs or as PAM-agonists in recombinant and native cells. While these compounds have been tested in paradigms of receptor activation, their effects on receptor regulatory processes are largely unknown. In this study, acute desensitization of mGlu5 mediated intracellular calcium mobilization by structurally diverse mGlu5 orthosteric and allosteric ligands was assessed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and primary murine neuronal cultures from both striatum and cortex. We aimed to determine the intrinsic efficacy and modulatory capacity of diverse mGlu5 PAMs [(R)-5-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)-N-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl)picolinamide (VU0424465), N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)picolinamide (VU0360172), 1-(4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)ethanone (DPFE), ((4-fluorophenyl) (2-(phenoxymethyl)-6,7-dihydrooxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)methanone) (VU0409551), 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB)] on receptor desensitization and whether cellular context influences receptor regulatory processes. Only VU0424465 and VU0409551 induced desensitization alone in human embryonic kidney 293-mGlu5 cells, while all PAMs enhanced (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG)-induced desensitization. All mGlu5 PAMs induced receptor desensitization alone and enhanced DHPG-induced desensitization in striatal neurons. VU0424465 and VU0360172 were the only PAMs that induced desensitization alone in cortical neurons. With the exception of (CDPPB), PAMs enhanced DHPG-induced desensitization in cortical neurons. Moreover, differential apparent affinities, efficacies, and cooperativities with DHPG were observed for VU0360172, VU0409551, and VU0424465 when comparing receptor activation and desensitization in a cell type-dependent manner. These data indicate that biased mGlu5 allosteric modulator pharmacology extends to receptor regulatory processes in a tissue dependent manner, adding yet another layer of complexity to rational mGlu5 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Albold
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathy Sengmany
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junaid Singh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Butkiewicz M, Rodriguez AL, Rainey SE, Wieting J, Luscombe VB, Stauffer SR, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Meiler J. Identification of Novel Allosteric Modulators of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 Acting at Site Distinct from 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine Binding. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3427-3436. [PMID: 31132237 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors play an important role as drug targets of cognitive diseases. Selective allosteric modulators of mGlu subtype 5 (mGlu5) have the potential to alleviate symptoms of numerous central nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia in a more targeted fashion. Multiple mGlu5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), such as 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((3-fluorophenyl)-methylideneamino)-methanimine (DFB), 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-benzamide (CDPPB), and 4-nitro-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-benzamide (VU-29), exert their actions by binding to a defined allosteric site on mGlu5 located in the seven-transmembrane domain (7TM) and shared by mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator (NAM) 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP). Actions of the PAM N-{4-chloro-2-[(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl]phenyl}-2-hydroxybenzamide (CPPHA) are mediated by a distinct allosteric site in the 7TM domain different from the MPEP binding site. Experimental evidence confirms these findings through mutagenesis experiments involving residues F585 (TM1) and A809 (TM7). In an effort to investigate mGlu5 PAM selectivity for this alternative allosteric site distinct from MPEP binding, we employed in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. Subsequent ligand-based virtual screening prioritized a set of 63 candidate compounds predicted from a library of over 4 million commercially available compounds to bind exclusively to this novel site. Experimental validation verified the biological activity for seven of 63 selected candidates. Further, medicinal chemistry optimizations based on these molecules revealed compound VU6003586 with an experimentally validated potency of 174 nM. Radioligand binding experiments showed only partial inhibition at very high concentrations, most likely indicative of binding at a non-MPEP site. Selective positive allosteric modulators for mGlu5 have the potential for tremendous impact concerning devastating neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and Huntington's disease. These identified and validated novel selective compounds can serve as starting points for more specifically tailored lead and probe molecules and thus help the development of potential therapeutic agents with reduced adverse effects.
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23
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Presley C, Perry CK, Childress ES, Mulder MJ, Luscombe VB, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Evaluation of Synthetic Cytochrome P 450-Mimetic Metalloporphyrins To Facilitate "Biomimetic" Biotransformation of a Series of mGlu 5 Allosteric Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12782-12789. [PMID: 31460402 PMCID: PMC6690571 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric ligands within a given chemotype can have the propensity to display a wide range of pharmacology, as well as unexpected changes in GPCR subtype selectivity, typically mediated by single-atom modifications to the ligand. Due to the unexpected nature of these "molecular switches", chemotypes with this property are typically abandoned in lead optimization. Recently, we have found that in vivo oxidative metabolism by CYP450s can also engender molecular switches within allosteric ligands, changing the mode of pharmacology and leading to unwanted toxicity. We required a higher-throughput approach to assess in vivo metabolic molecular switches, and we turned to a "synthetic liver", a 96 well kit of biomimetic catalysts (e.g., metalloporphyrins) to rapidly survey a broad panel of synthetic CYP450s' ability to oxidize/"metabolize" an mGlu5 PAM (VU0403602) known to undergo an in vivo CYP450-mediated molecular switch. While the synthetic CYP450s did generate a number of oxidative "metabolites" at known "hot spots", several of which proved to be pure mGlu5 PAMs comparable in potency to the parent, the known CYP450-mediated in vivo ago-PAM metabolite, namely, VU0453103, was not formed. Thus, this technology platform has potential to identify hot spots for oxidative metabolism and produce active metabolites of small-molecule ligands in a high-throughput, scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher
C. Presley
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Charles K. Perry
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Childress
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew J. Mulder
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Vincent B. Luscombe
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry, and Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute
of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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24
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Xiang Z, Lv X, Maksymetz J, Stansley BJ, Ghoshal A, Gogliotti RG, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ. mGlu 5 Positive Allosteric Modulators Facilitate Long-Term Potentiation via Disinhibition Mediated by mGlu 5-Endocannabinoid Signaling. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:198-209. [PMID: 31259318 PMCID: PMC6591772 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor type 5 (mGlu5) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) enhance hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and have cognition-enhancing effects in animal models. These effects were initially thought to be mediated by potentiation of mGlu5 modulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) currents. However, a biased mGlu5 PAM that potentiates Gαq-dependent mGlu5 signaling, but not mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents, retains cognition-enhancing effects in animal models, suggesting that potentiation of NMDAR currents is not required for these in vivo effects of mGlu5 PAMs. However, it is not clear whether the potentiation of NMDAR currents is critical for the ability of mGlu5 PAMs to enhance hippocampal LTP. We now report the characterization of effects of two structurally distinct mGlu5 PAMs, VU-29 and VU0092273, on NMDAR currents and hippocampal LTP. As with other mGlu5 PAMs that do not display observable bias for potentiation of NMDAR currents, VU0092273 enhanced both mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents and induction of LTP at the hippocampal Schaffer collateral (SC)-CA1 synapse. In contrast, VU-29 did not potentiate mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents but induced robust potentiation of hippocampal LTP. Interestingly, both VU-29 and VU0092273 suppressed evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal cells, and this effect was blocked by the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonist AM251. Furthermore, AM251 blocked the ability of both mGlu5 PAMs to enhance LTP. Finally, both PAMs failed to enhance LTP in mice with the restricted genetic deletion of mGlu5 in CA1 pyramidal cells. Taken together with previous findings, these results suggest that enhancement of LTP by mGlu5 PAMs does not depend on mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents but is mediated by a previously established mechanism in which mGlu5 in CA1 pyramidal cells induces endocannabinoid release and CB1-dependent disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Xiaohui Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Branden J Stansley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ayan Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rocco G Gogliotti
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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25
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Chen ANY, Hellyer SD, Trinh PNH, Leach K, Gregory KJ. Identification of monellin as the first naturally derived proteinaceous allosteric agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:104-115. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy N. Y. Chen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Shane D. Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Phuc N. H. Trinh
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
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26
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Sarkar A, Sen S. A Comparative Analysis of the Molecular Interaction Techniques for In Silico Drug Design. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Sengmany K, Hellyer SD, Albold S, Wang T, Conn PJ, May LT, Christopoulos A, Leach K, Gregory KJ. Kinetic and system bias as drivers of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 allosteric modulator pharmacology. Neuropharmacology 2019; 149:83-96. [PMID: 30763654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) have been proposed as potential therapies for various CNS disorders. These ligands bind to sites distinct from the orthosteric (or endogenous) ligand, often with improved subtype selectivity and spatio-temporal control over receptor responses. We recently revealed that mGlu5 allosteric agonists and positive allosteric modulators exhibit biased agonism and/or modulation. To establish whether negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) engender similar bias, we rigorously characterized the pharmacology of eight diverse mGlu5 NAMs. Radioligand inhibition binding studies revealed novel modes of interaction with mGlu5 for select NAMs, with biphasic or incomplete inhibition of the radiolabeled NAM, [3H]methoxy-PEPy. We assessed mGlu5-mediated intracellular Ca2+ (iCa2+) mobilization and inositol phosphate (IP1) accumulation in HEK293A cells stably expressing low levels of mGlu5 (HEK293A-rat mGlu5-low) and mouse embryonic cortical neurons. The apparent affinity of acetylenic NAMs, MPEP, MTEP and dipraglurant, was dependent on the signaling pathway measured, agonist used, and cell type (HEK293A-rat mGlu5-low versus mouse cortical neurons). In contrast, the acetylenic partial NAM, M-5MPEP, and structurally distinct NAMs (VU0366248, VU0366058, fenobam), had similar affinity estimates irrespective of the assay or cellular background. Biased modulation was evident for VU0366248 in mouse cortical neurons where it was a NAM for DHPG-mediated iCa2+ mobilization, but neutral with DHPG in IP1 accumulation assays. Overall, this study highlights the inherent complexity in mGlu5 NAM pharmacology that we hypothesize may influence interpretation when translating into preclinical models and beyond in the design and development of novel therapeutics for neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Sengmany
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shane D Hellyer
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sabine Albold
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Taide Wang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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28
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Xu Y, Li Z. Imaging metabotropic glutamate receptor system: Application of positron emission tomography technology in drug development. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1892-1922. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Xu
- Independent Consultant and Contractor, Radiopharmaceutical Development, Validation and Bio-Application; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Zizhong Li
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, SOFIE Biosciences; Somerset New Jersey
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29
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Wu Y, Tong J, Ding K, Zhou Q, Zhao S. GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1163:225-251. [PMID: 31707706 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8719-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) influence virtually every aspect of human physiology; about one-third of all marketed drugs target members of this family. GPCR allosteric ligands hold the promise of improved subtype selectivity, spatiotemporal sensitivity, and possible biased property over typical orthosteric ligands. However, only a small number of GPCR allosteric ligands have been approved as drugs or in clinical trials since the discovery process is very challenging. The rapid development of GPCR structural biology leads to the discovery of several allosteric sites and sheds light on understanding the mechanism of GPCR allosteric ligands, which is critical for discovering novel therapeutics. This book chapter summarized different GPCR allosteric modulating mechanisms and discussed validated mechanisms based on allosteric modulator-GPCR complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Tong
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Ding
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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30
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Neves BJ, Braga RC, Melo-Filho CC, Moreira-Filho JT, Muratov EN, Andrade CH. QSAR-Based Virtual Screening: Advances and Applications in Drug Discovery. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1275. [PMID: 30524275 PMCID: PMC6262347 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual screening (VS) has emerged in drug discovery as a powerful computational approach to screen large libraries of small molecules for new hits with desired properties that can then be tested experimentally. Similar to other computational approaches, VS intention is not to replace in vitro or in vivo assays, but to speed up the discovery process, to reduce the number of candidates to be tested experimentally, and to rationalize their choice. Moreover, VS has become very popular in pharmaceutical companies and academic organizations due to its time-, cost-, resources-, and labor-saving. Among the VS approaches, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis is the most powerful method due to its high and fast throughput and good hit rate. As the first preliminary step of a QSAR model development, relevant chemogenomics data are collected from databases and the literature. Then, chemical descriptors are calculated on different levels of representation of molecular structure, ranging from 1D to nD, and then correlated with the biological property using machine learning techniques. Once developed and validated, QSAR models are applied to predict the biological property of novel compounds. Although the experimental testing of computational hits is not an inherent part of QSAR methodology, it is highly desired and should be performed as an ultimate validation of developed models. In this mini-review, we summarize and critically analyze the recent trends of QSAR-based VS in drug discovery and demonstrate successful applications in identifying perspective compounds with desired properties. Moreover, we provide some recommendations about the best practices for QSAR-based VS along with the future perspectives of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno J Neves
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cheminformatics, Centro Universitário de Anápolis (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho C Braga
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Cleber C Melo-Filho
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - José Teófilo Moreira-Filho
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Chemical Technology, Odessa National Polytechnic University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- LabMol - Laboratory for Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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31
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Biased agonism and allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2323-2338. [PMID: 30389826 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors belong to class C G-protein-coupled receptors and consist of eight subtypes that are ubiquitously expressed throughout the central nervous system. In recent years, the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) has emerged as a promising target for a broad range of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Drug discovery programs targetting mGlu5 are primarily focused on development of allosteric modulators that interact with sites distinct from the endogenous agonist glutamate. Significant efforts have seen mGlu5 allosteric modulators progress into clinical trials; however, recent failures due to lack of efficacy or adverse effects indicate a need for a better understanding of the functional consequences of mGlu5 allosteric modulation. Biased agonism is an interrelated phenomenon to allosterism, describing how different ligands acting through the same receptor can differentially influence signaling to distinct transducers and pathways. Emerging evidence demonstrates that allosteric modulators can induce biased pharmacology at the level of intrinsic agonism as well as through differential modulation of orthosteric agonist-signaling pathways. Here, we present key considerations in the discovery and development of mGlu5 allosteric modulators and the opportunities and pitfalls offered by biased agonism and modulation.
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32
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Hanak TJ, Libbey JE, Doty DJ, Sim JT, DePaula-Silva AB, Fujinami RS. Positive modulation of mGluR5 attenuates seizures and reduces TNF-α + macrophages and microglia in the brain in a murine model of virus-induced temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2018; 311:194-204. [PMID: 30316834 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral encephalitis markedly increases the risk for the development of epilepsy. The Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced model of seizures/epilepsy is a murine model of both viral-induced seizures/epilepsy and human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α have been shown to play a role in seizure development in the TMEV-induced model of seizures/epilepsy, and infiltrating macrophages along with microglia have been shown to be major producers of these cytokines. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is a G-protein coupled receptor that has been shown to reduce IL-6 and TNF-α and to provide neuroprotection in other disease models. Therefore, we hypothesized that stimulation of mGluR5 would not only reduce seizures but attenuate IL-6 and TNF-α production in microglia and macrophages in the TMEV model. We found that pharmacological stimulation of mGluR5 with the selective positive allosteric modulator VU0360172 not only reduced acute seizure outcomes, but also reduced the percent of microglia and macrophages producing TNF-α 3 days post infection. Furthermore, treatment with VU0360172 did not alter the level of viral antigen, compared to controls, showing that this treatment does not compromise viral clearance. These results establish that mGluR5 may represent a therapeutic target in the TMEV-induced model of seizures/epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hanak
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jane E Libbey
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Daniel J Doty
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jordan T Sim
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, 2600 EEJMRB, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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33
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Zuena AR, Iacovelli L, Orlando R, Di Menna L, Casolini P, Alemà GS, Di Cicco G, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F. In Vivo Non-radioactive Assessment of mGlu5 Receptor-Activated Polyphosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Response to Systemic Administration of a Positive Allosteric Modulator. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:804. [PMID: 30108503 PMCID: PMC6079191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
mGlu5 receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis is classically measured by determining the amount of radioactivity incorporated in inositolmonophosphate (InsP) after labeling of membrane phospholipids with radioactive inositol. Although this method is historically linked to the study of mGlu receptors, it is inappropriate for the assessment of mGlu5 receptor signaling in vivo. Using a new ELISA kit we showed that systemic treatment with the selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGlu5 receptors VU0360172 enhanced InsP formation in different brain regions of CD1 or C57Black mice. The action of VU0360172 was sensitive to the mGlu5 receptor, negative allosteric modulator (NAM), MTEP, and was abolished in mice lacking mGlu5 receptors. In addition, we could demonstrate that endogenous activation of mGlu5 receptors largely accounted for the basal PI hydrolysis particularly in the prefrontal cortex. This method offers opportunity for investigation of mGlu5 receptor signaling in physiology and pathology, and could be used for the functional screening of mGlu5 receptor PAMs in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Casolini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Di Cicco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Pereira F, Aires-de-Sousa J. Computational Methodologies in the Exploration of Marine Natural Product Leads. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16070236. [PMID: 30011882 PMCID: PMC6070892 DOI: 10.3390/md16070236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational methodologies are assisting the exploration of marine natural products (MNPs) to make the discovery of new leads more efficient, to repurpose known MNPs, to target new metabolites on the basis of genome analysis, to reveal mechanisms of action, and to optimize leads. In silico efforts in drug discovery of NPs have mainly focused on two tasks: dereplication and prediction of bioactivities. The exploration of new chemical spaces and the application of predicted spectral data must be included in new approaches to select species, extracts, and growth conditions with maximum probabilities of medicinal chemistry novelty. In this review, the most relevant current computational dereplication methodologies are highlighted. Structure-based (SB) and ligand-based (LB) chemoinformatics approaches have become essential tools for the virtual screening of NPs either in small datasets of isolated compounds or in large-scale databases. The most common LB techniques include Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSAR), estimation of drug likeness, prediction of adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties, similarity searching, and pharmacophore identification. Analogously, molecular dynamics, docking and binding cavity analysis have been used in SB approaches. Their significance and achievements are the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florbela Pereira
- LAQV and REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Joao Aires-de-Sousa
- LAQV and REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Barnes SA, Sheffler DJ, Semenova S, Cosford NDP, Bespalov A. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 as a Target for the Treatment of Depression and Smoking: Robust Preclinical Data but Inconclusive Clinical Efficacy. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:955-962. [PMID: 29628194 PMCID: PMC5953810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability of novel pharmacological compounds to improve outcomes in preclinical models is often not translated into clinical efficacy. Psychiatric disorders do not have biological boundaries, and identifying mechanisms to improve the translational bottleneck between preclinical and clinical research domains is an important and challenging task. Glutamate transmission is disrupted in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors represent a diverse class of receptors that contribute to excitatory neurotransmission. Given the wide, yet region-specific manner of expression, developing pharmacological compounds to modulate mGlu receptor activity provides an opportunity to subtly and selectively modulate excitatory neurotransmission. This review focuses on the potential involvement of mGlu5 receptor disruption in major depressive disorder and substance and/or alcohol use disorders. We provide an overview of the justification of targeting mGlu5 receptors in the treatment of these disorders, summarize the preclinical evidence for negatively modulating mGlu5 receptors as a therapeutic target for major depressive disorders and nicotine dependence, and highlight the outcomes of recent clinical trials. While the evidence of mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulation has been promising in preclinical investigations, these beneficial effects have not translated into clinical efficacy. In this review, we identify key challenges that may contribute to poor clinical translation and provide suggested approaches moving forward to potentially improve the translation from preclinical to clinical domains. Such approaches may increase the success of clinical trials and may reduce the translational bottleneck that exists in drug discovery for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0603, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0603, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,PAREXEL International, 1560 E Chevy Chase Dr, suite 140, Glendale, CA 91206, USA
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anton Bespalov
- EXCIVA, Heidelberg, Germany; Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Beggiato S, Borelli AC, Tomasini MC, Castelli MP, Pintori N, Cacciaglia R, Loche A, Ferraro L. In Vitro Functional Characterization of GET73 as Possible Negative Allosteric Modulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:327. [PMID: 29674969 PMCID: PMC5895880 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to further characterize the pharmacological profile of N-[4-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl]-4-methoxybutyramide (GET73), a putative negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptor (mGluR5) under development as a novel medication for the treatment of alcohol dependence. This aim has been accomplished by means of a series of in vitro functional assays. These assays include the measure of several down-stream signaling [intracellular Ca++ levels, inositol phosphate (IP) formation and CREB phosphorylation (pCREB)] which are generally affected by mGluR5 ligands. In particular, GET73 (0.1 nM-10 μM) was explored for its ability to displace the concentration-response curve of some mGluR5 agonists/probes (glutamate, L-quisqualate, CHPG) in different native preparations. GET73 produced a rightward shift of concentration-response curves of glutamate- and CHPG-induced intracellular Ca++ levels in primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes. The compound also induced a rightward shift of concentration response curve of glutamate- and L-quisqualate-induced increase in IP turnover in rat hippocampus slices, along with a reduction of CHPG (10 mM)-induced increase in IP formation. Moreover, GET73 produced a rightward shift of concentration-response curve of glutamate-, CHPG- and L-quisqualate-induced pCREB levels in rat cerebral cortex neurons. Although the engagement of other targets cannot be definitively ruled out, these data support the view that GET73 acts as an mGluR5 NAM and support the significance of further investigating the possible mechanism of action of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea C Borelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria C Tomasini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicholas Pintori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,IRET Foundation, Bologna, Italy.,LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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37
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Silent Allosteric Modulation of mGluR5 Maintains Glutamate Signaling while Rescuing Alzheimer's Mouse Phenotypes. Cell Rep 2018; 20:76-88. [PMID: 28683325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We sought to understand whether mGluR5's role in AD requires glutamate signaling. We used a potent mGluR5 silent allosteric modulator (SAM, BMS-984923) to separate its well-known physiological role in glutamate signaling from a pathological role in mediating amyloid-β oligomer (Aβo) action. Binding of the SAM to mGluR5 does not change glutamate signaling but strongly reduces mGluR5 interaction with cellular prion protein (PrPC) bound to Aβo. The SAM compound prevents Aβo-induced signal transduction in brain slices and in an AD transgenic mouse model, the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 strain. Critically, 4 weeks of SAM treatment rescues memory deficits and synaptic depletion in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse brain. Our data show that mGluR5's role in Aβo-dependent AD phenotypes is separate from its role in glutamate signaling and silent allosteric modulation of mGluR5 has promise as a disease-modifying AD intervention with a broad therapeutic window.
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38
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Pereira G, Szwarc B, Mondragão MA, Lima PA, Pereira F. A Ligand-Based Approach to the Discovery of Lead-Like Potassium Channel KV
1.3 Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Pereira
- LAQV and REQUIMTE; Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
- NOVA Medical School; Laboratório de Fisiologia; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130 1169-056 Lisboa PORTUGAL
| | - Beatriz Szwarc
- Sea4Us - Biotecnologia e Recursos Marinhos, Lda; Rua do Poente S/N 8650-378 Sagres Portugal
- NOVA Medical School; Laboratório de Fisiologia; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130 1169-056 Lisboa PORTUGAL
| | - Miguel A. Mondragão
- Sea4Us - Biotecnologia e Recursos Marinhos, Lda; Rua do Poente S/N 8650-378 Sagres Portugal
- NOVA Medical School; Laboratório de Fisiologia; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130 1169-056 Lisboa PORTUGAL
| | - Pedro A. Lima
- Sea4Us - Biotecnologia e Recursos Marinhos, Lda; Rua do Poente S/N 8650-378 Sagres Portugal
- NOVA Medical School; Laboratório de Fisiologia; Faculdade de Ciências Médicas; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130 1169-056 Lisboa PORTUGAL
| | - Florbela Pereira
- LAQV and REQUIMTE; Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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39
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Brody AH, Strittmatter SM. Synaptotoxic Signaling by Amyloid Beta Oligomers in Alzheimer's Disease Through Prion Protein and mGluR5. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 82:293-323. [PMID: 29413525 PMCID: PMC5835229 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an impending global health crisis, yet the complexity of AD pathophysiology has so far precluded the development of any interventions to successfully slow or halt AD progression. It is clear that accumulation of Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide triggers progressive synapse loss to cause AD symptoms. Once initiated by Aβ, disease progression is complicated and accelerated by inflammation and by tau pathology. The recognition that Aβ peptide assumes multiple distinct states and that soluble oligomeric species (Aβo) are critical for synaptic damage is central to molecular understanding of AD. This knowledge has led to the identification of specific Aβo receptors, such as cellular prion protein (PrPC), mediating synaptic toxicity and neuronal dysfunction. The identification of PrPC as an Aβo receptor has illuminated an Aβo-induced signaling cascade involving mGluR5, Fyn, and Pyk2 that links Aβ and tau pathologies. This pathway provides novel potential therapeutic targets for disease-modifying AD therapy. Here, we discuss the methods by which several putative Aβo receptors were identified. We also offer an in-depth examination of the known molecular mechanisms believed to mediate Aβo-induced synaptic dysfunction, toxicity, and memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harrison Brody
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
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40
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Di Menna L, Joffe ME, Iacovelli L, Orlando R, Lindsley CW, Mairesse J, Gressèns P, Cannella M, Caraci F, Copani A, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Conn PJ, Nicoletti F. Functional partnership between mGlu3 and mGlu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:301-313. [PMID: 29079293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
mGlu5 receptors are involved in mechanisms of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, and are targeted by drugs developed for the treatment of CNS disorders. We report that mGlu3 receptors, which are traditionally linked to the control of neurotransmitter release, support mGlu5 receptor signaling in neurons and largely contribute to the robust mGlu5 receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in the early postnatal life. In cortical pyramidal neurons, mGlu3 receptor activation potentiated mGlu5 receptor-mediated somatic Ca2+ mobilization, and mGlu3 receptor-mediated long-term depression in the prefrontal cortex required the endogenous activation of mGlu5 receptors. The interaction between mGlu3 and mGlu5 receptors was also relevant to mechanisms of neuronal toxicity, with mGlu3 receptors shaping the influence of mGlu5 receptors on excitotoxic neuronal death. These findings shed new light into the complex role played by mGlu receptors in physiology and pathology, and suggest reconsideration of some of the current dogmas in the mGlu receptor field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max E Joffe
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Jèrome Mairesse
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressèns
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141 Paris, France; Centre for the Developing Brain, Department of Perinatal Health and Imaging, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Oasi Maria SS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Agata Copani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0697, USA
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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41
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Ghoshal A, Moran SP, Dickerson JW, Joffe ME, Grueter BA, Xiang Z, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Conn PJ. Role of mGlu 5 Receptors and Inhibitory Neurotransmission in M 1 Dependent Muscarinic LTD in the Prefrontal Cortex: Implications in Schizophrenia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2254-2265. [PMID: 28679049 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective potentiation of the mGlu5 subtype of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor using positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) has robust cognition-enhancing effects in rodent models that are relevant for schizophrenia. Until recently, these effects were thought to be due to potentiation of mGlu5-induced modulation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) currents and NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity. However, "biased" mGlu5 PAMs that do not potentiate mGlu5 effects on NMDAR currents show efficacy that is similar to that of prototypical mGlu5 PAMs, suggesting that NMDAR-independent mechanisms must be involved in these actions. We now report that synaptic activation of mGlu5 is required for a form of long-term depression (mLTD) in mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC) that is induced by activation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (mAChR) receptors, which was previously thought to be independent of mGlu5 activation. Interestingly, a biased mGlu5 PAM, VU0409551, that does not potentiate mGlu5 modulation of NMDAR currents, potentiated induction of mLTD. Furthermore, coactivation of mGlu5 and M1 receptors increased GABAA-dependent inhibitory tone in the PFC pyramidal neurons, which likely contributes to the observed mLTD. Finally, systemic administration of the biased mGlu5 PAM reversed deficits in mLTD and associated cognitive deficits in a model of cortical disruption caused by repeated phencyclidine exposure that is relevant for schizophrenia and was previously shown to be responsive to selective M1 muscarinic receptor PAMs. These studies provide exciting new insights into a novel mechanism by which mGlu5 PAMs can reverse deficits in PFC function and cognition that is independent of modulation of NMDAR currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ghoshal
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Sean P. Moran
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Max E. Joffe
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Brad A. Grueter
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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42
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Woodhams SG, Chapman V, Finn DP, Hohmann AG, Neugebauer V. The cannabinoid system and pain. Neuropharmacology 2017; 124:105-120. [PMID: 28625720 PMCID: PMC5785108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain states are highly prevalent and yet poorly controlled by currently available analgesics, representing an enormous clinical, societal, and economic burden. Existing pain medications have significant limitations and adverse effects including tolerance, dependence, gastrointestinal dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and a narrow therapeutic window, making the search for novel analgesics ever more important. In this article, we review the role of an important endogenous pain control system, the endocannabinoid (EC) system, in the sensory, emotional, and cognitive aspects of pain. Herein, we briefly cover the discovery of the EC system and its role in pain processing pathways, before concentrating on three areas of current major interest in EC pain research; 1. Pharmacological enhancement of endocannabinoid activity (via blockade of EC metabolism or allosteric modulation of CB1receptors); 2. The EC System and stress-induced modulation of pain; and 3. The EC system & medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dysfunction in pain states. Whilst we focus predominantly on the preclinical data, we also include extensive discussion of recent clinical failures of endocannabinoid-related therapies, the future potential of these approaches, and important directions for future research on the EC system and pain. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Woodhams
- Arthritis UK Pain Centre, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Victoria Chapman
- Arthritis UK Pain Centre, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David P Finn
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, NCBES, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Interdisciplinary Biochemistry Graduate Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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Foster DJ, Conn PJ. Allosteric Modulation of GPCRs: New Insights and Potential Utility for Treatment of Schizophrenia and Other CNS Disorders. Neuron 2017; 94:431-446. [PMID: 28472649 PMCID: PMC5482176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating brain function. Recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of these receptors as complex signaling machines that can adopt numerous conformations and modulate multiple downstream signaling pathways. While agonists and antagonists have traditionally been pursued to target GPCRs, allosteric modulators provide several mechanistic advantages, including the ability to distinguish between closely related receptor subtypes. Recently, the discovery of allosteric ligands that confer bias and modulate some, but not all, of a given receptor's downstream signaling pathways can provide pharmacological modulation of brain circuitry with remarkable precision. In addition, allosteric modulators with unprecedented specificity have been developed that can differentiate between subpopulations of a given receptor subtype based on the receptor's dimerization state. These advances are not only providing insight into the biological roles of specific receptor populations, but hold great promise for treating numerous CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Foster
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Maksymetz J, Moran SP, Conn PJ. Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for novel treatments of schizophrenia. Mol Brain 2017; 10:15. [PMID: 28446243 PMCID: PMC5405554 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0293-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Support for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia has led to increasing focus on restoring proper glutamatergic signaling as an approach for treatment of this devastating disease. The ability of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors to modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission has thus attracted considerable attention for the development of novel antipsychotics. Consisting of eight subtypes classified into three groups based on sequence homology, signal transduction, and pharmacology, the mGlu receptors provide a wide range of targets to modulate NMDAR function as well as glutamate release. Recently, allosteric modulators of mGlu receptors have been developed that allow unprecedented selectivity among subtypes, not just groups, facilitating the investigation of the effects of subtype-specific modulation. In preclinical animal models, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the group I mGlu receptor mGlu5 have efficacy across all three symptom domains of schizophrenia (positive, negative, and cognitive). The discovery and development of mGlu5 PAMs that display unique signal bias suggests that efficacy can be retained while avoiding the neurotoxic effects of earlier compounds. Interestingly, mGlu1 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) appear efficacious in positive symptom models of the disease but are still in early preclinical development. While selective group II mGlu receptor (mGlu2/3) agonists have reached clinical trials but were unsuccessful, specific mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor targeting still hold great promise. Genetic studies implicated mGlu2 in the antipsychotic effects of group II agonists and mGlu2 PAMs have since entered into clinical trials. Additionally, mGlu3 appears to play an important role in cognition, may confer neuroprotective effects, and thus is a promising target to alleviate cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Although group III mGlu receptors (mGlu4/6/7/8) have attracted less attention, mGlu4 agonists and PAMs appear to have efficacy across all three symptoms domains in preclinical models. The recent discovery of heterodimers comprising mGlu2 and mGlu4 may explain the efficacy of mGlu4 selective compounds but this remains to be determined. Taken together, compounds targeting mGlu receptors, specifically subtype-selective allosteric modulators, provide a compelling alternative approach to fill the unmet clinical needs for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Sean P. Moran
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
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Hellyer S, Leach K, Gregory KJ. Neurobiological insights and novel therapeutic opportunities for CNS disorders from mGlu receptor allosteric and biased modulation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 32:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Leach K, Gregory KJ. Molecular insights into allosteric modulation of Class C G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Res 2017; 116:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ade KK, Wan Y, Hamann HC, O’Hare JK, Guo W, Quian A, Kumar S, Bhagat S, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, Conn PJ, Dzirasa K, Huber KM, Calakos N. Increased Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Signaling Underlies Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-like Behavioral and Striatal Circuit Abnormalities in Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:522-33. [PMID: 27436084 PMCID: PMC5536332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is hampered by a lack of mechanistic understanding about this prevalent neuropsychiatric condition. Although circuit changes such as elevated frontostriatal activity are linked to OCD, the underlying molecular signaling that drives OCD-related behaviors remains largely unknown. Here, we examine the significance of type 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5s) for behavioral and circuit abnormalities relevant to OCD. METHODS Sapap3 knockout (KO) mice treated acutely with an mGluR5 antagonist were evaluated for OCD-relevant phenotypes of self-grooming, anxiety-like behaviors, and increased striatal activity. The role of mGluR5 in the striatal circuit abnormalities of Sapap3 KO mice was further explored using two-photon calcium imaging to monitor striatal output from the direct and indirect pathways. A contribution of constitutive signaling to increased striatal mGluR5 activity in Sapap3 KO mice was investigated using pharmacologic and biochemical approaches. Finally, sufficiency of mGluR5 to drive OCD-like behavior in wild-type mice was tested by potentiating mGluR5 with a positive allosteric modulator. RESULTS Excessive mGluR5 signaling underlies OCD-like behaviors and striatal circuit abnormalities in Sapap3 KO mice. Accordingly, enhancing mGluR5 activity acutely recapitulates these behavioral phenotypes in wild-type mice. In Sapap3 KO mice, elevated mGluR5 signaling is associated with constitutively active receptors and increased and imbalanced striatal output that is acutely corrected by antagonizing striatal mGluR5. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a causal role for increased mGluR5 signaling in driving striatal output abnormalities and behaviors with relevance to OCD and show the tractability of acute mGluR5 inhibition to remedy circuit and behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Calakos
- Departments of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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Alt A. Overview of Critical Parameters for the Design and Execution of a High-Throughput Screen for Allosteric Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 74:9.20.1-9.20.23. [PMID: 27636112 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric ligands modulate the activity of receptor targets by binding to sites that are distinct from the orthosteric (native agonist) binding site. Allosteric modulators have potential therapeutic advantages over orthosteric agonists and antagonists, including improved selectivity, and maintenance of the spatial and temporal fidelity of native signaling patterns. The identification of allosteric ligands presents unique challenges because of the requirement for screening in the presence of an orthosteric agonist, the small signal window that is produced by many allosteric modulators, the proclivity of allosteric modulators to exhibit activity switching within a chemotype (e.g., one compound may be a positive allosteric modulator while a close analog is a negative allosteric modulator), and probe dependence (differential interactions with different orthosteric agonists). Described in this unit are emerging strategies for the identification of allosteric ligands by high-throughput screening (HTS), including the use of multiple-add/multiple-read HTS assays and tool molecule-based screening formats. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Alt
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
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Biased allosteric agonism and modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5: Implications for optimizing preclinical neuroscience drug discovery. Neuropharmacology 2016; 115:60-72. [PMID: 27392634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators, that exhibit no intrinsic agonist activity, offer the advantage of spatial and temporal fine-tuning of endogenous agonist activity, allowing the potential for increased selectivity, reduced adverse effects and improved clinical outcomes. Some allosteric ligands can differentially activate and/or modulate distinct signaling pathways arising from the same receptor, phenomena referred to as 'biased agonism' and 'biased modulation'. Emerging evidence for CNS disorders with glutamatergic dysfunction suggests the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) is a promising target. Current mGlu5 allosteric modulators have largely been classified based on modulation of intracellular calcium (iCa2+) responses to orthosteric agonists alone. We assessed eight mGlu5 allosteric modulators previously classified as mGlu5 PAMs or PAM-agonists representing four distinct chemotypes across multiple measures of receptor activity, to explore their potential for engendering biased agonism and/or modulation. Relative to the reference orthosteric agonist, DHPG, the eight allosteric ligands exhibited distinct biased agonism fingerprints for iCa2+ mobilization, IP1 accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HEK293A cells stably expressing mGlu5 and in cortical neuron cultures. VU0424465, DPFE and VU0409551 displayed the most disparate biased signaling fingerprints in both HEK293A cells and cortical neurons that may account for the marked differences observed previously for these ligands in vivo. Select mGlu5 allosteric ligands also showed 'probe dependence' with respect to their cooperativity with different orthosteric agonists, as well as biased modulation for the magnitude of positive cooperativity observed. Unappreciated biased agonism and modulation may contribute to unanticipated effects (both therapeutic and adverse) when translating from recombinant systems to preclinical models. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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